The Society sholl not be responsiblefor stote'

ments or opinions odvonced in popers or in dis-

ii

tl
s1.50PERCOPr
TO ASMEMEMBERS

Releosedfor generolpublicotionupon presentotion

! ,u,

14f'

Industrial
Closed-Cycle
Gas
Turbines
for
and
Conventional
Nuclear
Fuel

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il:ll

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C.XELLER

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;$i

Dir ec lor o f R e s e o r c h o n d D e v e l o p m e n t ,
Es c herW y s s L i m i t e d , Z u r i c h ,
Swit z er l o n d . F e l l o w A S M E .

HT
"{i'
:;11

D. SCHMIDT
Chief De s i g n E n g i n e e r , G o s T u r b i n e D e p o r t m e n t ,
Es c herWy s s L i m i t e d , Z u r i c h , S w i t z e r l o n d .

I
f
I
I
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t

n\

Development reports on closed-cycle gos turbines (CCGT) os proposed by Ackeret

ond Kel l e r ( A K s y s t e m )o n d p r o m o t e d m o i n l y b y E s c h e rWy s s L t d . , Z u r i ch , Sw i tze r l o n d ,
ond G u f e n h o f i n u n g s h i l t t e( G H H ) , G e r m o n y , h o v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d s i n ce 1 9 4 5 o t ASM E
m eet ing s o b o u t e v e r y f i v e y e o r s ( 1 1 , r T h i s , t h e s i x t h p o p e r , r e p o r l s o n th e o p e r o ti n g
ex per ien c e w i t h s o m e n e w e r f o s s i l - f u e l f i r e d p l o n t s m o d e b y d i f f e r e n t m o n u fq ctu r cr s
ond giv e s t h e s t u d y r e s u l t s o f E u r o p e o n d e s i g n e r s f o r n u c l e o r g o s t ur b i n e s w h i ch co n
be built o l r e o d y w i t h t o d o y 's t e c h n o l o g y f o r t h e 6 0 0 t o 1 0 0 0 - M w r on g c. Th e sp cci o l
phy s ic o l p r o p e r t i e s o f o i r o n d h e l i u m o n d t h e i r i n f l u e n c e o n p l o n t d e s ig n o r e d i scu sscd .
The combinotion of o CCGT ond o high-temperoture reoctor ofrerr mony possibilitics
f or s im p l i f i c o t i o n so f n u c l e o r p l o n t s o n d l o w e r i n g c o p i t o l c o s i s .

tNumbers in parenthesesdesignate References at the end of the paper.

Contributed by the Gas Turbine Division for presentatlon st the Gas Turblne Confereme
and Products Show, Houston, Tex., March 5.9, 1967, of The American Soclety of MechrnlCel
Engineers.Manuscript received at ASME Headquarters,December 6t 1966,

i
I

Copies will be available until January 1, 1968.

t
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UNITED ENGINEERINGCENTER,345 EAST 47th STREET,NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017

$
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I' l '

Closed-Cycle
Industrial
Gas
Turbines
for
Conventional
andl{uclear
fuel
C.KELLER

D. SCHMIDT

THE CLOSEDCYCLB AND THE TOTAL-ENERGYCONCEPT

Tn

menrr

r L a m n d w 2 rri

mnrJcnn

o ve l

f hamal

pf fi

nl

!r qr r v u

ci encv

rni:c

nn{-

and

fhe

nnl

rr

l-ha

conve r s l on

of heat to mecha ni c af wor k ar e im por t ant bu t a l s o

e ne rgy deliv er ed
in t he f or m of m e c h a n i the t otal
M os t c los ed air c y c l e s
cal wo rk plu s usefu l heat .
cno

d e si

cre rJ

e"

rr-nwp-

p- fl

hpatino
r r uqw fr r 6

statiOntt
Jvo

in

the

D ow er ra ng e of 20 00 t o ) 0, 000 k w ( s ee Table 1 a n d
2, 1).
Wa s t e heat f r om a gas c y c le i s
F igs.l,

P lant

Ra ve n sb u r g Io yo to r l
0omany
Japan

ilanuf a c t u r e r

ff L td .+
GHllL td .
Po r a r+
lleat

f uc l

O P I R A TO
I NAGI A ;
Cont
i nu o u so u t p u t
Teppgrature
at corpressor

rta
P res s u raet c o r p r . i n l e t
ol
I orpa r a t u raet t u r b l n oI n l et
P res s u rast t u r b i n cI n l e t
f lant a f f l c l e n c ya t g e n e ra to r
I lnt naI s
speed
a!r
Corpressor+turbine
r!r
Grncratorsperd

f
I

kl
oa

lnlel

I
I

tl[AII}{G
IAIER:
3 ,.
r /n
Q uan t l t y
0^
I rrper a t u r ea t c o o l e ro u t l et
or
I erpc r a t u ract c o o l e rI n l e t
Gca/h
l
Anount
of heat

avaifable
at a much higher and directly
use fu l
t e m p e r a t u r e 1 e v e l t h a n t h a t f r o m s t e a m c ycl e s.
G a s c y c l e s s h o w q u i t e o u t s t a n d l n g p r o p e r t i e s,
beiqg able to work from full- load to a very low load
( a t c o n s t a n t f u l 1 t em p e r a tu r e
with good efficiency
before the turbine ) and follow easily the heat and
t e m p e r a t u r e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f a h o t - w a t e r dl str l b u tion network independent of electric
e f f l c l e n cy.
Tl"ie total
energy delivered
can anount to about 85
X ashi ra
Russla

l i pgon
l(olan
Japan

0berhauscn H ausA den

Grrrany
6cr:any

|)ye0rygcnr 6c l s c nP hocnl r
k l rc h.n
Arirona,lJSA Gcrrany

F u ji tle ctr ic O|i Hl td.

IT L td .

tl Ltd.

Fuj i
i l ectri c

GH |iLtd.

Gfl H
Ltd.

il Ltd. +
Lf C orp.

Po r r r

P orer+
H oat

P orar

P orer+
l l eat

P orer+N eat
C ryogenl c
+l urboC orl i ri i ur
prl ssordri ve C ycl c

C oburg
Gcrrany

P orer+
H eat

Situ r in o u s l{ a tu r a l
Ga s
Co a l

E l turi nous E rorn

C oal
C oal

E l ast
Furnace

E i turi nous l l i ne Gasand

I i turl nous
Coal
C oal

2 300

2 000

6 600

l2 m0

12000

l1 300

6 3?0

20
?, ?
660
??

20

20
?,3
680

20
7
680
29

)a

6,?
6E0
29

30
E
7?0
32

?0
9r3
680
3l

25
t2 ?50
3 000

)t

?8
I ??0
30m

28
6 600
3 000

29
66m
3 000

29,5
6 600
30m

29,5
I 220
I 500

ll0
t00
{0
?-t{

280
?5
{5
8-10

325
90
1016-21

t30
90
{0
6,7

arial

ar i al

660
27
13 000
3 000

?0
tq

15
2,| - 3, 5

21 \

OTS
ACIER
I STI CS:
I6TC||Afi
COTPRTSSOR:
Itpe

radlal

r a d ia l

ari al +
radial

arl al

TURE I I I E :
Type
I n opr r at l o n s l n c e :

arI al
1956

a r ia l
t9 5 ?

arl al
I 901

ari al
arial
1962 [nd of l 96i

arial
1960

arlal
| 963

5? 000

39 000

20 000

{2 000

29 000

Runnlng
hoursup to 0eceabcr1966abt. 60 00

30 000

t t Lt d . :

I sch e rlyss L td . Z u r ich( Sr ltze r la n d )

O|1i1
Ltd.:

(Gerrany)
0 u te h o { fn u n q sh uSte
tte r kr a dLetd ., Ob e r hausen-S tcrkrade

F uji il e c t r i c :

Fu ji ile ctr ic Ka r a sa ki( Ja o a n )

Table I

List of Some Recent Closed-Cycle Gas Turbine Plants

P orl r +
N c at
E l as t
Furnaco
6as+01
I

t? ?50
20
680
-

lE 0m

20
1 0 ,2
720
?t(

30
6 6{0
3m 0

2m
cl

{0
l 6 r9

rri al

, llf., U S A
Th eL a F le u r Co r p o r a tio nT,o r r a n ceCa

1
I
I

l l atural
Gas

GH|lLtd.

arial
starts cnd 1966

arl rl

arial
starts 196?

I
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Fig. 1 Model of new "Gelsenkirchen" (cermany) 1?, 250-kw

heat-power CCGT plant under consrruction. Cycle data: Inlet
pressure= g8 kg/sq cm; inlet temperature = ?20 C; Fuel:
blast-furnace gas and oil; Heat production = 1? x 106 kcal
68. lOb Bru/h). In foreground: Precooler and intercoolers for
hot-water production. Recuperatorbelow turbine group

percent

of

th e to tal

Foss1 1 fu els
o 11 , n atu ral

coal,

f uel c alor if ic
ener gy c o n t e n t .
s uc h as br our r c oal, bit um i n o u s
gas , and f ur nac e gas c an b e

burned as in a stea m boiler .

Unt il now a li m i t a tion o f the u pp er c y c le t em per at ur e t o abou t J 2 O C
has be en pra ctically
det er m j- ned by t he c r eep r e sist ance of th e h eat er t ubes and, in t he ea s e o f
heavy fue l o i1, also by t he r es is t anc e
to corrcsion.
Iig. J sho ws t he lay out , of a m oder n c o n v e n tlonal
The m ac hlne s et i s t h e
J0 Mw CCGTs t at ion.
same for a n o i1, B ?s , or c oal- f ir ed
heat er .
Plant
c f f J n i F h ev

is

i4

to

i6

/v

1ng wate r.
In clo se d-cyc1e
fnr-

:s

at ure
n

ri i sn u ssc.i

nencent

plant s

Ir ten

r ienendinq

P"

in

r ", it h a nuc lear

thiq

nencr

can b e p ushe d t o a m uc h higher

nonsiri cretrle

orin

nnt

nr'lrr

out put
A lso in e lectrica l
the working medium.

on

in

the

reacfam nen-

1ev e1, g i v i n g

pffieiennrr

per unit

c nol -

hrrf

m as s f low

of

Fig.2 14, 000 Mw turbine at Oberhausen(Germany) showssimplicity of turbine design without regulating valves ar machines.
Operation of plant (710 C, 32 kg/ sq cm) has reached 42, 000 hr
by end of 1966. Automatic plant survey from control room in
left background

I
t

mite CaMg (e0.),

powder inJected directly
i n to th e
combustion chamber.
T h e c o s t o f t h i s a d d i ti ve
is
practlcally
negligible.
T h e I 'h o t " p i p e b e t w e e n t h e h e a t e r an d th e
turbine
is of double-wa1l- design.
H o t g as fl o w s
through a thin inner tube of austeni.tic
ste e l se p a r a t e d f r o m t h e o u t e r p r e s s u r e p i p e b y a n i n su l a tion of mineral urool or a.high-pressure
co l d g a s
flow.
O w i n g t o t h e e l e v a t e d w o r k i 4 g p r e s s u r e 1 e ve l ,
the machines are small.
Rotor and blades are
forged pieces of austenitic
s t e e l a n d 1 n so m e ca se s
of Nimonic a1Ioy.
N o c o o l e d b f a d e s h a v e b e e n u se d
wrtil
now; the blade serrations
o f t h e f i rst
tu r bine stage are slightly
c o o l e d b y t h e s m a l 1 se a l ins

s2s

fl

1 percent

ot"r

thrnrtoh
v q 6 rr

fv rrvhp

llP
)L !

Ichrrninfh
t rrrv l r

/anlrr
v l 1 riy

tapJ

chnr'+

an d in some c as es a11oy s on nic k el ba s e s .

The tub es o f t he gas heat er ,
wit h wa1 1 t e m perat ures ar"ou nd 7 50 C, r epr es ent t he m os t c o s t l y
element; th e tu be s of t he c om bus t lon ( r adiat i o n )
s t eel b r o f
sect ion are ma de of plain aus t enit ic
aust enltic
content.
2. J kg/sq
,r
\r

i-

Irr.

It

stee l

higher
or c hr om i u m
Th e mate r lal
s t r es s is a. s 1or ^' as 2 t o
mm, owin g t o t he s m a11 t ube diam ete r
LPVv
"+

a^

w lt h

^ ^-r::in
Lc
f
ualrr

hes

to

be

i
I
I

t
I

tI

I
t

I(
I

Ii

the

rttntrre

sfness

The

ernonianna

nf
vr

mrhrr
l rq rrJ

\rarrs
! af

s e r v i c e h a s s h o t u y rt h a t b l a d e s
designed under this assumption.

safely

of industrial

are

t
{)

SEALING PROBLEMS
Practically

includ ed

for t he mo re o r less pr onounc ed agr es s iv enes s o f

the comb ustion g ases .
Als o heav y f uel oi1 h a s
been use d succe ssfully
in c ont inuous indus t r i a l
tha nlcs to t he lnhlbit or
of d o l o service,
ef f ec t

at fuIl
load.
I n t h e l o w e r p a r t , a t r i g h t,
str e ss
curves have been plotted,
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o 2 /3 o t

c obaf t

rnar
. r q r bgJn
,rr

d! u{ u

of the main flow),

T h e s t r e s s p r o b l e m i n t u r b l n e b l a d es i s i l lustrated
b y F i g . '4 w h i c h s h o w s t h e r e l a t i o n
DESTGNOF CLOSED-CYCLEGAS TURBINE
between peripheral
WITH REGARDTO CONSTRUCTTON
MATERTALSOF COMPONENTS
velocity
a t t h e h u b , h u b r a ti o ,
and blade stress.
In this diagram the bending
s t r e s s d u e t o a e r o d y n a m i c f o r c e s h a s b e e n a d d e d to
fn a smalle r par t of t he c y c le t he t em p e r a the centrifugal
ture le ve 1 is hig h enough t o m ak e us e of s pe c i a f
stiess.
In our closed-cyc1e gas
steels e nd r'l lo vs n ec es s ar v . i e. - : r r s t enit ic
t u r b l n e s b o t h s t r e s s e s a r e o f t h e s a m e m ag n i tu d e
steels

the

ntrcle

intn

tI
no loss

etmnqnhore

of working
^^n1rr<

m e d i u n fr o m

haifLoF'in
,

rre

vr4!

r^ r

nine
!4

valve.
Eve n i n
Joints nor through the blow-off
the glands,
losses can be completely avoided,
u s i n g t h e o i 1 s e a l i n g s y s t e m a c c o r d i n g t o Fi g .5 ,

yv

f
t

t
t

't

.{
3

+
I

Ii
'l
l
lfl oos o= 6@

38m
Fig, 3

,! !!

layout of modern 30-Mw closed-cycle power station. Oil-fired air heater can be replaced by coal-fired heater
without change of iayout and with approximately the same volume

d[

jliil

1
2
3
4
5

Generator

6 Exciter
7 Starting motor
8 Bypassand relief valve
9 Precooler
10 Regenerator

l2
13
14
15
16

Lubricating oil tank

Air heater (convection)
Air heater (radiation)

Burner
17 Suction fan
18 Fresh-air fan

o A ga s a nd oil out f et Fipe t o a c l - o s e d

1ow pr es s ur e.
t ank un de r th e cy c lels
Th e ro tor b ear ing is wor k lng bot h as a s u p port ing a nd se alin g elem ent ( oi1 s eal) .
Oil a t atmo s pher ic pr es s ur e f lowing f r o m t h e
out er side of th e bear ing is pum ped bac k i n t o t h e
fn an at om ic plant wit h a he l . i u r n
closed ta nl<.
air s epar at or i s p r o closed cycle, a n addit ional
t o get

r id

{ll

30 Gear

'::

HELTUM -IERSUS AIR AS WORKTNGI\MDTUM

FOR LARGERUN]TS

of t he a i r

ab-

yeals

fn recent
nl nc or r

line

lii
it!i
il'f,R

19 Chimney
20 Oil cooler

arr al Lr u
vJ

vided in th is o il
sorbed b y oi1 .

{t

22 Elevator
23 Assembly area
24,25 Machine and assembly shop
2B Compressed-air reservoirs
29 Hot-water reservoirs

Combustion air preheater

t he f oll o w i n g
t o r ight
in wh ich we see fr om lef t
conn ection s to o r f r om t he HP gland:
c A b lee d line t o t he LP c om pr es s or s u c t i o n .
o A pip e f or c leaned s ealing gas wi t h a u t o pr es s ur e dif f er enc e
above the
con trolle d
mat ically
T D
!!

21 Control room

11 Intercooler

LP compressor
HP compressor
HP rurbine
LP turbine

nr r nl a

hc c

d e v e l o p r n e n t w o r k fo r

heen

on

c onc entr ated

th e

th e
tpo

mO S t

promising

w o r k i n g m e d i a , i '. e . ,
air and helium.
T a b l e 2 s h o w - a c o m p a r i s o n o f s o m e p h y si ca l d a ta .
o f t h e r m o d yn a n Wi t h t h e h e l p o f : i m p l e r e f a t i o n s
i n.

rvrL ronrJr

nnne
v v rr!

fnor

thes e

few

I'r c i \r p

n- ac tr c :l

r r :l c s

c an

be

dfavlft

fi F l l r es .

We f i r : t
a s s u r n e t h a t t h e w o r k i n g cycl e s to
be comnpred for, :ir" and for hefiurn must remain
or"rPr
-iFrr

s\

^F^
drru

therefore
ner:trrres

^L^,,
rrrvh

that
will

a
-

-^-d
6vv

tr

offinianarr

rt

fOflOWS

t h e l o w e r a n d t h e u p p e r cycl e te m b e a b o u t t h e s a m e f o r b oth ca se s,

.I

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,,

II
I
Y

--1
i

10

SaatrnoHohum _
resulaiion (pure\lZ!

I)
I

t,

- lr-

Cloged orl-bnk
Pressurs oil{anl

oil vap

rt

.F

I
I

p0mp

II

Schematic of shaft seal for CCGT

Bub falo

Fig.4

8rad. l6hEraturc

(oC)

Diagram for evaluadng blade stressesin CCGT

as wefl a s th e
expa ns i o n,

t em per at ur e

r at lo

of

B- ,r?,s

c om p r e s s o r a n d

1
spe cific

The h ea t dr op being Ai = AT c * a n d t h e
h ea t o f heliur n ! t ir nes t hat oi a i r ,
the
energy de alt with in t he helium m ac hines D e r D o u n d
mass fl-ow will b e f iv e t im es higher .
c
irom

PL-en
o2

to&

(f

Acco rdin g

Yo

Y.

prrrrurc

rol"tlvr

fo r

q .h a

fh e

T a an d Tl

,.-_-cJ

fo r

r!:Lr
\
,A
. (r+ f ^ )

c^
rl ^ u
ss

a h a Fd r ,

is

( ?) *

-L

small

c o m p a r eio ,.iuIr c h tu r b i n e

' t , . ( ?) o ' t a

ln

to

2. 66 and t he v olum e r a t i o
am ount s t o 1. 8.

Pressure
+^
uv

+L u r ts

a
d

air ' 6 h
6Lv s I r

nv ^v m
r , .nppr F q q i o n

If Tf an d pf a"e t he out let

redu ce d h ea t d rop , we c an put

for

r - - * ^ ti C
u Jr td r - _

are approximately
n p Aq q l tn a

propor-

(
T

hard

I
I

+
I

,^-2

:l!
tt

n e t r 'n

f igur es

losses

For the same energy l oss compar edwit h t ur bi ne w ork w e have, therefore, frorn

Th e en er g' y f os s es in pipes , dif f u s o r ,

and
bends lea ds to a dim inut j. on of heat dr op i n t h e
f ar
rvr

t' ^9"2z

Irin hjh 6
uu Mlrs

t t

i;5'jr7
+i ^ F^ l

The pr es s ur e r at io r am o u n t s t o
4. 4 and t he v olum e r at io
amounts
t o 1.
With helium:
T'he pressure ratio
n amounts

t
I
+
I

we can put

or

With air:

I
{

the change of volume is c ons ider ably

smaller for
'
an
icentrani
heli.um.
For example, far
- f- , o expans].on
' 120 to t9B C,

work.
Because t

T, r-l
(+)
,2

lorr)

(r+ c r)

to

4r

(I:!.)
.
,H

where

air

?
i

'2

7I = p ressu r e r at i_o
k = ratio
of s pec if ic
heat s
a lower expa nsion r at io
f or heliun t han f o r
results
at a g ive n t em per at ur e r at io.

with

and assuming the same temperature

air and helium, we get

'- (l)

- ry
5.7 --'H.'I
p^." i

the
"fl o

2.2 co

1
,-L

1
t

with th e
T herefo re,
lty of 2 J-4 ) n/s in
c; cle corre sp on ds t o
hrlium clo se d cycle
energy .
ff
rali

f or egoing as s um pt ion, a v 9 1 o c t he pipes of an air c los e d

: v eloc it y
of t 5- 100 m / s i n a
f or equal per c ent age loss o f

rei{rhl

Speci flc

Heat

he'i

irrm

rri

el

t hat

ds

f or

timo<

t he

Coeff.

mnre

r-rnnlr

nan

rrni

fnr
_

nl

entc

nf

fho
,^- _

.^n^
rdlle

DynaEic

(7 .2 b o i D o th c d .n .l ty
rs tl o eol Crl

n' l

nca d - o r r a l e

nlants

nf
- -

1 ^ - '_
LdI

6q

Viscosity

u^ "+_
q "+
u Pu

i-he

n fh cn

si d c.

c.-

l^ei ne

tim es

o f en tha lpy Ai in t he
dif f ere n ce
also 5 times larg er and t her ef or e
nf comnrFssor st:ses f or s im il- ar
v:

will

vr,.y {

be b igg er

b y a f ac t or

I .5-

bi.gger ,

ata

2ooc

ata

6oooc

ata

2ooc

ata

6oooc

t,) 42

o, J 6?

I ,24J

1,4

r ,665

I,16

1,665

0,092

ott2?

0, 05

o ,2'1

kcat/kgoc

kcat/EoC hr

t,u5. to--"6 z ,r r .l o -"-A k s s c c / o 3

.lO -6-

4,O

tr,24.lO

-R-

Physical Properties of Air and Helium

oc

i n

i frr

tha

nnrncsnon.li
r v u y v l ru a

factor

pynhrnoon
L ^ v r rarrF !

hpef
rrL a v

and the physical

p6

the

qi

no

uvr

'

d a ta o f

9.9.Q,

u t

t he M ac h num ber does n o t

in air a nd the refo re
p
erip
he
nic
al
s peed of t he c om pr es s o r
th
e
limit
Howe v e r ,
c as e in air .
t
he
bla
de
s,
a
s
is
runner
cannot
s
peed
t
he
co
ns
ider
at
ions
'
to
stre
ss
ow ing
l.
J t,o 2.
f
ac
t
or
of
about
by
a
more
th
an
be raised
or

6oooc

Wi t h t h r s
Tab1e 2 for

by t he r at her s nalf dim ens ion s o f

as illustra ted
to IJ.
machines u p to 6 00 M w, Figs . I 2
of
v
.
eloc
it
y
. ( v eloc it y
Th
e
sh
ockwav
e
5
(ek
nt
)
1/
2
than
t
ir
nes
higher
is
he
liun
in
J
sound)
I

zooc

ata

o,2r r

T 'l x e v e L o c i r y o f h e l i u m c a n b e t a k e n a s,
a c c o r d i n g t o p a r a g r a p h 4 , u p t o 2 , ? t i m e s th e
1'Al

f nr

ata

lo

A t the LP sid e of t he heliur n c y c le t he f f ow s e c r educ ed owing t o t he h i g h e r

t ion will b e furth er
pressure le ve 1 in c om par is on t o t he air c y c l e ,
helium is an adequat e w o r k Un qu estion ab ly ,
mad rl4.
'rrm
r,reu
.

6oooc

io

Table

ina
-1!t

2ooc

ata

30

a.,i-,,#
UUUUUU

t he ne ce ssary section t o be s m al- ler f or heli u m

t han fo r air (a t the s am e pr es s ur e) ,
wit h t h e
rati o

ry't'5 3

ata

I
Conductivity

f rllu "

s am e t em p e r a t u r e

Jr!4vv

wc

H e l luB

29\

lo

Adiabatic

we co nside r

r rUW,

iiidr-

ala

Molecular

where
diameter
density
viscosi.ty
wE

6s

RGu.

ilil_7ffi

r 0.2e

lff

and

c om pr es s or i s
number
t he t ot al
load c oef f ic i e n t s

t$ l.,B

- o .3 7

of about

1- 2 .2 ro

r.2 5

fh e surfa c e of heat ex c hanger s is h i g h l y

t r 'o r
by th e nat ur e of t he wor k ing gas .
influence d
t
he
s
a
m
e
comparab le he lilun and air c y c les , wj. t h
s
a
me
out
put
,
t
he
temper atu res a nd the s a, m eus ef ul
r
e
in
t
he
arnount o f h ea t h as t o be t r ans f er r ed,
I f t he s a r n e
cuperato r as we l-I as in t he c ooler s .
t empera ture dro p is as s um ed, t he s ur f ac e wj - l l b e
pr opor t lonal
t o t he heat - ex c h a n g e
simrly in ve rse ly
coefficie nt
o.
Ac c or ding t o Kr aus old, a is g i v e n
6

T t r e j . n f l u e n c e o f P r , b e i n g h e r e s r na l l e r
1 percent,
can be neglected,
and 1t remains

th a n

r r.i t 2.o\
h .,ffir"'t tr, - o.5?
That means that the recuperator
helit-un cycle theoreticaliy
will

s u r f a c e i n th e
b e 2 . 0 4 ti m e s

smaller

tharr in the air cycle.

Practically,
t h e f l o w p a t h b e i n g m uch sh o r ter, the helium velocity
c a n b e i n c r e a s e d fu r th e r
w i t h o u t u n d u e e n e r g y l o s s e s a n d t h e s u r f a ce r a ti o
lowered t,o about 1/1 .

by t he re latio n
THE NUCLEAR CLOSED-CYCI,EOAS TURBINE

ad

t{u.:i.o.o2

fr ttl

,q r R c o ' 8 P rb

o.t|l

where
Ntr = Nusselt number
trewn nlr ls nr : r nbor
tro
rr!

ileJ

b <o.37J

S j n c e t h e s u c c e s s f u l s t a r t a n d o p e r a ti o n o f
hi ph-temner:trrre
s a s - c o o l e r i {h e l i r r m ) r e a cto r s su ch
a s " D r a g o n r ' ( B r g l a n d ) , r r P e a c h B o t t o m r t ( U. S. A. ) ,
a n d B B C / K r u p p ( G e r m a n y ) l a s t y e a r , i t h a s b e co r n e
obvious
nhina<

that
iq

m n <J-

this

new heat

n F^ h i <i n o

f nn

source for
or<

fr r n l -

thermal

-Ine

opera-

ma-

Y
1
i

Compr

{l

R e d cl o f

co"r,a

-1-

I
?

,:.:J

ill

Il

F l g . 7 S c h e m a t i c l o r 6 0 0 - M w n u c l e a r C C G T p l a n t w i r h H TR

effi ci enci es
:Lati ons

but

x e a <'t o r /ste a m
1n o p e r a t i on
and rnore

s; l .rater

than

todayt

i i t11

be::i rnf,1er

compact.

T h e h e l i l u n g a s t u r b i n e i s m u c h s m a l fe r th a n
a steam tulbine
for. the same output.
Th e si m p J- e r
gas turbine
can lower capital
c o s t s , w hi ch i s d e cisive for unit electric
costs.
T h l s s y s t e m i s t h e b a s e o f a r e c en t p r o p o sa l
( c H H ) a n d E s c h e r Wyss fo r g
b y G u t e h o f 'f n u n g s h 'i t t e
2 t r 2t l w e i n d u s t r l a f
p r o t o t y p e p l a n t ( l ) o f r "r h i ch
1 HT reactor
2 Gas turbine

3 Recuperator
4 Helium container .

5 Generator
6 Intercooler

Fig. 6 25-M:we nuclear prototype plant with high-temperature helium-cooled reactor and CCGT. Designed in 1966
by Gutehoffnungshiitte(GHH) and Escher Wyss. Temperature T = ?30 C, pressure= 25 kg/sq cm, plant efficiency =
3? percent
s nall J O O - k w s et o f t h e
A1 so , th e ear lier
(l4L
-l
oper at ing
t he f ir s t
U.S . Arrn y
)--r eal1y
( nit r o g e n )
nuclea r po wer p lant wit h a gas t ur bine
(
2)
.
temThe out le t
in this dir ec t ion
--poin ted
c ooling gas i s
peratu res of a ll t he r eac t or s r
do not s e e a n y
above JlO C a nd reac t or buif der s
to a ch ieve 85o- f ooo C wit hout any s i g n i f i barrier
Tn t he U. S. A. a p i o n cant ch an ge o f d es ien ( r ) .
t ion-

fo r ev en as high as 1lO 0 C outl e t

eer rea cto r
(UH Tq EX, L os Ala rnos ) is af leady under dev e l o o m e n t .
t o us e high- t enper a t u r e
A stro ng in c ent lv e
reacto rs
a s a pe r f ec t heat s our c e f or gas t u r b i n e s
parexist s in the fcrm of s m all py r olit ic - c oat ed
licles .
t ure
i!,.
I UJ

The se ne w f uel elem ent s f or high- te m p e r a rea cto rs na k e t he danger of gas - s t r eam a c t i v -

^yf
drru

the

T herefo r e ,
(e, g.
f ied
eooline

gas
to

, _-^rr^-1r_Lar

^^-+^F:_^fj^uufledrrr

p r o p o se d

e a r lie r

c y c l e / s t e am

of

thc

rrvrr_
-^-:xi:tent.

tt"' o - 1 o o p

systems

cycle )

ca n b e m u ch si mpl i sy. te m u : jn I th F l' r ?ssuri .'ed

a dircct-cyc1e
o;c

rJ

neeotor

ni rcnt
vrvLU-J l ir

::
uj

'L^
urig

wv1^Lrr{-

gas t ur bine,
ft is our
mediu m for a closed- c y c le
belief
tha t such s y s t em s i. r ill not only hav e h i g h e r
6

some data are given in Fig.6.

S u c h a so l u ti o n
already had been anticipated
b y A c k e r e t a n d Ke 1 l e r
a long tirne ago (4),
The teclrnological
a n d m e ta l lurgical
d e v e l o p r n e n b i n b h e l a s t t e n y ea r s to g e t h e r w i t h t h e v a s L e x p e r i e n c e g a i n e d i n fo ssi l f u e l e d c l o s e d - c y c J . e g a s t u r b i n e p l a n t s o ffe r n o w
a s o u n d t e c l u r i c a f b a s i s t o b u i l d t h e g as tu r b i n e
a s a p r i m e m o v e r f o r a t o m i c p o w e r s t a t i o n s.
g a s e s , s u c h a s h e l i u m , a r g o n , ca r Different
bon dioxide,
nitrogen,
or nixtures
o f th e m , a r e
avaifable
for the design.
C o m b i n e d s t u di e s o f r e actor physicists
a n d t u r b i n e b u i l , d e r s ha ve l e d to
the conclusion
the preferable
nhvs

i ci

sts

that helium as a working mediun is

c h o i c e , b o t h f r o m t h e nu cl e a r

anri

the

mecheni

ce

cnoi

vlre+rI!vr!vv!rlvvr

npcrq

h^i

ht

.f

view.
T?re use of gases such as nitrogen
o r ca r b o n
oioxide results
i n s o m e w h a t s i m p l e r m a ch i n e s a n d
l e s s s t a g e s , b u t o n t h e o t h e r h a n d a s k s fo r m u ch
bigger heat-transfer
s u r f a c e i n c o o l - e r s a n d r e cu p Ff2tOrS
'i n
--r

nnfhina

Thermodwn.minol'l'rrr! ! d l rJ ,

nl:nt
Frarrw

trffirienarr'.i+L
L!J
r\rv-.!J

wLvtl

rrv v rrr1 1 6

^
d

^--^-'.i^
DpcuLrrr

^rn
-a<
tiG_

he

reined

6ulrreu

r.rhan

iek-

i n g i n t o a c c o u n t a 1 l t h e c y c l e l o s s e s i nvo l - ve d .
T 'h e r e f o r e , a l l r e c e n t s t u d i e s o f d i f f e r e nt
d e si g n e r s h a v e c o n c e n t r a t e d o n t h e u s e o f h e l i u m ( ? ,8 ) ,
Most gas turbine builders
stil]
do n o t se e m
to have real ized that helium closed-cycle
g a s tu r bines can be built
w i t h o u t d e p a r t u r e f r om kn o w n
t^nhnique:
from very small output:
o f a fe w h u n d r e d k w u p t o 6 0 0 M w a n d m o r e i n o n e m a ch i n e se t.
There is practically
no limit
f o r u n i t o u tp u ts.
S u . c h p l a n t s . m a y w o r k a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s ch e m a ti c i n
Ill
! ! b .o

'7
I

anel

u rt u

f ha

annnocnnnrli

no

ani-rnnrr
rr u a
vPJ
L

ahanf

n-..

r. 16.

R
v.

II
I
t

I
I

I
I

tt
it
t

tf
)

rt
t

II

I
I

TOkgr qq 7 56'a

434"C
25 J<gi96

4 to "c

2
T

2 4 ,5kg/cm' l5' C

Fig. 8

Approximate entropy diagram for helium cycle in

nuclear plant

r,5
As--co ntra ry

ciencics

2rc

to

s t eam c y c f es - - c ir c uit

indencnrJcnt

of

nncssrrne'l

suitab fe working pr es s ur es
give favora ble d im ens ions .

I
I

mnsl-

c an be c hos en f r e e l y

e?c)l

nrrnhen

nf

nlnqpri-ntrnJo

rnsal s fro m TTS

orq

r J esi s ner s

l:rrnlrino

nrn-.

M anV s t u d i e s f o r
space ap plicatio ns
and in c hem ic al pr oc es se s a r e
under way; bu t a ll t he U. S, s t udies delt w i t h i n stalfatio ns
be low 2000 k w,
Cont r ar y t o t h i s ,
torierrl^

Frrrnnoan
vpL

tions

a nd ship

high ou tpu t
Onlrr
rr-/

fvha
r ^u

or.

strrrii
v

oc

dae
qvaf

p r opuls ion

al s o.

meinlrr
r/rdrrrrJ

plant s

t.ri
4r l-L
err

in

ra ng es c om par able wit h

aanl

i on

L2 21 ,

O
e vOvO
- -shn urrp

a
u 'l
r v v !nu<o
- d-nrrn

r^*^ud-

pvwql
-^"^>

t he m e d i u m a n d
s t eam p f a n t s .
wJ

v r sl a

nl
arf
vfd l r v

lr.
!J

(ttlariGene ral Atomics i s s im ilar

t o s uc h pr c J ec ts
time Ga s-Co ole d R eac t or Pr ogr am M c CR 1960 ) ( 5 ) .
gasWhe n it be c am e c er t ain
t hat high- r at e d
cooled rea cto rs w ould be av ailabf e
in t he n e a r
f rrt iln e. thc fpzsil ilit v
dc s ipns f or r ' 2s t u r b i n e
applica tion
in co m binat ion wit h s uc h r eac t o r s w e r e
(Escher
int ensified ,
espe c ial- I y in Swit z er land
Wyss, Bro rnrnBover i ) , in England ( Ro1ls Ro y c e ,

N atlon al Ga s Tu rbine Es t ablis hm ent

IcH H = Gu teh of fn uns s t r llt t e ) .

and t h e

+'

t
II
!

-l

Tod ayt s g en er ally

sneci:I

nl:n t

agr eed- upon

pnd

e vclp

) and in

Germany

c onc lu s i o n s

n n o n p - tie s

are

the

f ollow i n g :
I

is

a ve r y

su ita b l- e

gas

b o th

from

4. 5

the reactor
noints

b , u i l C e r s t a n d t h e t u r b i n e bu i l d e r st
vievi.
2 A t p r e s e n t , w i t h 7 5 0 C m a x i m u m te m p e r a plant effici.encies
overall
o f l 7 to 4 J p e r of

ture,
c e n t a c c o r d i n g t o s i z e c a n b e r e a c h e d wi th o u t co m plex cycles.
fnterrnediate heating would add another i-4 points.
F\rtur"e tenperature
ri se w i l l
have vcnv nrorornncci effect
e ffi t o w a r du ps rh1 1i6sh
r rvr e r
srrr
ni

onai

oc

b y p r e s s u r e - l " e v e 1 co n tr o l
J Load variation
a t c o n s t a n t r . r o r k i n g t e r n p e r a t u r e l e a d s to a h i g h
efficiency
for part load also.
N o r e g ul a ti n g
v a l v e s a t m a c h i n e b o d i e s a n d i n e l e v a t e d te m p e r a ture ranges are necessary.
4 ?he pressure-leve1
regulation
a l so ca n b e
annl

ied

ta

nernf

nn

r 'r n i o f

nrrf

n 'l
a
; co n sl a n l
g a s - c o o l e d r e a c-

nn

-rrl-

temperature.
Nuclear plants with
tors and gas turbines
can be built
a s po w e r sta tions for varying load demands for sma11, medium,
and very large outputs,
J u s t a s c a n c o n ve n ti o n a l
thermal plants.
Restrictions
t o b a s e - l - o a d se r vi ce
such as wlth

todayts

water

reactors

a r e n o n e xi st-

ent.
C o m b i n e d p o w e r a n d h e a t p r : o d u cti o n a s i n
I
conventional
c l o s e d - c y c l - e p l a n t s u s i n g th e w a ste
h e a t f r o m t h e c y c l e c o o l e r s c a n a l . s o b e a p p l i e d to
nuclear sets.
Total-energy
look
installations
es neei al

Helium

included)

to

Ev en in t he f u t u r e
very hig h u nit o ut pubs ov er 600 M we, a m a x i m u t n
w orkin g p ressu re of about f 0 k g/ s q c m ( 1O O O t s i )
w ifl no t b e e xcee ded,
fh e la st Gas Tur bine Dlv is ion
M eet in g i n
Z urich, March l!b b,
has , f or t he f ir s t
t im e , s h o w n
)

2,5
3
3,5
Expansion
ratio

Fig. 9 Overall plant efficiencies of CCGT-HTR nuclear

stations as function of turbine expansion ratio (a11losses

effi-

errcl

point

lv

nnom i c i ns

of view,

:l s .

fr am

the

ec ono rn i c a l

I
I

\,
5o

(
I

R eac tor outl et T em per atur e T ( " C )

LPT : LP- Tur btne

LPC:

l H : l n te rme d i a tere h eat

R:

roo
80
60
40
20

@-

N R : H i g h T e mp e ra tu re' Reactor

HPC:

Re g e n e ra to r

LP' Compres s or
HP' Compr es s or

l0oo tzoo
r2oo 1400t6oo
1600 l8oo20oo 2200 2400
200 40o 600 80o t0oo
Ti me(sec)

P C : P re co o l e r
lC : Intermediatecooler

C:

Cir culator

G:

Gener ator

Fi g. 11

V ari ati on

of reactor outl et

H PT - HP -T u rb i n e

Fig. 10

Schematic for reheat CCGT -

I
t

temperature

w i th l oad c hanges

nuclear plants

I
I
i

i
i

I
I
P

(
(

iI
t
LP C oF s

f,hr. Dlu.

Xs,

atageg

b.lads l.agtb

HPC

E:ff

:fuj
--

6I,

of

Nrber

CPO

._=_i
t_

1"46.

9
95

575

545

800

bO

rl o

848
75

ro'ooo ro , 000 ro ' ooo Io, ooo

Brt

InLet

pr essue

2, y.e/cp2 = ,bo psl

Inlet

teeper atur e

?5ooc = tleoot

Outlet

pressue

e,5 rg /cnz = 12o pel

Outlct

teEper atur e

441oc = 8Jo psr

Fig. 12

Cross section of 25-Mw hel i um

C C GT w i th mai n

data

tt

ilr
MP

HP

HP

F-r:=r

ll.tl- tt-,ttl

LP

7--3

^:1

LP
C om Pr

T ur br ne

Com pr es s or

S:*;
r..l

MP

HP

compr.

:::::.
M ar .

Di arn .

Num ber
M ax .

of

2 Regenerators
InIet

rurb.

rurb.

cornpr.

LP

900

I 000

r6 0 0

r6 o o

L2

r2

12

rJ

15o

90

l6 o

200

r2 5

6oo o

6ooo

6ooo

lo o 0

lo o o

l e n g th

RP M

LP

9 oo
s ta g e s

blade

HP

mm

Diam. 2r5 m

pressure

Jo xg / c n z

t
.l!

InIet

temperature

Toooc

iri

pressure

Counter

ti

t8 x g / c n z

eiiil

LP-Turbi n e
Inlet
Out I et

temperature

58O

tempera tur e

4O6

Mass flow

oC
oC

t6O kg/sec
secrion
Fig.13 Cross
of 10O-Mwe
helium

b Dimen sio ns of heliwl

m ac hiner y ar e m u c h
s m aller th an co mpa rativ e s t eam t ur bines ,
W or k i n g
p r essures are l-owe r t oo, 1000- ps i m ax im um ev en f o r
vc- v

l:nge

bv

nrrtrrrt
vuvysw

Closed-crrnJc

oeq

trtnhine

ennlr'rr
o Fl

CCGT with main data

5 T h e c o o l i n g w a t e r r e q u i r e m e n t i s sm a 1 1 ,
onty t/1-t/,
o f a c o m p a r a t i v e s t e a m t u r b i n e p l a n t.
w o r k i n g g a s s u c h as h e 1 i u m
9 Use of an inert
prevents oxidation.
T 'h e r e f o r e , m a t e r i a L s su ch a s

c a t ion b o g as-co ole d r eac t or s m ak e r eac t or c ir c u m o l y b o e n u m a 1 1 o y s w i t h h i g h s t r e s s p r o p e r t i es

at
l at ors s u pe rfluo us.
Ther e is no danger of c or r o e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s a b o v e l O O O C , w h i c h ca n n o t
s i on or ero sio n as in s t eam t ur blnes .
be used in an oxidizing
atrnosphere, can be applied
As da ng er o f ex plos ion or of s t eam J .e a k i n g f o r t u r b i n e d e s i g n ,
J
This opens the way bo e1efnnm
l:h a
< nnnn^anr r
ar ' ^ 'i
a
innn
i1-ro
nrir
* , nar y gas vated plant efficiencies
o f o v e r 5 O p e r c e n t , n e ve r
qr fetr :
c oo l 2 n t
re :n to r
crrcl e
is
not
nneqent
is
attainable
with stean cycles.
i . m proved.
The special properties
o f t h e c l o s e d - c ycl e
!!v r r v ,

Jo

ev J

!r

?6 750

n
J{

lr

5m

1l
HP
MP
C omP ressor
t---'l

r-rTrr
ff+!
=tr:tt#-k'*:

f=

l
\l

ii
lr

il

M ax .

Dian

Num b e r
M ax .

MP
C onpr .

HP
C ompr

HP
Turb.

LP
Turb.

LP
C omP r.

L220

L220

I 400

lg4o

r620

L2

t2

IO

t2

stages

of

length

blade

RP M

200

r 45

26o

280

2lO

4200

4200

{200

3O0o

10o0
I

t
HP-Turbine
Inlet

Pressure

Inlet

temPerature

Counter

Pressure

6o xg/ cn
oc
7oo
22,1

kg/ cn

LP-Turbin e

580

InletltemPerature
Oatlet

tenPerature

406

oC
oc

4O0 kg/sec

Mass flor
Fis. 14

Crosssection of 250-Mwe helium CCGT with main data

I
\

I
I

(-

fr

I
I

tl

ll

I
I

I
I
t.

t
i

2'
'/t00

,.'\

Lr

t!

l
I

ll

l$

5m

il

II

LP-Comp,.

HPC

MP C

fi

Turbine

il

I
dl

LP

A nor dnun g :

HP

MP

'ff
,,|l

Turbi ne

9ggtt:- - 99PPl: - - 99PPr :- - - - -

.rl

iT

_:lt

Ma x .

N u mb e r o f
ma x .

blade

T u rb i n e

lo

211

205

s ta g e s
Ie h g th

R PM
I

p re s s u re

T e mp e ra tu re

rj08

2 x lO

l2
185

i nl et

7l

outl eL

25 kg/cs

i ul et

itl$
!j$f

1744 mn

i;r$
i r$

'*'f

t99

$
1,
$

l6oo - - - - - - - - - - - - )

f- - - - - - - - - -

t
I

r 461

r6 6 4

0iam

,.{
{

oC

75o

outl eL

kg/cn

4150C

M as s f low

Fig. 15

+
I

I
I
$

t
I

kg/sec

J8O

Cross section of 600 Mwe helium CCGT with main data

svstem an e iflrrstra ted

and s um m ar iz ed in t he f o 1 low ing pa rag rap hs, t oget her wit h s om e c onnn e n t s o n
po ints of t he f or egoing lis t .
the differe nt

he:t-t-rnsren

of
c har ac t er is t ic s
The dec is iv e
fo Poin t 1:
in t h e
helium use h ave b ee n ex plained in det ail
far^-aih^
The m ain adv ant ages f o r t h e
r vr q 6wrrr6
d} J r ! o .
-^ -^a6r
Paa
r'^ -hs.

alfowable

gas tur bin e bu ilde r

ar e t he f ollowing:
wh e n
not get ac t iv at ed
does
Pu re h eliu n
passing thro ug h the r eac t or .
Tt has v er y go o d

hi

(menrr tines

nrorc-tie"

b e t t e r th a n
l e a d i n g t o s m a J . l h e a t - e x c h a n g e r s u rfa ce s.
air),
^ - - '^
-- ^ ''r
T , a r g p o r r t n r t n F n r*.rr
r r " u lltd)>
uuBE
ur e r
w i th
r rvw
sult

hiEher nermissible
res t r e a m v e l o c i ti e s
in smalLer flow sections than with air.
The velocity
o f s o u n d i s a b o u t t h r e e tj ,m e s

ohen

ferenti af
chosen

i-hrn

i n

ei

n.

vel -oci ti es
w i thout

i:henp

of

rurur.i ng

forp

rrcnrr

turbomachi nes
i nto

hi

oh

ni

norrm-

can be

Mach troubl es.

Il el i um

is ch ea l an d e asily ev ailable
or
t oday in liq u i d
gase ou s form,
pla n t e f f i To Poin t 2:
Fig. ! s hows ov er all
ciencie s includ lng
a] 1 los s es ac c or ding t o t h e
rte
u
d Ltrd ! .

o rri
rf vnr r' lv' lwr1
16 no

ll
' ( tur bine

n
Ro,
I pr ,
w.v7'
' .com

--

vO.e)BC
' ,

--

Ime ch = 0' 98; X g .n e ra to r = o :9 7 ; A t." u " r,e r ator

2q, oa
v,.
-/
2

t^ti

) n r a c c lr F e

i ntcncnol

ens

-l

lo
- - -sse
--- s

qf-eoc

evnanqi

= 8 p e r cent;

E.^
- to t.
nn

fnte rmed iate

t ur bine heat ing c ould b e a p plied ,
e .g.,
acco r ding t o Fig. 1O , adding a n o t h e r
Cas ls r eheat ed b y
J-4 po ints to e ffic ienc y ,
split-strea m.
The int er m ediat e
heat er ( I H ) i s
sma11 be ca use o f good heat t r ans f er .
Cir c u L a t o r
C ne ed s on ly a fe w per c ent of plant out put .
To Po ints J and 4:
The c ons t ant wo r k i n g
tempera ture at al l loads is m os t f av or able
to
saf ety o f op era tion,
bot h f or t he r eac t or a s w e l l
as f or the mecha nic al par t s , as no def or m a t i o n s
^.o11r

the
vrae

^hoa

nnnt nnl

(?50

t rrre

l
ir
t:
ll
tl

J-

.'U!.

La-#an
rIcdVEu

hrni
Vkr

no
rrre

I or|
rveu

wj.th a c om bined by pas s and pr es s u r e -

varia tion
''I orro l

i
lD -

nl
1n#
ururlV

crrctom

v*

iho

! J ! v ! r 'r r

C
)t
"

cen

bc

kcn t

naaninn

nrrflci_

n r :ctic:l

lv

ta
mnarrvvlrlvrs

Tn
rv

li

,li

rDninf
vrlrv

u6-+
lrsdu

tr.
r r

dv
^+

n
d

l-ri nh
rrr6rr

.nzl
alru

di ra.ilit
se vrJ
vrl

ll

as in c o n v e n 1e ve 1 (7 0*150 C) is av allable
pla!
t
s
.
Mw of elecclosed
-cyc1
e
For
eac
h
tional
c
an
be
4
B.
t
ob
a bo ut
to
BLu/ h
us ed f o r
tricity
(
t
ot
a1ener
gy
plant
s
p
urp
oses
heating
) or d e s a l t thermodynalnic cycle effiing without influencing
(e
lectrica
l
pr
oduc
t ion) .
cienc y
To Po int 6 :
Flgs . 72 t , o 1f s how t he s t i l 1
heliu m g a s
mostly un kn own fac t t hat c los ed- c y c le

t{

trrnhi

tt

These
t ec hnique.
bu1lt no w with to day r s t ur bine
of
deslgn s wo rk with an inf et
t em per at ur e
7r0 C as
gas
c
ooled
r eac t o r s .
alread y o ffere d by t oday t s
A ssun ed o pe ratin g hour s and des ign is f or 1 0 0 , 0 0 0

ii:

lir

iffi

'il
It
t1

II

{i

Iit!f
it
ti

it!'
1l

usef \rI

n cs

of

wenw

d i f fenent

r r ni t

nr r fin' r tS

can

be

hr.
flow
Up to ab ou t lO 0 M we s t r aight - t hr ough
only one turblne
outlet
can be achieved at
For big outputs such as 600 Mwe and
l0OO rpm.
of J O 00 or J 6 O 0 r p m
t ur bine
abov e, a do ub le-o ut let
is favore d owin g t o Lar ger m as s f low and th r u s t
with

balancin g.
Bla de stre sses
ceed ing
st ages.

IJ-?0

f or

lar ge

s et s

ar e no t

ex-

kg / s q nm in t he t op- t em per at u r e
blades als o ar e not h e a v i l y

nuC] ear s t e a m t u r wI
uh
rr
a s uit able
"i+
of Nh e sa me out put ( e. e. 250 r nw) , t he m a x l m l n n
is fess
t ur bine
of t he c los ed- c y c le
t ip d ian ete r
t han 1/1 , the bla de lengt h is les s t han 7/ 5 , a n d ,
f or c e of one blade i s m u c h
cen trif \ r ga1
there fore ,

blne

72

n:ned

ui th

outlet
jAflA
)wvw
Ti
ru

ahor r t

turbine
rnn
| lllr

rnd
drru

;^
!c

nnr
udrr

m c tF ?.s

for

of 1600 rpm.
lai^L
rrISrr

r- uf^df^
ud
su ,

nrrtnrr{-c
wuulJuuo

naad
rtssu
f^
vu

u
u rfFr u r-dr rf J
^ .h

hel l U m

dOUble-

Stean turbines
A
u

+^
uv

h .h r r
u td r r J

vR

w i th
f^\
t y,l .

uuutcu^,,+r^+-

n rntJu
a {rqr ^r uc!,
i nac
p

that

h e l i u m m a c h i n e r y i s b y n o m e a n s v e r y d i ffe r closed-cycle
ent frorn conventional
a i r tu r b l n e s.
This fact is demonstrated by Eie.16.
Tn
lV

Pni

TU I I I U

nJ-

?I .

Trhc

inlrprenfi

<o f at-J -rs u v

Ul

gab-

c o o l e d r e a c t o r g a s t u r b i n e p l a n t i - s a c kn o w l e d g e d
( 0 .2 today,
f u e l p a r t i cl e s
The pyrolitic-coated
prod0.5-nun dia) prevent all diffuslon
o f f i ssi o n
c

r 'h
Ift

+L 6
vl l s

n Er 'h ^ - r r
l r l r ,l l d r J

nvJvr
r r n lu ,

au
<
q

qi
rmunvvv

.i n n n e q qi
arrlp]
cD-IvYfJ rre

l rr

d e m o n s t r a t e d i n t h e " D r a g o n i l e x p e r i m e n t s.
Eve n
after a long exposure time to radlatlon,
th e
graphite
tubes contalning
t h e f u e l p a r t icl e s
co u l d
b e h a n d l e d a n d t o u c h e d w i t h o u t s p e c i a l p r o te cti o n .
A l l t h i s e x p e r i e n c e s h o w s t h a t t h e w o r ki n g
cycle and the rnachinery can be built
o utsi d e a
special containment.
0n1y the reactor needs a
primary concrete shield.
f n e g a s t u r b i n e i s s i t u a t e d n e a r th e r e a cto r
co n cr e te
in a machine hall built
as a thin-walled
housing, Fig.6.
I n c a s e o f a n M C A ( m a xl m u m cr e d i b1e accident ) the total
r e l e a s e o f t h e h e l i u m co n tent in the closed reactor turbine
s y s t em w o u l d
r e s r ; l t i n a n r e s s r ) , a T r r 's c o f o n i v 4 n s i n a xi m u m i n
the building,
a n d t h e h e l i u m c o u l d b e r e l e a se d
w i t h o u t d a n g e r t h r o u g h a c h i m n e y a s i t s r a d i o a ctivity
would be below the tolerable
limit
fo r th e
surroundings.
T o P o i n t B : A s 1 n c o n v e n t j . o n a l cl o se d - cycl e
plants,
t e m p e r a t u r e d i ffe r e n ce
the great available
b e t w e e n c o o l i n g w a t e r a n d c y c l e g a s b e t we e n th e
c o m p r e s s o r s t a g e s , c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e s ma 1 1 te m p e r ature difference
f o r a s t e a m t u r b i n e a t th e co n r
e
a
s o n f o r t h e d i m i n i s h e d q u a n tj .ty,
denser, 1s the
Air

cooling
To

Lo w-pre s s ur e

1 oade d .
ran
--nnsAu
v v r lr pdr

whole
tu r r a ti o
sp e ci fi c v o l u m e c h a n g e c o m p a r e d w i t h r r = 1 5 0 0- 6 0 0 0 fo r
a steam turbine.
f n o r d e r t o h a n d l e t he ve r y b i g
v o l u m e s a t t h e o u t l - e t o f a n u c L e a r s t e am tu r b i n e
w i t h s a t u r a t e d s t e a m , a 6 O O - M w e1 ! 0 0 - r p m se t r e quires in addition
a t l e a s t 4 p a r a I 1 e 1 o u tl e ts
w i t h a n o u t e r d i a m e t e r o f a b o u t ! . J n e te r s,
co m -

rraf
uLUo

co n stant.

F ig.11 fo r e xa mple, s hows t hat t hls plant c o n t r o l

syste m crea tes on ly v er y s m al1 t em por ar y c h a n g e s
o utle t
t em per at ur e ( t 20 deg C ) e v e n
in rea cto r
No steam
w hen lo ad ch an ge s ar e abr upt and heav y .
or wate r rea cto r c an r es pond t o s uc h r equi r e m e n t s .

tl

smal"fer, as is also the total

l e n g t h o f th e
set.
T h e s e f a v o r a b l e d i m e n s l o n s o f h e li u r n
bines are the result
o f t h e s m a I l e x p a n si o n
(n = 2.5 t,o t ) and the corresponding snall

nar ai - r r na

coul-d be used too.

Pni r i
c fr ac c

Q.

Tn

lil*o
for

l?

| ono- f.i m p

di ffer ent

h i o h -t p mm a t e ri a l s

I
I

fl
I

t
f
l
(

t
I

a re

s h o r . n . F o r t h e s a n e w o r k i n g t e m p e r a t u r e, m o l yb d e num and other a11oys offer about I to 4 tlmes

better stress properties
a t e l e v a t e d t e mp e r a tu r e s,
Such materials
a l r e a d y a r e a p p l i e d i n s p a ce te ch niques and it is certain that they will
appear in
the near future also ln gas turbines
for hightemperature service.
T 1 'r i s u n i q u e p o s s i b i l i t y
o f h i g h - t e r n p e r a tu r e

I
I

i
1
I

I
I
1

E
E

q
a
0)
CJ)

l t;t"..:

Firsthelium CCGT (about6500kw rotor ourpur)

F ig. 1 6

for power unit of cryogeniccycle, Inlet temperature700 C,

pressure
25 kg,/sqcm
1 Molybdenumbase
3 Columbium base
2 Nickel base
4 Cobalt base
.nFrttion

in

t ive

to

cnnn

thenmrl

percen t

claqpd

fu rthe r

saq

nrrnloq

eqv \J u!v J v r r 6r r r v ul r

dev elopm ent

nnrrer-nleni

with ou t

iq

wit h

qfnnno'inaon-

t he alm t o

offiaiahaip<

com plex ins t al- f at ions

6f

n\rar

achieve
Ti me i n hours

qn

( 5, 7) .

REFERENCES

Fig. 17 Allowable long-time rupture sness for high-temperature materials in nonoxydizing gases(values for 1000 C).
After Larson and Miller

A S ME Pa pe r 6I-GTP- 2, W as hingt on, M ar c h 1! 5 1 .

W. Sp 11 1m ann, ' r The Cl os ed Cy c le G a s T u r bine for Non co nvent ional
Applic at ions , t r
AS M E P a p e r

P o w e r C o n f e r e n c e , Wa s h i n g t o n , D . C . , A p r i l 1 l !5 .
A l s o i n 'r A p p l i e d A t o m i c P o w e r , r r P a r t T V , C h a p te r
Tff,
edlted by R. Tom Sauryer, Prentj.ce-Hal1,
In c.,
New York, N. Y., 1946.
5 P . A . B e r m a n , " A G a s T \ r r b i n e fo r a H e l i u r n C o o l e d R e a c t o r , r r M o n o g r a p h N o . J , J o u r n a l o f th e

65-cr/ cr,c-8, Zurich,

lularch 7965
K. Bamm er t and E. Nic k el,
"Des ign o f C o m bust lon Cha rnb ers of Heat er s f or ?r ans m is s io n o f
the Primary He at of c c G T, r r ASM E Paper 56- c t 'c - t .

Flarklin
fnstitute,
May 1960.
Al,so:
F? e d e r i c d e
H o f l l n a n n a n d W. T . F \ r r g e r s o n , I 'M C C Ra s a Sm a l l
Central--station
P o w e r P l a n t , t ' G A - 1 5 1 5 , Ge n e r a f
Atomic, July 1! , 1960.

l- C. Kefle r ,
Tr ans , ASM E, New Yor k , N o v e m ber 1!46 , p p. 79 1- 822; Augus t 1950, pp. Bl r - 8 j 0 .
W as hingt on, Apr il
A S MEPa pe r ,6 -GTP - I 5,
1p ! 6 .

J. 1 4. Janins and G . T. Seely , "Th e D e v e l - onnent an ri On en :tins Fx ner ienc e of t he M L - l M o b i f e

Nucle ar Po wer Plant , t t ASM E Paper 65- c T/ CL] - I ? ,
A S MEGas T\rrbin e M eet ing, Zur ic h, I ) 56.
W. M. Cr lm , J r . , t t The Com pac t AJ { P r o c e s s
Nuclea r System," ASM E eaper 66- c r / c c L- 6.
j
Smnn si r:m on Hi s h Tem nenat t r r e Rea c t o r s
Nuc lear En e r g y
and th e h ag on Pr oJ ec t , k it is h
S ocie ty, Lo nd on , M ay 7) 66.
European Nuclear Energy Agency of OECD,
- ^/uor.roqulum ]-n raras , -.
tvray !yo>.
!
r
oper
at ing Ex per ienc e a n d D e 4
c, Ke 11 er ,
si sn Fe:t'rrcs
P lants,"

of

C' los c d Cv c l c G : r T' r r t ine

Power

ASIVIEPa per 55- G TP- 11, ASM E G as Tu r b i n e

/^

For details
see:
E s c h e r Wy s s N e w s, vo l .
Special issue:
J9, No.1h966"
'r C l o s e d C ycl e Ga s
T\rrbine for all !\re1s:
C o a l , O i 1 , G a s , N u cl e a r .r l
Also:
C. Kel1er,
'r T h e N u c l e a r G a s t u r b l ne ,r r Ga sturbine Magazine USA, July/August
1!55,
H . t s o h , n , " P r o J e c t f o r a H i g h Te m p e r a tu r e
7
R e a c t o r w i t h a G a s T \ r r b i n e , r r S y r n p o s i u m o n Ifl IR ,
London, laay 7)65.
B K. Bammert, rrRemarks to the Problem of
O p t i m u m D e s i g n o f N u c f e a r G a s T \ r r b i n e Po w e r Pl a n ts,tl
Atomkernenergl.e, January / February I)66.
rrDampfturbinen firr Kernkraft9 I,l. Trassl,
r
r
werke,
E n e r g i e u n d T e c f m i k ( G e r m a n y ) , Se p te m b e r ,

1966.

i;i
lj

'ri
FI
&t
$;
qtri
r
!S!

'M,i
iS i

ffi'
r+,Y.
rfii