Enthalpy & Specific Heat

EnthalpyA Combination Property

In the analysis of certain types of processes, particularly in
power generation and refrigeration , we frequently
encounter the combination of properties u + Pv.
For the sake of simplicity and convenience, this
combination is defined as a new property, enthalpy, and
given the symbol h

or

EnthalpyA Combination Property

Enthalpy is also called heat content or total heat

EnthalpyA Combination Property

In analyzing specific types of processes, we frequently
encounter certain combinations of thermodynamic
properties, which are therefore also properties of the
substance undergoing the change of state.
To demonstrate one such situation, let us consider a control
mass undergoing a quasi-equilibrium constant-pressure
process, as shown in Fig.

EnthalpyA Combination Property

Assume that there are no changes in kinetic or potential
energy and that the only work done during the process is
that associated with the boundary movement.
Taking the gas as our control mass and applying the first
law, we have, in terms of Q,

EnthalpyA Combination Property

The work done can be calculated from the relation

Since the pressure is constant,

EnthalpyA Combination Property

Therefore,

EnthalpyA Combination Property

We find that, in this very restricted case, the heat transfer
during the process is given in terms of the change in the
quantity U+PV between the initial and final states.
Because all these quantities are thermodynamic properties,
that is, functions only of the state of the system, their
combination must also have these same characteristics.

EnthalpyA Combination Property

Therefore, we find it convenient to define a new extensive
property, the enthalpy,

or

Specific Heat

Specific Heat
We know from experience that it takes different amounts
of energy to raise the temperature of identical masses of
different substances by one degree.

For example,
we need about 4.5 kJ of energy to raise the temperature
of 1 kg of iron from 20 to 30C,
whereas it takes about 9 times this energy (41.8 kJ to be
exact) to raise the temperature of 1 kg of liquid water by
the same amount.

Specific Heat
Therefore, it is desirable to have a property that will enable
us to compare the energy storage capabilities of various
substances.
This property is the specific heat.
The specific heat is defined as the energy required to raise
the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one
degree.
In general, this energy depends on how the process is
executed.

Specific Heat
In thermodynamics, we are interested in two kinds of
specific heats:

specific heat at constant volume

cv and

specific heat at constant pressure

cp

Specific Heat : at constant volume

Physically, the specific heat at constant volume cv can be
viewed as the energy required to raise the temperature of
the unit mass of a substance by one degree as the volume
is maintained constant.

Specific Heat : at constant volume

Specific Heat : at constant volume

Specific Heat : at constant volume

Specific Heat : at constant pressure

The energy required to raise the temperature of the unit
mass of a substance by one degree as the pressure is
maintained constant is called its specific heat at constant
pressure cp.

Specific Heat : at constant pressure

The specific heat at constant pressure cp is always greater
than cv because at constant pressure the system is allowed
to expand and the energy for this expansion work must also
be supplied to the system.

Specific Heat : at constant pressure

Specific Heat : at constant pressure

Specific Heat : at constant pressure

Specific Heat : at constant pressure

Relationship between cp and cv

Relationship between cp and cv

Relationship between cp and cv

Relationship between cp and cv