Endnotes
1
New York Police Department Canine Program, "Canine Handler's Guide," 24.
2
Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 109 S.Ct., 1865 (1989).
3
Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 109 S.Ct., 1865 (1989).
4
Mendoza v. Block , 27 F.3d 1357, 1362 (9th Cir. 1994). This project was supported by Grant No. 2000-DD-VX-0020 awarded by the
5
Much of the material in this section of the concepts and issues paper was adapted from Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.
a paper on the use of police service dogs prepared by David H. Lawrence of the law firm The Assistant Attorney General, Office of Justice Programs, coordinates the activi -
Franscell, Strickland, Roberts and Lawrence of Pasadena, California. It originally appeared in ties of the following program offices and bureaus: the Bureau of Justice Assistance,
the Fall 1996 issue of Policy Review, the newsletter of the IACP National Law Enforcement the Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Institute of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice
Policy Center. Permission to use this documentation is gratefully acknowledged. and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office of Victims of Crime. Points of view or
6
Chew v. Gates , 27 F.3d 1432 (9th Cir. 1994). opinions in this document are those of the author and do not represent the official
7
"Scent: The Forgotten Evidence," narrated by William D. Tolhurst, Media Productions, position or policies of the United States Department of Justice or the IACP.
Lockport, New York 14094.
8
Robinette v. Barnes, 854 F.2d 909 (6th Cir. 1988).
9
Kerr v. City of Palm Beach, 875 F.2d 1546 (11th Cir. 1989).
10
Vathekan v. Prince Georges County, Maryland, 154 F.3d 173 (4th Cir. 1998).
11
Watkins v. City of Oakland , 145 F.3d 1087 (9th Cir. 1998). Every effort has been made by the IACP National Law Enforcement Policy
12
Sheldon Rubin, DVM, and the editors of Consumer Guide , Emergency First Aid for Dogs Center staff and advisory board to ensure that this model policy incorporates the
(New York, NY: Beckman House, 1981). most current information and contemporary professional judgment on this issue.
13
This drug detection section of this concepts and issues paper is primarily the work of However, law enforcement administrators should be cautioned that no “model”
George J. Franscell, partner, and Ann M. Maurer, associate, Franscell, Strickland, Roberts and policy can meet all the needs of any given law enforcement agency. Each law
Lawrence, Attorneys-At-Law, Pasadena, California. See their article, "Court Decisions enforcement agency operates in a unique environment of federal court rulings, state
Provide Guidance on Use of Canine Units," in the October 2000 Police Chief , 138. laws, local ordinances, regulations, judicial and administrative decisions and col -
14
United States v. Place , 462 U.S. 696, 103 S.Ct. 2637, 77 L.Ed.2d 110 (1983). lective bargaining agreements that must be considered. In addition, the formula -
15
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868. tion of specific agency policies must take into account local political and communi -
16
U.S. v. Bronstein , 521 F.2d 459 (2d Cir. 1975). ty perspectives and customs, prerogatives and demands; often divergent law
17
United States v. Fulero , 498 F.2d 748 (D.C. Cir. 1974). enforcement strategies and philosophies; and the impact of varied agency resource
18
Doe v. Renfrow , 475 F. Supp. 1012, 631 F.2d 91, 635 F.2d 582 (1980), cert. denied, 451 U.S. capabilities among other factors.
1022 (1981). States v. Rodriquez-Morales, 929 F.2d 780, 788 (1st Cir. 1991).
19
Doe v. Renfrow, 475 F. Supp. 1012, 631 F.2d 91, 635 F.2d 582 (1980), cert. Denied, 451 U.S.
1022 (1981).
15