In Building and Distributed Antenna System

(IBS and DAS) Landscape and Business

Coverage Evolution
1
Macro Tower Site

Tower Site

Network spread

Intelligent Repeaters

3
One Operator-Infra Roll
outs
BTS-for site 1
Repeaters/Donor Antennas for site 2
Dedicated BTS-Indoor DAS for site 3
Associated Accessories.

Indoor DAS
Omni Antennas

Increased CapEX
Increased OpEX
Increased Infra
Cluttering

Splitters

Couplers

POI

Operator BTS

Network Evolution
The Service Delivery Challenge
Traffic/User
Coverage Limited
Capacity Limited

GSM

LTE/WiMax
UMTS/HSPA

2G
Digital TDM

AMPS

1G
Analog

3G
Digital CDMA

cover only Small # large

macro cells outdoor

larger # macro cells; Indoor

coverage w/ more power;
Some micro in dense urban

4G
Digital OFDM

Thin macro cell overlays

Dense micro cell under lays
DAS for large buildings

Voice Driven

Data Driven

User Density

Microcells for outdoor; DAS

& Pico for enterprise; femto
for residential

Without an In-Building Coverage

solution!
- Uncertain coverage! - Unknown capacity!

Au

Loss of Revenue on Smart Devices without

IBS & DAS
Television
High quality
audio

Social Media,
SMS, IM

Broadband
Internet
Email
Banking Bill
Payment
Shopping

Gaming
GPS

70% of Data Traffic is generated indoors therefore the need of coverage

and capacity inside the premises

Fibre-DAS is Suitable for Fibre-Covered Areas

Fibre-DAS The Way Forward for Mobile

Coverage
The complexity of providing mobile coverage to
demanding customers will be an onerous task as the
EMF from the Towers has been reduced to 1/10th of
the present value
With site acquisition being a difficult task as well as site
availability being a variable, operators will struggle to
meet the coverage obligation

Shared Multi Operator Multi technology Network

Distributed Antenna System
is
the only way forward

New Trends - IBS

What is an
In-Building
Solution &
Why is it
required ?

It is a process, where in we radiate adequate Mobile signals of

one particular Network operator in that entire building.
In places like basement floors, higher floors of some high rise
Buildings, Airports, Corporate offices, Hotels & Shopping malls we
tend to get signals from different cell sites around the building, so
subscriber mobile ping-pong from one cell site to another
resulting in high CALL-DROPS
In some case when the subscriber base increases, the Network
operator has difficulty in planning new BTS. So instead of
deploying a Macro Site the operator uses a Micro BTS where in
the signal from Micro BTS will be distributed through out the
building using Co-axial cables and distributed antenna system.
By doing so, we will have uniform signal been radiated all
through out the building providing an error free Network
connection to all their valuable subscribers present in that
building.
In the basement floors there will be absolutely no mobile signals
present, so this problem also can be solved using a distributed
antenna system in that floor.

Network Problems inside Buildings

High Call Drops- Above 4th or 5th floors ( Due to Multi cell Hand over )
High Bit Error Rate- Water refraction, Interference from other cell sites of same operator or other
No network Coverage - Basements, Ground Floors etc. ( Penetration loss)
Subscriber base increases If deployment of new BTS sites are not possible

operators

Think about it, we actually spend most of our time inside buildings

Boosts Mobile network business and hence Revenues for

the operators
Better use of network resources
Easy to install, expand or upgrade
Greatly improves cell phone performance while in
building, eliminating problems such as unstable reception,
unclear vocal quality, difficulty in accessing calls and even
calls being disconnected.
Is Suitable for Applications of Indoor Signal
Enhancement: offices, houses, shops, stores, supermarkets, department stores, hotels, car parks and etc.
Extends the GSM signal coverage
Eliminates the "blind" area
Improve the quality of conversation
Improves sound quality, range, and system access.
Reduces dropped calls, signal fades, or no-service
conditions.

1. Commercial Real Estate Developers

2. Tower Operators
3. State Country - City Buildings
4. Public Schools
5. Hospitals
6. Stadiums
7. Hotels
8. Hospitals
9. Metro Trains
10.Cantonments
11.Special Government Facilities
12.Tunnels

A network of spatially separated antenna nodes connected to a

common source via a transport medium that provides wireless
service within a geographic area or structure

BTS Hotel
Concept

compatible with:
Cellular phone service
Wi-Fi
Public safety radio frequencies

Distribute & manage wireless network from

central BTS Hotel
All digital/analog wireless network
extension solutions from central BTS
suites to cell sites
Support s 2G, 3G & 4G applications
from single system; transport &
remote
Distribute & add capacity as needed
without changing remotes-Modular
Concept
Back-fill/In-fill coverage gaps using
existing resources and deployment

Increase proximity of services to user

Hole & macro gap coverage
Tower shadow areas; canyons,
tunnels, buildings
Improve uplink data performance
through smaller cells
Stealth solutions, ease municipality
approvals
Addresses need for Outdoor & Inbuilding Coverage & Capacity

Economic

Significantly reduces Utility and Infra Cost costs

Increased spectrum efficiency
No repetitive site acquisition costs for unsuccessful sites
Elimination of construction and site acquisition costs for
multiple sites for capacity
Reduced future base station infrastructure deployment
costs
Network cost sharing Zoning/permitting, fiber build,
pole rent, etc
Alternate to traditional expensive urban deployments
(roof tops)
Eliminates the need to build costly, difficult and
sometimes impossible conventional sites needed to
augment capacity

Aesthetics

Compact nature of the equipment satisfies aesthetic

concerns of communities and their residents
Reduces the requirement for towers and rooftop
antennas which helps improve or maintain the
community aesthetics
Alleviates citizen concerns regarding the proliferation of
unsightly wireless infrastructure.

Operational

Much easier to troubleshoot and respond to network problems

Efficient use of technical personnel for operations and
maintenance
All radio resource capacity enhancements are centrally
implemented at the BTS Hotel
All BTS maintenance is performed centrally at the Hub
Significant reduction in spare parts inventory, repair costs and
personnel requirements.

Strategic
Many advantages for communities:
No cost to the city or community
Visually unobtrusive equipment
Use of existing infrastructure such as utility poles and street
lights
Franchise agreements and extensive system real estate assets
Ultra low RF emissions, well below all local, regional, & limits
Fast time-to-market
Increased wireless capacity for next-generation data
applications
Easy to maintain and upgrade

DAS Opportunity Areas

Airports
Metro Rail / Subway
Systems
Large Federal
Government Facilities,
Campuses and Bases
State & Local
Government Facilities
Office Buildings
Court Houses/Jails
Schools

Current Issues
Physical Structure
and Layout
Wireless Signal
Hard Wire Phones
Portable Radio
Operations
Student
Expectations
Wireless Providers

BTS Hotel
Provides
Solution

Universal
Cellular/PCS/Safety Radio
Coverage
Neutral-Host Wireless
System
Booster for Current and
Future Mobile Applications
with Excellent Network
Quality
Eliminated fixed-line
telephones
Extend wireless carrier
coverage inside and outside
buildings

Transmission Rates/Environmental Issues

Wireless connection and antennas can be affected by the environment
and the weather
Despite improving connectivity in dead areas it still may have slow
transmission rates due to working with several frequencies on same
network.
Standards
There are not standards set for BTS hotels
May Lead to competing proprietary technologies
Certain organizations/institutions may need different types requiring in
costly consulting fees from third parties
Environmental Issues
Need for a schematic design for the routing of cables horizontally and
vertically
Several antennas, repeaters, and a central hub with wiring can take time
to install (usually installed in ceilings)
Could be an unnecessary cost for some businesses and there is no clear
measurement of costs in terms of productivity

DAS via FTTx networks, even one step further

Shared Infrastructure
DAS over Spare Fiber to Deliver Wireless Services

Base Station Hotel

Reduced BTS site development
expenses
Reduce visual impact of
traditional shelters
Infrastructure in place
backhaul, HVAC, back-up
power, etc.

Fully utilize fiber plant to feed DAS

Remotes
Fiber pair per DAS remote serves
typically 20 km radius
Fiber pair provides up to 70 MHz
mobile services (non-contiguous) &
100 Mbps Ethernet backhaul (feed
WiFi mesh networks)

Improve wireless services to the

residences
Improved coverage & capacity
Greater proximity to user
providing superior voice quality
& data rates
Minimal visual impact blend
into environment

Advantages with DAS for the mobile

operators
Advantages for the Mobile operators:
Lower CAPEX for their wireless roll out
Lower OPEX
Better quality and service offerings by getting the antennas
closer to the users
Faster deployment, faster revenue stream.
Lower production cost per call / per Mb

Swift roll out

Benefit from a stealth roll out, utilizing street furniture, lamp
posts etc.
Limited zoning and construction challenges.

Better utilization of network recourses and the core network

investment by better trunking gain.
Unlock the capacity from the coverage footprint

BTS Hotel, BTSs and DAS Host at

one central location

Outdoor DAS & Base Station Hotels Replace

Microcells

Microcells
2 major Shopping
malls
200 shops
80K-200K
shoppers /day
Heavy high loss
old buildings

Mall A

Mall B

100% IB level
wanted

IB-Solutions not
possible

Implementation

Outdoor DAS?
Outdoor DAS
4G
OBSAI/
Prism Host
3G CPRI
Multiplexed Protocols
2G RF
RF

FlexWave
Prism

Base Station
Hotel

Distribute the coverage and capacity from a

centralized Base Station
Unlock the coverage and capacity
Reduces CAPEX and OPEX
Ideal combo with FTTx

SLC

Serial
Link Combiner Architecture
Fiber
transport
Remote
HUB
Remote Units

Host Unit
BTS

3.072 Gbps
Short Range Optics

9.8304 Gbps
Long Range Optics

SLC

SLC

September 18, 2013

Serial Link Combiner SLC

IP/WiFi backhaul

Network Port via Remote Unit

The Remote Unit has a network port to provide a 100Mb Ethernet link
between the Host Unit and Remote Unit.
The network port is type 10/100/1000 Base T / TX MDI and requires
CAT5 min.

This link can be used for any IP application:

wireless backhaul
IP Camera
Transport of ancillary equipment alarms (UPS)

IP Backhaul
Remote Locations

CO location
Remote Unit

WiFi AP

WiFi AP

Host Unit
IP Router
Fibre Optic Cable

WiFi Controller

CPRI Overview

CDIU Enables System Efficiencies

Without CPRI Interface (applicable to any DAS system)
CPRI
R
R
H

4G BBU
2G BTS

POI

DART
DART

DART

CDIU

DART

Multi-band
Radio Heads

POI
CPRI

3G NodeB

R
R
H

POI

With CPRI Interface (no RRH, POI, DART)

4G BBU
2G BTS

CPRI

Multi-band
Radio Heads

POI
CPRI

3G NodeB
Coax

-Greater than 50% power, cooling & space savings

-Full EVM budget for maximum HSPA+/LTE data rates
-All the flexibility of multi-carrier DAS solutions

Fiber
RF input for legacy services

Direct CPRI input from BBU

Resident Small Cell baseband processor

page

Small Cell Aggregation, Transport &

Distribution
Baseband Pool
(BTS, BBU, etc.)

Distributed & Connected Small Cell Radio Heads

Universal Host Unit

10
Gbps

DART

DART

DART

DART

CDIU

BBIU

10 Gbps Transport

RF input for legacy services

2G
3G
4G

Direct CPRI input from BBU

Resident Small Cell baseband processor

SISO
MIMO
LTE-A

High Rise / Gated areas Challenge

The challenge of RF performance

Isolation, interference
Users receives signals from many base stations
This is interference

Metallic coated windows attenuates the signal

The result is:Degraded / no service
Dropped calls

The solution is to have a dominant signal

In high rise buildings, interfeerence from distant

bastations is a problem

34

Lack of Isolation
No service in the top of
the building,
interference & Pilot
pollution

Weak service on shadow side

OK service from
nearby Macro

No service in elevators

Indoor DAS
Only allowed in the Elevator
Lobby
This will cover the core of the
building

Still, a problem with dominance

on the perimeter of the building

36

Indoor & Outdoor DAS

Outdoor DAS from surrounding
buildings and poles will cover
the perimeter
Simulcast with the Indoor DAS
Same sector
Solid dominance
No HO
Limited dropped calls
Max data performance

37

Elevators
RF Power

Antenna Gain A

Link loss

Shaft antenna, mounted on a service door

This makes it possible to get permission

Passive elevator repeater in the car; two antennas

back to back
Antenna Gain
Cable loss
Antenna A
Gain
Link Loss

No active elements in the elevator car

Low maintenance
Easy permission

Service door

The Passive Repeater solution for

elevators

RAU

Cable loss

Complete DAS solution

Indoor DAS

Outdoor DAS

Lower EMR

Enabling 3G/4G Services Indoors

Ethernet LAN / WLAN topology
Standard structured cabling - fiber
optic and CATV cabling.
Amplifiers at the antenna point
means zero loss
Significant cost and performance
advantages in medium and large

sized buildings
Industry-leading performance
regardless of frequency
4G support: LTE

Electro Magnetic Radio Exposure

All DAS systems and mobiles must fulfill the

international standards
(EN 50385 WHO/EU (ICNIRP) levels: 6min
measurements (average)
4.5 W/m2 @ GSM
900 9.0 W/m2 @ GSM
180010 W/m2 @ UMTS
Always try to minimize the exposure to the users
The main source for EMR exposure is the mobile
due to proximity to the user
A Mobile will typical expose the user to 200 times
the power compared with a DAS antenna at 50cm
distance
Mobiles on the outdoor network have to power up
to reach the base station
Mobiles on a traditional Coax DAS need to power
up to compensate for the loss in the cables
Mobiles operating on a DAS system will use the
lowest possible power -- Fibre has negligible loss

Due to the proximity of the mobile,

the mobile is the main source of EMR
exposure

page 42

Reduce RF Exposure Of The Users

Mobile using high power in an office
connected to the outdoor network

100 mW <-----> 2.000 mW

Mobile need high output power to reach the outdoor

network

Mobile on low power in an office

connected to an TE in-building system

1 mW <-> 10 mW

Mobile use only low output power when connected to

an TE in-building system

43

Reduce RF Exposure Of The Users

Traditional systems use lossy cables

Decreasing the data speed
Mobile has to compensate for the loss in the
cables
Increasing the mobile transmit power

The TE system has no loss

Better data performance
Reduce the MS radiation up to
This is the mobile transit power in an office environment with 150 meter distance between the mobile and the DAS antenna

factor 2000

44

EMR & Indoor GSM

WHO/EU (ICNIRP) levels:

4.5 W/m2 @ GSM 900.

9.0 W/m2 @ GSM 1800
. 10 W/m2 @ UMTS
Indoor EMR measurements
1800 MHz / Indoor Omni 18dBm

Measurement results

0cm distance (SAR to be used)

0.630 W/m2 (@ 6 min mean) 7% EU

4.597 W/m2 (max @ 6 min.)

50cm distance

0.0109 W/m2 (@ 6 min mean) 0,12% EU

0.1567 W/m2 (max @ 6 min)

200cm distance

0.0067 W/m2 (@ 6 min mean) 0,07% EU

0.0221 W/m2 (max @ 6 min)

Metro tunnel DAS

Capacity in a Major Metro is the challenge

The solution
Centralised capacity
Use of limited RF Spectrum
No need for Equipment rooms at the stations
Easy to upgrade capacity
Can handle the actual traffic load in LU..
And then more

We need to think outside the box

DAS
Next generation high-power Distributed Antenna System (DAS)
Distribute wireless capacity to remote radiating locations
Flexible capacity, independent on 2G, 3G & 4G
Very efficient user of fiber, via WDM/CDWM
4G
2G
RF

3G
RF

OBSAI/
CPRI

Prism Host

Multiplexed Protocols

High-speed
RF Transport
Network

Base Station Hotel

Multiplex
ed

Metro Coverage and Capacity

Digital Tra
nsport

Tunnels & Canyon Coverage

Digital DAS is the answer....

Distributed Base Stations

Inefficient Capacity

HO Nightmare

Need Space for BS

Hard to upgrade

Static capacity

Digital DAS

Effective Capacity use

Limited HO

No for BS

Easy to upgrade

Dynamic, future proof

Applications for High Speed Rail

The High Speed Train Challenge

Penetration loss
One of the main challanges is the penetration loss into the train
From the side(A), it is only the window loss (typically 5-20dB)
From the longitudinal direction (A2, B) the penetration loss is typically
30-50dB
Thie penetration loss ditactes the Link Budget, thus the distance
between the serving Base Stations

The High Speed Train Challenge for Base

Stations
The Handover Zones
We will need to procvide sufficient overlap between the cells to service the
handover zone.
This is a big challange espicially for high speed train service

The High Speed Train Challenge for Base

Stations
The Handover Zones
We will need to provide sufficient overlap between the cells to service the
handover zone.
This is a big challenge espicially for high speed train service
The speed of the train is also a challenge due to the dopler effect
Base stations along the track is poor performing and a bad buisness case

The High Speed Train Challenge

DAS
Via simulcast over several remote units, will limit the needed handover zones
In the handover zone, the remote unit will broadcast both serving cell and
handover candidate with controled level offset
This solves the handover problem. By deploying the remote units away from
the track, the penetration loss improves and the dopler effect is minimized,

Impact on HSDPA performance

10.7M

7.2M

3.6M

720K

480K

360K

480K

720K

3.6M

7.2M

10.7M

Due to lack of isolation between the cells, most of the area

will not be serviced by high data speed.
Degrades the user speed, and increases the operators cost
per produced Mb

With simulcast and backfire

10.7Mbps

The high isolation in the solution provides full data speed

Maximum user data rates
Minimum production cost per Mb for the mobile operator

DAS along a rail line

More efficient use of network recourses
Avoid the Doppler problem
Avoid the problem with rapid handovers
Avoid the heavy signalling load with small
cells
Use Backfire configuration for 3G,
maximixe data speed
Share locations for GSM-R, GSM, DCS,
UMTS, LTE

Examples

DAS is Suitable for Any Small Cell

Environment
INDOORS

MDU/High Rise

Healthcare

Hospitality

OUTDOORS

Large Enterprise

Stadiums

Convention Center

Campus

Maritime

Urban Core

Airports

Tunnels/Subways

Canyons & Coastal

page 60 /

Conclusions

DAS is ready for the future!

DAS is technology neutral. Can support GSM, DCS, UMTS,

HSPA+, LTE without any modifications
Can operate mixed technologies if needed
WiFi Ovelay Possible

62

DAS Hotel Solutions

Indoor combined with Street DAS
One central capacity pool via a BS Hotel
Offset in traffic profile will save on
the BSS and Core network
Save cost both CAPEX and OPEX
No local equipment rooms
Easy to upgrade, 2G, 3G, 4G with
minimum impact
Future proof strategy
Link the outdoor and indoor roll out
strategy

Conclusion
DAS gives several advantages:
Offers the most flexible and efficient use of fiber
Field upgradable, IP65 remote units with no fans
Reconfigurable simulcast plans, controlled remotely
Digital delay compensation, no need to spool fiber
Supports 2G, 3G, 4G and MIMO
No degradation due to fiber loss
Integrated IP backhaul over the fiber for local IP services, such as
WiFi

DAS Coverage & Capacity Solutions

Network Edge; In-building, Near-building, Outdoor
Residential

Small/Medium
Business
Stadium
Coverage

Street-level
InterReach
Accel
FlexWave
Prism

FlexWave
Prism

Courtyard
Covered Parking

FlexWave
Prism

FlexWave
Prism

Base Station
Hotel

InterReach
Fusion
FlexWave
Prism

FlexWave
Prism

InterReach
Fusion
FlexWave
Prism

FlexWave
Prism

Retail
Buildings
Subway

FlexWave
Prism

FlexWave
Prism

Enterprise

Hospitality
Underground
Coverage

Residential