1.

Degeneratio
adiposa hepatis
Part of the liver with a
smooth, shiny and tight
fibrous capsule. The cut
surface is homogeneous with
orange-yellow color diffuse
fat degeneration
(steatosis) of the liver
.
Venous vessels with large
caliber can also be seen.

2. Emphysema pulmonis.
Anthracosis pulmonis
Lungs are extremely bloated,
(. emphysao - bloat).
Their elasticity is decreased (do
not collapse in opening of thoracic
cavity!). Under the visceral pleura
is seen grey to black in color
pigment - coal dust (anthracosis),
accumulated in the form of stripes
and spots (as sailor shirt)
.
Such changes are seen in the
peribronchial lymph nodes
visible in lung chyle.

3. Nephrosclerosis arteriolosclerotica
In benign arterial hypertension
kidneys show relatively symmetric
changes - slightly reduced size
and increased consistency (sharp
cut surfaces
).
The surface is diffusely fine
granular
. 1-2mm granules
correspond to hypertrophic
nephrons, while dents- to hyalinized
renal bodies
.
Renal cortex is taper.
Fat in the chyle is increased.

4. Hyalinosis capsularum lienis

(Glazed spleen)
The surface of the spleen
shows thick uneven greywhite colored, hyaline-like
material, deposited on
capsular surfacehyalinosis after
perisplenitis
.
The pulp on cut surface is
unchanged.

5.Haemorrhagiae
punctatae cerebri
The surface of the
cerebral hemispheres
in the white brain
substance is showing
scattered red-brown
spots, the size of which ranges from 1-2 mm to 5
mm in diameter
.
Pinpoint hemorrhages per diapedesin are seen in
hypertensive crisis and in trauma.

6. Amyloidosis lienis (Sago speen)

Sagittally cut spleen (chyle
structure, 8-10 4 3 cm) with
smooth and stretched capsule.
Cut surface is showing small, like
millet grains (sago) spots
with whitish color, merging
together and forming focal
deposition of amyloid in the
lymph follicles (white pulp).
Surrounding red pulp is
homogeneous with greybrownish color.

7.Amyloidosis lienis
(Lardaceous spleen)
Spleen is double
increased in size, with
translucent capsule, wax
consistency and
homogeneously grey- pink
cut surface, resembling
ham.
Diagnosis is confirmed
by Lugol solution : after
application of H2SO4 10%
solution the initial
brownish color changes
into blue color.

8. Amyloidosis renum
(Large white kidneys)
An extremely enlarged kidney (250g)
is presented with a waxy texture and
grey- whitish color. Its surface is
completely smooth.
The cortex is enlarged and the border
with the pyramids is unclear
.
Pyelo-calyx system is unchanged.
After application of Lugol solution
renal bodies are seen as blue spots

9. Infarctus anaemicus
lienis
Part of the spleen in chronic
Necrosis
myelogenous leucosis with
extremely increased mass, often
complicated with thrombosis
and anemic infarctions
.
Capsule is smooth and stretched.
Below is seen trabecular structure
of parenchyma and an area
measuring 4 / 3 cm, with triangular
shape and an apex, directed to the
chyle, slightly elevated, with
unclear structure and whitishyellow color. That area is separated
from the surrounding tissue by brown-red band (hyperemichemorrhagic area)
.

10. Infarctus
anaemicus renis
Renal cut surface of the upper
pole is showing whitish-yellow
areas of coagulative necrosis
with irregular shape, slightly
elevated and well delimited from
the surrounding normal tissue by
brown-red band (hyperemichemorrhagic area) .
Their irregular shape (as
geographic map) is due to
thrombosis or embolism of a.
interlobaris or a. arcuata.

Necrosis

11. Infarctus
anaemicus cerebri
In white brain substance is
seen area of liquefaction
with size of 2 / 2 cm,
greyish color and cystic
structure without sharp
distinction from the
surrounding tissue.
Cerebral vessels, visible
under leptomeninges are
hemorrhagic.
Outer surface depressed
gyri with narrowed sulci
between them- expression
of brain edema.

12. Brain with

pseudocyst
Hemispheres of the brain are
asymmetrical: in left hemisphere is
seen pseudocystic formation with
smooth walls
.
Right ventricle is narrowed.
Definition of cyst: cavity with
epithelial lining.
Pseudocysts have glial lining and are formed after resorption of
necrotic tissue in brain infarction.

13. Polypus nasalis

Nasal polyps are chronic
inflammatory processes with
hyperplasia of nasal mucosa.
Can be anthrochoanal and
ethmoidal.
They are presented as
fragmented lobular polypoid
whitish-gray mass on large
basis with total size 6 x 5 cm.

Polypus nasalis

Lining mucosa is smooth and cut surface - uniform.

14. Lymphadenitis
tuberculosa
Enlarged lymph node, with

smooth capsule.
The cut surface is mosaic,
with irregular dry whitish

structureless areas. They

resemble cheese- caseous
necrosis, which is a
characteristic of tuberculosis.

15. Gangraena pedis

Preparation of left foot.
The skin of the thumb
shows necrotic
changes with
ulcerations
.
Posterior surface- the
skin is dark brown in
color without welldefined line of
demarcation
.

 Enlarged edematous
pancreas with
multiple structureless
whitish areas with
irregular shape and
different size, looking
like chalky spray
enzyme fat necrosis
(steatonecrosis)
Brownish spots of
hemorrhages are
also seen.

16. Pancreatitis acuta

necroticans

Left ventricle of the enlarged heart

with thickened wall (to 25mm
).
Papillary muscles
and
trabecules are rough and prominent.
Outflow tract (distance between
cardiac apex and aortic valve) is
prolonged
, but the transverse
diameter
is also extendedeccentric hypertrophy.
In normal aortic valve
myocardial hypertrophy is due to
arterial hypertension. It causes
eccentric pathologic work
hypertrophy
with clinical expression of chronic
left ventricular failure.

17.Hypertrophia
ventriculi cordis
sinistri

18.Hypertrophia glandulae prostatae.

Calculosis vesicae urinariae
Initial part of the urethra is
narrowed
by medial
and lateral lobes of
extremely enlarged whitish
and thickened prostate
gland
. The wall of
bladder is thickened
,
the mucosa is rough
.
Inside the bladder is seen a
finely granular greybrownish concretion (stone)
(2 cm)
.

19. Hydrocephalia
Horizontal cut of brain
hemispheres. Both lateral
ventricles are severely
dilated , with smooth internal
surface. Adjacent white brain
substance is atrophic
.
Brain cortex is unchanged
.
The diagnosis is internal
hydrocephaly. Its active forms- hypersecretion, circulation
(including obstructive) and absorption cause atrophy by
pressure. Passive hydrocephaly develops compensatory after
another disease of central nervous system.

20. Hepar muchatum

In the second stage of chronic
venous congestion (after the
stage of cyanosis) the lobular
structure of liver is emphasized.
Diversity of colors, due to red
centers (areas of congestion)
surrounded by yellow circles
(areas of hypoxic fat degeneration
of hepatocytes) resemble nutmeghepar mushatum adiposum
.
In the third stage remain
only periportal hepatocytes, but
also with fat degeneration as
yellow spots on red backgroundhepar mushatum typus inversus.
Finally occurs cardiac fibrosis.

21. Haemorrhagia
cerebri
Centrally in the white
brain substance of right
hemisphere is seen well
demarcated, rounded,
brownish-red hematoma

. which

Surrounding tissue is
edematous.
Prognosis is poor in penetration into ventricular system.
Brain edema can cause death due to wedging of cerebellum
tonsils in foramen occipitale magnum.

22.Induratio fusca pulmonum.

Infarctus haemorragicus
pulmonis
In brown induration lungs are:
- enlarged and with firm consistency
(sharp cut surface, interalveolar
fibrosis)
;
- brown rusty color (destruction of Hb
from hemorrhages per diapedesin to
hemosiderin in chronic left ventricular
failure;
- cut surface: triangle, well demarcated dark red- brown
airless areas- hemorrhagic infarctions
;
- visceral pleura is unclear
.

23. Aneurisma
aortae abdominalis
Severe atherosclerosis is
the cause for aneurism.
Atherosclerosis is presented
by multiple fibrous and
ulcerated plaques ( ).
Under the level of renal
arteries(
) abdominal aorta
is dilated to 5 cm
(normally
2 cm). On its internal surface
are stratified mosaic
thrombotic masses
,
which enter iliac arteries.

24. Stenosis ostii valvulae

mitralis rheumatica.
Mitral cuspid valves are deformed,
Thrombus liberus
grey- whitish, with uneven surface. They rotundum auricili sinistri
are fused with each other
.
Combined heart defect occurs
predominant stenosis and insufficiency.
Left atrium is double dilated, with
hypertrophic myocardium and whitish
endocardium
.
In the lumen is seen a free large
circular thrombus with smooth surface
(3 cm)
.
Left ventricle is small (atrophy by
inactivity) and appears as an
appendage of the atrium.

In cor villosum epicardium

is diffusely covered with
grey- whitish fiber coating
and residues of adhesions
(
).
Heart is significantly
enlarged - "buffalo" heart or
cor bovinum
,
due to acquired heart vice
and chronic venous
congestion.
In the presented case
fibrinous pericarditis is a
component of rheumatic
pancarditis.

25.Pericarditis fibrinosa
(Armoured" heart)

26. Pneumonia crouposa

Guide to diagnosis is lung
chyle, which is visible at the
back of the preparation.
The cut surfaces of both lobes
show evenly diffuse greyish
fine granular structure.
Density creates an impression
that the edges between the
two cut surfaces are very well
defined
(stage of grey
hepatisation, without air in
alveoli). On visceral pleura are
seen fine whitish fibrin fibers
.

27. Leptomeningitis
purulenta
Brain folds are broad and flat

and gyri between them are

shallow. Blood vessels are
dilated and hemorrhagic.

On convexity of the
hemispheres is seen
grey- yellowish
subarachnoid purulent exudate, filling gyri and
spreading on the folds

Meninges are thickened and opaque.

28. Appendicitis phlegmonosa

Appendix with
thickened, swollen
wall. Serosa is
uneven, covered with
dirty grayish coating
.
The wall of the
appendix is diffusely
infiltrated with pus.
Mucosa is greybrownish
.

29. Echinococcus
hepatis
In right hepatic
lobe is seen large
round cavity (0,5cm)
and lamellar
structure
.
Inside are found
cysts with translucent
smooth walls (chitin and
germinal membranes)hydatid cysts
.

30. Cycatrix myocardii (Postinfarction scar

and chronic heart aneurysm with mural
thrombosis)
Outflow tract of left ventricle
is presented. Mitral and aortic
valves are unchanged
.
Apically the ventricle wall is
very thin and dilated- chronic
aneurysm
.
Myocardial tissue is replaced
by whitish scar tissue
.
In the cavity of aneurysm is
seen dark brownish friable
mass- mural thrombosis
.

31. Adenoma colonis

Large intestine is dilated, with
smoothed mucosal folds. Above
them is seen lobular formation
(3 2,5 cm) on large basis
,
with smooth surface without
infiltration.
The size and lack of infiltration
are characteristics of colonic
adenoma, which is
precancerosis and should be
endoscopic extracted and
histologically examined.

32. Lipoma
Cut surface of lobular
soft encapsulated
tumor formation
(7 6 4,5 cm).
The yellow cut
surface of expanded
mature fat tissue is
even and smooth.

Organ diagnosis is made by

the presence of smooth
fibrous capsule and lobular
cut structure. In the
parenchyma is seen bluishblack area with a spongy
appearance - a cavernous
hemangioma
.
Surrounding liver tissue
shows signs of fat
degeneration.

33. Hemangioma
cavernosum hepatis

34. Leiomyoma
uteri
Presentation of vagina (1),
cervix (2) and uterine body (3).
Uterus is enlarged.
Inside the uterine fundus is
3
seen grey- whitish tumor
formation measuring 10 cm.,
2
without capsule
.
1
Tumor is well demarcated
from the surrounding myometrium, due to its fascicular cut
surface
.
Uterine cavity is narrowed .

35. Carcinoma
laryngis
True vocal cord is
deeply ulcerated
.
The base is greyish and
finely granular.
In differential diagnosis
with tuberculosis,
syphilis and
granulomatosis of
Wegener is needed
intraoperative histologic
consultation (frozen
section).

36. Carcinoma
pulmonis
The lung is thickened,
diffusely engaged of
confluent white finely
granular infiltrations,
without hemorrhages and
necrosis. From the cut
surface is seen leak of
grey- whitish fluid- cancer
milk.
The diagnosis is
bronchiolo- alveolar
carcinoma, which expands
to alveolar septi in
preserved bronchial tree.

37.Carcinoma ventriculi (ulcerative form)

In gastric wall is seen
round formation
with grey- whitish edges and
central ulcerative defect.
Its edges are finely
granular and unclearly
outlined.
One section of the defect is
taken for necropsy
examination
.
The folds of surrounding
mucosa are smoothedchronic atrophic gastritis.

38.Carcinoma colonis
Part of colon with exophytic
nodular tumor formation
,
measuring 3.5x3,5 cm, with
central ulceration. The base is
uneven, whitish, finely
granular, soft rough
edges are with the color of the
surrounding mucosa
.
Proximally brownish
mucosal folds are
hypertrophic
.

39. Carcinoma
ovarii bilateralis
Female genital organs
are presented en bloc:
vagina (Vagina), portio
vaginalis colli uteri (PVCU),
uterine body(Corpus uteri).
Both ovaries are
enlarged
( 5-6 cm), compact,
whitish and finely granular.
Differential diagnosis with
metastases of Krukenberg.

40. Carcinoma glandulae suprarenalis

Suprarenal gland
has unchanged pyramidal
shape, but is extremely
enlarged.
Infiltration of capsule,
diffusely fine granular cut
surface and areas of
necrosis and hemorrhages
are signs of malignancy.

41. Metastases
cordis
Tumor metastases in
myocardium are extremely
rare.
In the wall of left ventricle
are seen multiple poorly
demarcated white nodules,
measuring1,5 m
.
Potential sources of
metastases are primary
carcinomas of lungs,
breast, thyroid gland,
kidneys, esophagus.

42. Melanoma
malignum.
Metastases hepatis
Material from liver. On the
cut surface are visible
numerous rounded formations
with irregular shape (sign of
infiltration) with dark brown to
black color
.
Their structure is sharply
distinguished from the structure of the surrounding tissue and
shows areas of decomposition- hematogenous metastases
from malignant melanoma.

43. Teratoma
adultum ovarii
Enlarged and deformed
ovary with unicameral cystic
formation
with thick wall.
Inside is found porridgelike content (fat and hairs)
.
On its inner surface is seen a
prominent pole 1cm. (hill of
Wilms
) with brownish color, uneven surface and a tooth
There are no signs of infiltration: mature cystic teratoma.