Retroperitoneal
F cells: Pancreatic
Insulin
Glucagon
Pathogenesis
Lack of insulin
Weight loss
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Visual blurring
Genital thrush
2.
3.
4.
Management insulin
regimens
The regimens are tailored to the individual and must suit them in
order to maintain good control
OD before bed long acting insulin: good for switching from tablets to
insulin in T2DM
Neuropathy
Decreased sensation in
stocking distribution.
Nephropathy
Retinopathy
T2DM Epidemiology
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Weight loss
Lack of energy
Complications
T2DM: Pathophysiology
Insulin released
Management
Lifestyle: low sugar diet, high starchy COH diet, high fibre, low in fat,
low protein.
Lifestyle + metformin
Sulfonylurea e.g. gliclazide: stimulate the beta cells of the pancreas to produce
more insulin.
Glitazone e.g. pioglitazone: interact with PPARy involved with lipid metabolism
and insulin action. Theory lower circulation of free fatty acids and therefore
promote glucose utilisation by muscle cells.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic
state
Macrovascular complications
Increases vasoconstrictors
Type 1 DM
Type 2 DM
No HLA association
Autoimmune B cell
destruction
Asymptomatic/
complications i.e. MI
Blindness
b)
Cardiovascular disease
c)
Kidney disease
d)
Tinnitus
b)
Constipation
c)
Genital candidiasis
d)
Insomnia
Hyperinsulinaemia may be
caused by all of the following
except:
a)
An insulinoma
b)
Nesidioblastosis
c)
Insulin resistance
d)
Type 1 diabetes
Sulfonylureas
b)
Glitazones
c)
Biguanides
d)
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
b)
c)
d)
Urinalysis in an undiagnosed
diabetic may show
a)
b)
c)
d)
Yes
b)
No