CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Literature is a spontaneous expression of feeling, though and
experience through language. It is as inevitable case that literature cannot be
separated from human life in every aspect like attitude, emotion, feeling and
problems because literature uses language as its media and language itself as
a tool of communication.
Literary works are result of authors expression on what they are
seeing in the social life and then will be expressed in a literary work by using
languages as one of their tools communication (Halim, 2003). In convey the
authors feeling, thought, desire, emotion, experience and wishes in literary
work actually they use language.
Novel is one of literary work that expresses life. As if that could be
bring us in real life. It is one of interesting literary works that is taken from
human experience of real life, but there are also only imaginations. It presents
various cases, such as love, social, cultural, politic and any others that related
to human life.
As we know that situation and condition in the world is different
because the physiographic is different too. Such as land species, rainfall, air
pressure. In this case can make flora and fauna is different also, even people

race and, dissimilarity and their religion. Race and culture be in similar stage
as shape of social complexity in the world.
Different condition in a society as horizontal based on a particular
criteria is social differentiation. Differentiation rise be social stratification
when dissimilarity of right and duty used as measurement to get special rights
in education, wealth, power, etc.
Social stratification always find in every society. Because existence
of particular measurement which is become basic of the stratification.
Property, position, education and generation are determining factors in status
of person.
Be firm if in a society there are social differentiations. One of the
differentiations has stratified character. Like rich and poor, high functionary
or low functionary and then noble or masses. And those are always become a
conflict in society such as in friend relationship and romance.
Actually in research the writer interested to analyze the social
stratification in a literary work, but in the title of the research the writer tries
to found words that could be describe the social stratification of the novel.
And finally the writer chose Serene word to replace social stratification.
Serene is the title of nobility in Liechtenstein kingdom especially for
Kings family. Liechtenstein is a small country abuts on Swiss and Austria in
Europe continent.
Conflict is the important point of the story, because make the story
be alive and H.R.H. novel is one of Danielle Steels work that shows a

conflict as real and depicting a romance between a princess of Liechtenstein

Christianna and Parker, a young American doctor, but the different aspects of
their life was become obstacle and make a complex conflict. This novel is
shown of the conflict between old and new world, responsibility versus
freedom, and duty versus love.
There are some reasons why the writer chose H.R.H. novel in her
research. The firs is this novel is written by famous writer, the second is the
novel is best seller in some counties like America, and the last is this novel
shows about social life especially in social stratification. It was interesting to
analyze because related to social conflict and by chance nowadays is glow of
several social conflicts that occur in all around us.
Based on the explanation above the writer would like to present a
research under the title The Serene in Danielle Steels Novel H.R.H.
B. Problem Statement
Based on the background above, the writer will limited the research
questions as follow:
1. How does the social stratification effect to the whole story in H.R.H.
novel?
2. How does the social stratification in H.R.H. novel?
3. What is the social stratification that reflected in H.R.H. novel?
C. Objective of the Research
Based on the problem statement above, the objective of the
research are to find out:

1.

The effect of the social stratification in H.R.H. novel to the whole

story.

2.

The social stratification in H.R.H. novel.

3.

The social stratification that reflected in H.R.H. novel.

D. Significance of the Research

The writer hopes that through the analysis of social stratification in
H.R.H. novel will useful to readers who interested in English Literature in
general and novel in particular. By read the novel can upgrading our English
because can train our pronunciation, our reading ability and actually it was
being useful information for student of English Literature. It is also can give
information to everyone who interest about social aspects in the literary work,
what are the things to facing status difference in our live especially for
nowadays. And it also could be a reference for student as knowledge to make
a similar research.
E. Scope of the Research
There are several elements that concept a novel. In this research the
writer will limit the scope of the research to the characterization and the
social stratification of the novel.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

1.

Novel
1.1.

Definition of Novel
The word novel is derived from Italian novella akin to the French

word new and small. It refer to a picture of areal life and manner and the term
applied to a newly made story taking place in recent times, and not a
traditional story taking place long ago. It refers to a narrative (a set of events
that are related by an author to a reader and listener). Sometimes the term is
used to cover the nature of fiction it self, midway in length between a short
story and a novel (at least 50.000 words) (Halim, 2007:13).
Hornby (2005:1039) notes that a novel is a story long enough to
fill a complete book, in which the characters and even are usually imaginary.
Iskandar (2005:41) also notes that a novel (from French nouvelle,
new) is an extended fictional narrative in prose. Until the eighteen century,
the word referred specifically to short fictions of love and intrigues as
opposed to romances which were epic- length works about love and
adventures since it appearances, the novel has become one of the major
literary genres, a specific literary style and a deeper meaning than a true story
of the same content could claim to have.

Novel is kind of new literary if we compare with the other form

such as drama and poetry. The novel has been a part of human culture for
over a thousand years.
1.2. Elements of Novel
Halim (2007:22) said that the perfection of the story much depends
on how the elements develop harmoniously by the other in order to achieve
the goal that is to entertain.
1.2.1. Intrinsic Elements of Novel
Halim (2007) also noticed the intrinsic elements of novel consist
of plot, characterization, setting, theme, conflict, point of view and style.
a.

Plot
John (1969) cited in Halim (2007:21) defines that plot
as the action of the story; Kennedy (1966) cited in Halim
(2007:21) suggest that it not simply the events recounted in the
story but the authors arrangement of those events according to
their causal relationship; while Kennedy (1983) cited in Halim
(2007:21) put forward his definition of plot as the artistic
arrangement of the events in the story. That is to say the plot
includes events that are arranged according to the causal
relationship arising out of a conflict. Plot is the series of events
which form the story of a novel, play, film/movie (Hornby,
2005: 1158).

There are many definitions of plot, but the writer may

conclude that plot is essentially the story, or the events that
show what the novel is about. Plot depicts the story moves from
beginning through an event to climax and then to a logical end.
Actually the best plot is both original and interesting.
b.

Characterization
Kennedy (1983) in Halim (2007:26) remarks that
character is presumably an imagined person who inhibits a
story; Frye at al (1987) in Halim (2007:26) simply define
character as a person in work of fiction including the moral
qualities, personality traits, or others distinctive attributes; while
Jhon J.R (1968) in Halim (2007:26) states that characterization
is depicting of clear images of a person; and Kennedy (1966) in
Halim (2007:26) asserts that fictional characters or people in
fiction must be similar to the people in life.
That is to say a character refers to people in a story with
his trait, while characterization is a technique used by the author
to depict his fictional character.
As already stated, a character might be clearly depicted
through his traits associated together in the personage and these
traits make up his identity.
Types of character
Main Character, Minor Character and Figurative Character

Based on the function, character could be divided into

three types. The first is main character or major character.
This character performs the main story. So it commonly
becomes the focus of the theme. The second one is minor
character namely a character supporting the major
character, so its presence becomes so important. The third
character is figurative character. That is character also
support the major and minor character but frequency in the
plot are not same as minor character has, so it may be
called caricature (Reaske in Syamsuddin, 2003:13).
Flat Character and Round Character
Halim (2007:28) noticed that in relation to traits,
character maybe divided into two categories that are flat
and round. A flat character usually has only one
outstanding trait or feature. It is called flat because we see
only of side of the character and he remains a type. On the
other hand, a round character tends to change. It is called
round because the character is seen from many sides.
Types of characterization
General Traits
Halim (2007:26-28) stated that general traits formed
by heredity and environment, these traits include:

 Universal General Traits are common to human

beings like being female or male, having tow arms,
legs, eyes etc. Having automatic reflexes such as
breathing, crying and moving.
Nationalistic

General

Traits

refer

to

certain

nationalistic traits as the result of the nations

geography, culture, language, history and psychology
like the phlegmatic Englishman.
Regional General Traits refer to certain regional traits
because the character lives in specific geographical
location.
Group General Traits refer to specific traits related to
groupings of people like profession and job or trade.
Physical Traits
Halim (2007:27) stated that physical traits refer to
physical characteristic, those expressed in the physical
make-up of person.
Personal Traits
Halim (2007:27) said that personal traits refer to
those found in the social or ethical aspects of individuals
and the individuals might be distinguished from one
another.
Emotional Traits

Halim (2007:28) assert that emotional traits refer to

discovered in the mental or psychological cast of
individual. These traits are probably derived from general,
physical and personal traits.
c.

Setting
Halim (2007:30) said that there are two fundamentals
questions to considered when we would like to elaborate setting
in a fictional story, they are where and when of even occur.
Setting includes time and place at which the action of plot
happens.
d.

Theme
Fyre at al (1987) in Halim (2007:32) defines the theme

as a central or recurring topic in literary works, as for example:

love and death.
Jones (1968) in halim (2007:32) assumed that is the
message or the moral of the story. It is an underlying idea or
wisdom that the author is presenting.
Kennedy (1983) in Halim said that a theme is seldom
obvious in literary fiction. That is, a theme needs not be a moral
or a message.
e.

Conflict
The conflict, tension or problem is what makes the

story move. This is one of the important elements of novel.

f.

Point of view
According to Halim (2007:41) point of view refers to

specially created person who will narrate the story or what so

called narrator. It could be done in several ways. The first is
first person point of view. The I or the we are made use as
the characters who narrate the story. The second is the
omniscience point of view, is meant the author can tell anything
he wants his reader to know. He can tell us the characters
innermost thought and feeling and then he may comment upon
them. The third is the third person point of view. The narrator
tells the story as it happen to one of the character: she, he, it or
they. And the last point of view is the dramatic point of view.
The narrator does not enter the mind and the feeling of the
characters but he only depicts the events from outside of
anything he sees.
g.

Style
Wulandary (2008:13) noticed that style is the way in

which an author select, arranges and present his words. It is

manner expression. Usually, style indicates a mode of
expression, the language of fictional author uses. Fyre et al
(1987) in Halim(2007:43) suggest style as an authors personal
manner of expression.

1.2.2. Extrinsic Elements of Novel ( H.R.H. Novel)

An extrinsic element is the things that build and related to literary
work, other than literary works intrinsic elements itself, they are:
a.

Liechtenstein History and Culture

The small Principality of Liechtenstein is a prosperous
independent hereditary monarchy. Lies on the east bank of the
Rhine River, south of Lake Constance, between Austria and
Switzerland. It consists of low valley and Alpine peaks.
Liechtensteins ruler along 51 years, until his death in
November 1989, was His Highness Franz Joseph II. His son and
heir, Prince Hans Adam (now His Highness Hans Adam II) was
granted all the Regencys executive powers in 1984. The
country is united with Switzerland in a Customs Union and
represented by Switzerland abroad. In the last view years, the
debate over relations with Europe has been largely obscured by
an increasingly bitter debate over the constitutional role of the
royal family. While committed to a democratic system of
government, Liechtensteiners are particularly devoted to their
royals whom they associate strongly with their small countrys
considerable prosperity. Prince Hans Adam, a successful banker,
became head of state after the death of his father, Prince Franz
Joseph, in 1989. In August 204 he handed over the day to day
running of the principality to his son, Crown Prince Alois, while

retaining his title as head of state. Following elections in spring

2005, the progressive Citizen Party (PCP) and Patriotic Union
(PU) formed a coalition government, with Otmar Hasler of the
PCP continuing as prime Minister. Liechtenstein has no army,
so its international affairs managed by the Swiss agency.
The princes of Liechtenstein they were:
Johann Adam I (1656?-1712)

1699/1712-1712

Joseph Wenzel (1696-1772)

1718;1748-1772

Anton Florian (1656-1721)

1718-1721

Joseph Johann (1690-1732)

1721-1732

Johan Nepomuk Karl(1724-1748) 1732-1748

b.

Franz Joseph I (1726-1781)

1772-1781

Alois I Joseph(1759-1805)

1781-1805

Johann I (1760-1836)

1805-1836

Alois II (1796-1858)

1836-1858

Johannes II (1840-1929)

1858-1929

Franz I (1853-1938)

1929-1938

Franz Joseph II (1906-1989)

1938-1989

Hans Adam (1945-

1989-

Liechtenstein Social Conventions and Religion

The government is proposing a law on the protection of
non smokers with a smoking ban in publicly. In general,
Liechtensteiners are Christian, predominantly Roman Catholic.

c.

Biography of the Author Danielle Steel

Danielle Steel Dominique Schuelein, she was born on
August 14th 1947, New York City. Her parets were John
Schulein Steel and Norma da Camara. Better known as Danielle
steel, Steel spent much for early childhood in France. Her
parents divorced when she was seven, however, and she was
raised primarily in New York City and Europe by her father,
rarely seeing her mother. And now she is an American romantic
novelist and author of mainstream dramas. Best known for
drama novels, steel has sold more than million copies of her
books (as of 2005) worldwide and is the eight best selling writer
of all time. Her novels have been on the New York Times best
seller list for over 390consecutive weeks and 22have been
adapted for television.
From an education in New York and Europe to a
professional background in public relations and advertising,
Ms.Steel moved on quickly to her literary career. Often, she
works on five books and several movies at a time. Steel often
spends two or three years researching and developing single
project. Ms. Steel maintains a high interest in the welfare and
well being of children. She has had four husbands. In 1965 Steel
married banker Claude-Eric Lazard. Steel married again, briefly
with Danny Zugelder. And then Steel married her third husband,

William Toth. And the last she married for the fourth time in
1981, to Traina. And for the fourth husband She has nine of her
own they are Beatrix,Trevor, Tood, Nick, Samantha, Victoria,
Vanessa, Maxx, Zara. And they keep her busy, as she juggles
and family. Ms. Steel leads a quiet family life and spends most
Steel started her professional career in public relations
and advertising then turned to writing novels in the early 1970s.
Like Stephen King. She also written a series of childrens books
(called the Max and Marta series) and a view nonfiction book,
including 1989s His Bright Light, a tribute to hr soon, Nick
Trania, who committed suicide at the age 19 after battling
substance abuse and mental illness.
After his several best works like Going Home in 1973,
Secrets in 1985, The Wedding in 2000, The Kiss 2001 and any
kinds of books. And in 2006 she published H.R.H. novel by
Bantam Dell, a Division of Random House Inc. This is a work
of fiction. Names character, places, and incidents either are the
product of the authors imagination. A work that comprising a
journey of discovery, change and awakening. A story of love
found love lost and ultimately an ending that proves surprising.

1.3. Types of Novel

There are many varieties of the novel. Kennedy (1983) in Halim
(2007:14-16) suggest three main types although these categories sometimes
seem rather overlapping:
a.

The Historical Novel

It is a detailed reconstruction of life in another time, perhaps in

another place. In some historical novels, the author attempts a faithful

picture of daily life in another era.
b. The Apprenticeship Novel
In Germany it is called bildungsroman. It refers to depiction of
growth and development. It is a novel in which a youth struggles
toward maturity, seeking, probably, some consistent world view or
philosophy of life.
c.

The Picaresque Novel

The picaresque novel is another famous category. It depicts

likeable scoundrel wanders through a series of adventures, and the

hero lives with his wits. The word picaresque is derived from
Spanish picaro, meaning rascal or rogue.
2.

Social Stratification
2.1. Definition of Social Stratification
Social stratification has found since the human work out a together
life in society. Formed of social stratification is a result of habitual human
related to one and another, regularly and well constructed by group or

individual. But anyway a society needs structuring or organization. Thats

why social stratification was forming. A higher complexity of a human life
may also shape a higher social stratification; it will exist along in the society
found something that has a value. Social or we can say social stratification is
commonly found in developed societies.
Sumardjan and Soemardi in soemarno (2004:43) said that
something that has a value are money or things that economical valuable,
political, religious, social or cultural.
In human live there are valuable goods in definite number and
function as something that fill human needs. Everyone has different
acceptance to receive a real social stratification in society, because to get it is
by effort and struggle.
The concept of social stratification is interpreted differently by the
various theoretical
encyclopedia

perspectives

of sociology.

Wikipedia, the free

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/socialstratification,

access

on

Tuesday 23th November 2010) suggests that Proponents of structuralfunctionalism have suggested that since stratification may also be defined by
kinship ties or caste.
Soemarno (2004:41) assert that sociologically social veneering
better known as social stratification. Social stratification words were
emanating from Latin word stratum it means class and socius it means
friend or society. In a literal translation social stratification is a class in
society.

There are some definitions of social stratification from several

sociologists in Soemarno (2004:41-42) as follows:
According to Pritim A. Sorokin (1959) social stratification is
permanent characteristic of any organized social group. Also
define social stratification as human differentiation or society in
to classes in high-rise manner.
Paul B. Horton and Chester L. Hunt said that social
stratification is system of status differentiation, which is applied
in society.
Bruce J. Cohen suggests that social stratification as a system
that to place someone based on his quality and placed him to the
suitable social class.
Astried S. susanto define social stratification as the result of
custom among human through regularly and organize in order
that everyone and every time have situation that determined
their relation with the other individual in vertical and horizontal
ways in society.
From the definition above the writer may conclude that social
stratification is differentiation of society into particular classes in a vertical
way, and it is shape through class of society from the highest class until the
lowest class.
Status or position is the principal forms of social stratification.
Ralph Linton in Sumanto (2004:49) define a status, in the abstract, is a

position in a particular pattern. It means that in the abstract, position is the

place of person in a particular social relationship. Soemarno (2004:50) cited
that through a research acquire an interpretation that among humans social
position there are two aspects are functional aspect and structural aspect.
Functional aspect is division of work among positions of the same level.
While structural aspect is division of right and obligation and also power
according to position level bottom up, that aspect is at the bottom formation
of social stratification in society.
Wikipedia,

the

free

encyclopedia

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/socialstratification, access on Tuesday 23th

November 2010) Max Weber introduced the three principles things of social
stratification; class, status, and power.

Class: A persons economic position in a society.

Status: A persons prestige, social honor, or popularity in a

society. Weber noted that political power was not rooted in
capital value solely, but also in ones individual status.
Poets or saints, for example, can possess immense influence
on society with often little economic worth.

Power: A persons ability to get their way despite the

resistance of others. Somebody may hold little property or
status but they steel hold immense power.

There are several criteria that commonly used to classify the

member of society in to the social layers, as follows:

 Wealth standard, who are at the most wealth, so they will

take the highest position.
Power standard, who are at the biggest power, so they will
take the highest position in social stratification to society it
may concern.
Honorary standard, who are get respect and well-thoughtof, so they will at the highest position, it is usually in
traditional society and out of wealth and power.
Knowledge standard, used as one of factor or basic
formation of society that have appreciation to knowledge.
Higher education of anyone is considered also get the
higher class.
Descent standard, it is based on honor and aristocracy and
part of power and wealth. For example noble will take the
upper class.
The fifth standards are not restrictive, it means that still more
another standards or criteria that used in classification a social
stratification. But the criteria above are most used standards.
Among society and another have a different reason as basic
formation of their social stratification. For example in agricultural society,
land lords and their relative considered to be a highest class.
According to Waridah (1999:43) social stratification appeared
through the following process:

 Social stratification appeared automatically, based on

development of the society involved, such as age, sex,
generation or descent, intelligence, originality of someone
membership in society and the ownership of wealth.
Social stratification appeared deliberately to get specific
purpose; it is usually related to power division in a formal
organization, for example political parties, military,
government, companies and association of professions.
2.2. Types of Social Stratification
According to Soemarno (2004:45-46) based on the characteristic,
social stratification can divide in three groups:
a.

Closed Social Stratification

This stratification is restrictive toward the possibility of human

to making move to other layers, applied either to upper or lower class,

in vertical mobility. To be a member of this layer is only simply
through birth or heredity. For example lower class can not move to
upper class. Such as racial for Balis people in commonly, is shown
clearly that a female is considered that prohibition get married to a male
that has a lower caste level. It is also reflected in Indian caste.
Characteristic of Indian caste, are:
The memberships of caste were achieved by birth and
inheritance so their children get like their parents position
automatically.

 The membership of caste is valid for life, therefore anyone

is impossible to modify his/her position, unless they are
come out from their caste.
They have an endogamy marriage; it means they only get
married both of the same caste.
The relationship with the other social groups is on
limitation.
Awareness and unity of a caste, identify caste member in
the caste. Straits self-adaptation towards the norms of
caste and others.
The caste was related by position has been determined
traditionally.
Prestige of the caste is really getting attention.
Like in Balinese, Indian has levels from the highest to the
lowest; they are Brahmana caste, Ksatria, Vesia and Sudra. It is
because they are Hindu follower. Anyone including the caste we can
see from title in the beginning of the name that they used, for example
Ida Bagus and Ida Ayu.
b. Opened Social Stratification
This stratification is given free. Every member of society is
independent to do social mobility. In other words anyone has a big
chance to move to other social layers, up and down. This stratification
also gives a bigger stimulation to go forward and develop. For example,

in developed industrial society, it is strong opened, either from upper

class or lower class. Criteria which prevail here are based on desire,
effort and achievement.
c.

Interference Social Stratification

In daily life social stratification in society not simply in closed

and opened shape but also interference both of them. Such as in

economy area use opened social stratification while in another area like
used of caste is closed.

As for example in Balinese life system,

although in cultural side divided in to four castes Brahmana, Satria,

Vesia and Sudra but in economy system, social stratification is more
opened because anyone has the right to achieve higher position based
on each capability and skill, without regard for their class or caste.
Based on the criteria as basic layer, social stratification, are:
a.

Social Stratification Based on Economy Standard

Economy social stratification differs human according to

authority and ownership of property. This stratification related to

occupation, ownership or both of them, in other words income, wealth,
and occupation. Every layer in economy social stratification called
economy class or usually called class so every member of society is
classified into several groups.
Agussalim (2004:66-67) notes that, In Western societies
stratification is broadly organized into three main layers; they are upper

class, middle class and lower class. Each class is further subdivided into
smaller classes, as follows:
Upper-Upper Class
It is a highest class of layer. Including rich family as far
back as and they have an effect in society an then they
have wealth from old. So the others do not know how they
are getting that wealth.
Lower-Upper Class
They are may be also have a big wealth but a moment ago
and also with their effect in society.
Upper-Middle Class
Include most of successful businessman and professionals.
In generally they have a good family background and
made money hand over fist.
Lower-Middle class
For example office clerk, white-collar employment and
semi-professional employment.
Upper-Lower Class
Consist of the most permanent employment and held
responsible.
Lower-Lower Class
It is the lowest class of layer, such as impermanent
employment, blue-collar job, dabbler and unemployment.

Stratification above explains that human have classified into

particular group or level, those are based on what they have like
occupation skill and wealth. Is difficult to achieve the highest class
because require us to effort and work hard. While is easier to be in the
lowest class and even do not need a particular capability.
b. Social Stratification Based on Social Standard
Social stratification based on social standard contains of
education aspect, occupation, and wealth, those are based on prestige of
someone. An occupation is not only about salary but also social status
that could be enjoyed. An employment or official of department
although only sit all day as a telephone operation, he/she enjoy a higher
social status than a driver although have a bigger salary but have to do a
less prestigious. From explanation above, this stratification related to
status or position of person. Status of person usually is based on
economy standard like wealth and occupation, and social standard like
education.
Robertz M.Z. Lawang in Soemarno (2004:50) put forward that
status has two explanations if watch as objective and subjective, are:
As objective
Status is arrangement of right and duty in a formal
structure of organization. For example headmaster, the
status is a right and duty which is not influenced by who
are bear the status.

 As subjective
Status is valuation result of the others, high or low
position of anyone it is depend on valuation of the others.
There are five criteria of high or low status of anyone, as
follows:
Birth, include race factors, gender and nobility.
Individual quality, such as wisdom, intelligence,
age and piety.
Achievement, include successful, position, study
performance and work performance.
Ownership, include wealth of money and property.
Authority is ability to influence other side, so that
they act based on wish and our order.
According to stratification based on social criteria or social
standard, society will be consisting of several layers it is called caste or
stand. Term of social class is used by Max Weber in Soemarno
(2004:51) he use equal term to stratification in society based on
economy or social criteria.
c.

Social Stratification Based on Politic Standard

Politic social stratification is distinction human or member of

society based on power. We can say that a power is special element in

social stratification. When a society wishes for life in regularity, so their
powers have to classifying regularly also. Soemarno (2004:52) stated

that power is ability to influences other side according to wish or desire

of the ruler. The word that related to power is authority, some of people
consider that power and authority is same, but it is wrong. Authority is
right for influences because supported by existence of norms or rules
which are establish regularity in society (Waridah, 1999:9).
Powers forms are multifarious. There is general pattern that
power system will always adapt to transitions-custom and behavior
pattern which valid in society. Demarcation line among who has
dominated and who has controllable always exist and cause power
stratification. According to Mac Ive in soemarno (2004:53) noticed that
there are three general pattern of power stratification, are:
Caste
This type has power stratification with demarcation which
is distinct, stiff and impossible to perforate. It is usually
find in caste society. In the highest level is occupied by
king and fill supported by noble, army and ministry.
Layers of caste power are:
1.

King (ruler of kingdom)

2. Nobles
3. Official of government
4. Low employee
5. Waitress
6. Farmer

7. servant
Oligarchy
This type is also has distinct demarcation among layers
but it is not really striking. Although in society is still
more based on ascribing status, but the leader is still give
chance to anyone going to move to higher layers. Layers
of oligarchy power are:
1. King/ruler of kingdom
2. Nobel from various level
3. High ruler of military
4. Rich people, ruler etc
5. Lawyer
6. Craftsman and merchantmen
7. Farmer, Farm-worker and servant
Democratic
In this type is contain also a demarcation, but it has social
mobility. Ascribing status is not determine position of
anyone but capability and sometimes lucky is more
important and establish. Here, King has the biggest power
and privileges. After King, power and privileges is
propertied by Kings family. More far from radian of
kings family so is lower also power, privileges and

honorary that have of person. Layers of democratic power

are:
1. Leaders of political parties, rich person, and leaders of
big organization
2. Administrative official
3. Technician, farmers and merchantmen
4. Lower employee and lower farmer
2.3. Function of Social Stratification
In general, people consider that social stratification is only become
an obstacle for the process of progress in society. But it is not always so.
Kinsley Davis and Wilbert Moor in Junaid (2004) stated some
function of social stratification, as follows:
Clarify position and function of someone in the society
Clarify to whom and between whom the social interaction
must happen
Clarify the achievement and its reward of every social
stratum
So, it is clear about the right and duties of everyone of every group
itself. Beside the functions above, according to Kingsley Davis and Wilbert
Moore in Soemarno (2004:67) they are emphasized to function of status in
society which is judged kick continuity of society. They are also stated that
stratification is needed to viability of society. There is status that have to
occupy so that human need stimulate and wishing for occupy the status. The

writer may conclude that social stratification is requiring anyone to do, try
and must be better than others so that found out a particular status which you
want.
3.

Genetic Structuralism
Genetic structuralism is branch of literature research, which is not
pure. This is a combination of structural with approach before. According to
Endraswara (2003:55) that at the first founder of the idea is Taine, then
developed through literature study in sociology. According to Taine literature
is not only imaginative fact and personal, but it is a reflection or transcription
of culture, is a realization of mine when work was born. Goldman is the one
following to playing up this theory; according to him humanity fact is a
meaningful structure. Genetic structuralism was appeared as a reaction of
structuralism which is ignore historical background and others literature
background.
At first research of genetic structuralism developed by Lucien
Goldman in Paris. In several novel analysis, he always emphasize to
historical background. Literary work has autonomous element beside that
bounds of element intrinsic.
Research of genetic structuralism looking up a literary work from
two sides, are intrinsic and extrinsic. Begin with intrinsic elements study (unit
and its coherence as a basic data. Then connect to several elements with
reality of community. Literary work is looking as reflection of period, which

is find social aspect, politic, economy, etc. Significant events of the period
will be connected to intrinsic elements of the literary work directly.
This approach use dialectical technique. Dialectic is give priority to
coherent meaning. Dialectic method introduces comprehension-explanation.
Comprehension is an effort to describe a structure of acquired object, while
explanation is an effort to find a structure meaning with combine into a
bigger structure.
In a simple, steps of genetic structuralism approach are; the first is
researcher begin in intrinsic element study. The second is examining a social
life of the author, because he/she is a part of certain community. And the last
one is study carefully the social and historical background which is
participate in condition the making of a literary work by the author.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCHMETHOD

A. Method of the Research

The method used in this research is descriptive method. Descriptive
method is the method that intends to describe everything that related to the
topic of the research.
B. Source of Data
The data in this research is will be divided in to two categories, as
follows:
1. Primary data is the main data to collect and analyze as an object of the
research. The primary data in this research is H.R.H novel by Danielle
Steel.
2. Secondary data is several references that related to the topic of the
research, such as documents or kinds of books.
C. Procedure of Collecting Data
The writer used procedure of collecting data, as follows:
1. Read the novel carefully and analyzing the social stratification of the novel
2. Making notes of important parts in both primary and secondary data
sources.
3. Classifying the data into some categories which is about social
stratification.

D. Method of Analyzing Data

The data in this research will be analyzed by using genetic
structuralism approach (intrinsic and extrinsic approach). In intrinsic approach,
the writer will get to know the novel by read the plot, conflict and
characterization, without ignored extrinsic element that related to social
stratification of the novel.

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THE SERENEIN DANIELLE STEELS NOVEL H.R.H

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL

BY
REZKI AMALIA. M
NIM: 075214039

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR
2011