6.

Spanish
6.0. e Spanish accents that will be dealt with are the neutral Iberian and the
(central-southern) American versions. ere are really very few dierences in neutral pronunciation; therefore a diaphonemic transcription is not necessary (whereas for Portuguese and English it is); the American variant simply has two phonemes less: /, L/, which become /s, J/. e former two symbols, however, are used
diaphonemically, as they distinguish the two accents.
Requiring informative symbols, to recall this phenomenon more clearly, one
could resort to /, L/, or if inclined to a more international type of transcription
to /s, J/. On the other hand, again, to help foreigners, it is worth indicating the
phonemes /b, d, g/ with /b, , g/, in contexts where they are realized as (B, , ).
Placing /B, , / (as seen in some text-books and dictionaries with transcriptions)
is no good usage at all: because they are not phonemes, and because in the inection of lemmata things do not remain constant.
Although, even for Spanish, the number of speakers with American accents is
decidedly more consistent than for the Iberian ones, we prefer to consider the latter primary, because it is closer to the written word; therefore it is more advisable, for teaching purposes too, also for more coherent spelling, which, on the other hand, is a safer guide to pronunciation.
Obviously, even the American accent has many internal variants, which we here
consider to be non-neutral, even if, they are often more widespread than neutral
pronunciation, which (as happens in every language) is decidedly minimal.
Generally, these variants are not stigmatized in the way easily localized pronunciations are, nor do they have negative connotations, as each nation has its own
national accent as well as regional variants. A more in-depth study of Spanish
pronunciation will give the macro-koins (at least seven for America), to be considered neutral, as well as more specic, regional variants.
On the other hand, the non-neutral characteristics of Spanish are shared by most
Hispanic American nations, and in Europe as well, so as to make the non-neutral
accents more alike, even if they remain recognizable. For this reason, regarding
Spanish, other accents will not be presented, other than the two neutral ones (as
done, instead for German, which has more distinct accents, above all in Switzerland and Austria).
However, recordings are being collected for a systematic description of the actual Spanish accents. In the meantime, the phonosynthesis of eastern Andalusian can
be seen (in 17.9 of NPT/HPh).

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Vowels
6.1.1.1. Spanish has only ve vowel phonemes realized as shown in the rst vocogram in 6.1 (i ', e a ', o u) /i, e, a, o, u/. For e, o in the neutral Iberian-American accent, in stressed syllables, (, ) are normal, but, in unstressed syllables, we nd (e, o).
We therefore have examples such as: ('i)i ('si)a /'si/ s ('kRi;i)i (-sis)a /'kRisis/
cr ('mil) /'mil/ mil (eR'nR)i (s-)a /eR'neR/ cerner (pa'pl) /pa'pel/ papel ('tjRr:a) /'tjeRr:a/ tierra ('i)i ('sis)a /'seis/ se ('r:to)i ('r:s-)a /'r:esto/ rto ('t;Xa)i
(-xa)a /'texa/ teja (de'XaR)i (-x-)a /e'xaR/ dejar ('jmpRe)i ('s-)a /'sjempRe/ siempre
(a'tnto) /a'tento/ atento (u't)i (us-)a /us'te/ ted ('p)i (-s)a /'pe/ pez ('de)i (-z-)a /'ese/ dde ('k;o)i (-so)a /'keso/ o
And: ('p;Co) /'peco/ pe>o (kom'pR) /kom'pRe/ compr ('anda) /'anda/ anda
(pa'ta;ta) /pa'tata/ patata ('gRr:a) /'goRr:a/ gorra ('i) /'oi/ hoy ('r:;a)i (-sa)a /'r:osa/ rosa (';Xa)i (-xa)a /'oxa/ hoja (mo'XaR)i (-x-)a /mo'xaR/ mojar (fa'BR) /fa'boR/
favor ('l)i ('s-)a /'sol/ sol (r:a'n)i (-s-)a /r:a'on/ razn ('glpe) /'golpe/ golpe
('p;Lo)i (-,o)a /'poLo/ poo (La'm)i (,a-)a /La'mo/ am (de'k;Ro) /e'koRo/ decoro ('tu;Bo) /'tubo/ tuvo (r:u'mR) /r:u'moR/ rumor
6.1.1.2. More sophisticated descriptions, as those by Navarro Toms, are, in
actual fact, excessive; indeed, even acoustic data (which, often indicate dierences
not heard by the human ear {not even natives'}), generally agree that there are only ve realizations. In the pre-phonemic time, Navarro Toms represented the
stressed and unstressed vocoids with dierent symbols, including gradations dependent on their position in a checked or unchecked syllable, or because of contextual inuences, leading back to only ve elements. Normally, however, the hyper-dierentiated gradations come under the stressed ((i, , a, , u)) and unstressed
((i, e, a, o, u)) phones ( 6.1 again).
6.1. Spanish vowels (see text for the second vocogram).
/i/ (i)
/e/
(, , e)
/a/ (a)

/u/ (u)
/o/
(, , o)

/i/ (i)
{((I))}
/e/ ()
{((e, E))}
/a/ (a)
{((a, q ))}

/u/ (u)
{((u))}
/o/ ()
{((o, O))}
/we/ (w, w,
w, j, we,
w, w, j+, +)

Resorting to special symbols ( 8.12 of NPT/HPh), which indicate the intermediate gradations between our fundamental vocoids, however, we could usefully prot from some important indications, not only with reference to the second
vocogram given (for which they would be undoubtedly more useful), but also for
(i, u) ((I, u)) and for (a@, a# a) ((a, q )) (as it would be excessive to use (I, U ,
A ), and, for those which follow, (e, E o, O)).
For the articulation of e, o, stressed in pronunciation, there is considerable varia-

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tion (for speakers words; the second vocogram of 6.1); indeed, sometimes
(E O) ((E, O)) can be found, especially in checked syllables, or in the /ei, oi r:e, r:o
ex, ox/ sequences; or, (/e) ((e)), (/o) ((o)), above all in unchecked syllables; and
also for /e/ in checked syllables in /m, n d , s/. However, it is not necessary to
point these out, as their regular timbre, in a stressed position, (, ), is normal and
safe, used by real natives (despite the variations). In unstressed syllables, in the
same contexts, instead of ((E, O)), we obviously nd (, ).
For the sake of curiosity, and only here, we give some adapted cases which are
pertinent to the aforementioned examples: ((R'nER)) /eR'neR/ cerner ((pa'pEl)) /pa'pel/ papel (('tjERr:a)) /'tjeRr:a/ tierra (('Ei))i (('sEis))a /'seis/ se (('r:Eto))i (('r:Es-))a /'r:esto/ rto (('tE;Xa))i (-xa)a /'texa/ teja ((d'XaR))i (-x-)a /e'xaR/ dejar (('jempRe))i ('s-)a
/'sjempRe/ siempre ((a'tento)) /a'tento/ atento ((u'te[]))i (us-)a /us'te/ ted (('pe))i
(-s)a /'pe/ pez (('dee))i (-z-)a /'ese/ dde (('ke;o))i (-so)a /'keso/ o
And: (('pe;Co)) /'peco/ pe>o ((kOm'pRe)) /kom'pRe/ compr (('gORr:a)) /'goRr:a/ gorra (('Oi)) /'oi/ hoy (('r:O;a))i (-sa)a /'r:osa/ rosa (('O;Xa))i (-xa)a /'oxa/ hoja (m'XaR)i
(-x-)a /mo'xaR/ mojar ((fa'BOR)) /fa'boR/ favor (('Ol))i ('s-)a /'sol/ sol ((r:a'On))i (-s-)a
/r:a'on/ razn (('gOlpe)) /'golpe/ golpe (('po;Lo))i (-,o)a /'poLo/ poo ((La'mo))i (,a-)a
/La'mo/ am ((de'ko;Ro)) /e'koRo/ decoro ((r:u'mOR)) /r:u'moR/ rumor
Also for /i, a, u/: ((en'tIR)) (en'tiR)i (s-)a /sen'tiR/ sentir, ((&aI'naR)) (&ai'naR)i (-s-)a
/asig'naR/ ignar, (('I;Xo)) ('i;Xo)i (-xo)a /'ixo/ hijo, (('mIRr:)) ('miRr:a) /'miRr:a/ mirra,
(('r:I;ko)) ('r:i;ko) /'r:iko/ rico; (('ka;N)) ('ka;Na) /'kaNa/ caa, (('ma;Co)) ('ma;Co) /'maco/ ma>o, (('ma;,o)) ('ma;,o) /'maJo/ mayo, (('ka;Le)) ('ka;Le)i (-,e)a /'kaLe/ cae, (('baile)) ('baile) /'baile/ baile; (('qlto)) ('alto) /'alto/ alto, (('mq;X)) ('ma;Xa)i (-xa)a /'maxa/
maja, ((kq'XOn)) (ka'Xn) /ka'xon/ cajn, (('kqu)) ('kaua)i (-sa)a /'kausa/ caa, ((q'un)) (a'un) /a'un/ an, ((bIl'Bqo)) (bil'Bao) /bil'bao/ Bilbao, ((q'O;R)) (a';Ra) /a'oRa/ ahora; (('tuRko)) ('tuRko) /'tuRko/ turco, (('Xunt)) ('Xunta)i ('x-)a /'xunta/ junta, (('lu;Xo))
('lu;Xo)i (-xo)a /'luxo/ lujo, ((tuR'r:On)) (tuR'r:n) /tuR'r:on/ turrn, ((r:u'mOR)) (r:u'mR)
/r:u'moR/ rumor.
6.1.1.3. After /'i, 'u/, /e|, o|/ remain (e, o), even if at times we can nd (, )
(in neutral pronunciation too): (fe'li;e)i (-ses)a /fe'lies/ felic ('r:i;ko) /'r:iko/ rico Even in an unstressed syllable, above all next to /x, r:/, we can have the (, )
timbres, but, for neutral pronunciation, (e, o) are regular and adequate: (&Xela'ti;na)i (&x-)a /xela'tina/ gelatina (koR'r:o) /koR'r:eo/ correo.
We also indicate a pronunciation which can be heard, above all in words of frequent usage, in not slow speech, the sequence /we/ can be pronounced (w) (realizing a front-central vocoid); whereas in faster or less controlled speech, the sequence can be reduced to a single vocoid ( a central rounded ()), through progressive shifts: ('pw;Blo, 'pw;- 'pw;- 'pj;- 'p;-) /'pweblo/ pueblo ('nw;Be, 'nw;-
'nw;- 'nj;- 'n;-) /'nwebe/ nueve (&ata'lw;o, -w;- -w;- -j;- -;-)i (&as-)a /asta'lwego/ hta luego (kwe'tjn, -w- -w- -j+- -+-)i (-s-)a /kwes'tjon/ cuestin. However, it is not appropriate to actively adopt this particular kind of pronunciation
(which is shown in the central part of the second vocogram in 6.1).

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Diphthongs
6.1.2.1. e various possible diphthongs are biphonemic, with phonetic realizations corresponding to those of monophthongs, joined together (as in Italian):
('li) /'lei/ ley (pei'na;o) /pei'nao/ peinado ('io) /'oigo/ oigo (&boiko'to) /boiko'teo/ boicoteo ('baile) /'baile/ baile ('aula) /'aula/ aula (au'a)i (-s)a /au'a/ audaz ('dua) /'eua/ deuda (eu'X;njo)i (-x-)a /eu'xenjo/ Eugenio ('bu) /'bou/
bou including (di'Ria) /i'Ria/ dira (na'Bio)i (-s)a /na'bios/ navos (&konti'nuo)
/konti'nuo/ contino
As far as diphthongs are concerned, we must be absolutely resolute because
(strange though it may seem, in the third millennium), there are deep-rooted incorrect convictions, dragged through centuries, which are particularly valued
even by Hispanic phoneticians. A look at how things really are, would ( could)
be easy, by simply considering what is phonetic, exclusively in phonetic terms.
Instead, the range of mixtures of omnipresent (and interfering) spelling and
grammatical (not to speak of metrical and diachronic) considerations, still loom,
resulting merely in the creation of chaos of a subject which sets itself apart in being
clear and objective.
6.1.2.2. As said, Hispanic literature (not that it is alone unfortunately!) dedicates too much eort in complicating what is quite simple. Indeed, instead of
three very common structures, real diphthongs ((', &, )), hiatuses ((',
&)), and heterophonic sequences ((0), such as, (j), (w), and the like), they continue to consider only two of them: diphthongs (with fusion: syneresis) and
hiatuses (with separation: dieresis) but with strained interpretations of medieval origin, of a graphic-grammatical and graphic-metrical nature.
Indeed (unless one is a magician and can do phonetics based on graphic-grammatical categories), in phonetic terms, it is absurd to speak about diphthongs in
the case of (j, w) (('bjn) /'bjen/ bien ('gwa;pa) /'gwapa/ %apa].
As a matter of fact, only (i, u) (('aiRe) /'aiRe/ aire ('kaua)i (-sa)a /'kausa/
caa] are real diphthongs, as any (', &, ) sequences are (('auto) /'auto/ auto (&auto'Bu)i (-s)a /auto'bus/ autobs (au'tntiko) /au'tentiko/ autntico] and it
is just as absurd to speak of hiatuses for ('i, 'u), given that only (i', u') are real hiatuses, as any other (', &) sequence ((pa'i)i (-s)a /pa'is/ pas] compared to
(pai'a;no)i (-s-)a /pai'sano/ paano a real diphthong. One can, therefore, not trust
literature that only uses two categories ( diphthong and hiatus) and, what is
more, who dangerously mix them, so as to include heterophonic sequences in
diphthong, and the real diphthong in hiatus
Obviously, (real) triphthongs are sequences of three vocoids ('), with prominence on the rst element (certainly not (', '), nor even ('j, 'w), or
(j, w)), which, instead, occur in ('bwi) /'bwei/ buey (&paRa'wai) /paRa'gwai/
Para%ay

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Consonants
6.2.0. 6.2 gives the consonant articulations, of the two neutral accents, which
are necessary for satisfactory Spanish pronunciation.
Instead, 1.9-15, give orograms, grouped by manners of articulation of all the
contoids given in the chapters of this volume, even as secondary, occasional or regional variants of the 12 languages dealt with.

C {}

i ()i
sa (z)a ()i ()i
()
R|r:
(l)
l

()
k g

()
/J/|(,)

uvular

velar round.

velar

(~)

prevelar

alveolar

palatal

(n)
t d

postalveopalatal

m (M)
F pb

f
_
(B)

dental

labiodental

bilabial

6.2. Table of Spanish consonants.

(,)i

xa ()

(X)i

()
j|()
()

(F)

w|(j)

Li

+ (N, M, M, , ) text

Nasals
6.2.1.1. ere are three nasal phonemes, /m, n, N/, with various taxophones for
/n/ (m, M, n, ~, N, , , ,) ( 1.9.1-2; () is semi-provelar without full contact; we
could add dental (()), before /t, d /, for which, however, (n) is sucient; below,
we add ve more taxophones, (N, M, , M, ), for nasal heterorganic sequences):
('ma;no) /'mano/ mano ('ni;No) /'niNo/ nio (um'pRr:o) /um'peRr:o/ un perro (im'bjRno) /im'bjeRno/ invierno (iM'fjl) /in'fjel/ inel (&konten'dR) ((-te-)) /konten'deR/ contender (kon'to) ((-'-))i (-s-) ((-'s-))a /kon'ebto/ concepto (kon';Xo)i
(-s;xo) ((-'s-))a /kon'sexo/ consejo ('nr:a) /'onr:a/ honra ('a~Co) ((-nC-)) /'anco/ an>o ('kNuXe)i (-xe)a /'konJuxe/ cnyuge (uN'uke) /un'Junke/ un yune (&koNLe'BaR)i (-N-, -NJ-)a /konLe'baR/ conevar (u'w;Bo) /un'webo/ un huevo ('bako)
/'banko/ banco ('tgo) /'tengo/ tengo ('fRa,Xa)i (-xa)a /'fRanxa/ franja
e articulation of /N/ is palatal, as in Italian, but short (not self-geminant, as in
neutral Italian; even if, at times, it can geminate a little (NN), after a stressed V
which is then short): ('ba;No 'baNNo) /'baNo/ bao ( Italian ('baN:No) /'baNNo/ bagno]
As for /nw/, even with the prexes cons-, ins-, trans-, the most normal and suitable articulation is with (): (&kotRu'jn)i (-stRu'sj-)a /konstRug'jon/ construccin (i'tante)i (-s-)a /ins'tante/ instante (&tRafoR'maR)i (-s-)a /tRansfoR'maR/ transformar obviously forms such as (&iRku'tanja)i (&siRkus'tansja)a /iRkuns'tanja/ circunstancia are included in this case.
For the rst elements of /mn, nm/ sequences, we nd some further taxophones,

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with double articulations ((N), alveolarbilabial, in a more precise pronunciation

style, whereas a performance corresponing to the phonemic structure would sound
extremely pedantic, "&), or with coarticulations ((M, ), respectively alveolarized
bilabial and labialized alveolar) or with semi-articulations ((M, )), in a more spontaneous and less controlled kind of pronunciation ( 1.9.1-2): ('iNno, 'iMno, 'iMno
'imno) /'imno/ himno (koN'mi;o, koM-, ko-, ko- kon-) /kon'migo/ conmigo
For /n/, neutral pronunciation gives (n), even if the velar realization, which remains non-neutral, is very common, above all in America; for word-nal written
-m, we can also nd (N, M, M, , ) (the labialized taxophones are due to the spelling), even if (n) is neutral and considered more traditional (probably because of
the spelling): (a'jn)i (-sj-)a /ag'jon/ accin ('alBun, -uN, -uM, -uM, -u, -u)
/'albun/ lbum It is important to note that before, a pause, the vibrations of the
vocal folds stop at the same time as the oset of the tip of the tongue from the alveolar ridge (therefore, something like (-n, -n, -nO) is not at all acceptable).
Stops
6.2.2.1. Spanish has three diphonic pairs of stops, (p, b t, d k, g) /p, b t, d k,
g/: ('pa;o)i (-so)a /'paso/ po ('b;o)i (-so)a /'beso/ bo (um'b;o)i (-so)a /um'beso/ un bo (tu'to) /tu'teo/ tuteo (do'lR) /o'loR/ dolor (&kondo'lR) /kondo'loR/
con dolor ('kaldo) /'kaldo/ caldo ('k;Ce) /'koce/ co>e (go'Ri;la) /go'Rila/ gorila
(&ugo'Ri;la) /ungo'Rila/ un gorila
However, the voiced stops, are realized as such only after a pause, after a nasal,
and in the (homorganic) sequence /ld/, as the previous examples demonstrate. As
a matter of fact, in all other contexts, the normal realization is approximant, (B,
) /b, d/, or constrictive, () /g/ (unless one speaks slowly, with precision or emphasis): ('l;Bo) /'lobo/ lobo (e&ta'Bjn)i (es-)a /es'ta 'bjen/ t bien ('bRBo) /'beRbo/
verbo ('alBa) /'alba/ alba ('p;BRe) /'pobRe/ pobre (&ao'lu;to)i (-s-)a /abso'luto/ absoluto (u'Bli;me)i (s-)a /su'blime/ sublime (&uB-le'BaR)i (&s-)a /sub-le'baR/ sublevar
(in this example, the prex still sounds as if it is separate), (o'taR) /ob'taR/ optar
(both b and v are always /b/ (b, B): Spanish does not have /v/).
More examples: ('t;o) /'too/ todo (peR'R) /peR'eR/ perder ('ma;Re) /ma'Re/
madre ('de)i (-z-)a /'ese/ dde (lo';o)i (loz';os)a /los'eos/ los dedos
(&ami'RaR) /ami'RaR/ admirar (a'mfeRa)i (-s-)a /a'mosfeRa/ atmsfera (&aXe'ti;Bo)i (&axe-)a /axe'tibo/ adjetivo ('i;o) /'igo/ higo (la'Rr:a) /la'geRr:a/ la %erra
('a;wa) /'agwa/ a%a (el'lpe) /el'golpe/ el golpe ('kaRo) /'kaRgo/ cargo ('i;lo)i
('s-)a /'si-glo/ siglo ('dino, 'dino) /'ig-no/ digno ('tnika, -n-) /'tegnika/ tcnica
(for /gn, kn/, (-n-) is also possible), (a'tR) /ag'toR/ actor (&dijo'a;Rjo)i (-s-)a
/igjo'naRjo/ diccionario
Before a front V and /j/, /k, g, g/ realize as prevelar, by normal assimilation, but
it is not necessary to systematically use the special symbols ((, , )): (ki'taR) /ki'tar/ itar ('kj;Ro) /'kjeRo/ iero ('gia) /'gia/ %a ('a;ila) /'agila/ %ila In a true
intervocalic position, we currently have a semi-constrictive articulation, ((y)) (and
((g))): ('a;o) (('a;yo)) /'ago/ hago (and ('a;ila) ((-gi-)) /'agila/ %ila]

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6.2.2.2. In word-nal position, () // is weak ( articulated with less tension,

((d)), as well as devoiced, ((D)), unless it is followed by voiced phones): (')i ('s-)a
/'se/ sed (a'Bla) /a'bla/ hablad often it drops in: (u't[])i (us-)a /us'te[]/ ted
(ma'Ri[]) /ma'Ri[]/ Madrid, and in nouns with // (not monosyllabic nouns):
(beR'a[]) /beR'a/ verdad (biR'tu[]) /biR'tu/ virtud
Furthermore, in the masculine ending -ado(s) the articulation is just as attenuated (up to (`), zero, in familiar pronunciation, above all the Iberian one, but not
systematically; generally, in American pronunciation, the drop is considered to be
non-neutral): (Le'a[;]o)i (,e'a;o)a /Le'gao/ egado (ol'da[;]o)i (sol'da;os)a
/sol'daos/ soldados
As seen, before a voiceless C (or before a possible pause), /b, , g/ are devoiced:
(o'taR, &aXe'ti;Bo, a'tR) (from the previous section). Due to an excessive inuence of writing, above all in the American accent, some articulate /b, , g/ as (p,
b t, d k, g) (with voicing in relation to the spelling), before heterosyllabic C
(which, instead, represent a completely normal neutralization): (o'taR, op-),
(&uB-le'BaR, -b-)i (&s-)a, (&ami'RaR, &ad-), (a'mfeRa, at-)i (-s-)a, (&aXe'ti;Bo, &ad-)i
(-xe-)a ('dino, 'dig-), (a'tR, ak-).
Again, for the same reason, with a further (and more serious) removal from the
real phonic structure, due to improper spelling inuence (or because of regional
accents, from Valencia, (v), and from Paraguay, (V)), especially in American pronunciation, some introduce the /v/ phoneme in Spanish, which has not existed
for centuries: (&embi'aR &eMvi'aR) /embi'aR/ enviar
It is evident that the use we make of /b, , g/ is not diaphonemic, as the two accents substantially coincide; it is moreover, interphonemic, because it is supposed
to show where their realization is not a stop, to help foreigners use it correctly,
without strained deductions (and, often, incorrect and therefore, the source of
endless problems).
Stopstrictives
6.2.3. ere is only one stopstrictive phoneme, voiceless postalveo-palatal, (C)
/c/ (which, compared to postalveo-palatal protruded (c) /c/, of English or neutral
Italian does not have labial protrusion: ('l;Ce) /'lece/ le>e (mu'Ca;Co) /mu'caco/
mu>a>o (&CaCa'Ca) /caca'ca/ >a->a-> e regional change from /c/ to () is
typically Andalusian and Caribbean.
Phonetically, there is another palatal stopstrictive, (), which is voiced, and realizes the constrictive phoneme /J/, which only occurs after a pause or after /n, l/:
([koN]'Rr:o) /[kon]'JeRr:o/ (con] hierro (&iN'jn)i (-sjn)a /inJeg'jon/ inyeccin ([eL]'uke) /[el]'Junke/ (el) yune Often, in familiar (and neutral) pronunciation, after pauses, we also nd (J) (real constrictive) or a semi-stopstrictive, (W),
or even a stop-semi-strictive, (): ('JRr:o, 'Juke 'W-, '-); the same can occur, in
the order (, , W, J), after /n, l/: (koN'Rr:o, koN'-, koN'W-, koN'J-), (&iN'jn,
&iN-, &iNW-, &iNJ-)i (-sjn)a, (eL'uke, eL'Ju-).

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Constrictives
6.2.4.1. ere are ve constrictive phonemes; four are voiceless: (f) /f/, (i, sa)
//, (i, sa) /s/ and (Xi, xa) /x/; whereas (,) /J/ is voiced (palatal) and, if the truth be
told, only semi-constrictives, as it is half-way between an approximant, (j), and the
real constrictive ((J); but rarer in various languages).
(f) /f/ does not pose any problems, even if, often, American and Iberian speakers realize it as a bilabial (constrictive, (), or approximant, (F)): ([&uM]fa'BR
[&um]a- [&um]Fa-) /[un]fa'boR/ (un) favor
6.2.4.2. e others need further explanations. Indeed, () //i is neutral only
in the Iberian accent, whereas in the American accent it becomes /s/: (a'pa;to)i
(sa-)a /a'pato/ zapato ('j;lo)i ('sj-)a /'jelo/ cielo ('di;e)i (-se)a /'ie/ dice ('lu)i
('lus)a /'lu/ luz Starting from an American, or international type of transcription,
it could be more appropriate to use the diaphoneme /s/: /sa'pato, 'sjelo, 'ise, 'lus/.
Before voiced C the articulation becomes voiced: (Xu'aR)i (xuz'aR)a /xu'gaR/
juzgar ('lu o'Ra;a)i ('luz)a /'lu o'Raa/ luz dorada naturally before sonants, in
the American accent, (s) is preferred (as for /s/; the following section): ('djmo)i
(-smo)a /'jemo/ diezmo
6.2.4.3. For /s/ the place of articulation changes, from one accent to another,
as /s/ is (apico-)alveolar in Iberian Spanish, ()i, but, (lamino-)dental in American
Spanish, (s)a: (e'ta;o)i (es'ta;os)a /es'taos/ tados ('l)i ('s-)a /'sol/ sol ('pi;o)i
(-so)a /'piso/ po (After a stressed V as well as the normal and more appropriate
(';)i (';s)a, one can also have (')i ('ss)a: ('pio)i ('pisso)a.) Before voiced
diphonic heterosyllabic C (/b, d, g/), /s/ becomes voiced, ()i (z)a: (lo'BuRr:o)i
(loz'BuRr:os)a /los'buRr:os/ los burros ('de)i ('dze)a /'ese/ dde (di'uto)i
(-z'us-)a /is'gusto/ dgto In the /st, s/ sequences, in neutral Iberian pronunciation, (, ) remain, as can be seen in the given examples; only the denti-alveolar
articulation (dental with a raised tip, ((s, z))) is possible, while it is necessary in the
(still Iberian) pronunciation of the sequence /s/: (es';na) /es'ena/ cena (which
in American pronunciation is (e's;na) /e'sena/, from //es'sena//).
However, before heterosyllabic non-diphonic C (/m, n, N J w l, L/; for /s/ + /r:/,
see the end of this section), the behavior pattern is dierent, even if complementary: in the Iberian accent voicing prevails, (, , ); whereas in the American accent
voicelessness prevails, (s, , z) (even if we transcribe only the rst realization for
each accent): ('mimo)i (-s-)a /'mismo/ mmo ('ila)i (-s-)a /'isla/ la (lo'w;o)i
(-s'w;sos, -'sw-)a /los'wesos/ los huos ('d ',Rr:o)i ('d)a /'os 'JeRr:os/ dos hierros
e last example shows the normal articulation of the postalveo-palatal kind, ()i
()a, before /J/, as also before /L, N/: (la'Lu;Bja)i (la',u;Bjas)a /las'Lubjas/ l uvi
(lo'N;No)i (lo-, -os)a /los'NoNos/ los oos.
If the voiced C that follow are tautosyllabic ( when they are part of the same
syllable), /s/ remains voiceless, as even before V /s/ (being initial in the phono-syllable): ('jta)i ('sjs-)a /'sjesta/ sita ('w;lo)i ('s-)a /'swelo/ suelo (&loa'mi;o)i
(-sa'mi;os)a /losa'migos/ los amigos (&mieR'ma;no)i (-seR'ma;nos)a /miseR'manos/

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m hermanos (In the Catalan pronunciation of Spanish, instead, it is voiced, as

in the Catalan language: (&loa'mi;o, &mieR'ma;no).)
For /sr:/ (also /sr:/) the most normal articulations are (r:, Rr:, r:, r:, :, R:)
(however, we only transcribe (r:), but /sr:/, even if its actual pronunciation with
(i, sa) is decidedly excessive, as if spoken by a foreigner {both non-Hispanic and
Hispanic}): (la'r:w;a)i (-s)a /las'r:weas/ l rued (&ir:a'l) /isr:a'el/ Israel
In the phonemic transcription, we use /s/, since, when speaking in a slow or emphatic manner, for (i, za), the actual pronunciation can undoubtedly be voiceless
even in Iberian pronunciation.
6.2.4.4. e criterion adopted here, only considers two kinds of neutral pronunciation; however, while describing the pronunciations of each single nation,
we will inevitably broaden our criteria so as to adequately include the characteristics of every single country (though, with all the non-neutral variants, which
obviously each area presents). erefore, let us mention a non-neutral variant, for
(American, Canary, and Andalusian Spanish) /s/, a very weak laryngeal approximant ((h), voiceless; and (H), voiced before voiced phones), which is generally
found together with what is traditionally (but incorrectly), dened as aspirate(d)
/s/ (which, from a strictly phonetic point of view would mean (sh), as (th)), before a pause, or a C or even before a V It is realized as if it were /h/. For example: (lah'kwhtah) /las'kwestas/ l cut ('dHe) /'ese/ dde ('ihlah, 'iH-) /'islas/ l (&loha'mi;oh) /losa'migos/ los amigos (in neutral pronunciation: (la'kwta)i (las'kwstas)a, ('de)i (-z-)a, ('ila)i ('islas)a, (&loa'mi;o)i (-sa'mi;os)a]
Such pronunciation can even get to transform (h, H) into (`), zero.
6.2.4.5. Again, referring to non-neutral pronunciation, there can also be colorings of (h) (voiceless), depending on the timbre of the preceding vowel. is
often happens, in Argentinian Spanish (where the phenomenon is normally heard;
and, only in more formal conversation, can one avoid it; but, before a pause, it is
considered very uneducated and, thus, more carefully avoided): ('lita) (palatal)
/'lista/ lta ('kwhta) (laryngeal) /'kwesta/ cuta ('pata) (velar) /'pasta/ pta
('tta) (laryngeal rounded) /'tosta/ tosta ('guWta) (velar rounded) /'gusta/ %sta
('iHla, 'dHe, 'aHma, 'Hmosis, tuH'jntes) /'isla, 'ese, 'asma, 'osmosis, tus'jentes/ la dde ma smos t dient In neutral pronunciation we have: ('lita,
'kwta, 'pata, 'tta, 'guta)i (-s-)a and ('ila, 'de, 'ama, 'moi, tu'jnte)i
('is-)a
In Argentinian neutral pronunciation, however, only rarely is /s/ fully (s, z), in
/s, s/ contexts, but it is rather a dental grooved semi-constrictive, (, d): ('dde,
lo'pRr:o) /'ese, los'peRr:os/ dde los perros. (e two neutral pronunciations
treated here, have (, )i (z, s)a. A less neutral but controlled Argentinian pronunciation has () for (, d) 1.9-18.)
Another, even more marked characteristic, which is typical, above all, of parts
of Andalusia and America (in particular, in the Caribbean and southern areas), /s/
fuse together into (=): (miz';os miH';oh mi+';oh mi'- mi'- -o)
/mis'eos/ m dedos (&tRez'Bailes &tReH'Baileh &tRe='Bai- &tRe'ai- &tRe'Fai-) /'tRes 'bai-

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239

les/ tr bail (laz'B;tas laH'B;tah la'B- la'- la'F- -a) /las'botas/ l bot
(loz'a;,os loH'a;,oh lo'a- lo'xa- lo'a- -o) /los'gaJos/ los gaos (tuz'a;tos
tuH'a;toh tu'a- tu'xa- tu'a- -o) /tus'gatos/ t gatos ((=) and derivatives have
an intermediate type of phonation between (h) and (H)). Neutral pronunciation
is: (mi';o, &tRe'Baile, la'B;ta, lo'a;,o, tu'a;to)i (-z-, -s)a
Otherwise, before son(or)ants (/m, n l r:/), /s/ can change into (0, =0): ('mizmo, 'mi-, 'mis- 'miH-, 'mi+- 'mi-, 'mi)-) /'mismo/ mmo ('azno, 'a-, 'as- 'aH-,
'a- 'an- 'a-) /'asno/ no ('izla 'i-, 'is- 'iH- 'i+- 'i- 'ia-) /'isla/ la (&ir:a'l, &i-5) /isr:a'el/ Israel Neutral pronunciation: ('mimo, 'ano, 'ila)i (-s-)a (&ir:a'l)
6.2.4.6. e voiced palatal semi-constrictive, (,) /J/ (already introduced in
6.2.4.1; 6.2.4.3, as well), occurs between vowels, in words or sentences ( in contexts which are dierent from the strong ones in 6.2.3, but, as said there, it is
also possible in those contexts): ('ba;,a) /'baJa/ vaya (';,e) /'oJe/ oye
For /J/, there is a pronunciation which could come under the neutral one (from
a familiar to an energetic kind), which is very common in both accents: (). Articulatorily it corresponds to (C) /c/, which comes to form a diphonic pair, thus rendering the consonant system more natural and coherent. Although it is still not
completely neutral, it can be used in a kind of international accent, simpler and
more functional (even with (s, ,) /s, J/ for /, L/; therefore indicated by the diaphonemes /s, J/, 6.0); this pronunciation is justied and supported by the actual
use of many Iberian (including Madrilenian) and American speakers: ('ba;a, ';e).
According to the criteria adopted in this chapter, the transformation of /J/ to (,
) is doubtlessly regional (and typical, for example, of Argentinian pronunciation,
whose neutral local pronunciation has, however, () for /J, L/).
Again, in American and Andalusian pronunciations, above all, /J/ can often be
realized as an approximant, (j), but such pronunciation barely comes under neutral (however small the dierence may be, since (,) is only a semi-constrictive); a
systematic use of (j) is regional or foreign.
6.2.4.7. For /x/ too, the place of articulation changes from one accent to another (even within the neutral accent), as /x/ is, respectively, uvular, (X)i, and velar,
(x)a: (Xa'mn)i (xa-)a /xa'mon/ jamn (Xe'miR)i (xe-)a /xe'miR/ gemir ('di;Xe)i (-xe)a
/'ixe/ dije when word-nal it is weaker, as it becomes an approximant of the same
place of articulation, or even laryngeal: ('b, -h)i ('b, -h)a /'box/ boj it is currently lost in: (r:e'l[], -[h])i (r:e'l[], -[h])a /r:e'lox/ reloj
In the two accents, there can be some variants for /x/, which are included in neutral pronunciation: respectively, a more vigorous articulation (()i, voiceless uvular constrictive trill), or less vigorous, (()a, voiceless velar approximant), which
we refer to here only. On the other hand, its transformation into (h) (laryngeal),
which is very common in America and Andalusia, cannot be considered neutral,
according to the criteria adopted here.

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Approximants
6.2.5.1. e Spanish approximants are /j, w/: ('j;lo)i ('sj-)a /'jelo/ cielo ('w;Bo) /'webo/ huevo (&awe'kaR) /awe'kaR/ ahuecar devoiced realizations after voiceless C are dialectal (or foreign): ('tj;ne 't-) /'tjene/ tiene ('kwa;tRo 'k-) /'kwatRo/
cuatro Generally, /j/ only occurs after a tautosyllabic C as in the previous examples, and in ('r:j;o) /'r:jego/ riego. Instead, at the beginning of a syllable, we have
/J/ exclusively ( 6.2.4.6, 6.2.4.1, 6.2.3), except in certain areas of America, such as
Argentina, where it is found for hiV-: (';lo, ',-)i ('-, ',- 'j-)a /'Jelo/ hielo ('RBa,
',-)i ('-, ',- 'j-)a /'JeRba/ hierba against ('RBa, ',-)i ('-, ',-)a /'JeRba/ yerba (independently of the non-neutral reduction of /J/ to (j), in certain areas).
For /[]bw, []gw/, in familiar pronunciation, there can be a simplication,
through a velarized bilabial approximant, (), for the rst case; or a constrictive,
()) (or (), 9.14 of NPT/HPh), or a semi-constrictive, (m), up to the approximant (w) (both velar rounded): (a'Bw;lo, a'm-, a'-, a'w-) /a'bwelo/ abuelo (la'Bwlta, la'm-, la'-, la'w-) /la'bwelta/ la vuelta ('a;wa, 'a;)a, 'a;ma, 'a;wa) /'agwa/
a%a (la&wape't;na, la&)a-, la&ma-, la&wa-) /lagwape'tona/ la %apetona
Instead, for /w, w/, in familiar pronunciation, a more vigorous realization is
more frequent (compared to the phonemic transcription): (');Bo, 'm-, '-) /'webo/, (&a)e'kaR, &ame-, &ae-) /awe'kaR/. Even in the /nw/ combination ( 6.2.1.1),
we can have this more vigorous articulation: (u'w;Bo, u')-, u'm-, u'-) /un'webo/ un huevo In all these cases, we can hear even syntagmatically divided realizations, (w, Bw) (and even, (gw, mbw), for the last case), however it is doubtlessly better to avoid them.
6.2.5.2. As well as (j, w) and (B, ) (/j, w/, /b, /), there are three more approximant (taxo)phones, which, in normal, not at all slovenly spontaneous conversation, are the realization of /e, o, a/, in the sequences /0e, 0o, 0a/; therefore we
have, (semi-palatal) /e/ (), (semi-velar rounded) /o/ (j) and (semi-prevelar) /a/ (F):
('pR) /pe'oR/ peor ('ta;tRo) /te'atRo/ teatro ('pj;ta) /po'eta/ poeta (&kjau'laR)
/koagu'laR/ coa%lar (u'nF;Xa)i (-xa)a /una'oxa/ una hoja ('lF;tRa pa'Ra;a) /la'otRa
pa'Raa/ la otra parada In slower, or more solemn speech, we doubtlessly have
(pe'R, te'a;tRo, po';ta, &koau'laR, &una';Xa, la';tRa pa'Ra;a)i (-xa)a, as the phonemic transcription indicates.
Furthermore, there are pronunciations which are currently considered to be uneducated: ('pjR, 'tja;tRo, 'pw;ta, &kwau'laR); there is a dierence, and it is more
than enough to distinguish the three dierent realizations, even if the dierence
between (, j) and (j, w) might seem negligible (not only for foreigners, but also
for natives who write articles and books, limiting themselves to only two extreme
possibilities, also because of the lack of adequate symbols).

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Trills
6.2.6.1. Spanish has an alveolar trill /r:/ (r:), with three rapid tappings of the tip
of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (so, (r;) would be enough, but experience
prefers (r:)), and a tap /R/ (R), with a single rapid alveolar contact: ('r:a;Ro) /'r:aRo/ raro In interphonemic transcriptions (concerning several languages), it is important
to mark the chron(em)e, because otherwise its nature could be hidden, and Spanish /r:/ might seem to be a simple trill (with two tappings, as Italian /r/ in stressed
syllables: ('ra:Ro)it /'raro/ raro]
e two Spanish types ((R, r:)) join together too, giving, for examples: ('tjRr:a)
/'tjeRr:a/ tierra ( Italian ('tEr:Ra) /'tErra/ terra] (laR'r:a;jo) /laR'r:ajo/ la radio ( Italian (la'ra:djo)it /la'radjo/ la radio] Furthermore, in Spanish, the two types are distinctive, between V (even if with length dierences, for vowels too): ('ka;Ro) /'kaRo/
caro ('kaRr:o) /'kaRr:o/ carro ('p;Ro) /'peRo/ pero ('pRr:o) /'peRr:o/ perro (&ene'RaR)i
(-s-)a /ene'RaR/ encerar (&eneR'r:aR)i (-s-)a /eneR'r:aR/ encerrar
In our phone(ma)tic analysis, (Rr:) /Rr:/ are heterosyllabic sequences, constituted by (syllable-nal) (R) /R/ or (word-nal) (R) /R/ + (r:) /r:/, with one + three (or
four, to give more emphasis) tappings. ey are not simple segments such as /R,
r/ (or r r in the Hispanic tradition).
6.2.6.2. We now (systematically) examine the distribution of the two types. Apart from intervocalic context (just seen), with (Rr:) /Rr:/, where the use is phonemic, we also nd (r:) after a pause or after heterosyllabic C (/n, l, s/): (r:a'tn) /r:a'ton/ ratn ('nr:a) /'onr:a/ honra (un'r:a;mo) /un'r:amo/ un ramo (al&r:ee'R) /alr:ee'oR/ alrededor (el'r:i) /el'r:ei/ el rey (&ir:ae'li;ta) /isr:ae'lita/ raelita (mi'r:;pa)i (-s)a /mis'r:opas/ m rop
In the other contexts, (R) is normal, even before a pause, where the vibrations
of the vocal folds stop at the same time as the tip of the tongue is removed from
the alveolar ridge (therefore the following are not at all acceptable (-R, -R, -RO)):
('mi;Ra) /'miRa/ mira ('miRlo) /'miRlo/ mirlo ('Ren) /'oRen/ orden ('tRn) /'tRen/
tren (a'BRiR) /a'bRiR/ abrir (&ofRe'R)i (-sR)a /ofRe'eR/ ofrecer (peR'R) /peR'eR/
perder (&poRfa'BR) /poRfa'boR/ por favor ('iR po'Ra;wa) /'iR po'Ragwa/ ir por a%a
In familiar pronunciation, (R) /R/ can be weakened in all cases, substituting it
with (): ('mi;a, 'milo, 'en, 'tn, a'Bi, &ofe')i (-s)a, (pe', &pofa'B,
'i po'a;wa). On the contrary, in a more energetic or emphatic pronunciation,
/R, R/ can be strengthened into (r): ('mirlo, 'ren, a'BRir, &ofRe'r)i (-sr)a, (per'r, &porfa'Br, 'ir po'Ra;wa). However, neither of these two phones are indispensable for genuine pronunciation.
Laterals
6.2.7. ere are two lateral phonemes in neutral Iberian Spanish, (l, L)i /l, L/;
whilst in neutral American Spanish, the second merges with /J/ (l, ,)a /l, L/; moreover, /l/ has taxophones which are appropriately used, (, L) (it is not necessary to

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mark explicitly ((l)), as long as the articulation is dental): ('la;o) /'lao/ lado (ka'lR) /ka'loR/ calor (kol'aR) /kol'gaR/ colgar ('alto) {((-lto))} /'alto/ alto (el'i;ne)i {((el'-))} (el'si;ne)a {((el's-))} /el'ine/ el cine (ko'Cn) ((-L'C-)) /kol'con/ col>n (eL'N;No) /el'NoNo/ el oo (eL'uke, eL'J-) /el'Junke/ el yunke ('kla;e)i (-se)a /'klase/
cle ('d;Ble) /'oble/ doble (e'la;wa) /e'lagwa/ el a%a (La'maR)i (,a-)a /La'maR/
amar ('ba;Le)i (-,e)a /'baLe/ vae (&koNLe'Bando)i (-N-, NJ-)a /konLe'bando/ conevando Phonetically, before palatals, even the American accent has (L), although
it does not have the phoneme /L/. In the same context, /J/ is articulated as a real
constrictive, (J), or as a stopstrictive, ().
Before a pause, even for /l/ (as for /n, R/ and for //), the vibrations of the vocal
folds stop at the same time as the tip of the tongue is removed from the alveolar
ridge (therefore, the following are not at all acceptable (-l, -l, -lO)): ('l)i ('s-)a
/'sol/ sol (lau'Rl) /lau'Rel/ laurel
Structures
6.3. We treat the characteristics of the combination of words in connected
speech, and then, above all, sentence-stress (as Spanish writing is quite explicit
about word-stress, though not exactly without doubts and uncertainties, including possible oscillations).
Taxophonics
6.3.1.1. th regard to consonant assimilations, they have been dealt with in
the sections of the respective parts. e combination of vowels within words, and
between words in sentences, will be dealt with above all here.
Within a word, two same vowels tend to be reduced to only one, except in formal, slow or controlled speech: (&alBa'a;ka, al'Ba;ka) /alba'aka/ albahaca (aa'aR,
-'aR)i (-s-)a /aa'aR/ azahar (&akRee';Re, &akRe'-) /akRee'oRes/ acreedor (bee'mnja, be'-)i (-sja)a /bee'menja/ vehemencia (nii'lita, ni'-) /nii'lista/ nihilta (&alko'l, al'kl) /alko'ol/ alcohol (&koope'RaR, ko&o-, &kope-) /koope'RaR/ cooperar (&oolo'Xia, &olo-)i (&so-, -'xia)a /oolo'xia/ zoologa
However, certain words, that otherwise would not be easily recognized, are not
reduced:(kRe'nja)i (-sja)a /kRe'enja/ creencia (mo';o)i (-so)a /mo'oso/ mohoso
(lo'R) /lo'oR/ loor other words can be reduced except in an intoneme: (le'R, 'lR)
/le'eR/ leer ('le, 'l) /'lee/ lee (kRe', 'kR) /kRe'e/ cre (pae';mo, pa';-, pa';-) /pase'emos/ peemos
th dierent V we have: (ko&au'la;o, &kja-) /koagu'lao/ coa%lado (aR'Xnteo, -to)i (-x-)a /aR'xenteo/ argnteo (leo'paRo, lo-) /leo'paRo/ leopardo
6.3.1.2. On the contrary, in formal, slow or controlled speech, (j, w, j) can
change into the vocoids (i, e u, o): ('bja;Xe bi'a-)i (-xe)a /'bjaxe/ viaje ('wa;Be
u'a-)i ('swa-)a /'swabe/ suave ('bju;a bi'u-) /'bjua/ viuda ('r:wi;o r:u'i-) /'r:wio/

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243

ruido (al'da;no &alde'a-) /alde'ano/ aldeano (lal'ta leal-) /leal'ta/ lealtad ('li;na
-nea) /'linea/ lnea ('tja;La to'a-)i (-,a)a /to'aLa/ toaa (&kjau'laR ko&a- &koa-) /koagu'laR/ coa%lar ('r:al r:e'al) /r:e'al/ real
It must be remembered that there is a dierence between normal pronunciation
(not slow): ('ta;tRo, &empo'RaR, 'pj;ta, &kjau'laR) {/te'atRo, empeo'RaR, po'eta, koagu'laR/ teatro empeorar poeta coa%lar] and uneducated pronunciation: ('tja;tRo,
&empjo'RaR, 'pw;ta, &kwau'laR), in addition to slow pronunciation: (te'a;tRo, &empeo'RaR, po';ta, &koau'laR, ko&a-).
Except in particular cases, for rhythmic reasons (as will soon be seen), the pronunciation with unauthorized diphthongs is decidedly uneducated (although it
is very widespread, especially in Latin America): (pa'i, 'pai)i (-s)a /pa'is/ pas (ma'i, 'mai)i (-s)a /ma'i/ maz (ba'ul, 'baul) /ba'ul/ bal e transformation from
/ae, ao/ to /ai, au/ is equally uneducated: ('kaen 'kain) /'kaen/ caen (tRae'Ran
tRai-) /tRae'Ran/ traern (bil'Bao -au -aU) /bil'bao/ Bilbao (&baka'lao -au -aU)
/baka'lao/ bacalao in cases such as (&e[]tRa&oRi'na;Rjo, e[]&tRaoR-)i (-s-)a /e[k]stRaoRi'naRjo/ extraordinario we also have the possibility of: (&e[]tRFoR-, e[]&tRFoR-)i
(-s-)a.
6.3.1.3. It is not easy to assess the vocalic (/i, u/) or consonantal value (/j, w/)
of i u in CiV CuV sequences; /i, u/ are denitely more probable near a stress and
at the end of a word: (r:e'fRio)i (-s-)a /r:es'fRio/ rfro (&r:efRi'aR)i (-s-)a /r:esfRi'aR/ rfriar but: (&eMfRja'mnto) /enfRja'mento/ enfriamento (and also: (r:e'fRja;o)i (-s-)a
/r:es'fRjao/ rfriado] (flu'tuo) /fluk'tuo/ ucto (&flutu'aR) /fluktu'aR/ uctuar
(and also: (&flutu';o)i (-so)a /fluktu'oso/ uctuoso as well as suntuoso virtuoso
which have only (-'tw;o)i (-so)a /-'twoso/) but: (&flutwa'jn)i (-'sj-)a /fluktwa'jon/ uctuacin
e innitives with /i, u/ (which are prevalently short, and their derivatives,
even when there is no longer the simple, original form) are: (re-, mal-)criar ar
rfriar enfriar liar (ex-)piar (-, -)triar %iar (d)viar enviar reenviar puar
ruar uctuar concluir excluir incluir ocluir recluir (a-, in-, re-)uir diluir
(re)huir ()muir (re)construir instruir tatuir (re)constituir dtituir instituir
rtituir stituir intuir For ui the pronunciation with /'wi/ is frequent, as well.
Other cases of /i, u/ appear for short or compound forms: (&aBi'n) /abi'on/ avin (bi';njo) /bi'enjo/ bienio (biu'ni;Boko) /biu'niboko/ biunvoco (tRi';njo) /tRi'enjo/ trienio (tRi'agulo) /tRi'angulo/ trin%lo (&djei';Co, &dj-)i (-si-)a /jei'oco/ diecio>o (&beinti';Co, &bi-) /beinti'oco/ veintio>o (gi'n) /gi'on/ %in (i'a;to) /i'ato/ hiato (pRi'R) /pRi'oR/ prior (kRi'ana)i (-sa)a /kRi'ana/ crianza (fi'ana)i
(-sa)a /fi'ana/ anza (fi'a;o) /fi'ao/ ado (fi'ambRe) /fi'ambRe/ ambre (pi'a;no)
/pi'ano/ piano but: (&tRjagu'laR) /tRjangu'laR/ trian%lar (kRja'tu;Ra) /kRja'tuRa/ criatura (fja'R) /fja'oR/ ador (koM'fjana)i (-sa)a /kon'fjana/ conanza (fjam'bR;Ra) /fjam'bReRa/ ambrera (pja'nita)i (-sta)a /pja'nista/ pianta Let us note,
logically: ('Cja;pa)i (-s)a /'cjapas/ iap (with no dropping of /j/ after /c/).
We also have: (u'i;a) /u'ia/ huida (as huir] (di'uRno, 'dju-) /i'uRno, 'ju-/ diurno (but: (dju'tuRno) /ju'tuRno/ diuturno] (Xu'i;jo, 'Xwi-)i (xu'i;sjo, 'xwi-)a /xu'ijo,
'xwi-/ juicio (but: (Xwi'j;o, 'Xw)i (xwi'sj;so, 'xws)a /xwi'joso, 'xwe/ juicioso juez] (tRi'uMfo) /tRi'unfo/ triunfo (tRiuM'fal, tRju-) /tRiun'fal, tRju-/ triunfal For

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muy we normally have ('mwi) /'mwi/, but also ('mui) /'mui/ is frequent (even if it
is often considered as dialectal).
Preferably, words like the following have /'wi/, but pronunciation with /u'i/ is
common, too: circuito fortuito gratuito suizo cuta ruido ruin ruina arruino
However, in fast speech, forms with /u', i'/ easily become /'w, 'j/: (&detRu'iR,
de'tRwiR)i (-s-)a /estRu'iR/ dtruir (&kotRu'i;o, ko'tRwi;o)i (-s-)a /konstRu'io/
construido (fi'a;mo, 'fja;mo)i (-s)a /fi'amos/ amos (&atu'aR, a'twaR) /agtu'aR/ actuar (&kaRi'a~Co, ka'Rja~Co) /kaRi'anco/ carian>o (&beinti'u;no, bein'tju;no) /beinti'uno/ veintiuno
6.3.1.4. Between words clusters of V are more varied and more numerous, but
the criteria are the same. th identical V reduction is greatly favored: (laaR'r:;lo,
lFaR-, laR-) /laaR'r:eglo/ la arreglo (lee[]'pli;ko, le-, le-)i (-s-)a /lee[k]s'pliko/ le explico (&loolBi', &ljo-, &lo-) /loolbi'e/ lo olvid ('agulo o'tuo) /'angulo ob'tuso/ n%lo obto (&impla'ka;Ble e'k;no, &impla'ka; Ble-) /impla'kable en'kono/ implacable encono (la'pR;a 'a;e u'na~CoR r:e'mano, la'pR; 'a;e)i (-sa, -se, -so)a /la'pResa
'ae u'nancoR r:e'manso/ la pra hace un an>o remanso (e'laiRe 'entRa il'Bando, e'lai 'Ren-)i (sil-)a /e'laiRe 'entRa sil'bando/ el aire entra silbando (&ma'B2 'kwa;tRo ';Xo2 ke', &kwa'tR;-)i (&maz-, -xos, -s)a /mas'ben 'kwatRo 'oxos ke'os/ ms ven cuatro ojos e dos
If the V are dierent, we have: (loaR'r:;lo, ljaR-) /loaR'r:eglo/ lo arreglo (la&oeR'B, &lFo-)i (-s-)a /laobseR'be/ la observ (loe[]'pli;ko, lje-)i (-s-)a /loe[k]s'pliko/ lo
explico (lae[]'pli;ko, lFe-)i (-s-)a /lae[k]s'pliko/ la explico (loim'pli;ko, ljim-)
/loim'pliko/ lo implico (laim'pli;ko, lFim-) /laim'pliko/ la implico ('t;o a'k;Lo,
't; ja-)i (-,o)a /'too a'keLo/ todo aeo ('tRite o'ka;o, 'tRi to-)i (-is-, -so)a /'tRiste
o'kaso/ trte oco (&entReilu'j;ne, &entRi-)i (-sj;nes)a /entReilu'sjones/ entre ilion ('pu;o auen'taRe, 'pu; jau-)i (-sen'taRse)a /'puo ausen'taRse/ pudo aentarse
(';Roe iNmoR'tal, ';Rje, i-, i-, '; Rji-) /'eRoe inmoR'tal/ hroe inmortal (pa'la;jo
au'uto, pa'la; jjau-)i (-sjo, -sto)a /pa'lajo au'gusto/ palacio au%sto (e'un e&ano'ta;o, ano-)i (s-, s-)a /se'gun seano'tao/ segn se ha notado (de'ambo 'm;o,
'dam-)i (-s)a /e'ambos 'moos/ de ambos modos
Obviously, the function of the vocalic elements that come into contact also
count. In fast speech, a grammeme-nal V seems rather redundant; thus, it can be
dropped, even where its morphological function may seem important (however,
there are all the other elements which compensate adequately).
us, one could quite easily achieve even zero, even with dierent V\ (la&aBRi'R, &lFa-, &laB-) /laabRi'Re/ la abrir (lo';jo, 'lj;-, 'l;-) /lo'ojo/ lo odio (mi'i;Xo,
'mi;-, 'mi;-)i (-xo)a /mi'ixo/ mi hijo (lae'p;a, lFe-, le-)i (-s'p;sa)a /laes'posa/ la
posa (la';Ra, 'lF;-, 'l;-) /la'oRa/ la hora (lai'Xi;ta, lFi-, li-)i (-x-)a /lai'xita/ la hijita
(lo'u;niko, 'lju;-, 'lu;-) /lo'uniko/ lo nico (lou'nj;Ron, lju-, lu-) /lou'njeRon/ lo unieron (me'i;Ba, 'mi;-, 'mi;-) /me'iba/ me iba (me&ima'Xi;no, &mei-, &mi-, &mi-)i (-x-)a
/meima'xino/ me imagino
6.3.1.5. Even clusters of various V are frequent in these examples (taken from
Navarro Toms, but retranscribed and completed): (&eka'l;Ra aR'r:i;Ba, -'l; RaR'r:i-)i

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245

(&eska-)a /eska'leRa aR'r:iba/ calera arriba (a'ma;a e'p;a, a'ma; Fe-, e-)i (-s-)a
/a'maa es'posa/ amada posa (o'fRta i,'Xuta, o'fR tFi,-, -ti,-)i (-'x-)a /o'feRta in'xusta/ oferta injta (pa'la;BRa o'a;a, pa'la; BRFo-, BRo-)i (-s-)a /pa'labRa o'saa/ palabra osada ('ka;a u'milde, 'ka; Fu-, u-)i (-s-)a /'kasa u'milde/ ca humilde ('kj;Re a'BlaR, 'kj; Ra-, -Ra-) /'kjeRe a'blaR/ iere hablar ('pw;e ekRi'BiR, 'pw; e-, e-)i
(-s-)a /'pwee eskRi'biR/ puede cribir
Also: ('nmbRe i'lutRe, 'nm bRi-, bRi-) /'nombRe i'lustRe/ nombre iltre ('tj;ne
oR'u;Lo, 'tj; no-, no-)i (-,o)a /'tjene or'guLo/ tiene or%o ('Xnte u'milde, 'Xn tu-
tu-)i ('x-)a /'xente u'milde/ gente humilde ('ka;i apa'a;o, 'ka; ja-)i (-si, sj-)a /'kasi apa'gao/ ci apagado (mi&epe'Rana, &mie-, &mje-)i (-es-, -sa)a /miespe'Rana/ mi
peranza ('ka;i impo'i;Ble, 'ka; im-)i (-si, si-)a /'kasi impo'sible/ ci imposible
(mio&Blia'jn, mjo-)i (-'sj-)a /miobliga'jon/ mi obligacin (&niuna'B, ni&u-,
&nju-)i (-s)a /niuna'be/ ni una vez
And also: ('gRi;to a'u;o, 'gRi; tja-) /'gRito a'guo/ grito a%do ('p;ko e'fwRo,
'p; kje- ke-)i (es-, -so)a /'poko es'fweRo/ poco fuerzo ('n;Ro iM'fjRno, 'n;
RjiM-, RiM-) /'negRo in'fjeRno/ negro inerno ('kwaRto o'ku;Ro, 'kwaR tjo-, to-)i
(-s-)a /'kwarto os'kuRo/ cuarto oscuro (e'ga;No u'ma;no, e'ga; Nju-, Nu-) /en'gaNo
u'mano/ engao humano (&uami'ta, &wa-)i (&s-, &s-)a /suamis'ta/ su amtad ('impetu &epan't;o, -&tu e-, -pe &twe-)i (-es-, -so)a /'impetu espan'toso/ mpetu pantoso ('tRi;Bu i'gRa;ta, 'tRi; Bwi-) /'tRibu in'gRata/ tribu ingrata (&poRuo'nR, -wo-)i
(-s-)a /poRsuo'noR/ por su honor (e'pi;Ritu u'ma;no, -Ri tu-)i (-s-)a /es'piRitu u'mano/
pritu humano ('L;a aao'RaR, 'L;a ao-, 'L; ao-)i (',-)a /'Lega aao'RaR/ ega
a adorar ('i;Ba aenen'dR, 'i;Ba en-)i (-s-)a /'iba aenen'deR/ iba a encender
Further examples still: (be'gana ai'Ra;a, -an Fai-, -an ai-)i (-sa, s-)a /ben'gana ai'Raa/ venganza airada (e'ta;Ba ao'a;a, -e'ta; BFao-, Bao-)i (es-)a /es'taba ao'gaa/ taba ahogada (r:o'a;a au'R;Ra, r:o'a; Fau-, au-)i (-s-)a /r:o'saa au'RoRa/
rosada aurora ('kulta eu'R;pa, 'kul tFeu-, teu-) /'kulta eu'Ropa/ culta Europa (a'pRnde aa'BlaR, a'pRn daa-, da-) /a'pRende aa'blaR/ aprende a hablar ('auRea e'pa;a, 'auRa, &au RFe'pa;a)i (-s-)a /'auRea es'paa/ urea pada ('mwRte ai'Ra;a, 'mwR tai-,
tai-) /'mweRte ai'Raa/ muerte airada (pRe'u;me aon'daR, pRe'u; maon-)i (-s-)a /pRe'sume aon'daR/ prume ahondar ('fRnte au'uta, 'fRn tau-, tau-)i (-s-)a /'fRente au'gusta/ frente au%sta (biR'Xi;neo e'kanto, -njo, -no)i (-x-)a /biR'xineo en'kanto/
virgneo encanto
6.3.1.6. Examples of vowel clusters in sentences continue: (no'ti;ja a'l;Re, no'ti; ja'l-)i (-s-)a /no'tija a'legRe/ noticia alegre ('r:Xja e'tiRpe, 'r:; XjFe-, Xje-)i (-x-,
-s-)a /'r:exja es'tiRpe/ regia tirpe ('gl;Rja iNmoR'tal, i-, i-, 'gl; RFi-) /'gloRja inmoR'tal/ gloria inmortal (e'tanja o'kulta, e'tan jFo-, jo-)i (es-, -sja)a /es'tanja o'kulta/ tancia oculta (Xu'ti;ja u'ma;na, Xu'ti; jFu-, ju-)i (xus'ti;s-)a /xus'tija u'mana/ jticia humana ('na;je a'ku;e, 'na; ja-) /'naje a'kue/ nadie acude ('X;njo
a'tu;to, 'X; njja-)i ('x-, -s-)a /'xenjo as'tuto/ genio tuto (i'lnjo elo'kwnte, i'ln jje-)i (si-, -sjo)a /si'lenjo elo'kwente/ silencio elocuente (';jo i'nu;til, ';
jji-)i (-sjo)a /'ojo i'nutil/ ocio intil
Also: ('n;jo oR'u;Lo, 'n; jjoR-, 'joR-)i (-sj-, -,o)a /'nejo oR'guLo/ necio or%o
('i;tjo um'bR;o, 'i; tjjum'-)i ('si-, -so)a /'sitjo um'bRoso/ sitio umbroso ('bwlBo aa-

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'taRlo, -Bo a't-, 'bwl Bja't) /'bwelbo aa'taRlo/ vuelvo a atarlo ('bgo aempe'aR,
'b gjaem-, gjFem-, gjem-)i (-saR)a /'bengo aempe'aR/ vengo a empezar ('kwRpo
ai'R;o, 'kwR pjFi-, pjai-) /'kweRpo ai'Roso/ cuerpo airoso (di'pwto ao&Bee'R,
di'pw tjFo-, tjao-)i (-s'pws-, -sR)a /is'pwesto aobee'eR/ dputo a obedecer
('fauto au'pi;jo, 'fau tjFu-, tjau-)i (-st-, -s'pi;sjo)a /'fausto aus'pijo/ fato apicio
And also: (an'ti;wa alti'B, an'ti; wal-)i (-s)a /an'tigwa alti'be/ anti%a altivez ('lgwa e[]'tRa;Na, 'l gwFe-)i (-s-)a /'lengwa e[k]s'tRaNa/ len%a extraa (e'ta;twa iN'm;Bil, i-, i-, e'ta; 'twFi-)i (es-)a /es'tatwa in'mobil/ tatua inmvil ('a;wa olo'R;a, 'a; wFo-) /'agwa olo'Rosa/ a%a olorosa ('fa;twa u&mani'a, 'fa; twFu-)
/'fatwa umani'a/ fatua humanidad ('mu;two a'mR, 'mu; twja-) /'mutwo a'moR/
mutuo amor ('aRwo em'p;No, 'aR wjem-) /'aRdwo em'peNo/ arduo empeo (peR'p;two im'p;Rjo, peR'p; twjim-) /peR'petwo im'peRjo/ perpetuo imperio (kon'ti;nwo e'l;Xjo, kon'ti; nwje-)i (-xjo)a /kon'tinwo e'loxjo/ continuo elogio
Lastly: ('fa;two oR'u;Lo, 'fa; twjoR-, twoR-)i (-,o)a /'fatwo oR'guLo/ fatuo or%o
('mntRwo u'ma;no, 'mn tRwju-, tRwu-)i (-s-)a /'monstRwo u'mano/ monstruo
humano ('r:;Xja au&toRi'a, 'r:; XjFu-, Xjau-)i (-x-)a /'r:exja autoRi'a/ regia autoridad (koR'r:j aepe'RaRlo, Fe-, e-)i (-s-)a /koR'r:jo aespe'RaRlo/ corri a perarlo (pa'la;jo au'uto, pa'la; jjau-, jjFu-)i (-sjo, -us-)a /pa'lajo au'gusto/ palacio au%sto (i'ni;kwo au'u;Rjo, i'ni; kwjau-, kwjFu-) /i'nikwo au'guRjo/ inicuo au%rio (em'bi;jo aeu';Bjo, em'bi; jjaeu-, jaeu-, jFeu-, jjeu-)i (-s-)a /em'bijo aeu'sebjo/
envidio a Eebio
6.3.1.7. e conjunctions y o (and their variants e u], between V in dierent
words (even if with /w/), are normally realized as (j, w) /j, w/ (but also with (,
j)): ('ka;a 'jwRta, 'w-)i (-sa)a /'kasa 'jwerta/ ca y huerta ('a;wa 'jaiRe, 'a-) /'agwa
'jaiRe/ a%a y aire (a'gRjnta 'ja~Ca, 'a-) /san'gRjenta 'janca/ sangrienta y an>a
(a'pa;a jen'jnde, e-)i (-sj-)a /a'paga jen'jende/ apaga y enciende ('ka;Le je'ku;Ce, e-)i (-,e jes-, e-)a /'kaLe jes'kuce/ cae y cu>e (o'BRi;na 'ji;Xa, 'i-)i (so-, -xa)a
/so'bRina 'jixa/ sobrina e hija (r:i'k;a jin'dutRja, in-)i (-sa, -st-)a /r:i'kea jin'dustRja/ rieza e indtria ('ta wa'k;La, ja-)i ('s-, -,a)a /'esta wa'keLa/ ta o aea ('blaka wa'ul, ja-)i (-sul)a /'blanka oa'ul/ blanca o azul ('j;te 'w;Co, 'j-)i
('sj-)a /'sjete u'oco/ siete u o>o ('u ;no 'w;tRo, 'j-) /'uno u'otRo/ uno u otro
e real language ( the spoken language) shows how grammar futilely complicates things, given that the normal pronunciation of the four written forms [y e
o u] is the same (for e there is (), too). Naturally, schools have then reinforced the
need for distinction, imposing it on pronunciation too; thus slowing down emission, or paying attention (to spelling), or for the sake of clarity, /i, e o, u/ can
come up again.
6.3.1.8. Usually (except in slow speech), a nal C followed by an initial V in
words without breaks, resyllabies: (e'l;Ro) /e'loRo/ el oro (u'nmbRe) /u'nombRe/
un hombre ('muCo o'n;Re)i (so-, -es)a /'muco so'noRes/ mu>os honor ('lu ama'Ri;La)i (sa-, -,a)a /'lu ama'RiLa/ luz amaria
Hence, there is no dierence between: helado and el hado (e'la;o) /e'lao/, elegi-

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do and el ejido (&ele'Xi;o)i (-x-)a /ele'xio/, hele>o and el he>o (e'l;Co) /e'leco/, heleno and el heno (e'l;no) /e'leno/, la sab and l av (la'a;Be)i (la'sa;Bes)a /la'sabes/, ena% and en a% (e'na;wa)i (-s)a /e'nagwas/, enojo and en ojo (e'n;Xo)i
(-xo)a /e'noxo/
In emphatic or vigorous pronunciation, or in singing, after stressed V the continuous non-diphonic C (voiced: /m, n, N l, L/, and voiceless: /f, , s, x/ but not
/R, Rr:/, for which length is essential), instead of the normal structure, with (';0),
often have ('00): ('u ;mo, "ummo) /'umo/ humo ('a;na, "anna) /'ana/ Ana ('ba;le,
"balle) /'bale/ vale ('X;fe, "Xffe)i (x-)a /'xefe/ jefe ('di;e, "die)i (-se, -sse)a /'ie/
dice ('ka;a, "kaa)i (-sa, -ssa)a /'kasa/ ca ('i;Xo, "iXXo)i (-xo, -xxo)a /'ixo/ hijo
6.3.1.9. Phonetically, two same C are realized as a contained gemination, /00/
(00): (i&nnume'Ra;Ble) /innume'Rable/ innumerable (&inne&ei'a)i (&sinne&se-)a /sinneesi'a/ sin necidad ('BBjo) /'obbjo/ obvio (&uBBen'jn)i (&su-, -'sj-)a /subben'jon/ subvencin (e'a i'C;a)i (-sa)a /e'a i'cosa/ edad di>osa (&XuBen'tu
o'Ra;a)i (xu-)a /xuben'tu o'Raa/ juventud dorada (koR'l li'X;Ro)i (-'sl li'x-)a
/koR'el li'xeRo/ corcel ligero (el'l;Bo) /el'lobo/ el lobo ('lu eni'tal)i (-s s-)a /'lu eni'tal/ luz cenital ('dj i'aRr:o)i (-s s-, -os)a /'je i'gaRr:os/ diez cigarros (&lo e'N;Re)i (-s s-, -es)a /losse'NoRes/ los seor ('d o'BRi;no)i (-s s-, -os)a /'os so'bRinos/ dos sobrinos
e dierence between (0) and (00) is more than enough (and what is necessary) to distinguish cases such as: (&uno'Bi;Lo)i (-,o)a /uno'biLo/ un ovio and (&unno'Bi;Lo)i (-,o)a /unno'biLo/ un novio (o'nmbRe)i (s-, -s)a /so'nombRes/ son hombr and (on'nmbRe)i (s-, -s)a /son'nombRes/ son nombr (a&k'l;Ro) /a'ke 'loRo/
ael oro and (a&kl'l;Ro) /a'kel 'loRo/ ael loro ('ma ';BRan)i ('s-)a /'ma 'sobRan/
ms obran and ('ma ';BRan)i (-s 's-)a /'mas 'sobRan/ ms sobran
e prex /sub/ sub- before /r:/, is obviously heterosyllabic: (&uB-r:a',aR) /subr:a'JaR/ subrayar the same occurs, with other C when the ax is clearly perceived:
(&uB-limi'nal)i (&s-)a /sub-limi'nal/ subliminal
For -dl- the syllabication is /-l/: (mi'Ra-lo) /mi'Ralo/ miradlo for -tl- /t-l/i
( /-l/i) and /-tl/a prevail: ('ala)i ('a;tlas)a /'alas, 'atlas/ atl (a'l;ta)i (a'tl;ta)a
/a'leta, a'tle-/ atleta
6.3.1.10. As has already been mentioned, spontaneous and normal pronunciation for heterosyllabic (voiced or voiceless) stops has non-stopped realizations:
voiced before voiced C and half-voiced before voiceless ones: ('ato) /'abto, -pt-/
apto (do'tR) /og'toR, -k't-/ doctor (&ote'nR) /obte'neR/ obtener (&aki'RiR) /aki'RiR/ adirir (&aBi'kaR) /abi'kaR/ abdicar (&aBeR'tiR) /abeR'tiR/ advertir (&ekli'aR)i (-s-)a /eklib'saR, -p's-/ eclipsar (&kone'jn)i (-se'sjn)a /koneb'jon, -p'-/
concepcin (&uB-,u'aR)i (s-)a /subJu'gaR/ subyugar (&a-,a'nte)i (-s-)a /aJa'ente/
adyacente (a'jn)i (-s-)a /ag'jon, ak-/ accin (e'a;men)i (-s-)a /eg'samen, ek-/ examen (aB&nea'jn)i (-sjn)a /abnega'jon/ abnegacin (a'mfeRa)i (-s-)a /a'mosfeRa, at'm-/ atmsfera (&ami'Ra;Ble) /ami'Rable/ admirable ('tnika, -n-)
/'tegnika, -kn-/ tcnica ('dino, -no) /'igno/ digno (&uBma'Ri;no) /subma'Rino/
submarino (fully voiced or, respectively, voiceless) stop realizations are typical of

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emphasis attention (to spelling).

Lastly, we see some cases of complex consonant clusters: (o'ta;kulo)i (-s-)a /obs'takulo/ obstculo (a'kRi;to)i (-s-)a /as'kRito/ adscrito (ko'tante)i (-s-)a /kons'tante/
constante
Stress
6.3.2.1. Spanish spelling is quite satisfactory regarding the indication of word
stress; however, some doubts remain concerning clusters of graphic VV above all
with i u furthermore, there are possible oscillations, and dierences with respect
to Portuguese or Italian.
e position of stress is distinctive (and we can also nd threefold phonemic
contrasts, the rst of which are nouns, indicated graphically too), as in: ('a;nimo)
/'animo/ nimo (a'ni;mo) /a'nimo/ animo and (&ani'm) /ani'mo/ anim; (kon'ti;nwo) /kon'tinwo/ continuo (&konti'nuo) /konti'nuo/ contino and (&konti'nw)
/konti'nwo/ continu; ('li;mite) /'limite/ lmite (li'mi;te) /li'mite/ limite (&limi't)
/limi'te/ limit (de'p;ito)i (-s-)a /e'posito/ depsito (&depo'i;to)i (-s-)a /epo'sito/
deposito (de&poi't)i (-s-)a /eposi'to/ deposit
For stress oscillations, some examples follow: acn acne aerstato aerostato
ambrosa ambrosia atmsfera atmosfera atriaco atraco balatre balastre
cartomancia cartomanca (but only farmacia] cclope ciclope conclave cnclave
dinamo dnamo elixir elxir etope etiope (but only miope] gladolo gladiolo
bero ibero mil msil olimpiada olimpada orga orgia smos osmos pelcano pelicano pensil pnsil pentagrama pentgrama perodo periodo policromo polcromo polgloto poligloto radar rdar reptil rptil reuma rema termostato termstato utopa utopia varic vric
6.3.2.2. Lexical compounds and adverbs ending in -mente keep quite a strong
stress even on the rst element (according to the scale: ('), (), (&)): (kRta'Bla)i
(-sas)a /'koRta'bolsas/ cortabols ( (&koRta';Ra) /koRta'oRa/ cortadora), (ika'pj)
/'inka'pje/ hincapi (entRe')i (-s)a /'entRe'os/ entreds ( (&entRe' mu'Ca;Co)i
(-os)a /entRe'os mu'cacos/ entre dos mu>a>os), (r:e&al'mnte) /r:e'al'mente/ realmente (&beRaRa'mnte) /beRa'eRa'mente/ verdaderamente (fail'mnte)i (-s-)a
/'fail'mente/ fcilmente Also: (ta'Bia) /'toa'bia/ todava (a&i'mimo)i (a&si'mis-)a /a'si'mismo/ immo (as can be seen in the last example, if a rst /'/ is immediately followed by another /'/, it becomes (&); on the other hand, however, if the
form were with only one /'/, /asi'mismo/, we should have (&ai'mimo)i (&asi'mis-)a).
To begin to acknowledge the dierent stress patterns, compared for instance
to Italian, we give some useful examples: (nal stressed) acento amplo varo
(stressed on the last but one syllable) abdico altero animo celebro certico computo convoco denomino deposito dputo edico indico integro interrogo limito medito modico modulo penetro signico /signi'fiko/, termino venero violo
/'bjolo/, vito /bi'sito/, limpio /'limpjo/. Furthermore: (a'n;mja) /a'nemja/ anemia
(bi'a;mja) /bi'gamja/ bigamia (&kaRam'b;la) /kaRam'bola/ carambola (di'pu;ta)i

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249

(-s-)a /is'puta/ dputa (e'l;na) /e'lena/ Elena (en&iklo'p;ja)i (-&si-)a /eniklo'peja/ enciclopedia (faR'ma;ja)i (-s-)a /faR'maja/ farmacia ('mj;pe) /'mjope/
miope (pa'R;ja) /pa'Roja/ parodia (te'Ra;pja) /te'Rapja/ terapia obviously, forms
such as (a'pndie)i (-se)a /a'pendie/ apndice are less risky, at least when reading.
Let us also note: (r:a'n)i (-s-)a /r:a'on/ razn (r:a';ne)i (-'s;nes)a /r:a'ones/
razon ('biRXen)i (-x-)a /'biRxen/ virgen ('biRXene)i (-xenes)a /'biRxenes/ vrgen
and lastly: (ka'RateR) /ka'RagteR, -kt-/ carcter (&kaRa't;Re)i (-s)a /kaRag'teRes, -k't-/
caracter ('r:;Ximen)i (-x-)a /'r:eximen/ rgimen (r:e'Xi;mene)i (-x-, -s)a /r:e'ximenes/ regmen
6.3.2.3. Even in Spanish, in connected speech, there are normally words which
are destressed; the articles are among these: (e'lmbRe) /e'lombRe/ el hombre (&elal'kalde) /elal'kalde/ el alcalde (la'ka;a)i (-sa)a /la'kasa/ la ca (la'Ci;ka)i (-s'Ci;kas)a
/las'cikas/ l >ic (&una'mi;o) /una'migo/ un amigo (&una'tRinta peR';na)i
(&unas-, -'s;nas)a /unas'tReinta peR'sonas/ un treinta person
We then have forms (plurisyllabic too), such as salvo excepto mediante durante and phrases such as rpecto a junto a encima de delante de\ (a'ma;laa) /a'malaga/ a Mlaga (ko'n;La)i (-,a)a /ko'neLa/ con ea (&empa'Ri)i (-s)a /empa'Ris/ en
Pars (&inom'bR;Ro)i (&sinsom-)a /sinsom'bReRo/ sin sombrero (&ante't;o) /ante'too/ ante todo (&baXolo'aRBole)i (-xolo's-, -es)a /baxolo'saRboles/ bajo los rbol
(&kontRa&mia'mi;o)i (-sa'mi;os)a /kontRamisa'migos/ contra m amigos (&dee'i)i (-z-)a /ese'oi/ dde hoy (&entRelo';Xo)i (-'s;xos)a /entRelo'soxos/ entre los ojos
Furthermore: (&ata'ki, -Fa-, -aa-)i (&as-)a /astaa'ki/ hta a (&ajael'pwRto,
-jFel-)i (-sj-)a /ajael'pweRto/ hacia el puerto (&paRa&nwetRo'wpee)i (-stRos'wspees)a /paRanwestRos'wespees/ para nutros husped (&oBRel';BRe)i (&soBRel's-)a
/sobReel'sobRe/ sobre el sobre (e&eto')i (-&seto's)a /egebto'os, ekepto-/
excepto dos (&Xuntoala'pwRta, -tja-)i (&xu-)a /xuntoala'pweRta/ junto a la puerta
Also: (en&ima&ela'ka;a)i (-si-, -sa)a /enimaela'kasa/ encima de la ca (de&lantee'mi) /elantee'mi/ delante de m Even in more or less long series: (&paRa&entReno';tRo, pa&RFen-)i (-'s;tRos)a /paRaentReno'sotRos/ para entre nosotros (&poRen&imae't;o)i (-'si-)a /poRenimae'too/ por encima de todo (&poRe&lante&elXaR'in)i (-x-)a /poRelanteelxaR'in/ por delante del jardn (&deepo&RentRelo'aRBole)i (&dez-, -'saRBoles)a /esepoRentRelo'saRboles/ dde por entre los rbol
Generally, conjunctions too are destressed (even in phrases, such as en cuanto
(e) puto e suputo e), except with ora ya bien (disjunctive), (consecutive), no obstante con todo fuera de (adversative), en efecto por tanto por consi%iente e (consecutive), apen an no no bien ya e luego e dpus
e en tanto e (temporal), a no ser e dado e con tal e (conditional), por
ms e a par de e mal e ya e (concessive), (&pwetoke&noloa'Bia)i (-sto-,
-sa-)a /pwestokenolosa'bia/ puto e no lo saba At the beginning of elliptic questions y is stressed: ('i tupa;Re21)i (-'pa;-)a /'i tu'paRe?/ Y tu padre?
6.3.2.4. It will not be superuous to observe that there is a dierence, in stress
too, between: (e&koe'Ca;o)i (-s-)a /ekose'cao/ he cose>ado and (';ko o'n;Ro) /'e-

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ko so'noRo/ eco sonoro (&aLe'a;o)i (&a,-)a /aLe'gao/ ha egado and ('a;No 'ma;lo) /'aNo 'malo/ ao malo (&eto'ma;o)i (&es-)a /esto'mao/ tomado and ('to 'pi;o)i
('s-)a /'esto 'pio/ to pido (o&nami'Ra;o)i (s-, -s)a /sonami'Raos/ son admirados and (' naRmo'nj;o)i ('s-, -so)a /'so naRmo'njoso/ son armonioso
Object pronouns are destressed, la le lo l l los me nos os se te\ (me'pa;Ro
ami'RaR, me'pa; Rja-) /me'paRo ami'RaR/ me paro a mirar (o'Bi;mo Be'niR)i (oz'Bi;moz)a /os'bimos be'niR/ os vimos venir (e&lepeR'j)i (se&les-)a /selespeR'jo/ se l
perdi instead, subject pronouns and indirect pronouns are stressed:(' ')i ('s)a
/'Jo 'se/ yo s ('tu 'pw;e)i (-s)a /'tu 'pwees/ t pued ('l 'di;e)i (-se)a /'el 'die/ l
dice (poR'mi) /poR'mi/ por m (&paRa'ti) /paRa'ti/ para ti
Possessive adjectives are destressed: (&mieR'ma;no)i (-se-, -os)a /miseR'manos/ m
hermanos (tu';Xo)i (-'s;xos)a /tu'soxos/ t ojos (u'ma;Re)i (s-)a /su'maRe/ su
madre (&nwetRo'tjmpo)i (-s-)a /nwestRo'tjempo/ nutro tiempo
Generally demonstrative adjectives, are destressed (but, from a pragmatic point
of view, they can be considered potentially stressable): (&ete'li;BRo, -)i (-s-)a /este'libRo/ te libro (&ee'pRr:o, -) /ese'peRr:o/ e perro (a&keLamu'XR, ak-)i (-,amu'x-)a /akeLamu'xeR/ aea mujer
6.3.2.5. Relative pronouns [e ien{} cual{} cuyo{s}] are destressed (contrary to interrogative and exclamatory ones): (e'lmbRe ke'Bi;mo)i (-s)a /e'lombRe
ke'bimos/ el hombre e vimos (e&ku,o'ka;o)i (-so)a /enkuJo'kaso/ en cuyo co
cual cual (with the article) and tal tal are stressed: ('tgo uneR'ma;no2 el'kwaL
'L;a 'i2 ke)i (-L ',-)a /'tengo u'neRmano, el'kwal 'Lega 'oi/ tengo un hermano, el cual
ega hoy, e (le'i;Xo 'tal 'k;a)i (-xo, -sa)a /le'ixo 'tal 'kosa/ le dijo tal cosa
Relative adverbs [como cuando cuanto donde] are also destressed, contrary to
interrogative and exclamatory ones: (&kwandoe'laiRe e'kalma, -dje-) /kwandoe'laiRe se'kalma/ cuando el aire se calma (la'pla;a &onde&tatu'ka;a)i (-sa, -s&t-, -sa)a /la'plaa ondeestatu'kasa/ la plaza donde t tu ca
ereas the indenites [algo algn al%no al%ien nadie ningn nin%no otro] are stressed, cada generally is not: (&kaa'ia) /kaa'ia/ cada da Even tan is
not stressed, contrary to tanto tanta
en used as conjunctions, the following adverbs are destressed: luego mientr an (which becomes /'aun/), ms menos ci the adverb medio is too (contrary to its corresponding adjective).
6.3.2.6. e forms of tratamiento, don doa fray sor san santo santa are always destressed before a name: (do'kaRlo)i (-s)a /on'kaRlos/ don Carlos (&doNao'l;Re)i (-s)a /oNao'loRes/ doa Dolor (&antoo'migo)i (&s-)a /santoo'mingo/
santo Domingo vocative forms are destressed too, seor seora seorita padre madre hermano hermana to ta\ (e&NoRmaR'ti;ne)i (s-, -s)a /seNoRmaR'tine/ seor
Martnez (e&NoRama'Ria)i (s-)a /seNoRama'Ria/ seora Mara (&paRean'dR, -Ran-)i
(-s)a /paRean'dRes/ padre Andrs (tio'Xwan)i (-x-)a /tio'xwan/ to Juan however,
when not used in forms of tratamiento, we have the regular: (&una'anta mu'XR)i
(-s-, -x-)a /una'santa mu'xeR/ una santa mujer ('bi;no ele'NR maR'ti;ne)i (-s-, -s)a /'bino else'NoR maR'tine/ vino el seor Martnez (ae'kRi;to el'tio 'Xwan)i (aes-, 'x-)a /aes-

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251

'kRito el'tio 'xwan/ ha crito el to Juan

Even in vocative phrases, there is destressing: (bwe'nmbRe) /bwe'nombRe/ buen
hombre! (&mala'lgwa) /mala'lengwa/ mala len%a! (gRam'pi;kaRo) /gRam'pikaRo/
gran pcaro! (djo'mio)i (-s-)a /djos'mio/ Dios mo!
Even in compound names (of people or places), there is attenuation of the rst
element: (Xwa'kaRlo)i (x-, -s)a /xwan'kaRlos/ Juan Carlos (ma&RiaXo';fa)i (-xo's-)a
/ma&Riaxo'sefa/ Mara Josefa (&antoo'migo)i (&s-)a /santoo'mingo/ Santo Domingo (&toRr:eel'knde) /toRr:eel'konde/ Torre del Conde
6.3.2.7. Certain common phrases are also destressed: (&boka'BaXo)i (-xo)a /boka'baxo/ boca abajo (&pataaR'r:i;Ba) /patasaR'r:iba/ pat arriba
In numbers formed with y the rst element is destressed: (&tReintai'iko)i (-'s-)a
/tReintai'inko/ treinta y cinco (kwa&Rentai'j;te)i (-'s-)a /kwaRentai'sjete/ cuarenta y
siete also cien(to) before mil is destressed: (jeN'mil, -M'm-, -'m-, -M'm-, -'m-)i
('s-)a /jen'mil/ cien mil (&oCo&jenta'mil pe';ta)i (-&sj-, -as-, -'s;tas)a /ocojentas'mil pe'setas/ o>ocient mil pet Simple numbers are stressed, even if monosyllabic and near a stress: ('d 'a;to)i (-z 'a;tos)a /'os 'gatos/ dos gatos ('tR
ka'Ba;Lo)i (-s ka'Ba;,os)a /'tRes ka'baLos/ tr cabaos ('un 'li;BRo) /'un 'libRo/ un libro
(compared to the article: (un'li;BRo) /un'libRo/ un libro).
6.3.2.8. Obviously in long words, as in sentences, some secondary stresses are
introduced, for rhythmic reasons: ('kmpRame&lo) /'kompRamelo/ cmpramelo (a'Na;ae&le)i (-s-)a /a'Naasele/ adele (&entRe'andoe&lo)i (-s-)a /entRe'gandoselo/
entregndoselo
Words such as aune cone pore sino are normally /'aunke, a'unke 'konke 'poRke 'sino/, however, in sentences, their composition can also bring to stress
patterns such as: (&auke, a&uke, au&ke, au'k &koke, ko&ke, ko'k &poRke,
poR&ke, poR'k &ino, i&no, i'n)i (s-)a, although, they are often considered incorrect, for spelling reasons.
Emphasis, particularly in imperatives with enclitic pronouns, can modify the
structure considerably (above all, for stresses), as in: ('da;melo, "da:melo, "da;me&lo,
"da;me'l, 'da;me'l, &dame'l) /'amelo/ dmelo!
6.3.2.9. e words (a';Ra) /a'oRa/ ahora (a'i) /a'i/ ah (a'un) /a'un/ an/aun
when they are not in an intoneme and are linked to what follows, have the frequent variants ('aoRa, 'ai, 'aun): (a';Ra 'Bj;ne, 'aoRa) /a'oRa 'bjene/ ahora viene (a'i
e'ta, 'ai)i (-s-)a /a'i es'ta/ ah t (a'um mi 'pa;Re, 'aum) /a'un mi'paRe/ aun mi padre (a'un no'ale, 'au)i (-s-)a /a'un no'sale/ an no sale
In the case of /'j[s]/, in an intoneme (more often when followed by a pause), it
is quite frequent to nd, even in the neutral accent, a pronunciation which, often,
seems as if it were /'i[s]/, while, it is generally only /i'[s]/: (paR'tj, &paRti')
/par'tjo/ parti (a'j, &ai')i (-s)a /a'jos/ adis (lim'pj, &limpi') /lim'pje/
limpi (em'pj, &empi') /em'pje/ en pie however, occasionally, we can doubtlessly have the structure ('i&), even in neutral pronunciation: (paR'ti&, a'i&, lim'pi&,
em'pi&)i (-s)a.

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6.3.2.10. In fast and familiar speech, common words and proper names in a preintoneme with ('ia) /'ia/ a frequently become ('ja) /'ja/: (al'dia i'jnte, al'dja, al&djai'-) /al'dia si'gjente/ al da si%iente ('p;ko 'ia e'pw, 'ja, 'p;ko&ja)i
(-z, -z, -s-, -s)a /'pokos 'ias es'pwes/ pocos d dpus (u'tia o'l;Re, u'tja, u&tjao'-)i (s-, -s)a /su'tia o'loRes/ su ta Dolor (&doNama'Ria maR'ti;ne, &doNama'Rja, &doNama&RjamaR'-)i (-s)a /doNama'Ria maR'tine/ doa Mara Martnez (gaR'ia u'tjRr:e, gaR'ja, gaR&jau'-)i (-s-, -s)a /gaR'ia gu'tjeRr:e/ Garca Gutirrez (&noeR'Bia
paRa'na;a, -'Bja, -&BjapaRa'-)i (-s-)a /noseR'bia paRa'naa/ no serva para nada
Other examples: (ea&Bia'pwto e'pj, ea&Bja'-, a-)i (s-)a /seabia'pwesto e'pje/
se haba puto de pie (&eta'Ria kan'ao, -'Rja, -&Rjakan'-)i (&es-, 'sa;os)a /esta'Rian
kan'saos/ taran cansados (&nopo'RiaN Le'a; Ra'tjmpo, -'RjaN, -&RjaNLe'-)i (,-)a
/nopo'Rian Le'gaR a'tjempo/ no podran egar a tiempo
Intonation
6.3.3. 6.3 shows the preintonemes and intonemes of the neutral Iberian and
American Spanish language. erefore, let us simply look at the fundamental examples. It is important to make comparisons both between them and with those
of other languages:
/./: (me'Bi ma'Na;na poR&lama'Na;na3 3)i (me'Bi ma'Na;na poR&lamaNa;na3 3)a /me'boi ma'Nana poRlama'Nana./ Me voy maana por la maana.
6.3. Iberian-Spanish preintonemes and intonemes.
/ / (2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2)

/./ (2 ' 3 3)

/ / ( 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2)

/?/ (2 2 1)

/ / ( 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2)

// (2 ' 1 1)

/ / ( 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2)

/,/ (2 ' 2)

6.4. American-Spanish preintonemes and intonemes.

/ / (2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2)

/./ (2 3 3)

/ / ( 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2)

/?/ (2 ' 2 1)

/ / ( 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2)

// (2 2 2)

/ / ( 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2 2 ' 2)

/,/ (2 ' 2)

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/?/: (e'ta nu't;e kontnto21)i (es'ta nus't;es kon'tntos21)a /es'ta nus'tees

kon'tentos?/ Estn ted contentos?
//: (&ima'Na;na &noRr:e'i;Bo no'ti;ja1 1| le&kRiBi'R e'nw;Bo3 3)i (&sima'Na;na &noRr:e'si;Bo noti;sja2 2| les&kRiBi'R enw;Bo3 3)a /sima'Nana noRre'ibo no'tija| leeskRibi'Re
e'nwebo./ Si maana no recibo noticia, le cribir de nuevo.
Text
6.4.0. e transcribed passage, e North Wind and the Sun is given in four
normalized versions. We start with the (neutral) Iberian pronunciation of (neutral British) English this is the rst step of the phonetic method (the written text
is given in 2.5.2.0). e Spanish translation follows, in its neutral version.
At the end, as always, there is the version which gives the English pronunciation of Spanish, by neutral British speakers, uent in Spanish (after prolonged contact with native speakers, but with no help from the phonetic method), who have
adequately learned the relative prominences, but who substantially use segmental
and intonation elements which are typical of neutral British English (for reference
purposes, although, of course, a neutral accent is not so common). Obviously, the
same principle is valid for the foreign pronunciation of English, given rst.
Speakers of American English could prepare their own version both of the Spanish pronunciation of English and of their pronunciation of Spanish, as an excellent exercise, by listening to native speakers, best of all after recording them. Of
course, speakers of other languages could do the same thing. e author would be
happy to receive their transcriptions and recordings, both in case of help should
they need it and to make their contribution known to others (possibly in our
website on canIPA Natural Phonetics 0.12).
Iberian Spanish pronunciation (of English)
6.4.1. (de'nR 'wind2 ande'an2 wRdi'pju;tin 'gwiC we'tRgeR3 3| 'wn a'tRa;BeleR2 'kim a'lg2 'r:a tina'wRm 'kluk3 3| dia'Ri{}2\ ai'wa xu'fR a'i;e2 iN'mikin de'tRa;BeleR2 'ti ki'ku 'kf1 1| &juBikan'i;eR e"tRgeR &andi'aeR3 3||
'dn2 de'nR 'win2 'blu2 a'xaR2 ai'ku3 3| &ba{}e'mR xi'Blu1 1| de'mR 'kluli2 &ie'tRa;BeleR2\ 'ful di'kluk a'Rauxin3 3| &an[d]a'la{t}2\ de'nR 'win2 'gi 'Ba ja'tmt3 3|| 'dn2 de'an 'j 'naut3 3 'wRmli3 3| &andi'mi;jali2\ de'tRa;BeleR 'tu 'kf3 3 xi'kuk3 3|| an'u2 e'nR 'win{d}2 &wo'Blai tukoM'f2| &dae'an3 3 we'tRgeR3 3
&Be'tu3 3||
&dijulaik21 de't;Ri2| dju'wn tu'xi;Ri tan21|||)

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Spanish Text
6.4.2. El viento norte y el sol poraban sobre cul de eos era el ms fuerte, cuando acert a par un viajero envuelto en an>a capa. Convinieron en e ien ant
lograra obligar al viajero a itarse la capa sera considerado ms poderoso.
El viento norte sopl con gran furia, pero cuanto ms soplaba, ms se arrebujaba
en su capa el viajero; por n el viento norte abandon la empra. Entonc bri el
sol con ardor, e inmediatamente se dpoj de su capa el viajero; por lo e el viento
norte hubo de reconocer la superioridad del sol.
Te ha %stado el cuento? Vamos a repetirlo?
Neutral Iberian pronunciation
6.4.3. (el'Bjnto 'nRte2 jel'l2\ poR'fja;Ban2 &oBRe'kwal 'd;Lo2\ &eRael'ma 'fwRte3 3|
&kwandoaeR't apa'a; Rumbja'X;Ro2 em'bwlto e'na~Ca 'ka;pa3 3| &kombi'nj;Ron2 e&kekje'nante lo'Ra;Ra2 oBli'a; RalBja'X;Ro2 aki'taRe la'ka;pa1 1| e'Ria kon&ie'Ra;o2
'ma poe'R;o3 3||
el'Bjnto 'nRte2\ o'pl ko'gRaM2 'fu;Rja3 3| &peRo'kwanto 'ma o'pla;Ba1 1| 'ma aR&r:eBu'Xa;Ba2 enu'ka;pa3 3 [e]lBja'X;Ro3 3|| poR'fin2\ el'Bjnto 'nRte2 a&Bando'n lFem'pR;a3 3|| en'tne1 1\ BRi'L el'l3 3 konaR'R3 3| eiNmejata'mnte2 e&epo'X3 3 eu'ka;pa3 3 [e]lBja'X;Ro3 3|| &poRlo&kel'Bjnto 'nRte1 1\ 'u;Bo eR&r:ekono'R3 3 la&upe&RjoRi'a el'l3 3||
&tauta;o21 el'kwnto2| 'ba;mo aR&r:epetiRlo21|||)
Neutral (central-south-) American pronunciation
6.4.4. (el'Bjnto 'nRte2 jel'sl2\ poR'fja;Ban2 &soBRe'kwal 'd;,os2\ &eRael'mas fwRte3 3|
&kwandoaseR't apa'sa; Rumbja'x;Ro2 em'bwlto e'na~Ca ka;pa3 3| &kombi'nj;Ron2 e&kekje'nantes lo'Ra;Ra2 oBli'a; RalBja'x;Ro2 aki'taRse laka;pa2 2| se'Ria kon&sie'Ra;o2
'mas poeR;so3 3||
el'Bjnto 'nRte2\ so'pl ko'gRaM2 fu;Rja3 3| &peRo'kwanto 'mas sopla;Ba2 2| 'mas saR&r:eBu'xa;Ba2 ensuka;pa3 3 [e]lBjax;Ro3 3|| poR'fin2\ el'Bjnto 'nRte2 a&Bando'n lFempR;sa3 3|| entnses2 2\ BRi', elsl3 3 konaRR3 3| eiNmejata'mnte2 se&espox3 3
esuka;pa3 3 [e]lBjax;Ro3 3|| &poRlo&kel'Bjnto nRte2 2\ 'u;Bo eR&r:ekonosR3 3 la&supe&RjoRi'a elsl3 3||
&taus'ta;o21 el'kwnto2| 'ba;mo saR&r:epe'tiRlo21|||)

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English pronunciation of Spanish

6.4.5. (&vi5nT 'n;TI2 i's:2\ &ph;fi'A;vn2 5s;b>I 'khwA: 'Djs2\ &>5ms f'TI3 3| 5khwA;nD s'Th; A;p'sA: uMvi'h>2 &Mv5T n'A;~c
'khA;p3 3| &khMvni'>n2 5kh;I ki'n 'A;nTs l'g>A;>2 &bl5gA:> vi'h>2 k5ThA;sI l'khA;p2| s5>Ii kn&sD'>A;D2 5ms pD'>s3 3||
&vi5nT 'n;TI2\ s5phl; k'g>A;M2 'f>i3 3| 5ph> 'khwA;T 'ms s'phlA;v32| 5ms si>b'hA;v2 nsu'khA;p3 3 &vi'h>3 3|| ph;'fI;in2\ &vi5nT
'n;TI2 &bnD5n; lA;m'ph>s3 3|| n'Th;nss32\ b>5j; 's:3 3 khnA;'D:3 3| &InmDi&A;T'mnTI2 sI&Dsp'h;3 3 Dsu'khA;p3 3 &vi'h>3 3|| &ph;l5kh;I vi'nT 'n;TI32\ 5uv D&>kn's;3 3 l&sup>i>5DA;D D's:3 3||
&ThIg'sTA;D21 &'khwnT2 5vA;ms &>p'Thl21|||)