The Knowledge Assessment Methodology (KAM)

M AST ER MAPP, Se m e stru I , 2 01 4- 201 5
-- MTT Kn owl edge As s es sm ent M eth odo log y (KA M)
The Knowledge Assessment Methodology (KAM)

The KAM consists of 148 structural and qualitative variables for 146 countries to measure their
performance on the 4 Knowledge Economy (KE) pillars: Economic Incentive and Institutional Regime,
Education, Innovation, and Information and Communications Technologies. Variables are normalized
on a scale of 0 to 10 relative to other countries in the comparison group. The KAM also derives a countrys
overall Knowledge Economy Index (KEI) and Knowledge Index (KI).
Knowledge Economy Index (KEI) an aggregate index representing a countrys or regions overall
preparedness to compete in the Knowledge Economy (KE). The KEI is based on a simple average of four
sub-indexes, which represent the four pillars of the knowledge economy:
Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) Infrastructure

Knowledge Index (KI) is the simple average of the normalized country scores on the key variables in three
pillars education, innovation and ICT.
DEVELOPMENT OF A KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY:
An economic and institutional regime
that provides incentives for the efficient use of existing and new knowledge and the flourishing of
entrepreneurship
An educated and skilled population
that can create, share, and use knowledge well
A dynamic information infrastructure
that can facilitate the effective communication, dissemination, and processing of information
An efficient innovation system made up of firms, research centers, universities, consultants and other
organizations that can tap into the growing stock of global knowledge, assimilate and adapt it to local needs, and
create new technology.
Each of these pillars, or KEI sub-indexes, is based on three indicators that serve as proxies for the
performance of that pillar (figure 1).
Figure 1. Componentele indicatorilor KEI si KI (n varianta de baz basic scoreboard)
Table 1. Punctajele KEI i KI scoruri n 2012

KEI
KI
Economic Incentive
Regime
Innovation
Education
ICT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
6
0
-2
2
3
3
7
-3
-5
Sweden
Finland
Denmark
Netherlands
Norway
New Zealand
Canada
Germany
Australia
Switzerland
9,43
9,33
9,16
9,11
9,11
8,97
8,92
8,9
8,88
8,87
9,38
9,22
9
9,22
8,99
8,93
8,72
8,83
8,98
8,65
9,58
9,65
9,63
8,79
9,47
9,09
9,52
9,1
8,56
9,54
9,74
9,66
9,49
9,46
9,01
8,66
9,32
9,11
8,92
9,86
8,92
8,77
8,63
8,75
9,43
9,81
8,61
8,2
9,71
6,9
9,49
9,22
8,88
9,45
8,53
8,3
8,23
9,17
8,32
9,2
44
45
9
6
Romania
Bulgaria
6,82
6,8
6,63
6,61
7,39
7,35
6,14
6,94
7,55
6,25
6,19
6,66
141
142
143
144
145
146
Regions
1
-9
-11
-1
-4
-8
-16
Guinea
Eritrea
Angola
Sierra Leone
Myanmar
Haiti
1,22
1,14
1,08
0,97
0,96
n/a
1,44
1,21
0,95
0,84
1,22
n/a
0,53
0,93
1,48
1,38
0,17
1,85
1,32
1,89
1,17
1,63
1,3
1,66
1,75
0,69
0,32
0,57
1,88
n/a
1,26
1,05
1,38
0,32
0,48
2,36
8,8
8,7
9,11
9,45
8,13
8,51
7,47
7,64
6,95
8,28
7,13
7,5
3
4
5
1
1
-2
North America
Europe and Central
Asia1
East Asia and the
Pacific
Latin America
World
Middle East and N.
Africa
South Asia
Africa
5,32
5,15
5,12
5,17
5,31
5,01
5,75
4,66
5,45
7,43
5,8
7,72
3,94
5,11
3,72
4,14
5,02
3,58
4,74
2,84
2,55
4,51
2,77
2,43
5,41
3,05
2,91
6,14
4,23
3,95
3,48
2,17
1,44
3,92
1,9
1,9
9,16
6,21
4,9
2,13
8,46
4,72
2,84
1,54
8,37
4,28
2,62
1,05
6
0
7
1
8
-1
Income Groups
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
High Income
Upper Middle Income
Lower Middle Income
Low Income
8,6
8,67
8,39
5,1
5,07
5,18
3,42
3,45
3,32
1,58
1,58
1,61
Surs: KAM 2012 (www.worldbank.org/kam).
Table 1 presents the Knowledge Economy Index (KEI) 2012 rankings for 146 countries. Sweden retains its firstplace position as the worlds most advanced knowledge economy, with a 2012 KEI of 9.43.
Sweden is especially strong in innovation and ICT, ranking second for both pillars. In the education
pillar, however, it fell to 6th place from 3rd place in 2000. Swedens competitiveness in the ICT pillar is
largely attributable to an increase in Internet users. Sweden is also remarkably strong in all the innovation
indicators: royalty payments and receipts, science and engineering (S&E) journal articles, and patents. The
slight decline in its education performance is mainly due to a drop in secondary and tertiary enrollment rates.
The gross secondary enrollment rate declined from 152% in 2000 to 103% most recently. The tertiary
enrollment rate has risen over time, but not as fast as other countries, so its normalized score declined from
9.72 in 2000 to 8.72 in the most recent year.
1
Europe and Central Asia: Albania, Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyz Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine,
Uzbekistan
Figure 2. Corelaia ntre indicatorii KEI i KI n 2012

10
y = 1.0022x - 0.0152
R = 0.9742
KEI most recent
8
7
RO [6.8, 6.61]
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
10
KI most recent
Figure 3. Comparaie Romnia i Suedia (prima clasat dup clasamentul KEI i KI, respectiv) - Principalii indicatori compozii:
Mediu economic, Inovare, Educaie i Sectorul TIC (n procente de performan pe ntreg eantionul)
100%
100.00% 100.00%
97.90%
99.30%
96.50%
90%
80%
70%
99.30%
80.50%
70.10%
72.90%
70.10%
63.80%
59.70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
indice KEI
Suedia
indice KI
Mediu
economic
Romania
Inovare
Educatie
TIC
Table 2. Poziia Romniei fa de ntregul eantion
Romania
Score
Rank (out of 146 countries)
Percent
Economic Incentive Regime
7.39
40
72.90%
Innovation
6.14
53
63.80%
Education
7.55
29
80.50%
ICT
6.19
59
Source: KAM 2012. www.worldbank.org/kam
59.70%
Figure 4. Comparaie Romania i prima clasat Suedia 12 dimensiuni de baz
Tariff & Nontariff9.3

Barriers, 2011
9.30
10
9.52
Internet Users per 1000 People, 2009
Regulatory Quality, 2009
9
8
6.92
7
5.86
6
9.93
9.79
Computers per 1000 People, 2008
Rule of Law, 2009
5
4
6.1
5.96
3
2
1
Total Telephones per 1000 People,
Royalty Payments and
8.83 6.62
9.76
0
6.4
2009
receipts(US$/pop.) 2009
9.86
8.37
6.41
Gross Tertiary Enrollment rate, 2009
8.72
5.62
6.55
Gross Secondary Enrollment rate,
2009
8.90
7.72
Average Years9.13
of Schooling, 2010
Romania
Sweden
S&E Journal Articles / Mil. People,

2007
9.93
Patents Granted by USPTO / Mil.

People, avg 2005-2009
9.52
Table 3. Caracterizare indicatori de baza (basic scoreboard) n Romania 1995,2000, 2012 (most recent)
Romania
Romania
(Group: All) 2012

Variable
actual
Tariff & Nontariff Barriers
Regulatory Quality4
Rule of Law
Romania
(Group: All) 2000
normalized
(Group: All) 1995
actual
normalized
actual
normalized
87,6
9,3
74
6,71
79
9,38
0,62
6,92
-0,1
4,62
-0,23
2,94
0,1
5,96
-0,14
5,03
0,01
5,56
Royalty Payments and receipts (US$/pop.)6
24,76
6,4
2,14
4,29
0,48
3,56
S&E Journal Articles / Mil. People
58,12
6,41
43,26
6,37
29,89
Patents Granted by USPTO8 / Mil. People9
0,45
5,62
0,22
5,07
0,1
5,1
Average Years of Schooling
10,37
7,72
9,9
8,11
9,61
8,35
Gross Secondary Enrollment rate10
93,5
6,55
80,58
5,28
77,9
6,25
67,07
8,37
24,04
5,72
18,29
5,31
1.430.00
6,62
280
5,79
130
5,72
190
6,1
30
4,89
10
5,32
360
5,86
40
7,45
Gross Tertiary Enrollment rate

Total Telephones per 1000 People11
Computers per 1000 People
12
Internet Users per 1000 People13
Figure 5. Analiza n dinamic pentru Romnia
formula used to normalize the scores for every country on every variable according to their ranking and in relation to the total number of
countries in the sample (Nc) with available data: Normalized (u) = 10*(Nw/Nc) where: Nw is the number of countries doing worse than one
specific country under study.
3
Tariff and non-tariff barriers provides a measure of the degree of competition, and is a composite of the rating on the average tariff rate,
non-tariff barriers to trade (such as import bans and quotas as well as strict labeling and licensing requirements) and corruption in the customs
service. Reported for 2011 by (Heritage Foundation).
4
Regulatory quality measures the incidence of market-unfriendly policies such as price controls or inadequate bank supervision, as well as
perceptions of the burdens imposed by excessive regulation in areas such as foreign trade and business development. 2009 (Governance
Indicators, World Bank)
5
Rule of law measures the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society. These include perceptions of the
incidence of both violent and non-violent crime, the effectiveness and predictability of the judiciary, and the enforceability of contracts.
2009 (Governance Indicators, World Bank)
6
Royalty and License Fees Payments and Receipts (US$ millions) Per Million Population, 2009, Royalty and License Fees Payments (per
mil pop.) + Royalty and License Fees Receipts (per mil pop.).
7
Scientific and technical journal articles refer to the number of scientific and engineering articles published in the following fields: physics,
biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research, engineering and technology, and earth and space sciences. National
Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators. Sources: Thomson Reuters, SCI and SSCI; The Patent Board; and National Science
Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, special tabulations. Scientific and Technical Journal Articles Per Million Population,
2007 is the variable above, weighted by million population.
8
The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is an agency in the US Department of Commerce that issues patents to inventors and
businesses for their inventions, and trademark registration for product and intellectual property identification.
9
Patent Applications Granted by the USPTO, average for 2005-09 (USPTO) shows the number of U.S. patent documents (i.e., utility
patents, design patents, plant patents, reissue patents, defensive publications, and statutory invention registrations) granted. The origin of the
patent is determined by the residence of the first-named inventor. Patent Applications Granted by the USPTO Per Million People, average
for 2005-09 (USPTO) is the variable above weighted by million population.
10
Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the
level of education indicated. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying
the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized
teachers. Tertiary education, whether or not to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the
successful completion of education at the secondary level.
11
Telephones per 1,000 population (2009) is the sum of telephone mainlines and mobile phones and provides a better indicator of connectivity
than either in isolation. Telephone mainlines are telephone lines connecting a customer's equipment to the public switched telephone network.
Mobile telephone subscribers are subscribers to a public mobile telephone service using cellular technology.
12
Computers per 1,000 population refers to the number of self-contained computers designed to be used by a single individual and is an
indicator of personal computer penetration and use of relatively new technology for information processing.
13
Internet users per 10,000 population refers to the number of computers with active Internet Protocol (IP) addresses connected to the Internet
and is used as an indication of how well a population has advanced to the level of adapting and using advanced communication channels
(Internet) to serve its priorities.
Internet Users per 1000

People
Tariff & Nontariff Barriers

9.3
10
8
5.86
Computers per 1000 People
Regulatory Quality
6.92
6.1
5.96
Rule of Law
2
Total Telephones per 1000
People
6.62
6.4
6.41
Gross Tertiary Enrollment

rate
8.37
5.62
6.55
Gross Secondary Enrollment

rate
7.72
Royalty Payments and

receipts(US$/pop.)
S&E Journal Articles / Mil.

People
Patents Granted by USPTO /

Mil. People
Average Years of Schooling

2012
2000
1995
Figure 6. Privire de ansamblu - Romania vs. Europa i Asia Central sau Lume
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Romania
Europe and Central Asia
World
Table 4. Caracterizare indicatori de detaliu (custom scoreboard) n Romania, Europa i Asia Central vs. Lume 2012 (most recent)
Variable
Annual GDP Growth (%), 2005-200914
GDP per Capita (in/nal current $ PPP), 2009
GDP (current US$ bill), 2009
Human Development Index, 201015
Multidimensional Poverty Index, 200816
Gender Inequality Index, 200817
Seats in Parliament Held by Women (as % of total), 200918
Composite Risk Rating, 07/2010-06/201119
Gr. Capital Formation as % of GDP, 2005-200920
Trade as % of GDP, 2009
Tariff & Nontariff Barriers, 2011
Soundness of Banks (1-7), 201021
Exports of Goods and Services as % of GDP, 2009
Interest Rate Spread, 200922
Intensity of Local Competition (1-7), 201023
Domestic Credit to Private Sector as % of GDP, 2009
Cost to Register a Business as % of GNI Per Capita, 2011
Days to Start a Business, 2011
Cost to Enforce a Contract (% of Debt), 2011
FDI Outflows as % of GDP, 2004-08
FDI Inflows as % of GDP, 2004-08
Romania
(Group: All)
actual
normalized
3,6
14.278.00
161,11
0,78
0
0,48
10
65,83
27,6
74
87,6
4,7
33
5
4,7
47
3
14
28,9
0,08
7,14
4,44
6,52
6,67
7,08
10
6,12
2,23
2,82
7,68
4,68
9,3
3,28
4,51
7,29
4,35
5,15
7,52
5,39
4,04
2,42
7,64
14

(Group: All)
actual
normalized
1,2
23.696.00
371,28
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
73,02
20,4
70
n/a
4,74
36
5
4,91
130
6,2
13,33
22,42
n/a
n/a
1,32
7,34
8,23
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
6,41
2,91
4,33
n/a
3,51
5,28
7,29
5,53
8,79
5,92
5,67
6,56
n/a
n/a
World
(Group: All)
actual
normalized
2,4
10.686.00
239,49
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
70,43
21,4
54,8
n/a
5,11
24
6
4,86
138
25,93
23,54
31,77
n/a
n/a
2,57
5,34
7,74
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
5,36
3,59
2,34
n/a
4,73
2,68
5,61
5,15
8,86
2,73
3,65
3,09
n/a
n/a
Average Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth, 1993-97 and 2005-2009(%). Annual GDP growth is a good indicator of a
country's overall economic development. World Bank and OECD national accounts data.
15
Human Development Index (HDI), 2010 (UNDP Human Development Report 2010). The HDI provides information on the human
development aspect of economic growth. The HDI is based on three indicators: longevity, as measured by life expectancy at birth; educational
attainment, as measured by a combination of adult literacy rate and the combined gross primary, secondary and tertiary enrollment ratio; and
standard of living, as measured by GDP per capita (Purchasing Power Parity US$ ).
16
Multidimensional Poverty Index, 2008 (UNDP Human Development Report 2010 Tables 5). A measure of serious deprivations in the
dimensions of health, education and living standards that combines the number of deprived and the intensity of their deprivation.
17
Gender Inequality Index, 2008 (UNDP Human Development Report 2010 Table 4). A measure that captures the loss in achievements due to
gender disparities in the dimensions of reproductive health, empowerment and labor force participation. Values range from 0 (perfect equality)
to 1 (total inequality).
18
Seats in Parliament Held by Women (as % of total), 2009 (UNDP Human Development Report 2009 Table K). This refers held by women
in a lower or single house or an upper house or senate, where relevant.
19
Composite Risk Rating, July 2010-June 2011 (monthly average) (International Country Risk Guide) The rating is an overall index, ranging
from 0 to 100, based on 22 components of political, financial and economic risk: very high risk ( 00.0 to 49.9), high risk (50.0 to 59.9), moderate
risk (60.0 to 69.9), low risk (70.0 to 79.9), and very low risk (80.0 to 100).
20
Gross Capital Formation as % of GDP (Average), 2005-2009. GCF consists of outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy plus
net changes in the level of inventories. World Bank and OECD national accounts data.
21
Soundness of Banks, 2010 (WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 Table 8.07). This is based on the statistical score on a 1-7 scale
of a large sample group in a particular country responding to the question of whether "banks are generally sound" in their country. (1= insolvent
and may require government bailout, 7= generally healthy with sound balance sheets).
22
Interest Rate Spread (lending rate minus deposit rate), 2009. The interest rate charged by banks on loans to prime customers minus the
interest rate paid by commercial or similar banks for demand, time, or savings deposits. International Monetary Fund, International Financial
Statistics and data files.
23
Intensity of Local Competition, 2010 (WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 Table 6.01). This is based on the statistical score on
a 1-7 scale of a large sample group in a particular country responding to the question of whether competition in the local markets is intense in
their country. (1= limited in most industries and price-cutting is rare, 7 = intense and market leadership changes over time).
Variable
Royalty and License Fees Payments (US$ mil.), 200924
Royalty and License Fees Payments (US$/pop.), 2009
Royalty and License Fees Receipts (US$ mil.), 2009
Royalty and License Fees Receipts (US$/pop.), 2009
Royalty Payments and receipts(US$mil.), 2009
Royalty Payments and receipts(US$/pop.) 2009
Science and Engineering Enrolment Ratio (%), 200925
Science Enrolment Ratio (%), 2009
Researchers in R&D, 2009
Researchers in R&D / Mil. People, 2009
Total Expenditure for R&D as % of GDP, 2008
Manuf. Trade as % of GDP, 2009
University-Company Research Collaboration (1-7), 2010
S&E Journal Articles, 2007
S&E Journal Articles / Mil. People, 2007
Availability of Venture Capital (1-7), 2010
Patents Granted by USPTO, avg 2005-2009
Patents Granted by USPTO / Mil. People, avg 2005-2009
High-Tech Exports as % of Manuf. Exports, 200926
Private Sector Spending on R&D (1-7), 2010
Firm-Level Technology Absorption (1-7), 201027
Value Chain Presence (1-7), 201028
Capital goods gross imports(% of GDP), avg 2005-09
Capital goods gross exports (% of GDP), 2005-09
S&E articles with foreign coauthorship (%), 2008
avg number of citations per S&E article, 2008
Intellectual Property Protection (1-7), 201029
Adult Literacy Rate (% age 15 and above), 2007
Average Years of Schooling, 2010
Romania
(Group: All)
actual
normalized
339
15,78
193
8,98
532
24,76
21,87
4,9
28.398.00
1.321.92
0,59
45,18
3,1
1.252.29
58,12
2,4
9,6
0,45
10
2,7
4,2
3
11,32
6,09
55,98
1,08
3,2
97,65
10,37
6,72
6,4
7,78
7,3
6,96
6,4
5,06
0,89
5,48
4,38
5,25
7,39
2,9
7,1
6,41
4,58
6,51
5,62
6,87
3,66
2,29
2,37
7,39
7,54
3,33
2,29
4,43
6,37
7,72
24

(Group: All)
actual
normalized
1.595.64
104,23
1.007.26
65,8
2.602.90
170,03
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
46,22
3,98
6.247.25
327,1
2,69
477,69
31,44
16
3,52
4,96
4,11
8,03
8,48
50,41
2,36
4,1
n/a
9,65
8,28
8,28
8,86
8,6
8,52
8,36
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
7,79
6,6
8,52
8,1
6,18
8,6
8,39
7,71
7,33
5,73
7,56
4,14
8,02
2,19
8,78
6,87
n/a
6,42
World
(Group: All)
actual
normalized
999,27
27,88
961,04
26,81
1.960.30
54,68
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
39,96
3,74
5.229.05
114,81
2,67
849,58
27,58
20
3,27
4,88
3,72
7,3
7,32
40,02
2,55
3,73
84
7,76
7,71
6,68
8,84
8,13
8,12
7,4
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
6,7
5,99
8,45
7,41
6,11
9,01
8,33
8,17
6,6
5,23
6,13
3,54
7,95
0,8
9,13
5,92
2,64
3,74
Royalty and License Fees Payments, (US$ millions), 2009. These are payments between residents and nonresidents for the authorized use
of intangible, non-produced, non-financial assets and proprietary rights (such as patents, copyrights, trademarks, industrial processes, and
franchises) and for the use, through licensing agreements, of produced originals of prototypes, such as manuscripts and films. International
Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files. Royalty and License Fees Payments (US$ millions) Per Million
Population is the variable above, weighted by million population per country.
Royalty and License Fees Receipts (US$ millions), 2009. These are receipts between residents and nonresidents for the authorized use of
intangible, non-produced, non-financial assets and proprietary rights (such as patents, copyrights, trademarks, industrial processes, and
franchises) and for the use, through licensing agreements, of produced originals of prototypes (such as manuscripts and films). International
Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files. Royalty and License Fees Receipts (US$ millions) Per Million
Population is the variable above, weighted by million population.
25
Science and Engineering Enrollment Ratio, 2009 (as % of tertiary enrollment students) (UNESCO). This includes the fields of science
(except social science), engineering, manufacturing and construction. Science Enrollment Ratio, 2009 (as % of tertiary enrollment students)
(UNESCO) includes the field of science only, except social science.
26
High-Technology Exports as % of Manufactured Exports, 2009. High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as
in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery.
27
Firm-Level Technology Absorption, 2010 (WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 Table 9.02). This is based on the statistical
score on a 1-7 scale of a large sample group in a particular country responding to the question of whether the companies in your country are (1=
not able to absorb new technology, 7 = aggressive in absorbing new technology).
28
Value Chain Breadth, 2010 (WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 Table 11.05). In your country, do exporting companies have a
narrow or broad presence in the value chain? [1 = narrow, primarily involved in individual steps of the value chain (e.g., resource extraction or
production); 7 = broad, present across the entire value chain (i.e., do not only produce but also perform product design, marketing sales,
logistics, and after-sales services).
29
Intellectual Property Protection, 2010 (WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 Table 1.02). This is based on the statistical score
on a 1-7 scale of a large sample group in a particular country responding to the question of whether intellectual property protection is strong in
their country (1= weak or nonexistent, 7 = is equal to the world's most stringent).
Variable
Average Years of Schooling, female, 2010
Gross Secondary Enrollment rate, 2009
Life Expectancy at Birth, 200930
Internet Access in Schools (1-7), 201031
Public Spending on Education as % of GDP, 200932
4th Grade Achievement in Math(TIMSS), 200733
4th Grade Achievement in Science(TIMSS), 2007
Quality of Science and Math Education (1-7), 201035
Quality of Management Schools (1-7), 2010
15-year-olds' math literacy (PISA), 200936
15-year-olds' science literacy (PISA), 2009
School Enrollment, Secondary, Female (% gross), 2009
School Enrollment, Tertiary, Female (% gross), 2009
No Schooling, total, 2010
No Schooling, female, 2010
Secondary School completion ,total (% of pop 15+), 2010
Secondary School completion ,female (% of pop 15+), 2010
Tertiary School completion ,total (% of pop 15+), 2010
Tertiary School completion ,female (% of pop 15+), 2010
Unemployment Rate,Total (% of labor force), 2005-2009
Unemployment Rate, Male (% of male labor force), 2005-2009
Unemployment Rate,Female (% of female labor force), 20052009
Employment in Industry (%), 2008
Employment in Services (%), 2008
Prof. and Tech. Workers as % of Labor Force, 2008
Extent of Staff Training (1-7), 2010
Romania
(Group: All)
actual
normalized

(Group: All)
actual
normalized
World
(Group: All)
actual
normalized
10,13
93,5
67,07
73
4,3
4
n/a
n/a
461
462
4,6
3,7
427
428
93,17
77
1,6
2,1
38,7
37,3
7,2
6,7
6,72
7,52
7,64
6,55
8,37
5,66
5,95
4,59
n/a
n/a
4,78
4,35
7,18
3,28
2,95
2,95
6,02
7,89
7,64
7,56
8,19
8,19
5,83
5,75
5,36
3,3
n/a
96,63
58,13
75
4,84
5
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
4,46
4,36
n/a
n/a
96
64
1,3
n/a
25,3
n/a
9,9
n/a
8
7,8
n/a
7,55
7,41
6,76
7,14
7,43
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
6,64
5,9
n/a
n/a
6,88
6,89
8,11
n/a
5,08
n/a
6,81
n/a
3,88
2,98
n/a
68
27
69
4,1
4
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
4,01
4,22
n/a
n/a
67
28
14,8
n/a
26,1
n/a
6,7
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
3,07
4,35
3,52
5,73
4,59
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
5,23
5,65
n/a
n/a
2,44
3,38
2,56
n/a
5,24
n/a
5,59
n/a
n/a
n/a
5,68
31
40
19,32
3,9
6,97
8,72
1,07
4,2
5,04
8,4
26
66
n/a
4,11
4,82
6,98
6,19
n/a
6,18
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
4,02
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
5,57
30
Life Expectancy at Birth, 2009. The number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at its time of birth were
to stay the same throughout its life.
31
Internet Access in Schools, 2010(WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 Table 5.06). This is based on the statistical score on a 1-7
scale of a large sample group in a particular country responding to the question of whether internet access in schools in their country is (1= very
limited, 7= pervasive-most children have frequent access).
32
Public Spending on Education as % of GDP, 2009. This consists of public spending on public education plus subsidies to private education
at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
33
4th Grade Achievement in Mathematics, 2007 (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, TIMSS). This is based on the score
assigned to the performance of 4th grade students on a standardized mathematics test.
4th Grade Achievement in Science, 2007 (TIMSS). This is based on the score assigned to the performance of 4th grade students on a
standardized science test.
34
8th Grade Achievement in Mathematics, 2007 (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, TIMSS). This is based on the score
assigned to the performance of 8th grade students on a standardized mathematics test.
8th Grade Achievement in Science, 2007 ( TIMSS). This is based on the score assigned to the performance of 8th grade students on a
standardized science test.
35
Quality of Science and Math Education, 2010(WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 Table 5.04). This is based on the statistical
score on a 1-7 scale of a large sample group in a particular country responding to the question of whether math and science education in you
countrys schools (1 = lag far behind most of the countries, 7 = are among the best in the world).
Quality of Management Education, 2010 (WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 Table 5.05). This is based on the statistical score
on a 1-7 scale of a large sample group in a particular country asked to rate the "quality of local management schools" (1= limited or of poor
quality, 7 = among the world's best).
36
15-year-olds' math literacy, 2009 (OECD Program for International Student Assessment, PISA) scores of 15-year-old students in
mathematics literacy. 15-year-olds' science literacy, 2009 (PISA) scores of 15-year-old students in science literacy.
Variable
Brain Drain (1-7), 201037
Cooperation in labor-employer relations(1-7), 2010
Flexibility of wage determination(1-7), 201038
Pay and productivity(1-7), 201039
Reliance on professional management(1-7), 201040
Local availability of specialized research and training
services(1-7), 201041
Difficulty of Hiring Index, 201042
Rigidity of Hours Index,201043
Difficulty of Redundancy Index,201044
Redundancy costs (weeks of wages), 2010
Labor tax and contributions (%), 201145
Employment to population ratio, Total, 15+ (%), 2005-2009
Employment to population ratio, Male, 15+ (%), 2005-2009
Employment to population ratio, Female, 15+ (%), 2005-2009
Employment to population ratio, Total, ages 15-24(%), 20052009
Employment to population ratio, Male, ages 15-24(%), 20052009
Employment to population ratio, Female, ages 15-24(%),
2005-2009
Employment to population ratio, Male, 25+ (%), 2005-2009
Employment to population ratio, Female, 25+ (%), 2005-2009
Share of unemployment with tertiary education , 2007
Share of unemployment with secondary education, 2007
Labor force participation rate, total, 15+, 2005-2009
Labor force participation rate, male, 15+, 2005-2009
Labor force participation rate, female, 15+, 2005-2009
Labor force participation rate, total, 15-24, 2005-2009
Labor force participation rate, male, 15-24, 2005-2009
Labor force participation rate, female, 15-24, 2005-2009
Labor force participation rate, male, 15-64, 2005-2009
Labor force participation rate, female, 15-64, 2005-2009
Romania
(Group: All)
actual
normalized

(Group: All)
actual
normalized
World
(Group: All)
actual
normalized
2,4
3,6
5
4,4
4,4
1,68
0,99
4,73
7,86
5,5
3,5
4,51
4,75
4,13
4,58
5,95
6,56
3,78
6,28
6,11
3,52
4,43
4,9
3,91
4,43
6,07
5,9
4,47
5,46
5,73
3,5
67
40
30
8
31,8
50,52
57,22
44,26
3,05
1,56
3,55
5,53
9,14
1,28
2,11
0,92
3,87
4,59
32,5
33,74
25,87
27,85
25,29
53,4
61,4
45,8
7,1
5,5
3,87
6,13
6,26
2,3
3,13
2,01
4,47
4,17
31,04
25,02
28,72
52,73
18,08
60,25
72,75
48,5
5,57
5,43
6,28
6,72
3,99
4,75
6,09
6,3
5,32
24,32
1,13
35,4
3,91
45
6,51
28,08
0,85
39,4
3,24
51,5
6,09
20,44
56
63,78
48,92
6
66
54,16
61,92
46,95
30,58
35,63
25,33
62,65
69,86
55,53
1,83
2,04
1,06
3,8
8,65
1,08
1,62
0,49
3,17
0,77
0,63
1,62
2,04
0,56
3,87
31,4
n/a
n/a
n/a
18
49
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
68,8
76,6
61,4
5,04
n/a
n/a
n/a
4,61
3,49
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
4,61
2,57
5,53
38
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
70
83
57
6,23
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
5,18
7,01
4,05
37
Brain Drain, 2010 (WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 Table 7.08). This is based on the statistical score on a 1-7 scale of a
large sample group in a particular country asked to rate whether the country's talented people (1= normally leave to pursue opportunities in other
countries, 7= almost always remain in the country).
38
Flexibility of wage determination, 2010 (WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 Table 7.02). In your country, wages are (1 = set
by a centralized bargaining process, 7 = up to each individual company).
39
Pay and productivity, 2010 (WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 Table 7.06). In your country, pay is (1 = not related to worker
productivity, 7 = strongly related to worker productivity).
40
Reliance on professional management, 2010 (WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011 Table 7.07). Senior management positions in
your country are (1 = usually held by relatives or friends without regard to merit, 7 = mostly held by professional managers chosen for their
superior qualification).
41
Local availability of specialized research and training services, 2010(WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011Table 5.07). In your
country, specialized research and training services are (1 = not available, 7 = available from world-class local institutions).
42
Difficulty of hiring index, 2010 (Doing Business) Applicability and maximum duration of fixed-term contracts and minimum wage for
trainee or first-time employee. Higher values indicate more rigid regulations.
43
Rigidity of hours index, 2010 (Doing Business) Scheduling of non-standard work hours and annual paid leave.
44
Difficulty of Redundancy index, 2010 (Doing Business) Notification and approval requirements for termination of a redundant worker or a
group of redundant workers, obligation to reassign or retrain and priority rules for redundancy and reemployment
45
Labor tax and contributions (%), 2011 (Doing Business) amount of taxes and mandatory contributions on labor paid by the business as a
percentage of commercial profits. This amount include mandatory social security contributions paid by the employer both to public and private
entities, as well as other taxes or contributions related to employing workers.
10
Variable
Labor force participation rate, male, 65+, 2005-2009
Labor force participation rate, female, 65+, 2005-2009
Youth unemployment rate, total, 2005-2009
Youth unemployment rate, male, 2005-2009
Youth unemployment rate, female, 2005-2009
Adult unemployment rate, total, 2005-2009
Adult unemployment rate, male, 2005-2009
Adult unemployment rate, female, 2005-2009
Share of youth unemployment in total unemployment, total,
2005-2009
Share of youth unemployment in total unemployment, male,
2005-2009
Share of youth unemployment in total unemployment, female,
2005-2009
Long-term unemployment, total, 25+, 2005-2009
Long-term unemployment, male, 25+, 2005-2009
Long-term unemployment, female, 25+, 2005-2009
Labor force with tertiary education (% of total), 2007
Labor force with secondary education (% of total), 2007
Firms offering formal training (% of firms), 2009
Females in Labor Force (% of total labor force), 2009
Total Telephones per 1000 People, 2009
Main Telephone Lines per 1000 People, 2009
Mobile Phones per 1000 People, 2009
Computers per 1000 People, 2008
Households with Television (%), 2008
Daily Newspapers per 1,000 People, 2004
International Internet Bandwidth (bits per person), 200946
Internet Users per 1000 People, 2009
Fixed broadband internet access tariff (US$ per month), 2009
Availability of e-Government Services (1-7), 200847
Government Online Service Index (1-7), 2010
ICT Expenditure as % of GDP, 200848"
Romania
(Group: All)
actual
normalized

(Group: All)
actual
normalized
14,26
16,51
12,7
20,24
20,99
19,15
5,22
5,92
4,36
3,8
2,89
5,7
3,23
2,06
4,23
4,85
3,3
7,01
n/a
n/a
n/a
18,2
18
18,8
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
3,79
3,35
4,28
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
29,91
6,36
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
29,6
6,6
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
30,48
n/a
n/a
n/a
13
62
25
45
1.430.00
250
1.180.00
190
97
70
18.271.00
360
7
3,16
0,42
5
5,98
n/a
n/a
n/a
1,74
8,9
3,91
6,06
6,62
6,51
7,45
6,1
7,04
4,4
8,94
5,86
9,79
3,36
6,85
5,63
n/a
39
38
39,6
29
46
n/a
45
1.580.00
370
1.210.00
340
98
173
16.713.00
540
29
4,2
0,43
4
n/a
0,38
0,38
0,38
6,67
6,58
n/a
6,06
7,76
7,95
7,72
7,4
7,86
7,33
8,84
7,34
5,43
6,12
7,01
1,97
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
40
260
180
690
150
n/a
105
3.526.00
270
30
3,89
0,48
6
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
3,17
0,76
5,27
3,38
5,58
n/a
5,67
6,6
4,41
4,93
5,08
7,52
7,61
46
World
(Group: All)
actual
normalized
International Internet Bandwidth (bits per person), 2009 is the contracted capacity of international connections between countries for
transmitting Internet traffic. International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Development Report and database, and World
Bank estimates.
47
Availability of e-Government Services, 2008 (WEF The Global Information Technology Report 2008/2009 Table 9.02). This is based on a
large sample group in a particular country responding to the question of whether the "online government services, such as personal tax, car
registration, passport, business permit, and e-procurement are (1 = not available, 7 = extensively available) (1= low, 7 = high).
48
ICT Expenditure as % of GDP, 2008. Information and communications technology (ICT) expenditures include external spending on
information technology ("tangible" spending on information technology products purchased by businesses, households, governments, and
education institutions from vendors or organizations outside the purchasing entity), internal spending on information technology ("intangible"
spending on internally customized software, capital depreciation, and the like), and spending on telecommunications and other office equipment.
World Information Technology and Services Alliance, Digital Planet 2004: The Global Information Economy, and Global Insight, Inc.
11
Figure 7. Indicatori pentru EDUCATIE

Tertiary School completion ,total (% of pop 15+),
2010
5.83
Secondary School completion ,total (% of pop

15+), 2010
8.19
No Schooling, total, 2010
7.64
15-year-olds' science literacy (PISA), 2009
2.95
15-year-olds' math literacy (PISA), 2009
2.95
Quality of Management Schools (1-7), 2010
3.28
Quality of Science and Math Education (1-7), 2010
7.18
4.35
4.78

Public Spending on Education as % of GDP, 2009
4.59
Internet Access in Schools (1-7), 2010
5.95
Life Expectancy at Birth, 2009
5.66
8.37
Gross Secondary Enrollment rate, 2009
6.55
Average Years of Schooling, 2010
7.72
Adult Literacy Rate (% age 15 and above), 2007
6.37
0
Sweden
12
Bulgaria
Romania
10
Figure 8. Indicatori pentru Forta de munc

Firms offering formal training (% of firms), 2009
3.91
8.9
Labor force with tertiary education (% of total), 2007
1.74
6.36
Adult unemployment rate, total, 2005-2009
4.85
3.23
3.8
2.04
0.77
1.62
Share of unemployment with secondary education, 2007
1.08
8.65
2.04
1.13
2.11
1.28
Redundancy costs (weeks of wages), 2010
9.14
5.53
Rigidity of Hours Index,2010
3.55
1.56
Local availability of specialized research and training
3.05
5.5
Pay and productivity(1-7), 2010
7.86
4.73
Cooperation in labor-employer relations(1-7), 2010
0.99
1.68
Extent of Staff Training (1-7), 2010
5.04
4.2
Employment in Services (%), 2008
1.07
8.72
Unemployment Rate,Total (% of labor force), 2005-2009
5.36
0
Sweden
13
Bulgaria
Romania
10
Figure 9. Indicatori pentru sectorul TIC

ICT Expenditure as % of
GDP, 2008"
5.63
Government Online Service

Index (1-7), 2010
6.85
Availability of e-Government
Services (1-7), 2008
3.36
Fixed broadband internet

access tariff (US$ per
month), 2009
9.79
Internet Users per 1000

People, 2009
5.86
International Internet
Bandwidth (bits per person),
2009
8.94
Daily Newspapers per 1,000

People, 2004
4.4
Households with Television

(%), 2008
7.04
Computers per 1000 People,

2008
6.1
Mobile Phones per 1000

People, 2009
7.45
Main Telephone Lines per

1000 People, 2009
6.51
Total Telephones per 1000

People, 2009
6.62
0
Sweden
Table 5. Scoruri KEI n dinamic (selecie de ri)

Tri
2012
1995
Albania
Armenia
Uzbekistan
Australia
Barbados
Benin
Bulgaria
China
El Salvador
Estonia
4,53
5,08
3,14
8,88
7,18
1,88
6,8
4,37
4,17
8,4
4,33
5,25
4,78
9,27
6,87
2,83
6,81
3,99
4,26
7,94
14
Bulgaria
10
Romania
Tri
2012
1995
France
Ghana
Kuwait
Lao PDR
Lesotho
United States
Mongolia
Myanmar
Romania
Russian Federation
Slovak Republic
8,21
2,72
5,33
1,75
1,95
8,77
4,42
0,96
6,82
5,78
7,64
8,67
3,12
5,71
1,92
3,11
9,53
4,08
2,23
5,91
5,67
7,22
Tri
2012
1995
Tri
2012
1995
Sri Lanka
Sweden
3,63
9,43
4,25
9,45
Tajikistan
3,13
4,13
10
Estonia
7,94; 8,4
9
8
RO 5,91; 6,82
y = 1.0781x - 0.6923
R = 0.9438
KEI most recent
7
6
5
4
Uzbekistan
4,78; 3,14
3
2
1
0
0
6
KEI 1995
10
Figure 10. Comparaie n dinamic pentru scorurile KEI

Knowledge Economy Index
Country
most recent
1995
Change
Lithuania
7.77
6.55
+1.22
Romania
6.43
5.79
+0.64
China
4.47
3.93
+0.54
Slovak Republic
7.47
7.08
+0.39
Vietnam
3.51
3.14
+0.37
Iceland
8.95
8.63
+0.32
Bulgaria
6.99
6.84
+0.15
Hong Kong, China
8.32
8.28
+0.04
Ukraine
6.00
5.97
+0.03
Angola
2.00
1.97
+0.03
Denmark
9.52
9.54
-0.02
Jordan
5.54
5.57
-0.03
Moldova
5.07
5.11
-0.04
Finland
9.37
9.51
-0.14
United Kingdom
9.10
9.41
-0.31
Kenya
2.77
3.19
-0.42
Italy
7.79
8.23
-0.44
Greece
7.39
7.86
-0.47
France
8.40
8.94
-0.54
Indonesia
3.29
3.88
-0.59
Ethiopia
1.30
1.91
-0.61
Bangladesh
1.48
2.39
-0.91
Ecuador
3.90
4.87
-0.97
15
12

Knowledge Economy Index
Country
most recent
1995
Change
Venezuela, RB
4.18
5.20
-1.02
Argentina
5.57
6.72
-1.15
Aruba
7.38
n/a
n/a
The over time comparison mode of the KAM allows users to compare countries and regions in terms of
their relative performance on the KEI for two points in time: 1995 and the most recent year covered by the
data.
KEI values for 1995 are plotted on the horizontal axis; values for the most recent year are on the
vertical axis. KEI values for 1995 and most recent year are equal along the diagonal line. Thus, countries
and regions that appear above the diagonal line have made an improvement in the KEI since 1995, and
countries that appear below the line have experienced a relative regression. Countries may have invested
significantly in education, research, ICTs, and better institutions. But unless they are investing more than
others, or unless their investments are paying off faster than those of others, they may lose ground on the
KEI. Low-income countries are concentrated at the lower left. Their low positions on the KEI suggest that
they could do more to harness knowledge for development. Significantly, however, some countries that
were low-income in 1995, including China and Sri Lanka, have most recently improved their relative
position, reflecting a catch-up trend.
16

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