2001, W. E.

Haisler

Chapter 10: Analysis of Linear Elastic Solids

Chapter 10 -Analysis of Linear Elastic Solids

For a linear elastic solid under static equilibrium, we can
now write the following equations for any 3-D body:
1. Static Equilibrium Equations (Conservation of Linear
Momentum)

r r
r
g 0

xx yx zx

gx 0
x
y
z
xy yy zy

gy 0
x
y
z
xz yz zz

gz 0
x
y
z

3 equations

 2001, W. E. Haisler

Chapter 10: Analysis of Linear Elastic Solids

2. Constitutive Equations (Material Response to Stress or Strain)

E

[(1 ) ]
xx (1 )(1 2 )
xx
yy
zz
E

[ (1 ) ]
yy (1 )(1 2 ) xx
yy
zz
E

[ (1 ) ]
zz (1 )(1 2 ) xx
yy
zz
6 equations
E

xy (1 ) xy
E

xz (1 ) xz
E

yz (1 ) yz

 2001, W. E. Haisler

Chapter 10: Analysis of Linear Elastic Solids

Alternately, for the strain-stress equations

1
xx [ ( )]
yy
zz
E xx
1
yy [ ( )]
xx
zz
E yy
1
zz [ ( )]
xx
yy
E zz
1
xy (
)
xy
E
1
xz (
)
xz
E
1
yz (
)
yz
E

 2001, W. E. Haisler

Chapter 10: Analysis of Linear Elastic Solids

3. Geometric Relations (Kinematics) for small strain

yx

xy

xz

yy

yz

zx

zy

zz

xx

ux
1 u y ux
1 uz ux
(

)
(

)
x
2 x
y
2 x
z

uy
1 ux u y
1 uz u y

)
(

)
2 y x
y
2 y
z
1 ux uz 1 u y uz

uz
2 ( z x ) 2 ( z y )

6 equations

 2001, W. E. Haisler

Chapter 10: Analysis of Linear Elastic Solids

For the general 3-D linear elasticity problem, we have:

the 15 governing equations
3 equilibrium (linear momentum) equations for []
6 constitutive equations ( [] = [C] {} )
6 kinematic (strain) equations ({} = function of
displacement gradients)
which relate the 15 unknown variables
stresses xx , yy , zz , xy , xz , yz (6),
strains xx , yy , zz , xy , xz , yz (6),
displacements u x , u y , u z (3).
Must specify boundary conditions to solve this boundary
value problem. These must be either displacements or
stresses (tractions) on every point of the boundary.

 2001, W. E. Haisler

Chapter 10: Analysis of Linear Elastic Solids

There are many special cases of the general elasticity

problem that are of practical interest (and can be solved!!!).
These include Plane Stress and Plane Strain problems.
2-D Plane Stress
Plane stress occurs in thin bodies which have predominately
in-plane stress (out-of-plane stresses are zero).
For a geometry which is plane
z y
xy stress in the x-y plane, we
x
assume zz xz yz 0 .
xx The stress tensor reduces to
xx xy
[ ]

yx
xy yy

yy

 2001, W. E. Haisler

Chapter 10: Analysis of Linear Elastic Solids

1. Static Equilibrium becomes (for no body forces)

xx yx

0
x
y
xy yy

0
x
y

2. Constitutive Equations for a linear elastic Hookean material

become (substitute plane stress requirement of
zz xz yz 0 into general strain equations and solve for
stress components):
1
E

[Txx yy ]

[ ]
xx
(1 2 )

xx

yy
xy

xx

yy

E [ ]
yy
(1 2 ) xx
E
(1 )

xy

or

E
1
yy [Tyy xx ]
E
1
xy

xy
E

zz ( xx yy )
E

 2001, W. E. Haisler

Chapter 10: Analysis of Linear Elastic Solids

3. Strain-displacement becomes

ux
1 u y ux
(

y
2 x y
xx xy

uy
1 ux u y
yx yy
2( y x )

The three in-plane strain components must satisfy a relation

which is referred to as compatibility (insures compatibility
of displacements defining the strains):

2 xy
2 xx 2 yy

2
2
2
x y
y
x

 2001, W. E. Haisler

Chapter 10: Analysis of Linear Elastic Solids

Necessary Equations for a 1-D Stress State

For a 1-D state of stress (function of x only), we have:
1. Static Equilibrium becomes
d xx
x-component:
gx 0
dx
2. Constitutive Equation for a linear elastic isotropic material
becomes
xx E xx
3. Kinematics (Strain-Displacement) equation becomes

ux
xx
x
For the 1-D case, we have 3 unknowns (1 stress, 1 strain and 1
displacement).

 2001, W. E. Haisler

Chapter 10: Analysis of Linear Elastic Solids

1-D Special Cases

All of the general 3-D equations relating stress, strain and
deformation may be specialized to some important 1-D cases
which involve long, slender geometries like beams, rods, bars,
tubes, etc.:
1. Bar with axial force only

A1, E1, L1 1
2

A2 , E2 , L2

A rigid horizontal bar is

attached to the bottom of each
vertical bar. The horizontal
bar remains horizontal when
pulled downward.

10

 2001, W. E. Haisler

11

Chapter 10: Analysis of Linear Elastic Solids

2. Bar (or pipe) in torsion

25,000 in-lbs

20

G = 5.5 x 10 psi

 2001, W. E. Haisler

Chapter 10: Analysis of Linear Elastic Solids

3. Beam of bending (about z-axis)

P

x
a

x
L

All of the above special cases may be considered separately or

combined. We will look at each case by itself (chapters 11, 12
and 13).

12