MotorStartingElectronicSoftStart
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ByStevenMcFadyen(/users/steven)onOctober16th,2011
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Breathingasighofrelief,wearenowontothefinalmotorstartingsystemintheseries.
Beforetalkingaboutelectronicsoftstarting,isisworthmentioningthatthedevelopmentofpowerelectronicshasand
continuestorevolutionizethatwaymotorsareusedandapplicationstowhichtheycanbeapplied.Youcouldwritebooks
Youhavenophoto/avatar.Pleaseaddonenowandearn5points.
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(andsomepeoplehave)ontheapplicationofpowerelectronicstotherunningandcontrolofmotors.Thisisoutsidethe
scopeofwhatwearelookingat,andIwillonlybetalkingabouttheapplicationtostarting(andtheninonlyaverygeneral
way).
Whileprimarilydiscussingelectronicsoftstarters,letsrememberthatmoreadvanceddevices(variablespeeddrivesfor
example)havethisfunctionalityinbuilt.
Softstartersuseacombinationofpowerelectronicsandelectroniccontrolcircuitrytoslowincreasethevoltageonthe
motorduringstartingensuringasmoothacceleration.
Softstartersusethyristors(SiliconControlledRectifier)tocontroltheenergydeliveredtothemotor.Athyristorisadevice
whichturnsonwhenapulseisappliedtoitsgateandwillcontinuetoconductuntilthecurrentdropstozero(atwhichtime
itturnsoff).InanACsinewavecurrentgoestozeroeachhalfcycle,allowingthecurrenttobeturnedoffandmakingit
possibletouseusethyristorstoimplementsoftstarting.
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(http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/MotorStartingElectronicSoftStart_C7DF/Voltage%20Control%20by%20Thyristor%20Firing_2.jpg)
VoltageControlbyThyristorFiring
Ifthethyristorsareturnedonatthestartofeachhalfcycle,thefullvoltageisappliedtothemotor.Ifthethyristorsare
neverturnedon,thennovoltageisapplied.Ifthethyristorsareturnedonpartwaythroughthehalfcycle,onlyaproportion
ofthevoltagewillbeappliedtothemotor.Bycontrollingtheturningon(firingangle)ofthethyristors,theamountofvoltage
onthemotorcanbecontrolled.Startingwithalargefiringdelay,thisisgraduallyreducedandthevoltageonthemotorwill
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rampupduringstarting.
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Inadditiontostarting,softstartunitscanalsobeusedforstoppingthemotor,byrampingthevoltagedown.Thisis
particularlyusefulwheresuddenlossofdrivingtorquewouldcreatemechanicalshockontheload.
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Electronicsoftstarterscontainthethyristors(powerside)andnecessaryelectronicstocontrolthefiring(viausersettings).
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Modernsoftstartershaveahostoffeaturesthemostcommonbeingoptionstosetvaryingstartandstopramps,setting
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oftheinitialstartingvoltage,currentlimitingcontrolandthermaloverloadprotection.
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Theeasiestapplicationofelectronicsoftstartersisoneunitpermotor.Toreducecost,sometimesmorethanonemotoris
connectedinparalleltoasoftstarter,ormotorsarestartedinsequencebyswitchingthesoftstartunitbetweenmotors.
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Whilethesemethodscanbeused,carehastobetakentoensurethattheunitsareadequatelyratedfortherequired
duties.
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Asacautionarynote,firingofthyristorsotherthanazerovoltage(current)willcreateanonlinearloadcharacteristic,
generatingtransientsandharmonics.Ingeneralapplication(andgiventhatthetransients/harmonicsareonlypresent
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duringstarting),thesearenotaproblem.However,therecouldbeinstancesandspecialsituationswherethesedohavean
adverseeffectonthepowersystem.
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Contents[hide]
1. PowerandControlCircuiting
1. FeaturesandApplication
2. ElectronicSoftStartCharacteristics
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MotorSoftStarting
CurrentRampingincreasingthecurrentoveragiventimetoaspecifiedlimit
Jogallowsthemotorstoberunatreducedspeedforsometime
KickStartingusingabriefhighbustofcurrentatthemotorstarttogetitgoing,thenreducingthecurrent
ThermalModellingmotorsthemotorsthermalcharacteristic,allowperformanceoptimization
Communicationmostindustrialprotocolswillbesupported,enablingenhancedcontrol/monitoring
Linecontactorscanbeused(butnotstrictlynecessary)toisolatethesoftstartwhennotinuse(shouldberatedAC3).If
required,bypasscontactorscanbyusedtominimizeheatbuildupduethetoSCR's(canratedAC1astheydonotcarry
startingcurrents).
Sequencestartingcanbeusedtostartseveralmotorsinsequence(orparallel).Startersneedtoberatedforfullstart
duty.Additionalwiring,contactorsandcontrolrelaysmaynotmakethisaneconomicoption.
Powerfactorcorrectionifrequiredshouldonlybeinstalledonthelinesideandswitchedinwhenthemotorisatfullspeed
(AC6contactors).Capacitorsinstalledonthemotorsidecancauseresonance,increasedvoltagesandequipmentfailure.
Insidedeltaconnectionisatechniquewhichcanbeusedwithsixwindingmotors.Inthisconfiguration,onlyhavethedelta
iscompletedinthatstarter,thusreducingthecurrentthestarterisrequiredtocarry.Onlyalimitednumberofsoftstarters
areabletobeusedinthistypeofapplication.
Advantages
Disadvantages
FullyAdjustableParameter
MoreExpensiveCanInjectTransients
Compact,SolidStateAdaptableto
intoSupply
Application
That'sitforallthestartingmethods.Nowwehavefinishedwitheachmethodindetail,there'sjustonemoreposttocome.
Iwillbewritingasummaryposttoroundofftheseries,pullingtogetherwhatwevediscussedandputtingthingsinto
context.
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