INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
Communications through vast distances have now become very important due
to continuous globalization and integration of systems in business, government and
other organizations essential to people. It is also important to individuals apart to be
able to stay in touch with each other despite long-distance separation. Through years
of studies and experimentations, microwave communications have been developed
and explored.
Microwave Communication refers to the technology of transmitting and
receiving information by the use of radio waves whose wavelengths are conveniently
measured in small numbers of centimetre. This part of the radio spectrum ranges across
frequencies of approximately 1 GHz to 30 GHz (wavelengths from 30 cm to 1 cm).
Point-to-point communications uses microwaves in transmitting information
because their small wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in
narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna. From this
principle, microwave equipments are allowed to use the same frequency without
causing interference with each other, which is the systems advantage compared to
communication systems where lower frequency radio waves are used. Another
advantage is that the high frequency of microwaves gives the microwave band a very
large information-carrying capacity; the microwave band has a bandwidth 30 times
that of all the rest of the radio spectrum below it. Microwave systems can handle
transmission and reception of information over bodies of water, mountain peaks and
other possible barriers (these may affect the quality of information and system design).
Microwave communication is more preferred than wired communication over
reasonably long distances because it can accommodate large amount of information
with:
high reliability
low-maintenance cost
The system can be used to transmit voice signals, telegraphs and data signals
concurrently. With proper equipment (which determined the number of channels,
usable bandwidths, data transmission rates and similar quality parameters), it can also
carry wide-band signals for facsimile, high-speed data and high-quality audio. Even
television signals can be carried through microwave system. Aside from its capability to
transmit information in large amount, microwave transmission also offers high degree of
privacy.
Nowadays, microwave communication is considered as a reliable means to
transmit and receive information from two distant locations. Its long-distance
communications applications extend from public telephone network, military
communication to government agencies and specialized private communication
network. Types of microwave systems are classified into two according to the distance
it can accommodate:
The designers aspire to build a consistent and effective wireless link through
microwave system that will connect VIVO Telco Tower located at two distant sites: site
A at Villanueva, Bautista, Pangasinan and site B at Lawak, Santa Maria, Pangasinan,
which approximately 30 km apart.
The proposed project details the construction of 240 digital voice-grade
channels that will be available for telephone use and for mobile phone use if
demanded. Voice-grade channels have sufficient bandwidth to support voice
telephony and may also be able to support data transmission through dial-up internet
access or fax (facsimile). As specified in the design, the microwave link will operate at 4
GHz within the C band designated in the IEEE radar bands or the SHF (super high
frequency) designated in the ITU radio bands.
The design specifies 16-QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) as the
modulation scheme to be used. The modulation scheme offers a high data rate
transmission at four bits per symbol without having to maintain a higher signal-to-noise
ratio to meet the required bit-error rate.
The reliability of the microwave link is fixed at 99.999%.
The design also provides:
OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER 1
Act in accordance to the rules and regulations and standards prepared by the
National Telecommunications Commission and ITU-R Recommendation
To show that the microwave communication link will be available from Site A to
Site B even after all the obstructions and hindrances.
To present the calculation of microwave link budget and the reliability of the
communication.
Microwave link budget - calculation involving the gain and loss factors
associated with the antennas, transmitters, transmission lines and propagation
environment, to determine the maximum distance at which a transmitter and
receiver can successfully operate.
Series System- a system in which all the components are in series and they
all have to work for the system to work. If one component fails, the system
fails.
Parallel System- a system that will fail only if they all fail.
However, the design limits the area coverage to 30 km for the transmission and
only caters the province of Pangasinan. It doesnt embrace the installation, and does
not cover the management and maintenance services.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER 1
Analog Microwave
It defines from digital microwave system basically with the nature of the signal it
carries. It uses filters to enhance the quality of the analog signal and remove
noise.
Antenna
Cross Polarization
The most common path related interference which occurs when the main lobes
of two links having the same band of frequencies intersect. This causes the
formation of one link to jump to the other, resulting in phase and amplitude
distortion on both links.
Diffraction
Digital Microwaves
Uses binary algorithms to ensure that the information carried does not have errors
during the transmission stage.
Distortion
Is the type of interference which occurs when the signal itself undergoes
changes as it passes through blocks in the system.
Ducting
The time of day creates variation in the index of refraction of the atmosphere in
a given place. During the transition between night and day, the slowly warming
air pushing against the colder air which is still sinking. This interaction between
warm and cold air movement causes and area where the temperature is called
the atmospheric duct. And this duct may trap radio waves in it, bend the
direction of the propagation, and inject sources of multipath interference.
Duplex Spacing/Separation
Duplexer
Earth Bulge
Fade Margin
Fading
Occurs when the receive level from the free-space calculated levels for a given
far-end transmitter output. It is the random increase in path loss during abnormal
propagation conditions.
The amount of loss, expressed in dB, indicating how much signal density reduces
as it travels in free space.
Frequency Diversity
A form of diversity in radio link system which utilizes the phenomenon that the
period of fading differs for carrier frequencies separated by 2% to 5%.
Freznel Zones/Clearance
Derives from electromagnetic wave theory that a wave front has expanding
properties as it travels through space.
The station whose transmit frequency is higher than the receive frequency
(transmit frequency to the other end).
Interference
The ability of two electromagnetic transmissions to intermix when they cross earth
others path.
K Factor
A unit less value is the ration of a hypothetical effective earth radius over 6370
km, which is the true mean earth radius. It is a parameter which considers wave
bending on the earths curvature. If K factor is greater than 1, the ray beam is
bent toward the earth, which essentially allows us to shorten radio link towers. If K
is less than 1, the earth bulge is effectively increased, and the path is shortened
or the tower height must be increased.
Is basically the summary of all possible losses and gains that the signal may
encounter along a microwave path. It also shows how reliable the link is over a
period of one year.
The station whose transmit frequency is lower than its lower frequency.
Expressed in hours, it represents the average period of time the unit will operate
without failure, considered an infinitely alone period of time.
Microwave Communications
Multi-Path Fading
This type of fading is due to interference between a direct wave and another
wave, usually a reflected wave.
Narrow Band
Noise
Is a type of interference which occurs when unwanted signls of the same nature
as the carrier of baseband enter the system.
Overshoot
For links which are cascaded, this occurs when the power used is high enough
that it interfaces with the far end of another link.
Parabolic Reflector
The reflective surface of the parabolic dish. This would send any incident wave
into parallel waves forward of the antenna.
Path Length
The total point-to-point distance covered by the radio link from the transmitting
to the receiving sites.
Path Profile
Is the plot of elevation of the earth as a function of the distance along the path
between the transmitting and receiving sites.
Rain Fading
Any form of precipitation in the atmosphere, such what occurs in the clouds to
form rain, causes attenuation of the signal received due to refraction.
Reflection
Reflectors
Are more commonly employed to purposely bend the path around obstruction
which cannot avoided. There are two common forms used today: billboard
reflectors and back-to-back reflectors.
Refraction
The ability of electromagnetic transmission to bend when the density of the path
it travels on changes.
Reliability
Expresses the performance of the system versus outage time, where the outage
time is the time that the requirement will not be meet.
CHAPTER 2
DEMOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 2
Pangasinan is located on the west central area of the island of Luzon in the
Philippines. Pangasinan borders La Union and Benguet to the north, Nueva Vizcaya and
Nueva Ecija to the east, and Zambales and Tarlac to the south. To the west of
Pangasinan is the South China Sea. The province also encloses the Lingayen Gulf.
The Pangasinan people (Totoon Pangasinan) are called Pangasinan or the
hispanicized name Pangasinense, or simply taga-Pangasinan, which means "from
Pangasinan". Pangasinan is the third most populated province in the Philippines. The
estimated population of the indigenous speakers of the Pangasinan language in the
province of Pangasinan is 1.5 million and is projected to double in about 30 years.
According to the 2000 census, 47 percent of the population are Totoon Pangasinan
and 44 percent are Ilocanos. Sambal settlers from Zambales also predominate in the
westernmost municipalities of Bolinao and Anda. The Pangasinan people are closely
related to the Austronesian-speaking peoples of the Philippines, Malaysia, and
Indonesia.
The province is 170 kilometers (105.633 mi) north of Manila, 50 kilometers (31.0685
mi.) south of Baguio City, 115 kilometers (71.4576 mi.) north of Subic International Airport
and Seaport, and 80 kilometers (49.7096 mi.) north of Clark International Airport. At the
coast of Alaminos, The Hundred islands have become a fmous tourist spot.
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported several
inactive volcanoes in Pangasinan: Amorong, Balungao, Cabaluyan, Cahelietan,
Candong, and Malabobo. PHIVOLCS reported no active or potentially active
volcanoes in Pangasinan. A caldera-like landform is located between the towns of
Malasiqui and Villasis with a center at about 15 55 N and 120 30 E near the Cabaruan
Hills.
SITE INFORMATION
CHAPTER 2
Area
Year
Pop.
1990
23,793
Population (2010)
1995
25,278
+1.22%
Total
31,091
2000
27,860
+1.96%
Density
2007
30,721
+1.41%
2010
31,091
+0.40%
Total
Time zone
PST (UTC+8)
ZIP code
2440
% p.a.
Bautista, Pangasinan
Bautista is a fourth class municipality in the province of Pangasinan, Philippines.
According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 30,193 people. Bautista is called
the The Walis Tambo (broom) Capital of Pangasinan. It is honored as the "Lupang
Hinirang".
Bautista is located east of Pangasinan part of the Pangasinan's Fifth
Congressional District with a land area of 8,213 hectares and 32 kilometers off
Dagupan. Bautista is bounded by Alcala, Pangasinan, north; Bayambang, south, Agno
River and Moncada, Tarlac, east.
Area
Year
Pop.
1990
21,280
Population (2010)
1995
23,375
+1.90%
Total
30,193
2000
27,066
+2.98%
Density
2007
28,094
+0.53%
2010
30,193
+2.43%
Total
Time zone
PST (UTC+8)
ZIP code
2424
% p.a.
CHAPTER 3
A. Order of Procedure
As a starting point, it is assumed that preliminary facility planning (including operational
requirements, traffic studies, expansion potential, reliability requirements, and cost
studies) has been completed to such a degree that the points to be served have been
fixed, and the required system capacity has been determined.
Preliminary studies for site location can usually be made from maps and aerial
photographs prepared by other agencies; however, the final site selection must be
made from fields surveys and the profiles and noted thereby derived.
B. Sites
Terminal sites are more than not locations of existing structures or facility terminals, but
the intermediated sites are located with considerable emphasis on factors having to do
with propagation over the intermediate paths, and the possible interference from
sources internal or external the system.
Site Considerations:
1. A full description of each site by geographical coordinates, political subdivision,
access roads and the physical objects with which it can be identified.
2. Any unusual weather conditions to be expected in the area, including maximum
expected wind velocity and range of temperatures
3. A description of the physical characteristics of the site, indicating the amount of
leveling required, removal of rocks, trees or other structures, etc
4. The relationship of the site to any commercial, military or private airport within
several miles. It is very important to determine the relationships of the site to the
orientation of runaways where planes may be taking off or landing.
5. The mean sea level elevation of the site at the recommend tower location and
the effect on that elevation of any necessary leveling.
6. A full description or recommendation for an access road from the nearest
improved road to the proposed building location.
7. There is a possibility that the building code restriction may be involved. Such sites
should be avoided if practicable.
8. The nearest location where commercial electric power of suitable secondary or
distributed voltage may be obtained, and the name and office location of the
power company.
9. If the telephone communication is desired, the nearest telephone facility should
be indicates together with the name of the company and the type of service
available.
10. Any other facts that can be determined at the time of the survey which might
bear on the proposed construction.
A. Influence of terrain and obstruction
The microwave beam is influence by the interference by the intermediate terrain
between station and by obstacle. It tends to follow a straight line in the azimuth unless
intercepted by structures in or near the path. The amount of this refraction varies with
time due to changes in temperature, pressure and relative humidity, which control the
dielectric constant.
In order to minimize diffraction losses, line of sight microwave paths are planned to
have better than grazing clearance even under the most adverse atmospheric
conditions.
Most typical objects in the line of sight will tend to block the beam, causing loss of signal
at the receiver. Deciduous trees, which may cause relatively less loss in winter, can
totally block the path in summer when the leaves are out. In all case, trees should be
considered as blocking when in the path line, unless the beam has ad equate
clearance over the trees.
An important concept in analyzing microwave propagation effects, particularly those
or diffraction, refraction, reflection, and the effects or terrain and obstruction, is that of
the Freznel Zone.
B. Influence of Weather
Although a microwave beam in conventionally shown as a line, the actual method of
propagation is as a wave front, and the important portion of the wave front involves a
sizable transverse area. In order to ensure free space propagation it is essential that all
potential obstruction along the path are removed from the beam centerline by at least
0.61F1, where F1 is the radius of the 1st Freznel at the point of the obstruction.
For the reason, it is necessary to provide path clearance over the intermediate objects
which is somewhat greater then the line of sight. Because refractive bending varies in
cycles daily and changes erratically at times, the clearance over the intermediate
terrain must be adjust to minimize the losses at the extreme bending conditions.
Normally, as mentioned previously, the beam is bent downward by atmospheric
refraction so that the radio horizon is effectively extended.
C. Influence of Rain and Fog at higher Frequencies
A t microwave frequencies up to 6 and 8 GHz band, rain attenuation as such is not
considered sufficient to warrant special considerations in the design of the paths,
except in every extreme situations. Under saturation rain conditions, a 30 mile path
might suffer only a few dB attenuation at 6 GHz. Uniform fog conditions can be
considered in much the same light.
However fog conditions often result from the atmospheric conditions such as
temperature inversion, or very still air, accompanied by stratification: the from tends
to negate clearances, and the latter causes severe refractive or reflective shorter
paths and adequate clearances are recommended.
D. Influence of Objects in azimuth
The influence of objects in azimuth is not confined entirely to those which are directly in
the path. While the microwave energy is concentrated in a fairly narrow beam, it tends
to spread gradually as it propagated through the atmosphere.
There are also minor lobes of the antenna which, although having as much less power
than the main lobe, are transmitted different directions. The potential problem with offpath objects is reflections, and usually turns out to be from buildings. Energy traveling
the longer reflection path lags behind the main beam.
E. Atmospheric Absorption
Atmospheric absorption due to oxygen and water vapor also exist. The magnitude
of the effects is quite small at the lower frequencies and is usually neglected. Even in
the higher bands the effect is relatively small, but not entirely negligible. Since the
amount of attenuation from this phenomenon is
directly proportional to path length, it is usually significant only on longer paths.
F. Sources of path data
1. Maps
Maps are the principal sources of basic data both for office study which usually
precedes the field survey, and for the field survey itself. Experience shown that
maps covering a large area in the general territory to be surveyed, represent
good work and record sheet which, when posted as the map survey progresses,
illustrate the progress, general location angles and place names.
2. Aerial Photography.
It is often useful in rough terrain it can show more of the details of a prominent
terrain feature than a topographic, and also shows trees and other obstructions.
It is also used in the process of preparing path profiles by the technique known as
photogrammetry.
G. Microwave Path Design
For many wireless carriers, microwave is becoming a popular choice over wire line
transport. It is an attractive option for many reasons, especially as radio equipment
costs decrease. Low monthly operating costs can undercut those of typical T1
expenses, proving it more economical over the long term.
Carriers also are attracted to its modular and expendable characteristics. Network
operators like the fact that they can own and control microwave radio networks
instead of relying on other service providers for network components.
Like many carriers, you may be planning to jump on the microwave bandwagon.
But before you move forward, make sure you understand all of the design
considerations that will affect your deployment.
Frequency Options:
First, it is important to understand the relationship between capacity, frequency
band, path distance, tower heights, radio equipment and antennas. In the United
States, there are numerous licenses to operate microwave radio, including 2Ghz,
6Ghz, 7Ghz, 8Ghz, 10Ghz, 11Ghz, 13Ghz, 15Ghz, 18Ghz, 23Ghz, and 38Ghz
frequency bands.
Wavelengths in lower frequencies are longer, which is important because the
wavelength determines how atmosphere affects transmission. The atmosphere may
refract longer waves. Refraction can reduce the length of the path, or microwave
hop. In developed countries, such as the United States, much of the available
frequency spectrum already is in use. Competition for these frequencies has pushed
use into higher bands, such as 38Ghz.
Radios in the 2Ghz frequencies can transmit over longer a distance, which makes
them more suitable for rural areas. High Frequency radios are better fit for suburban
environments. For example, a low frequency radio could carry a signal for more
than 12.5 miles, while a high frequency radio, such as 23Ghz radio, could cover a
path distance of more than three miles.
A microwave system includes an antenna, radio, multiplexers, waveguide (hollow
metal conductor connecting the RF equipment to the antenna) and feed cables.
Based on capacity and radio equipment, antenna size, tower heights and terrain
elevation will play a major role in how you plan and construct the system. These four
factors also will dictate system reliability, multi-path fading, fade margin
calculations, Freznel zone clearance, interference analysis, system diversity and
long-distance specifications.
You will use a large antenna (low Frequency) when the path is longer. Large
antennas require large towers and have higher wind and ice load factors. As a
result, you also must consider existing tower loads to ensure that you can implement
the design on existing or planned tower structures.
You also must take into account attenuation, the reduction in energy as a signal
travels through equipment, transmission lines or air. The term often refers to the
impact of rain, snow or fog as well as normal signal loss in the waveguide and
microwave system itself. Fog, snow, sand and dust have minimal influence in the
frequency bands above 8Ghz. Rainfall rates and storm duration can affect the
availability pf the path at 23Ghz and 38Ghz.
In many cases, design engineers can calculate rain effect to ensure customer
requirements are met. However, the rate on the path will vary. Raindrops also vary in
shape. For example, large drops change shape as they fall. As a result, a radio
wave with vertical polarization is less attenuated than a wave that is horizontally
polarized.
Ice and snow have little effect on high frequency radio links, and antenna radomes
are designed to prevent snow accumulation. In the United States, the National
Weather Service Library provides detailed data on rain rate and drop-size
distribution. Also, do not forget to consider temperature.
In some cases, you will need to locate an antenna indoors. Transmitting through
glass causes attenuation. The attenuation will depend on metallic content, any
exterior coating on the glass and the angle of incidence of the radiated beam. You
will get the best results by placing the antenna at least 12 inches from the window at
10-degree angle.
System Design Options:
The object for any microwave system is to provide the best distortion-free and
interference-free service. Overall, reliability or service continuity depends on
equipment failure rates, power failures and propagation performance of the
individual paths. This involves antenna sizes and elevations, frequency or space
separations
in
diversity
systems,
path
length,
and
frequency
attenuation
relationships. It also includes fade margins, which are affected by noise figure,
transmitter power and waveguide attenuation, and filter arrangements. Distortion
also may occur in the radio path.
Interference experience in the radio system can be classified as external
interference and internal or self-interference.
Self-interference in the radio system can be introduced through antennas,
waveguides, cabling and radiation or by spurious products within radio equipment.
You can calculate the first Freznel zone at any point in the path by using
Fn=72.1*SQRT((n*d1*d2)/fD), where Fn=nth Freznel zone radius in feet,
d1=distance from one end of path to reflection point in miles, D=total length of path
in mile, d2=D-d1, and f=frequency GHz.
The choice of clearance criteria for a microwave route or path is important
because it can affect the cost and quality of performance profoundly.
There are two basic sets of clearance criteria that are commonly used. Heavy route
is used for systems with the most stringent reliability requirements. Light route is used
for systems with slight relaxation of the requirements.
The radio path, waveguide system or the radio equipment can cause delay
distortion, which creates noise distortion in the received message. I the propagation
path, delay distortion is caused by reflected energy that reaches the receiving
antenna but is delayed by a number of wavelengths as compared to the direct
signal. You can use sweep instrumentation to detect and delay this distortion.
Waveguide echoes are another source of delay distortion. They result from
impedance mismatches or equipment irregularities.
Multipath fading also affects microwaves. You can implement space and
frequency diversity to either eliminate or to reduce fading.
Diversity reception decreases the chance that a signal will be lost by combining
signals from two or more antennas (space diversities) or by transmitting the same
signal on two or more frequency channels (frequency diversity)
Space and frequency diversity use redundant hardware but also decouple the path
used by microwave transmissions. Frequency diversity is not allowed in
the many markets because spectrum is scarce. By adding path diversity schemes to
a radio design, you can increase path availability, which improves overall system
reliability and availability.
You also must consider reliability when planning your network. For example, data
networks carrying critical information may demand higher reliability than other
applications.
Equipment and the radio path itself affect reliability. Reflections in the atmosphere,
interference from other radios and atmospheric conditions can affect transmission
performance.
Microwave network design can take different physical forms, point to point, a star
and ring configurations.
Equipment Selection:
When selecting equipment, determine the amount of power the radio uses to
transmit and receive signal. More power usage equates to higher operating cost.
System planners should perform path calculations to establish fade margins and
system gain, taking into account an estimate of system downtime for the locale of
the planned radio (average rainfall). Fade margin is the allowance made to
accommodate estimated propagation fading without exceeding a specified
signal-to-noise ratio.
To increase equipment reliability, you may want to select hot standby, allowing for
full redundancy. In case of an equipment failure, redundant processors allow for
automatic cutover to allow transmission to continue.
With careful attenuation to link gain power, antenna height, receiver sensitivity, free
space loss, attenuation and availability requirements, you can integrate microwave
radio affectivity into virtually any wireless system.
H. Antennas and Propagation
Antennas
An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of conductors used either for radiating
electromagnetic energy into space or for collecting electromagnetic energy from
space.
In a two-way communication, the same antenna is often used as the transmitter and
the receiver. This is because the antenna characteristics are essentially the same
whether an antenna is sending or receiving electromagnetic energy.
PLANNING GUIDE
Step1: Determine the conditions for putting up a microwave link. Establish the purpose
of the microwave link. What kind of information should be transmitted and the general
transmission path.
Step2: Obtain the product specification sheet of a microwave radio which meets the
given requirements.
Step3: Obtain a topographical map which both sites are contained. Maps are
available in different scales. For long paths, a 1:250,000 scales can be used. For short
paths, 1:50,000.
Step4: Determine Frequency Band Required. Once the path length has been identified,
select a preliminary band which to select based on available band allocated to
Operational Fixed or Common Carrier Users.
Step5: Determine Channel Plans available. The channel plans are based on the
frequency band and the bandwidth (multiplexed digital rate) of the traffic being
carried. These can be taken from technical specifications set by CCIR or sometimes,
the equipment specifications themselves.
Step6: From the Channel Plans or specifications available, select a frequency pair
which would be used for the actual computation of the hop.
Channel Plans are available, from CCIR or from the government regulatory agency.
1. Should channel plans be unavailable, divide the smaller bandwidth between the
High Band and Low band with channel bandwidth.
2. Then select any arbitrary channel number less than the number of channels.
3. Multiply the channel bandwidth with the selected channel number.
4. The high band transmit frequency is equal to the sum of the lower limit of the
high bandwidth and the product of 3. The low band transmit frequency is equal
to the sum of the lower limit of the low band bandwidth and the product of 3.
Step7: Compute for the minimum elevation at site A and site B which would clear earth
curvature. Inspect the topographical map and select a location whose elevation is
greater than the minimum clearing height at site A and site B.
Step8: Create a table plotting points along the path and identifying possible sources of
reflection and obstruction.
This is the point microwave planner conduct a site survey. This is to determine, among
other things, if there where an existing building or tower which can be used, or a new
independent tower is needed. For economic purposes, it would be preferable to install
on building rooftops as the expenses for the erection of tower or monopole is reduced.
There is also which a tower already exist, meaning free location on this tower can be
selected.
Compute for the reflection points on site B based on the elevation of one site A. This
applies only if site B has a higher elevation than site A.
Those with a grade or slope which is positive means that with compared to the previous
point, the elevation is higher or the elevation is going up. Those with a negative grade
or slope are those whose previous distance is higher or the elevation is going down.
It is important to consider this since slopes with a positive grade may shield reflected
rays if the reflection point is lower.
To avoid the presence of reflective points, it is necessary to identify peaks and bodies or
water which are visible from both ends of the link.
With reflective peaks, the corresponding reflection point on the affected site is
computed and this elevation is avoided as the location of the corresponding antenna
height.
h1
h2
d1
d2
As shown in the figure, should there be a large reflective surface between the link, a
range of reflective height can be solved. The corresponding antenna location or the
affected site is then placed below or above this reflective range.
Step9: From the table, construct the figure which shows the path profile including the
earth curvature and elevation along the path.
Step10: Construct a new figure which shows the path profile with the earth curvature,
elevation along the path and line of site. Note the places where the terrain along the
path is closest to the line of propagation.
Step11: Using the figure and table as reference, determine the following:
1. Point along the path terrain that is closest to the line of sight.
2.
Should the current antenna elevation prove to be obstructed possibly a point where
reflection may occur, either or both site would have to increase their height to
compensate.
Step12: Using the data on the table, determine the clearance of each site with regards
to obstruction.
Should the current antenna elevation prove to be obstructed or possibly a point where
reflection may occur, either or both sites would have to increase height to
compensate.
Step13: Determine the clearance of each site with regards to reflection
Conditions:
1. Reflective surfaces are bodies of water, marshland, rice fields and the peaks of
obstruction.
of the receiver and the conditions of the path. It may viewed as additional losses in free
space which causes the signal to fade.
RAIN ATTENUATION
Step17: There are 2 methods to compute for the attenuation due to the effect of the
rain. The CRANE method and the CCIR Recc. 530 methods.
Step18: Insert 0.5 dB loss overall in the link budget to compensate for the equipment
misalignment of the antenna during installation.
DIFFRACTION LOSSES
Step19: Determine if there is a need for computing diffraction losses. In determining if
there is a need to compute for the diffraction losses, find out if any point along the path
comes closes than 150% the first Freznel zone
CLUTTER LOSSES
Step20: Determine if there is a need for computing Clutter losses. Clutter can be
described as attenuation due to trees and buildings in the front of the antenna. They
have the same thing clearing factor as diffraction, 150% of the first Freznel, and they
should be within the near field of the antenna.
ATMOSPHERIC LOSSES
Step21: Compute for the Atmospheric losses.
1. Oxygen Absorption Loss- Attenuation due to the absorption of radio frequency
energy by oxygen molecules in the atmosphere.
2. Water Vapor Loss- Attenuation due to the absorption of the radio frequency
energy by water vapor in the atmosphere.
Step22: Arrange all computed data into a systematic table
Step23: Calculate the Flat Fade Margin
CHAPTER 4
COMPUTATIONS
CHAPTER 4
d1 = 0, d2 = 30;
d1 = 6, d2 = 24;
EC = 0.078 * (0 * 30)
EC = 0.078 * (6 * 24)
EC = 0
EC = 11.232
d1 = 1, d2 = 29;
d1 = 7, d2 = 23;
EC = 0.078 * (1 * 29)
EC = 0.078 * (7 * 23)
EC = 2.262
EC = 12.558
d1 = 2, d2 = 28;
d1 = 8, d2 = 22;
EC = 0.078 * (2 * 28)
EC = 0.078 * (8 * 22)
EC = 4.368
EC = 13.728
d1 = 3, d2 = 27;
d1 = 9, d2 = 21;
EC = 0.078 * (3 * 27)
EC = 0.078 * (9 * 21)
EC = 6.318
EC = 14.742
d1 = 4, d2 = 26;
d1 = 10, d2 = 20;
EC = 0.078 * (4 * 26)
EC = 8.112
EC = 15.6
d1 = 5, d2 = 25;
d1 = 11, d2 = 19;
EC = 0.078 * (5 * 25)
EC = 9.75
EC = 16.302
d1 = 12, d2 = 18;
d1 = 22, d2 = 8;
EC = 0.078 * (22 * 8)
EC = 16.848
EC = 13.728
d1 = 13, d2 = 17;
d1 = 23, d2 = 7;
EC = 0.078 * (23 * 7)
EC = 17.238
EC = 12.558
d1 = 14, d2 = 16;
d1 = 24, d2 = 6;
EC = 0.078 * (24 * 6)
EC = 17.472
EC = 11.232
d1 = 15, d2 = 15;
d1 = 25, d2 = 5;
EC = 0.078 * (25 * 5)
EC = 17.55
EC =9.75
d1 = 16, d2 = 14;
d1 = 26, d2 = 4;
EC = 0.078 * (26 * 4)
EC = 17.472
EC = 8.112
d1 = 17, d2 = 13;
d1 = 27, d2 = 3;
EC = 0.078 * (27 * 3)
EC = 17.238
EC = 6.318
d1 = 18, d2 = 12;
d1 = 28, d2 = 2;
EC = 0.078 * (28 * 2)
EC = 16.848
EC = 4.368
d1 = 19, d2 = 11;
d1 = 29, d2 = 1;
EC = 0.078 * (29 * 1)
EC = 16.302
EC = 2.262
d1 = 20, d2 = 10;
d1 = 30, d2 = 0;
EC = 0.078 * (31 * 0)
EC = 15.6
EC = 0
d1 = 21, d2 = 9;
EC = 0.078 * (21 * 9)
EC = 14.742
GE = PE + Ec
GE = Ground Elevation
PE = Path Elevation
Ec = Earth Curvature
d1 = 0, d2 = 30;
d1 = 8, d2 = 22;
GE = 17 + 0
GE = 24.8 + 13.728
GE = 17
GE = 38.528
d1 = 1, d2 = 29;
d1 = 9, d2 = 21;
GE = 17 + 2.262
GE = 24.8 + 14.742
GE = 19.262
GE = 39.542
d1 = 2, d2 = 28;
d1 = 10, d2 = 20;
GE = 17 + 4.368
GE = 20 + 15.6
GE = 21.368
GE = 35.6
d1 = 3, d2 = 27;
d1 = 11, d2 = 19;
GE = 19 + 6.318
GE = 24.8 + 16.302
GE = 25.318
GE = 41.102
d1 = 4, d2 = 26;
d1 = 12, d2 = 18;
GE = 19 + 8.112
GE = 24.8 + 16.848
GE = 27.112
GE = 41.648
d1 = 5, d2 = 25;
d1 = 13, d2 = 17;
GE = 19 + 9.75
GE = 28 + 17.238
GE = 28.75
GE = 45.238
d1 = 6, d2 = 24;
d1 = 14, d2 = 16;
GE = 19 + 11.232
GE = 28 + 17.472
GE = 30.232
GE = 45.472
d1 = 7, d2 = 23;
d1 = 15, d2 = 15;
GE = 19 + 12.558
GE = 28 + 17.55
GE = 31.558
GE = 45.55
d1 = 16, d2 = 14;
GE = 39 + 8.112
GE = 53.472
GE = 47. 112
d1 = 17, d2 = 13;
GE = 53.238
GE = 45.318
d1 = 18, d2 = 12;
d1 = 28, d2 = 2;
GE = 36 + 16.848
GE = 39 + 4.368
GE = 52.848
GE = 43.368
d1 = 19, d2 = 11;
d1 = 29, d2 = 1;
GE = 36 + 16.302
GE = 47 + 2.262
GE = 52.302
GE = 49.262
d1 = 20, d2 = 10;
d1 = 30, d2 = 0;
GE = 38 + 15.6
GE = 47 + 0
GE = 53.6
GE =47
d1 = 21, d2 = 9;
d1 = 22, d2 = 8;
GE = 52.726
d1 = 23, d2 = 7;
GE = 39 + 12.558
GE = 51.558
d1 = 24, d2 = 6;
GE = 39 + 11.232
GE = 50.232
d1 = 27, d2 = 3;
GE = 39 + 6.318
GE = 39 + 13.728
GE = 36 + 17.238
GE = 51.742
d1 = 26, d2 = 4;
GE = 36 + 17.472
GE = 37 + 14.742
d1 = 25, d2 = 5;
GE = 39 + 9.75
GE =48.75
OBSTRUCTION HEIGHT
CHAPTER 4
OH = GE + OB
WHERE:
OH = Obstruction Height
GE = Ground Elevation
OB = Obstruction along path
Trees = 10m
Building = 20m
Densely Build up Areas Houses =06m
d1 = 0, d2 = 30;
d1 = 7, d2 = 23;
GE = 17 + 6
GE = 31.558 + 0
GE = 23
GE = 31.558
d1 = 1, d2 = 29;
d1 = 8, d2 = 22;
GE =19.262 + 0
GE = 38.528 +0
GE = 19.262
GE = 38.528
d1 = 2, d2 = 28;
d1 = 9, d2 = 21;
GE = 21.368 + 6
GE = 39.542 + 6
GE = 27.368
GE = 45.542
d1 = 3, d2 = 27;
d1 = 10, d2 = 20;
GE = 25.318 + 6
GE = 35.6 + 0
GE = 31.318
GE = 35.6
d1 = 4, d2 = 26;
d1 = 11, d2 = 19;
GE = 27.112 + 0
GE = 41.102 + 0
GE = 27.112
GE = 41.102
d1 = 5, d2 = 25;
d1 = 12, d2 = 18;
GE = 28. 75 + 0
GE = 41.648 + 0
GE = 28.75
GE = 41.648
d1 = 6, d2 = 24;
d1 = 13, d2 = 17;
GE = 30.232 + 0
GE = 45.238 + 0
GE = 30.232
GE = 45.238
d1 = 14, d2 = 16;
GE = 50.232 + 0
GE = 45.472
GE = 50.232
d1 = 15, d2 = 15;
d1 = 25, d2 = 5;
GE = 45.55 + 6
GE = 48.75 + 0
GE = 51.55
GE =48.75
d1 = 16, d2 = 14;
d1 = 26, d2 = 4;
GE = 53.472 + 0
GE = 47. 112 + 0
GE = 53.472
GE = 47. 112
d1 = 17, d2 = 13;
d1 = 27, d2 = 3;
GE = 53.238 + 0
GE = 45.318 + 0
GE = 53.238
GE = 45.318
d1 = 18, d2 = 12;
d1 = 28, d2 = 2;
GE = 52.848 + 0
GE = 43.368 + 0
GE = 52.848
GE = 43.368
d1 = 19, d2 = 11;
d1 = 29, d2 = 1;
GE = 52.302 + 0
GE = 49.262 + 0
GE = 52.302
GE = 49.262
d1 = 20, d2 = 10;
d1 = 30, d2 = 0;
GE = 53.6 + 0
GE = 47 + 0
GE = 53.6
GE =47
d1 = 21, d2 = 9;
GE = 51.742
d1 = 22, d2 = 8;
GE = 52.726 + 10
GE = 62.726
d1 = 24, d2 = 6;
GE = 45.472 + 0
GE = 51.742 + 0
d1 = 23, d2 = 7;
GE = 51.558 + 0
GE = 51.558
LOS = d1 *(tan ) + TH + GE
WHERE:
LOS = Line of Sight in meters
GE = Ground Elevation in d = 0(meters)
TH = Tower Height in d = 0(meters)
tan =
tan = [
tan = 1.333
d1 = 0, d2 = 30;
d1 = 6, d2 = 24;
LOS = 0 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 6 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 47
LOS = 61
d1 = 1, d2 = 29;
d1 = 7, d2 = 23;
LOS = 1 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 7 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 53.5
LOS = 62.5
d1 = 2, d2 = 28;
d1 = 8, d2 = 30;
LOS = 2 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 8 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 55
LOS = 64
d1 = 3, d2 = 27;
d1 = 9, d2 = 21;
LOS = 3 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 9 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 56.5
LOS = 65.5
d1 = 4, d2 = 26;
d1 = 10, d2 = 20;
LOS = 4 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 10 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 58
LOS = 67
d1 = 5, d2 = 25;
d1 = 11, d2 = 19;
LOS = 5 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 11 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 59.5
LOS = 68.5
d1 = 12, d2 = 18;
d1 = 30, d2 = 8;
LOS = 12 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 30 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 70
LOS = 85
d1 = 13, d2 = 17;
d1 = 23, d2 = 7;
LOS = 13 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 23 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 71.5
LOS = 86.5
d1 = 14, d2 = 16;
d1 = 24, d2 = 6;
LOS = 14 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 24 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 73
LOS = 88
d1 = 15, d2 = 15;
d1 = 25, d2 = 5;
LOS = 15 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 25 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 74.5
LOS = 89.5
d1 = 16, d2 = 14;
d1 = 26, d2 = 4;
LOS = 16 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 26 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 76
LOS = 91
d1 = 17, d2 = 13;
d1 = 27, d2 = 3;
LOS = 17 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 27 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 77.5
LOS = 92.5
d1 = 18, d2 = 12;
d1 = 28, d2 = 2;
LOS = 18 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 28 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 79
LOS = 94
d1 = 19, d2 = 11;
d1 = 29, d2 = 1;
LOS = 19 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 29 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 80.5
LOS = 95.5
d1 = 20, d2 = 10;
d1 = 30, d2 = 0;
LOS = 20 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 30 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 82
LOS = 97
d1 = 21, d2 = 9;
LOS = 21 *(1.333) + 30 + 17
LOS = 83.5
d1 = 0, d2 = 30;
d1 = 7, d2 = 23;
Fr = 0
Fr = 11.18012991
d1 = 1, d2 = 29;
d1 = 8, d2 = 22;
Fr = 4.74496
Fr = 11.68934686
d1 = 2, d2 = 28;
d1 = 9, d2 = 21;
Fr = 6.593680896
Fr = 12.11336529
d1 = 3, d2 = 27;
d1 = 10, d2 = 20;
Fr = 7.930059052
Fr = 12.46088562
d1 = 4, d2 = 26;
d1 = 11, d2 = 19;
Fr = 8.985672412
Fr = 12.73817042
d1 = 5, d2 = 25;
d1 = 12, d2 = 18;
Fr = 9.851195059
Fr = 12.94973221
d1 = 6, d2 = 24;
d1 = 13, d2 = 17;
Fr = 10.57341207
Fr = 13.09875589
d1 = 14, d2 = 16;
Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((14*16)/(12.85*30))
d1 = 15, d2 = 15;
Fr = 11.18012991
d1 = 16, d2 = 14;
Fr = 10.57341207
d1 = 17, d2 = 13;
Fr = 9.851195059
d1 = 26, d2 = 4;
Fr = 13.09875589
d1 = 18, d2 = 12;
Fr = 8.985672412
d1 = 27, d2 = 3;
Fr = 12.94973221
d1 = 19, d2 = 11;
Fr = 7.930059052
d1 = 28, d2 = 2;
Fr = 12.73817042
d1 = 20, d2 = 10;
Fr = 6.593680896
d1 = 29, d2 = 1;
Fr = 12.46088562
d1 = 21, d2 = 9;
Fr = 4.744963881
d1 = 25, d2 = 5;
Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((25*5)/(12.85*30))
Fr = 13.18736179
d1 = 24, d2 = 6;
Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((24*6)/(12.85*30))
Fr = 13.21676509
d1 = 23, d2 = 7;
Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((23*7)/(12.85*30))
Fr = 13.18736179
Fr = 17.3 SQRT ((15*15)/(12.85*30))
Fr = 11.68934686
d1 = 30, d2 = 0;
Fr = 12.11336529
d1 = 22, d2 = 8;
Fr =0
d1 = 0, d2 = 30;
d1 = 8, d2 = 22;
C = 47 (23+ 0)
C = 64 (38.528+ 11.68934686)
C = 24
C = 13.78265314
d1 = 1, d2 = 29;
d1 = 9, d2 = 21;
C = 29.49303612
C = 7.844634709
d1 = 2, d2 = 28;
d1 = 10, d2 = 20;
C = 55 (27.368 + 6.593680896)
C = 67 (35.6 + 12.46088562)
C = 21.0383191
C = 18.93911438
d1 = 3, d2 = 27;
d1 = 11, d2 = 19;
C = 17.25194095
C = 14.65982958
d1 = 4, d2 = 26;
d1 = 12, d2 = 18;
C = 58 (27.112 + 8.985672412)
C = 70 (41.648 + 12.94973221)
C = 21.90232759
C = 15.40226779
d1 = 5, d2 = 25;
d1 = 13, d2 = 17;
C = 20.89880494
C = 13.16324411
d1 = 6, d2 = 24;
d1 = 14, d2 = 16;
C = 61 (30.232 + 10.57341207)
C = 73 (45.472 + 13.18736179)
C = 20.19458793
C = 14.34063821
d1 = 7, d2 = 23;
d1 = 15, d2 = 15;
C = 19.76187009
C = 9.733234913
d1 = 16, d2 = 14;
C = 76 (53.427 + 13.18736179)
d1 = 17, d2 = 13;
C = 27.19458793
d1 = 18, d2 = 12;
C = 30.89880494
C = 79 (52.848 + 12.94973221)
C = 13.20226779
C = 91 (47.112 + 8.985672412)
d1 = 19, d2 = 11;
d1 = 26, d2 = 4;
C = 34.90232759
d1 = 27, d2 = 3;
C = 15.45982958
d1 = 20, d2 = 10;
C = 39.25194095
d1 = 28, d2 = 2;
C = 15.93911438
C = 94 (43.368 + 6.593680896)
d1 = 21, d2 = 9;
C = 44.0383191
d1 = 29, d2 = 1;
C = 19.64463471
d1 = 22, d2 = 8;
C = 41.49303612
C = 85 (62.728 + 11.68934686)
d1 = 25, d2 = 5;
C = 89.5 (48.75 + 9.851195059)
C = 11.16324411
C = 82 (53.6 + 12.46088562)
d1 = 24, d2 = 6;
C = 88 (50.232 + 10.57341207)
C = 9.340638208
C = 77.5 (53.238 + 13.09875589)
C = 23.76187009
d1 = 30, d2 = 0;
C = 10.58265314
C = 97 (47 + 0)
d1 = 23, d2 = 7;
C =50
d1 = 0, d2 = 30;
d1 = 8, d2 = 22;
C = 47 (23+ 0.6*0)
C = 64 (38.528+ 0.6*11.68934686)
C = 24
C = 18.45839188
d1 = 1, d2 = 29;
d1 = 9, d2 = 21;
C = 31.39102167
C = 12.68998083
d1 = 2, d2 = 28;
d1 = 10, d2 = 20;
C = 55 (27.368 + 0.6*6.593680896)
C = 67 (35.6 + 0.6*12.46088562)
C = 23.67579146
C = 23.92346863
d1 = 3, d2 = 27;
d1 = 11, d2 = 19;
C = 20.42396457
C = 19.75509775
d1 = 4, d2 = 26;
d1 = 12, d2 = 18;
C = 58 (27.112 + 0.6*8.985672412)
C = 70 (41.648 + 0.6*12.94973221)
C = 25.49659655
C = 20.58216068
d1 = 5, d2 = 25;
d1 = 13, d2 = 17;
C = 24.83928296
C = 18.40274646
d1 = 6, d2 = 24;
d1 = 14, d2 = 16;
C = 61 (30.232 + 0.6*10.57341207)
C = 73 (45.472 + 0.6*13.18736179)
C = 24.42395276
C = 19.61558292
d1 = 7, d2 = 23;
d1 = 15, d2 = 15;
C = 24.23392205
C = 15.01994095
d1 = 16, d2 = 14;
C = 28.23392205
C = 76 (53.427 + 0.6*13.18736179)
C = 14.61558292
C = 88 (50.232 + 0.6*10.57341207)
C = 31.42395276
d1 = 17, d2 = 13;
d1 = 24, d2 = 6;
C = 16.40274646
C = 34.83928296
d1 = 18, d2 = 12;
d1 = 25, d2 = 5;
C = 79 (52.848 + 0.6*12.94973221)
C = 18.38216068
C = 91 (47.112 + 0.6*8.985672412)
C = 38.49659655
d1 = 19, d2 = 11;
d1 = 26, d2 = 4;
C = 20.55509775
C = 42.42396457
d1 = 20, d2 = 10;
d1 = 27, d2 = 3;
C = 82 (53.6 + 0.6*12.46088562)
C = 20.92346863
C = 94 (43.368 + 0.6*6.593680896)
C = 46.67579146
d1 = 21, d2 = 9;
d1 = 28, d2 = 2;
C = 24.48998083
C = 43.39102167
d1 = 22, d2 = 8;
d1 = 29, d2 = 1;
C = 85 (62.728 + 0.6*11.68934686)
C = 15.25839188
C = 97 (47 + 0.6*0)
C =50
d1 = 23, d2 = 7;
d1 = 30, d2 = 0;
d1 = 0, d2 = 30;
d1 = 8, d2 = 22;
C = 47 (23+ 1.5*0)
C = 64 (38.528+ 1.5*11.68934686)
C = 24
C = 7.937979705
d1 = 1, d2 = 29;
d1 = 9, d2 = 21;
C = 27.12055418
C = 1.787952063
d1 = 2, d2 = 28;
d1 = 10, d2 = 20;
C = 55 (27.368 + 1.5*6.593680896)
C = 67 (35.6 + 1.5*12.46088562)
C = 17.74147866
C = 12.70867156
d1 = 3, d2 = 27;
d1 = 11, d2 = 19;
C = 13.28691142
C = 8.290744365
d1 = 4, d2 = 26;
d1 = 12, d2 = 18;
C = 58 (27.112 + 1.5*8.985672412)
C = 70 (41.648 + 1.5*12.94973221)
C = 17.40949138
C = 8.927401691
d1 = 5, d2 = 25;
d1 = 13, d2 = 17;
C = 15.97320741
C = 6.613866159
d1 = 6, d2 = 24;
d1 = 14, d2 = 16;
C = 61 (30.232 + 1.5*10.57341207)
C = 73 (45.472 + 1.5*13.18736179)
C = 14.9078819
C = 7.746957312
d1 = 7, d2 = 23;
d1 = 15, d2 = 15;
C = 14.17180514
C = 3.124852369
d1 = 16, d2 = 14;
d1 = 24, d2 = 6;
C = 76 (53.427 + 1.5*13.18736179)
C = 88 (50.232 + 1.5*10.57341207)
C = 2.746957312
C = 21.9078819
d1 = 17, d2 = 13;
d1 = 25, d2 = 5;
C = 4.613866159
C = 25.97320741
d1 = 18, d2 = 12;
d1 = 26, d2 = 4;
C = 79 (52.848 + 1.5*12.94973221)
C = 91 (47.112 + 1.5*8.985672412)
C = 6.727401691
C = 30.40949138
d1 = 19, d2 = 11;
d1 = 27, d2 = 3;
C = 9.090744365
C = 35.28691142
d1 = 20, d2 = 10;
d1 = 28, d2 = 2;
C = 82 (53.6 + 1.5*12.46088562)
C = 94 (43.368 + 1.5*6.593680896)
C = 9.708671563
C = 40.74147866
d1 = 21, d2 = 9;
d1 = 29, d2 = 1;
C = 13.58795206
C = 39.12055418ss
d1 = 22, d2 = 8;
d1 = 30, d2 = 0;
C = 85 (62.728 + 1.5*11.68934686)
C = 97 (47 + 1.5*0)
C = 4.737979705
C =50
d1 = 23, d2 = 7;
d1 = 0, d2 = 30;
d1 = 5, d2 = 25;
HR = 47
48.75
d1 = 1, d2 = 29;
HR = 190
49.262
HR = 853.664
50.232
d1 = 2, d2 = 28;
d1 = 6, d2 = 24;
HR = 157.304
43.368
HR = 514.216
51.558
d1 = 3, d2 = 27;
d1 = 7, d2 = 23;
HR = 135.1531429
45.318
HR = 330.456
62.728
d1 = 4, d2 = 26;
d1 = 8, d2 = 22;
HR = 101.976
d1 = 9, d2 = 21;
47.112
HR = 241.384
51.742
HR = 110.6773333
d1 = 10, d2 = 20;
d1 = 18, d2 = 12;
53.6
+ 41.648
HR = 100.4
HR = 65.216
d1 = 11, d2 = 19;
d1 = 19, d2 = 11;
+ 52.302
+ 41.102
HR = 94.96218182
HR = 61.88505263
d1 = 12, d2 = 18;
d1 = 20, d2 = 10;
+ 52.848
35.6
HR = 89.076
HR = 56.3
d1 = 13, d2 = 17;
d1 = 21, d2 = 9;
+ 53.238
+ 45.542
HR = 84.31138462
HR = 59.024
d1 = 14, d2 = 16;
d1 = 22, d2 = 8;
+ 53.472
+ 38.528
HR = 80.36114286
HR = 52.51781818
d1 = 15, d2 = 15;
d1 = 23, d2 = 7;
51.55
+ 31.558
HR = 77
HR = 45.38817391
d1 = 16, d2 = 14;
d1 = 24, d2 = 6;
+ 45.472
+ 30.232
HR = 73.059
HR = 41.924
d1 = 17, d2 = 13;
d1 = 25, d2 = 5;
+ 45.238
28.75
HR = 69.52658824
HR = 38.4
d1 = 26, d2 = 4;
d1 = 27, d2 = 3;
d1 = 28, d2 = 2;
d1 = 29, d2 = 1;
d1 = 30, d2 = 0;
CHAPTER 5
Distance
from SITE
B
Path
Elevation
Earth
Curvature
Terrain
Type
Obstruction
along path
Ground
Elevation
30
17
Rice Field
17
29
17
2.262
Rice Field
28
17
4.368
Rice Field
21.368
27
19
6.318
Cultivated
Land
25.318
26
19
8.112
Rice Field
27.112
25
19
9.75
Rice Field
28.75
24
19
11.232
Rice Field
30.232
23
19
12.558
Rice Field
31.558
22
24.8
13.728
Rice Field
38.528
21
24.8
14.742
Cultivated
Land
10
20
20
15.6
Rice Field
35.6
11
19
24.8
16.302
Rice Field
41.102
12
18
24.8
16.848
Rice Field
41.648
13
17
28
17.238
Rice Field
45.238
14
16
28
17.472
Swamp
45.472
15
15
28
17.55
Cultivated
Land
16
14
36
17.472
Rice Field
53.472
17
13
36
17.238
Rice Field
53.238
18
12
36
16.848
Rice Field
52.848
19
11
36
16.302
Rice Field
52.302
20
10
38
15.6
Rice Field
53.6
19.262
20
39.542
45.55
21
37
14.742
Cultivated
Land
22
39
13.728
Woodland
23
39
12.558
Rice Field
51.558
24
39
11.232
Rice Field
50.232
25
39
9.75
Rice Field
48.75
26
39
8.112
Rice Field
47.112
27
39
6.318
Rice Field
45.318
28
39
4.368
Rice Field
43.368
29
47
2.262
Rice Field
49.262
30
47
Rice Field
47
51.742
10
52.728
SITE
A
SITE
B
Path
Elevation
Earth
Curvature
Ground
Elevation
Terrain
Type
Tower
Height
Obstruction
along path
Obstruction
Height
Line
of
sight
(LOS)
30
17
17
Rice Field
20
23
47
29
17
2.262
19.262
Rice Field
19.262
53.5
28
17
4.368
21.368
Rice Field
27.368
55
27
19
6.318
25.318
Cultivated
Land
31.318
56.5
26
19
8.112
27.112
Rice Field
27.112
58
25
19
9.75
28.75
Rice Field
28.75
59.5
24
19
11.232
30.232
Rice Field
30.232
61
23
19
12.558
31.558
Rice Field
31.558
62.5
22
24.8
13.728
38.528
Rice Field
38.528
64
21
24.8
14.742
39.542
Cultivated
Land
45.542
65.5
10
20
20
15.6
35.6
Rice Field
35.6
67
11
19
24.8
16.302
41.102
Rice Field
41.102
68.5
12
18
24.8
16.848
41.648
Rice Field
41.648
70
13
17
28
17.238
45.238
Rice Field
45.238
71.5
14
16
28
17.472
45.472
Swamp
45.472
73
15
15
28
17.55
45.55
Cultivated
Land
51.55
74.5
16
14
36
17.472
53.472
Rice Field
53.472
76
17
13
36
17.238
53.238
Rice Field
53.238
77.5
18
12
36
16.848
52.848
Rice Field
52.848
79
19
11
36
16.302
52.302
Rice Field
52.302
80.5
20
10
38
15.6
53.6
Rice Field
53.6
82
21
37
14.742
51.742
Cultivated
Land
51.742
83.5
22
39
13.728
52.728
Woodland
62.728
85
23
39
12.558
51.558
Rice Field
51.558
86.5
24
39
11.232
50.232
Rice Field
50.232
88
25
39
9.75
48.75
Rice Field
48.75
89.5
26
39
8.112
47.112
Rice Field
47.112
91
27
39
6.318
45.318
Rice Field
45.318
92.5
28
39
4.368
43.368
Rice Field
43.368
94
29
47
2.262
49.262
Rice Field
49.262
95.5
30
47
47
Rice Field
47
97
10
30
Table of Reflection
SITE
A
SITE
B
Path
Elevation
Earth
Curvature
Ground
Elevation
Terrain
Type
Tower
Height
Obstruction
along path
Obstruction
Height
Reflection
at Site A
30
17
17
Rice Field
20
23
47
29
17
2.262
19.262
Rice Field
19.262
853.664
28
17
4.368
21.368
Rice Field
27.368
514.216
27
19
6.318
25.318
Cultivate
d Land
31.318
330.456
26
19
8.112
27.112
Rice Field
27.112
241.384
25
19
9.75
28.75
Rice Field
28.75
190
24
19
11.232
30.232
Rice Field
30.232
157.304
31.558
135.15314
29
23
19
12.558
31.558
Rice Field
22
24.8
13.728
38.528
Rice Field
38.528
101.976
21
24.8
14.742
39.542
Cultivate
d Land
45.542
110.67733
33
10
20
20
15.6
35.6
Rice Field
35.6
100.4
11
19
24.8
16.302
41.102
Rice Field
41.102
94.962181
82
12
18
24.8
16.848
41.648
Rice Field
41.648
89.076
13
17
28
17.238
45.238
Rice Field
45.238
14
16
28
17.472
45.472
Swamp
45.472
15
15
28
17.55
45.55
Cultivate
d Land
16
14
36
17.472
53.472
Rice Field
51.55
84.311384
62
80.361142
86
77
53.472
73.059
17
13
36
17.238
53.238
Rice Field
53.238
69.526588
24
18
12
36
16.848
52.848
Rice Field
52.848
65.216
19
11
36
16.302
52.302
Rice Field
52.302
61.885052
63
20
10
38
15.6
53.6
Rice Field
53.6
56.3
21
37
14.742
51.742
Cultivate
d Land
51.742
59.024
22
39
13.728
52.728
Woodlan
d
23
39
12.558
51.558
Rice Field
51.558
24
39
11.232
50.232
Rice Field
50.232
25
39
9.75
48.75
Rice Field
48.75
10
62.728
26
39
8.112
47.112
Rice Field
47.112
27
39
6.318
45.318
Rice Field
45.318
28
39
4.368
43.368
Rice Field
43.368
29
47
2.262
49.262
Rice Field
49.262
30
47
47
Rice Field
30
47
52.517818
18
45.388173
91
41.924
38.4
34.787076
92
36.393777
78
30.913142
86
21.252965
52
23
Tabulation of Data
SITE
A
SITE
B
Path
Elevation
Earth
Curvature
Ground
Elevation
Terrain
Type
Tower
Height
Obstruction
along path
20
3
0
17
17
Rice
Field
2
9
17
2.262
19.262
Rice
Field
2
8
17
4.368
21.368
Rice
Field
2
7
19
6.318
25.318
Cultiva
ted
Land
2
6
19
8.112
27.112
2
5
19
9.75
2
4
19
2
3
Obstructio
n Height
Line of
sight
(LOS)
Larger 1st
Fresnel
1st Fresnel
Clearance
60% Fresnel
Clearance
150% Fresnel
Clearance
23
47
Fr
24
24
24
19.262
53.5
29.49303
612
31.39102
167
27.12055
418
27.368
55
4.7449
63881
21.03831
91
23.67579
146
17.74147
866
31.318
56.5
6.5936
80896
17.25194
095
20.42396
457
13.28691
142
Rice
Field
27.112
58
7.9300
59052
21.90232
759
25.49659
655
17.40949
138
28.75
Rice
Field
28.75
59.5
8.9856
72412
20.89880
494
24.83928
296
15.97320
741
11.23
2
30.232
Rice
Field
30.232
61
9.8511
95059
20.19458
793
24.42395
276
14.90788
19
19
12.55
8
31.558
Rice
Field
31.558
62.5
10.573
41207
19.76187
009
24.23392
205
14.17180
514
2
2
24.8
13.72
8
38.528
Rice
Field
38.528
64
11.180
12991
13.78265
314
18.45839
188
7.937979
705
2
1
24.8
14.74
2
39.542
Cultiva
ted
Land
45.542
65.5
11.689
34686
7.844634
709
12.68998
083
1.787952
063
10
2
0
20
15.6
35.6
Rice
Field
35.6
67
12.113
36529
18.93911
438
23.92346
863
12.70867
156
11
1
9
24.8
16.30
2
41.102
Rice
Field
41.102
68.5
12.460
88562
14.65982
958
19.75509
775
8.290744
365
12
1
8
24.8
16.84
8
41.648
Rice
Field
41.648
70
12.738
17042
15.40226
779
20.58216
068
8.927401
691
45.238
71.5
45.472
73
12.949
73221
13.098
75589
13.16324
411
14.34063
821
18.40274
646
19.61558
292
6.613866
159
7.746957
312
51.55
74.5
13.187
36179
9.733234
913
15.01994
095
3.124852
369
53.472
76
53.238
77.5
13.216
76509
13.187
36179
9.340638
208
11.16324
411
14.61558
292
16.40274
646
2.746957
312
4.613866
159
13
14
15
16
17
1
7
1
6
1
5
1
4
1
3
28
28
28
36
36
17.23
8
17.47
2
17.55
17.47
2
17.23
8
45.238
45.472
45.55
53.472
53.238
Rice
Field
Swam
p
Cultiva
ted
Land
Rice
Field
Rice
Field
18
19
20
1
2
1
1
1
0
36
36
16.84
8
16.30
2
52.848
52.302
38
15.6
53.6
14.74
2
51.742
21
37
22
39
23
39
24
39
25
39
9.75
48.75
26
39
8.112
47.112
27
39
6.318
45.318
28
39
4.368
43.368
29
47
2.262
49.262
30
47
47
13.72
8
12.55
8
11.23
2
52.728
51.558
50.232
Rice
Field
Rice
Field
Rice
Field
Cultiva
ted
Land
Woodl
and
Rice
Field
Rice
Field
Rice
Field
Rice
Field
Rice
Field
Rice
Field
Rice
Field
Rice
Field
10
30
52.848
79
52.302
80.5
53.6
82
51.742
83.5
62.728
85
51.558
86.5
50.232
88
48.75
89.5
47.112
91
45.318
92.5
43.368
94
49.262
95.5
47
97
13.098
75589
12.949
73221
12.738
17042
13.20226
779
15.45982
958
15.93911
438
18.38216
068
20.55509
775
20.92346
863
6.727401
691
9.090744
365
9.708671
563
12.460
88562
19.64463
471
24.48998
083
13.58795
206
12.113
36529
11.689
34686
11.180
12991
10.573
41207
9.8511
95059
8.9856
72412
7.9300
59052
6.5936
80896
4.7449
63881
10.58265
314
23.76187
009
27.19458
793
30.89880
494
34.90232
759
39.25194
095
44.03831
91
41.49303
612
15.25839
188
28.23392
205
31.42395
276
34.83928
296
38.49659
655
42.42396
457
46.67579
146
43.39102
167
4.737979
705
18.17180
514
21.90788
19
25.97320
741
30.40949
138
35.28691
142
40.74147
866
39.12055
418
50
50
50