Challenge Problem

20.56 . An air conditioner operates on 800 W of power and has a

performance coefcient of 2.80 with a room temperature of 21.0C
and an outside temperature of 35.0C. (a) Calculate the rate of heat
removal for this unit. (b) Calculate the rate at which heat is discharged to the outside air. (c) Calculate the total entropy change in
the room if the air conditioner runs for 1 hour. Calculate the total
entropy change in the outside air for the same time period.
(d) What is the net change in entropy for the system 1room +
outside air2?
20.57 .. CALC Unavailable Energy. The discussion of entropy
and the second law that follows Example 20.10 (Section 20.7) says
that the increase in entropy in an irreversible process is associated
with energy becoming less available. Consider a Carnot cycle that
uses a low-temperature reservoir with Kelvin temperature Tc. This
is a true reservoirthat is, large enough not to change temperature
when it accepts heat from the engine. Let the engine accept heat
from an object of temperature T , where T 7 Tc. The object is of
nite size, so it cools as heat is extracted from it. The engine continues to operate until T = Tc. (a) Show that the total magnitude
of heat rejected to the low-temperature reservoir is Tc Sh , where
Sh is the change in entropy of the high-temperature reservoir. (b)
Apply the result of part (a) to 1.00 kg of water initially at a temperature of 373 K as the heat source for the engine and Tc = 273 K.
How much total mechanical work can be performed by the engine
until it stops? (c) Repeat part (b) for 2.00 kg of water at 323 K. (d)
Compare the amount of work that can be obtained from the energy
in the water of Example 20.10 before and after it is mixed. Discuss
whether your result shows that energy has become less available.
20.58 ... CP The maximum power that can be extracted by a
wind turbine from an air stream is approximately
P = kd 2v3
where d is the blade diameter, v is the wind speed, and the constant
k = 0.5 W # s3 >m5. (a) Explain the dependence of P on d and on v
by considering a cylinder of air that passes over the turbine blades
in time t (Fig. P20.58). This cylinder has diameter d, length
L = vt, and density r. (b) The Mod-5B wind turbine at Kahaku on
the Hawaiian island of Oahu has a blade diameter of 97 m (slightly
longer than a football eld) and sits atop a 58-m tower. It can produce 3.2 MW of electric power. Assuming 25% efciency, what
wind speed is required to produce this amount of power? Give
your answer in m>s and in km>h. (c) Commercial wind turbines
are commonly located in or downwind of mountain passes. Why?
Figure P20.58

L 5 vt

20.59 .. CALC (a) For the Otto cycle shown in Fig. 20.6, calculate
the changes in entropy of the gas in each of the constant-volume
processes b S c and d S a in terms of the temperatures Ta, Tb, Tc,
and Td and the number of moles n and the heat capacity CV of the

685

gas. (b) What is the total entropy change in the engine during one
cycle? (Hint: Use the relationships between Ta and Tb and between
Td and Tc.) (c) The processes b S c and d S a occur irreversibly in
a real Otto engine. Explain how can this be reconciled with your
result in part (b).
20.60 .. CALC A TS-Diagram. (a) Graph a Carnot cycle, plotting Kelvin temperature vertically and entropy horizontally. This
is called a temperatureentropy diagram, or TS-diagram. (b) Show
that the area under any curve representing a reversible path in a
temperatureentropy diagram represents the heat absorbed by the
system. (c) Derive from your diagram the expression for the thermal efciency of a Carnot cycle. (d) Draw a temperatureentropy
diagram for the Stirling cycle described in Problem 20.52. Use
this diagram to relate the efciencies of the Carnot and Stirling
cycles.
20.61 . A physics student immerses one end of a copper rod in
boiling water at 100C and the other end in an icewater mixture
at 0C. The sides of the rod are insulated. After steady-state conditions have been achieved in the rod, 0.120 kg of ice melts in a certain time interval. For this time interval, nd (a) the entropy
change of the boiling water; (b) the entropy change of the
icewater mixture; (c) the entropy change of the copper rod; (d)
the total entropy change of the entire system.
20.62 .. CALC To heat 1 cup of water 1250 cm32 to make coffee,
you place an electric heating element in the cup. As the water temperature increases from 20C to 78C, the temperature of the heating element remains at a constant 120C. Calculate the change in
entropy of (a) the water; (b) the heating element; (c) the system of
water and heating element. (Make the same assumption about the
specic heat of water as in Example 20.10 in Section 20.7, and
ignore the heat that ows into the ceramic coffee cup itself.) (d) Is
this process reversible or irreversible? Explain.
20.63 .. CALC An object of mass m 1, specic heat c1, and temperature T1 is placed in contact with a second object of mass m 2,
specic heat c2, and temperature T2 7 T1. As a result, the temperature of the rst object increases to T and the temperature of the second object decreases to T. (a) Show that the entropy increase of
the system is
T
T
S = m 1c1 ln + m 2c2 ln
T1
T2
and show that energy conservation requires that
m 1c1 1T - T12 = m 2c2 1T2 - T 2
(b) Show that the entropy change S, considered as a function of
T, is a maximum if T = T , which is just the condition of thermodynamic equilibrium. (c) Discuss the result of part (b) in terms of
the idea of entropy as a measure of disorder.

CHALLENGE PROBLEM
20.64 ... Consider a Diesel

cycle that starts (at point a in Fig.

20.7) with air at temperature Ta. The air may be treated as an ideal
gas. (a) If the temperature at point c is Tc, derive an expression for
the efciency of the cycle in terms of the compression ratio r.
(b) What is the efciency if Ta = 300 K, Tc = 950 K, g = 1.40,
and r = 21.0?