Human Geography Revision

Globalisation:

Disney:

The processes by which people, their cultures, money goods

and information can be transferred between countries with
few or no barriers

Growth of Companies:

Just in Time:

New Economy:

3rd in Global brand league

2006 - $32billion income
130,000 employees,
40,000 suppliers in 50 countries
230 linked satellite/cable TV companies
728 worldwide shops
Sport franchises and teams
5 theme parks, a cruise line

Expansion
Merger/takeover
Diversification

Where companies demand goods from suppliers on short time

scales rather than hold large volumes of stock
Disney can judge success of film before launching
merchandise
Uses oversea manufacturers outsourcing
Outsourcing = low wages, poor working conditions etc
Disney shirt cost $0.15 to make sold for $17.99
800 people lost jobs, no compensation
Mulan helped Disney into China
Lion King Africa
Hunchback of Notre Dame - France
Where companies are based more in services than goods

1500-1840: Horse-drawn carriages, sailing ships 10mph

1850-1930: Steam trains 65mph Steam ships 36mph
1950s: Propeller aircraft 400mph
1960s: Jet passenger aircraft 700mph
1990s: Cyberspace information in seconds
Morse code telephone satellite internet broadband

Impacts of Globalisation:

Finance
TNCs get larger turnovers
Money exchanged electronically, loans, debts,
shares, purchases
Worldwide reduction in consumer prices
Political
Media influence
Political organisations such as the EU
Loss of national identity TNCs have power
Trade barriers removed e.g. tariffs, quotas
People
People with skills move to where there is demand
Migrant labour

Culture
Tourism
Communication such as phones
Global village, people share more common
interests e.g. sport
People lose individuality e.g. American TV

Colonialism
Connections:

How places and people are linked together, e.g. trade, transport,
information links, and political control

Tenochtitlan
1519 conquered by Spanish
300,000 residents, 5x more than London
Agricultural city, self sufficient for food, 3 harvests a year
By 1538 food shortages occurred as farm systems collapsed
18th century self sufficient again due to large Spanish owned estates
Native pushed to poor areas of soil
Deforestation
1984 declared that land use lead to lack of soil nutrients
Over grazing and deforestation lead to resource depletion
Pollution
Water shortages
17million people

Other Colonies
Spain had empires of central and south America gaining land and
precious metals
Britain and France owned Caribbean for sugar cane plantations instead
of locals food crops, African slaves used
7-8million African slaves to Brazil between 1550 and 1850

Core and Periphery Core -where most wealth is produced e.g. USA,
England
Own and consume 80% of global products
Highest incomes
Most decisions on global economy
Most global investment

Periphery poorer countries

Own and consume 20% global products
75%population
Lowest income, 2.5billion live on less than $2 a day
Not influential
More in primary/secondary sector

Disconnected context meaning that some countries become less

influential and less involved in economic decision making

Guatemala
75% cotton crop exported, 1980s
Reinvested back into crops
If Guatemala processed raw cotton into clothes it would make more
Only 1% of land used to make cotton to produce same income
Trade arrangements make it difficult
Global Differences
North-developed core
25%population
80%global income
Life expectancy 75+
Well fed
High education levels
90%manufacturing output
95%global spending on
research and development
99% ownership of patents
Controls finance and
trade

South-Developing Periphery
75% global population
20%global income
Life expectancy 65
20%suffer
malnutrition/hunger
Less than 50% attend
school
10%manufacturing output
Dependent on north for
medical supplies
Need loans and aid

Measuring Development

Economic
GNP
GDP
Per Capita
Purchasing power parity

Human development
Physical quality of life
index
HDI
Human suffering index

Global Groupings

Trade dominated by USA, Europe and East Asia

Generated 85% of manufacturing
81%exports

Future Connections Chindia

India designs and innovates
China manufactures
Million graduate as engineers and scientist from both countries
Low cost labs and factories, communication easy

Trading Bloc: Countries which group together to improve their economic

interests and trade patterns e.g. EU, NAFTA, ASEAN, MERCOSUR AND
OPEC

WTO World Trade Organisation, sets laws for trading

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
think tank for 30 countries
OPEC Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries Regulate
global oil market
G8+5 represents 65% world trade, help climate change and trade
G20 focuses on agricultural trade
World Bank Promotes investment globally
IMF ensure global banking stability assisting with investments
and debt

Strained Connections
Africa took out loans in 1970s struggle to pay back, interest

How the Worlds poorest countries got into Debt

1970s OPEC raised price of petrol twice
OPEC banked earnings in western banks
Banks lent money to developing countries
1980s global interest rates doubled
IMF scheduled loans to be more affordable
Caused govt spending on health and education to decrease

Zambia
Rich in copper deposits
Paid for schools, health care and
prosperity
27year 90% Zambias foreign earnings
25% of its GDP
Fibre optic cables came out
Mines closed, GDP fell
Debt was 2.5x GDP
Tanzania
Low GDP but good health care and education
Fertile farmland volcanic soil
Grew cotton
1980s price halved
Farm incomes fell
Government received less tax
Kenya
1990s fastest growing population 3.5%
Suffering debt
Land devoted to cash crops
43% flowers imported into EU came
from sub-Saharan Africa, 250million
Severe food shortages, 60%suffered,
20% decline in food per head
Kenyan farmers diverted water to
produce 52million tonnes of flowers
Water supplies now very low
Ecosystem suffering

TNCs
Top 200:

25% of worlds economic activity

Employ 1% of worlds workforce
Exxon Mobil, profits $36.1billion revenue $339.9billion
(more than Saudi Arabia)

Growth of TNCs:

Investment:

Horizontal integration
Vertical integration
Economies of Scale
Capitalism
Faster, cheaper transport and communication
Just in time

USA 21%, UK 15%, France 8%, Germany 7%,

Japan 5%
Over half done through English banks
Reverse colonialism, countries such as India
heavily investing

Case Study: Supermarkets

Wal-mart is worlds largest and 2nd largest TNC ($11.2 billion

profits)
Tesco is UKs largest 1 in 8 in Tesco (2007)
2007 operated in 12 other countries, now expanding
2300 shops
Wide target market e.g. insurance, groceries
Profits 2billion
57% Tescos floor space outside of UK
Free parking helps
Small shops suffer
Cultures lost Tesco tries to bring in local produce
Monopolise
Impact on food suppliers lead to cutting prices

Growing locally, selling globally: Almeria

Use to be poor region of Spain

Now grows 350km2 of crops for UK
Crops grow in hectares of plastic- bad for environment
Cheap migrant labour from Mali, Morocco, Poland
National Park in danger
Deforestation
Risk of flooding
Risk of rivers drying up
Pollution
40kg of pesticides per hectare = more breast cancer

Chinas fast growing Economy

UK exports goods to China for 2.8billion and imports 30billion

(2005)
Rich in coal, gas and oil
Since 1970s economy doubled every 8 years, USA only once
China has largest sustained GDP growth
Shanghai
Mao Zedong died in 1976 meaning China was not communist after as
it was disconnected before
Investment came in after 1986
1990s more capitalist
Massive population and resources
Healthy, literate and educated
53% exports produced by foreign owned companies partnering with
Chinese
60% increase since 2004
2050 consume more oil and paper than world produces now
Consumes 50% world concrete, 40%coal, 25%iron and nickel
Chongqing, with Yangtze River, fastest growing city
Developed 3 Gorges Dam
Population 10million
Expected to double 2020
50%population migrants
$250billion spent on roads, power, dam, bridges since 2000
One of the dirtiest cities on earth
20% Chinas population live on less than $1 a day
70%lakes/rivers polluted

100cities suffer from water shortages

360million do not have access to safe drinking water
85%trees in Yangtze cleared creating erosion and dust storms

India

Averaging 6%economic growth per year since 1990s

Language and technical services key
Outsourcing of computer

Outsourcing: employing overseas labour in their home country to do a job

for a company in a developed country e.g. call centre

BRICs

Large well educated workforce (2million English speaking graduates

every year)
Computer services earn $25billion per year
State of the art at 20% of European prices
Bangalore fastest growing city in India, 1.6million 1970, 6.5million
2006, has highest paid workers
Gap between rich and poor, overcrowding
Cheap food imports make it difficult for Indian farmers who make
up 70%

2007 China overtook UK economy as 4th largest

Going towards worlds biggest superpower
2050, Brazil, Russia, India, China will be in G7, with only USA and
Japan still in it, Germany, Italy, France and UK will join as former
members
Brazil and Russia two largest suppliers of raw materials
50%Chinese foreign investment in Latin American and Caribbean
Acquiring European businesses and setting up in USA

World on the Move: Migration

2005 191million migrants

2006 3% worlds population (192million) were migrants
Wealth
Employment
War
Exchange rate
Welfare entitlement, community support
Public services
Cultural differences
Jobs and wages

Impacts:

Attract best migrants

Fills skills shortages
Attract lower educated for other job vacancies
Balance UKs own ageing population
European has 64.1million migrants since 1960s
$266billion sent home in 2006
Slows down source nations development

Migration to Spain

2% population increase per year (910,000) only 220,000 natural

increase
Foreigners make up 9.3% of Spains population
4.1 million in 2006
65% aged 16-44 stops ageing population, contribute to economy
From Morocco, Ecuador and eastern Europe
Spain can not recruit enough in dirty, dangerous and difficult jobs
Many seasonal workers
Increasing coastal population water shortages
Fertile land lost to building sites

Changing Migration Patterns: UK

2002/3 349,300 people (25,000 from India)

2003/4 371,000 people (31,000 from India, 11,000 from Poland)
(Countries accepted into EU)
2004/5 440,000 people (62,000 from Poland)
2005/6 660,000 people (171,000 from Poland)

Causes and Consequences

Fortress Europe, hard to get in, easy to move around once in
Illegal immigration work in informal sctor
Extremism, mixing legal and illegal immigrants caused riots in
Almeria
Population Change in the UK

Dynamic System:

Births
Number of women fertile
Political financial policies
Social/cultural education
Economic cost
Immigration
Economic
Political
Environment
Social/cultural
Deaths
Environmental pollution
Political NHS
Social/Cultural lifestyle
Economic
Emigration

Ageing population: UK

1971 2x as many under 16s than 65+ (14.3 to 7.4)

2005 11.6m under 16, 9.6m 65+
2014 more elderly than under 16

Patterns in Birth Rate:

1920 after WW1 baby boom

Great Depression
After WW2 baby boom
1960s baby boom hippies,
contraception
Female rights careers, drop in br
Projected to stay at around 700k

Changes in Fertility Rate

2005 1.79
Replacement level needed is 2.1
Gradually climbing
20% of women do not have children
Higher levels of divorce
Careers
Almost halved since 1960

1950s and 1960s baby booms, 98% due to natural increase

Since 1980s it has steadily changed

Economic Polish
Sports Cricket Monty Panesar
Political India 1947

Issues of ageing population:

Pension Crisis:

Grey Pound spend more money, creates

business
Healthcare
Social housing
Decline in workforce
Need to integrate economic migrants
Smaller classes in schools

Life expectancy is increasing

2000 3.71 working people per pensioner
2040 2.1 working people per pensioner

Megacities

Urbanisation: increase in percentage of people living in towns and cities

2007 3.2billion lived in cities

MEDCs 90% lived were urban inhabitants
Tokyo 25million, New York 17million, L.A. 13million

World Cities: Cities power based on trade, political strength, innovation,

political strength
Major capitals and commercial cities in developed countries (core)
e.g. Tokyo, London
Major capitals and commercial cities in developing countries (semiperiphery) e.g. Rio DJ, Singapore
Less important capitals and commercial cities e.g. Madrid, Sydney
Less important developing world cities e.g. Mexico City, Bangkok
Secondary Core e.g. L.A.

Megalopolis: large urban area that contains several metropolitan centres

Los Angeles Growth:

California (megalopolis) has 24million people

Arrival of railway, 1876, 500k arrived within
40years
Discovery of oil, lead to Ford and other
manufacturing industries meaning growth
Aircraft industry good weather, good for civil
and military testing and production sites
Development of Hollywood in 1920s and 30s
1970s fastest growing city in USA
2000 14million people in metropolitan district
Growth rate of 1%pa
Motorways

Suburban Sprawl:

Problems for L.A.:

Background factors
Huge land mass
Change in economy e.g. employment
Investment in transport
Cheap fuel
Personal mobility
Income
Few planning restrictions
Urban Push
Safety
High rent
Employment
Pollution
Poor schools and services
Congestion
Crowded
Greenfield sites
Suburban Pull
Accessible
Cheaper land for larger properties
Safer
Low density single family housing
More open spaces
Better schools and services
Large shopping centres

Housing shortages
Urban tension different ethnic groups
Work economy leads to loss of jobs
Water piped in from 350km away causing
disputes
Waste 50,000tonees every day
Health and education expensive
Transport 10 million vehicles, 30%use public
Massive energy use
smog

Donut City: Hole in central (downtown) area

Car tyre, steel and aircraft factories close due to

competition overseas
Businesses and people move out
Modern high-tech electronics aerospace and manufacturing
industries want large sites and car parks on edge of city

Plans:

Require employers to pay workers a decent wage

Provide better benefits e.g. childcare
Increase urban parks, clean up brownfield
Promote clean energy
Attract food markets
Improve public transport
Safer walkable and bikeable neighborhoods

Mumbai

Commercial capital of India

Provides 33% of Indias tax revenue
40%international flights to India to Mumbai
Home of Bollywood
1million live in Dharavi one of worlds largest shanty town

Hyper-urbanisation:

Rapid growth:

17million people, growing rapidly

600 new migrants a day
2020 expected to have 26million
Rapid expansion means lack of drainage, clean
water, public health and education facilities

Communication
Investment
Technology
Cites becoming global hubs
Better housing
Better quality of life
Growth in outsourcing hobs
Rural poverty
Better paid jobs
Lack of services

Recycling

80%waste is recycled (in Dharavi)

Worth $1.5million a year
Employs 10,000 people (inc. children)
Poor working conditions
Clothing
Families work together to make clothes e.g. one cuts, one sews.
Shirts sold for about 17p
If economic growth is sustained at 8-10% hope to build 1.1million low cost
homes and 2000 levels of slum population to drop 10-12%
Vision Mumbai
Increase affordable housing
Upgrade infrastructure
Boost economic growth
More efficient government
Improve transport
Raise adequate financing
2007 200k moved, 45,000 homes destroyed, 300hectares land
cleared for development
Future Mumbai
200,000 high end jobs in financial, healthcare, entertainment
raising GDP 3% a year
500,000 jobs in construction, retail, tourism, recreation raising
GDP 2% per year
200,000 new jobs in Special Export Zones e.g. low pollution
Environmental consequences of Globalisation
Deforestation Central America had 500km2, 1980s only
90,000km2
30% Honduras rainforest lost since 1960, 800km2 per year
20% of Honduras export earnings spent of debt repayment
Ecosystem destroyed
More soil erosion, flooding and landslides
Burning forests account for 25% global carbon emissions

Social consequences of Globalisation

800million tourists in 2006
Tourism contributes well to Cubas communist society providing
money and jobs
1980 130,000 visitors, 5,000 hotel rooms
2005 2.4million visitors, 43,000 hotel rooms
2005, china supplied 800 new coaches
80,000 people work in tourism
Managing change for a better world

Ecological footprint: measure of land and water a population needs in

order to produce resources it consumes and to absorb waste, was existing

technology

1967: Torrey Canyon oil tanker sank off Cornwall, creating a 300km
oil spill
1970s oil crisis- rising price
1980s: debt crisis
1985: Live aid, more aware of drought and famine in Ethiopia
1992-2005: Kyoto Protocol on climate change
2006 Stern Report

Fair Trade or free trade

WTO promotes free trade, and to
get rid of trade barriers
This means factory workers or
growers receives smallest share
of the price
Fair trade aims to give a bigger
proportion

Ethical Shopping
Retailers selling more fair trade,
organic, and local products
People willing to pay more
Total food miles was 30billion in
2002
Organic food destroys forests
Local produce can force fair
trade people to lose out

Carbon Offsetting and Trading

Voluntary such as Coldplay
Certified Carbon Credit Scheme

Reduce, re-use, and recycle

London 3.4million tonnes of waste
per year
80% rubbish can be reused
90% of what we buy becomes
rubbish in 6 months
Landfill sites running out