taken from state a to state b in p Fig. P19.41 along the path acb, c b 90.0 J of heat ows into the system and 60.0 J of work is done by the system. (a) How much heat ows into the system along path adb if the work done by the a d system is 15.0 J? (b) When the V system is returned from b to a O along the curved path, the absolute value of the work done by the system is 35.0 J. Does the system absorb or liberate heat? How much heat? (c) If Ua = 0 and Ud = 8.0 J, nd the heat absorbed in the processes ad and db. 19.42 . A thermodynamic system is taken from state a to state Figure P19.42 c in Fig. P19.42 along either p path abc or path adc. Along path c b abc, the work W done by the system is 450 J. Along path adc, W is 120 J. The internal energies a d of each of the four states shown in the gure are Ua = 150 J, V O Ub = 240 J, Uc = 680 J, and Ud = 330 J. Calculate the heat ow Q for each of the four processes ab, bc, ad, and dc. In each process, does the system absorb or liberate heat? 19.43 . A volume of air (assumed to be an ideal gas) is rst cooled Figure P19.43 without changing its volume and p (Pa) then expanded without changing a 5 its pressure, as shown by the path 3.0 3 10 abc in Fig. P19.43. (a) How does 2.0 3 105 the nal temperature of the gas 5 compare with its initial tempera- 1.0 3 10 b c ture? (b) How much heat does V (m3) O 0.02 0.04 0.06 the air exchange with its surroundings during the process abc? Does the air absorb heat or release heat during this process? Explain. (c) If the air instead expands from state a to state c by the straight-line path shown, how much heat does it exchange with its surroundings? 19.44 . Three moles of argon gas (assumed to be an ideal gas) originally at a pressure of 1.50 * 10 4 Pa and a volume of 0.0280 m3 are rst heated and expanded at constant pressure to a volume of 0.0435 m3, then heated at constant volume until the pressure reaches 3.50 * 10 4 Pa, then cooled and compressed at constant pressure until the volume is again 0.0280 m3, and nally cooled at constant volume until the pressure drops to its original value of 1.50 * 10 4 Pa. (a) Draw the pV-diagram for this cycle. (b) Calculate the total work done by (or on) the gas during the cycle. (c) Calculate the net heat exchanged with the surroundings. Does the gas gain or lose heat overall? 19.45 .. Two moles of an ideal monatomic gas go through the cycle abc. For the complete cycle, 800 J of heat ows out of the gas. Process ab is at constant pressure, and process bc is at constant volume. States a and b have temperatures Ta = 200 K and Tb = 300 K. (a) Sketch the pV-diagram for the cycle. (b) What is the work W for the process ca? 19.46 .. Three moles of an ideal gas are taken around the cycle acb shown in Fig. P19.46. For this gas, Cp = 29.1 J>mol # K. Process ac is at constant pressure, process ba is at constant volume,
and process cb is adiabatic. The temperatures of the gas in states a,
c, and b are Ta = 300 K, Tc = 492 K, and Tb = 600 K. Calculate the total work W for the cycle. Figure P19.46
Figure P19.47 p 1atm2
p b
2.0
c 0.50
V 1 L2
0.20
19.47 .. Figure P19.47 shows a pV-diagram for 0.0040 mole of
ideal H 2 gas. The temperature of the gas does not change during segment bc. (a) What volume does this gas occupy at point c? (b) Find the temperature of the gas at points a, b, and c. (c) How much heat went into or out of the gas during segments ab, ca, and bc? Indicate whether the heat has gone into or out of the gas. (d) Find the change in the internal energy of this hydrogen during segments ab, bc, and ca. Indicate whether the internal energy increased or decreased during each of these segments. 19.48 .. The graph in Fig. Figure P19.48 P19.48 shows a pV-diagram p 1 Pa 3 105 2 for 3.25 moles of ideal helium (He) gas. Part ca of this a b process is isothermal. (a) Find the pressure of the He at point a. (b) Find the temperature of the He at points a, b, and c. (c) 2.0 c How much heat entered or left V 1 m3 2 the He during segments ab, bc, O 0.010 0.040 and ca? In each segment, did the heat enter or leave? (d) By how much did the internal energy of the He change from a to b, from b to c, and from c to a? Indicate whether this energy increased or decreased. 19.49 .. (a) One-third of a mole of He gas is taken along the path abc shown as the solid line in Fig. P19.49. Assume that the gas may be treated as ideal. How much heat is transferred into or out of the gas? (b) If the gas instead went from state a to state c along the horizontal dashed line in Fig. P19.49, how much heat would be transferred into or out of the gas? (c) How does Q in part (b) compare with Q in part (a)? Explain. Figure P19.49 p (Pa) 4 3 105
3 3 10
2 3 105 1 3 105 O
0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
V (m3)
19.50 .. Two moles of helium are initially at a temperature of
27.0C and occupy a volume of 0.0300 m3. The helium rst