Cold-tolerance and initial growth

of 38 Eucalyptus species in the SE US

JL Stape NCSU jlstape@ncsu.edu
Tom Fox Virginia Tech
Rafael Rubilar Universidad Concepcion
Tim Albaugh, Jose Alvarez NCUS
Clayton Alavres - IPEF

14 - 18 November 2011
Porto Seguro, Brazil

Growth: 40 Mg/ha/yr (1,120 ft3/ac/yr)

4 years-old

6 years-old

Clonal Propagation & Wood

Good Genetics & Silviculture

2 months

6 to 8 years

Short-rotation & Coppice

1 year-old

3 months

The Eucalyptus Story in SE US

Prof. Robert Kellison, Dr. Bruce Zobel Harwood Cooperative

OVEREXUBERIENCE*
First wave
1957-58
Second wave
1964-65
Third wave
1971-72
Fourth wave
1982-1983
* Origin of seven-year silly cycle

Texas

Florida

FL
E.grandis Seedlings
6South
years-old

Carolina

Alabama

Why a New Initiative ?

- Biomass / Biofuels Market in US
- New Eucalyptus Genotypes from the
US, Brazil, South Africa, Chile, France,
Guatemala...

- New Breeding (Hybrids) and

Propagation Techniques
- New Silviculture protocols: Latin
America Eucalyptus practices

Fundamental

The Triangle of Research

Ecophysiology Studies
G&Y - Wood Quality

Weed Control
2011

Fert / Spac

$
2010, 2011

Applied

Gen

5 Sites
2010

RW24 2010 Planting

Trial

Organization

State

County

Year

Planting

Area
(acres)

NCSU

NC

Wake

2010

June 8th

0.06

Deforsa

FL

Marion

2010

July 1st

4.35

NCSU

NC

Onslow

2010

July 28th

1.50

Lykes

FL

Glades

2010

July 8th

4.35

Boise

AL

Clarke

2010

July 19th

4.35

A total of 38 Species and 79 Entries

On average 30 Species and 70 entries per Site

Climate

(C)
Temperature
MeanMdia
Monthly
Anual (C)
Temperatura

30
25
20
Raleigh-NC

15

Jacksonville-NC
Leroy-AL

10

Citra-FL
Palmdale-FL

5
0
JAN FEV MAR ABR MAI JUN JUL AGO SET OUT NOV DEZ

Meses

Experimental Design
Maidenaria
E.badjensis
E.camphora
E.cinerea
E.dalrympleana
E.globulus
E.gunnii
E.nitens
E.nobilis
E.smithii
E.viminalis
E.benthamii
E.dorrigoensis
E.dunnii
E.macarthurii

Transversaria
E.botryoides
E.deanei
E.grandis
E.propinqua
E.resinifera
E.robusta
E.saligna
E.urophylla

Exsertaria
E.amplifolia
E.camaldulensis
E.exserta
E.tereticornis

Renanteria
E.acmenoides
E.obliqua
E.pilularis
E.muelleriana

Corymbia
C.citriodora
C.maculata
C.torelliana

Adnataria
E.siderophloia
Subgnero
Idiogenes
E.cloeziana

38 Species / 79 Entries
On average 30 Species
and 70 entries per Site

Provenances: Australia, South Africa, Brasil, Chile, Guatemala, United States

4 x 4 = 16
Species C

4 x 8 = 32

4 x 16 = 64

Species B

Species A

Species A:
E.benthamii

Species C:
E.globulus

Species B:
E.deanei

Silviculture Protocols

P fertilization

NC - NCSU

FL - Deforsa

NC - Hofmann

FL - Lykes

AL - Boise

Cold Damage Evaluation

0-25%
Almost no damage

25-50%
Tips and top, outer
damages

50-75%
Upper and inner canopy
damaged

75-100%
Full canopy damaged

Screening Trial in Raleigh

Simple Objectives:
- To guarantee the occurrence of intense frost
damage during 2010/2011 winter on the 38
Species of the RW24 Eucalyptus species trials
planted in 2010
- To learn which species would be the first one to
die and which one would be the last one to die

Raleigh and Hofmann Forest Minimum Temperatures

60
Raleigh

14

Minimum Daily Tempearute (F)

50

10
6

40

30

-2
-6

20

-10
10
-14
0

Nov 15

-18

Dec 1

Jan 1

Feb 1

Mar 1

Minimum Daily Temperature (C)

Hofmann

Eucalyptus trial in Raleigh NC

December 26th 2010

E.camaldulensis

E.benthamii

Eucalyptus trial in Raleigh NC

January 3rd 2011

E.camaldulensis

E.benthamii

Eucalyptus trial in Raleigh NC

January 11th 2011 - Icy

Eucalyptus trial in Raleigh NC

February 20th 2011

E.benthamii
E.camaldulensis

Raleigh Jan 19th 2011

5m

16.4 ft

4m

13.1 ft

2m

6.6 ft

E.macarthurii

E.benthamii

E.viminalis

14 months

Species that survived in Raleigh after

the 2010 winter

E.benthamii
E.badjensis
E.camphora
E.cinerea
E.dalrympleana

E.dorrigoensis
E.gunnii
E.macarthurii
E.nitens
E.viminalis

And than, let the winter come.

Potential Among Species

E. gunnii
E. benthamii

Raleigh NC
Species Origin
CIN83
GUN27
VIM75
VIM72
CAP12
VIM74
BAD04
MAT28
BEN05
DAL14
VIM73
NOB35
BEN06
BEN77
DOR17
NIT31
NIT33
NIT34
NIT32
BEN78
BEN07
DOR16
VIM50

Frost
Damage
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.8
2.8
2.9
2.9
3.0

Height
(ft)
3.0
4.5
6.6
4.6
3.9
4.7
4.4
5.1
6.0
5.4
5.2
3.8
6.5
6.2
5.8
2.5
3.5
3.2
3.4
6.1
5.8
5.7
3.4

Height
(m)
0.9
1.4
2.0
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.1
2.0
1.9
1.8
0.8
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.0

Potential Among
Provenances
E.viminalis MWV
(previous tests)

CSIRO Random Selection

VIM51 (frost 4)

Potential Inside Species

E.grandis Seedlings Brazil

10 months-old RW24 Trials

Eucalyptus benthamii

Eucalyptus dorrigoensis

Weather Stats for the Six 2010 Sites

(100 days Nov 15 to Feb 23)
Site

Days < 32 F
Days < 0 C

Days < 23 F
Days < -5 C

Days < 14 F
Days < -10C

Minimum
Value

Lykes FL

27F / -3C

Deforsa FL

27

21F / -6C

MWV SC

37

18F / -8C

Boise AL

62

17

16F / -9C

Raleigh NC

62

13

16F / -9C

Hofmann NC

74

32

10F / -12C

30

Severede
Canopy
menos
75% deDamage
dano
menos de 75% de dano
Med. Canopy
Damage
menos
de 50% de
dano
menos de 75% de dano

Palmdale-FL

RESULTADOS E DISCUSSO

25

of Species
Numberde
Espcies
Nmero

25%Damage
menos
de 50%
de dano
Low Canopy

Dados Climticos

20

15

Leroy-AL

Dano pelo Frio

Raleigh-NC

10

Citra-FL

Jacksonville-NC

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

Dias com Days

Temperatura
<0C
<0C

60

70

80

20.00
24C

(C)
Minimum Temperature
Mnima (C)
Temperatura

15.00

10.00

5.00

10C

Jacksonville-NC

0.00

Citra-FL

-5.00

-10.00

-15.00
11/15/2010

11/30/2010

12/15/2010

12/30/2010

1/14/2011

1/29/2011

Dias
Days (between Nov/15/2010
and Feb/23/2011)

2/13/2011

1.8
AT

AN
HN

8 Meses
Mdia
Altura
(m) (m)
months
at 8aos
Height

1.6
1.4
E. dorrigoensis

1.2
1.0

E. dalrympleana

E. benthamii

E. viminalis

E. macarthurii

0.8

E. camphora

0.6
0.4
0.2
LN
BN

LT
BT

25

50

Dano
naDamage
Copa (%)
Canopy
(%)

75

100

Pests & Diseases

Hurricane IRENEs Effect - RW24 at Hofmann Forest

E.agglomerata
E.baxteri
E.brookeriana
E.caliginosa
E.cypellocarpa
E.delegatensis
E.denticulata
E.elata
E.fastigata
E.fraxinoides
E.glaucescens
E.globoidea
E.globulus bicostata
E.globulus maidenii
E.globulus pseudoglobulus
E.johnstonii
E.kartzoffiana
E.macrorhyncha
E.mannifera
E.michaeliana
E.notabilis
E.pauciflora niphophila*
E.pauciflora pauciflora*
E.quadrangulata
E.radiata
E.regnans
E.rubida
E.stenostoma
E.strzeleckii
E.williamsiana

28 New Species CSIRO / Planted in 2011

Careful Selected Climate and Large Trees
Up to 65 m (220 ft)

Dr. Thomas Ledigs Collection

B.S., Forestry; minor statistics, 1962, Rutgers University
M.S., Genetics; minor forestry, 1965, NCSU
Ph.D, Genetics; minor mathematics, 1967, NCS University
Adjunct professor Dept of Plant Science, UC Davis
USDA FS Pacific Southwest Research Station Institute of Forest Genetics

Includes
Dr.Meskimen FL
Program Collection

Eldorado National
Forest's seedbank at
sub-zero temperatures

149 Species and 1252 Seedlots (mostly single-tree)

US (FL, CA), Australia, India, Chile, Argentina

C.calophylla
C.citriodora
C.eximia
C.gummifera
C.maculata
C.papuana
C.terminalis
C.tessellaris
C.trachyphloia
E.accedens
E.acmenoides
E.aggregata
E.albens
E.amplifolia
E.amygdalina
E.andrewsii
E.angophoroides
E.astringens
E.badjensis
E.baueriana
E.baxteri
E.behriana
E.benthamii
E.blakelyi
E.blaxlandii
E.bosistoana
E.botryoides
E.bridgesiana
E.brockwayi
E.burracoppinensis

E.caesia
E.caleyi
E.caliginosa
E.camaldulensis
E.campaspe
E.camphora
E.carnea
E.cinerea
E.cladocalyx
E.cloeziana
E.cneorifolia
E.coccifera
E.conica
E.consideniana
E.cosmophylla
E.crebra
E.dalrympleana
E.dealbata
E.deanei
E.decipiens
E.deglupta
E.delegatensis
E.diversicolor
E.diversifolia
E.dives
E.dumosa
E.dundasii
E.dwyeri
E.elata
E.eremophila

E.falcata
E.fastigata
E.flocktoniae
E.forrestiana
E.fraxinoides
E.gardneri
E.glaucescens
E.globulus
E.gomphocephala
E.goniocalyx
E.gracilis
E.grandis
E.haemastoma
E.incrassata
E.jacksonii
E.johnstonii
E.laevopinea
E.largiflorens
E.lehmannii
E.lesouefii
E.leucoxylon
E.longifolia
E.loxophleba
E.macrocarpa
E.marginata
E.melanophloia
E.melanoxylon
E.melliodora
E.microcarpa
E.microcorys

E.microtheca
E.miniata
E.moluccana
E.muelleriana
E.nicholii
E.nitens
E.nobilis
E.nova-anglica
E.obliqua
E.occidentalis
E.odorata
E.oleosa
E.oreades
E.ovata
E.paniculata
E.parvula
E.patens
E.pauciflora
E.pellita
E.perriniana
E.pilularis
E.piperita
E.platypus
E.polyanthemos
E.populnea
E.porosa
E.preissiana
E.propinqua
E.pulchella
E.pulverulenta

E.punctata
E.racemosa
E.radiata
E.redunca
E.regnans
E.resinifera
E.rhodantha
E.robusta
E.rubida
E.rudis
E.saligna
E.salmonophloia
E.salubris
E.scabra
E.scoparia
E.siderophloia
E.sideroxylon
E.sieberi
E.smithii
E.stellulata
E.stricklandii
E.tereticornis
E.tetraptera
E.tetrodonta
E.torquata
E.transcontinentalis
E.viminalis
E.viridis
Eucalyptus sp

Conclusions
- The Eucalyptus US tests have been successful to screen
Eucalyptus species suitable to be tested in Silvicultural
trials for biomass production
- Among the 38 species tested in 2010 in 5 sites (NC, FL
and AL), 5 showed up as potential (E.benthamii,
E.dorrigoensis,
E.viminalis,
E.macarthurii
and
E.dalrympleana) after the 2010 very cold winter
- The complete 11 sites, with 63 Species, will provide
more consistent information in the winters to come
- - Many risks for Eucalyptus plantations in the SE US
still need to be evaluated

www.eucalyptusenvironmental.org

Thanks