archive_doc=160381359&escape=false&metada
ta=%7B%22context%22%3A%22archive%22%2C%22page%22%3A%22read%22%2C%22action%22%3A%
22toolbar_download%22%2C%22logged_in%22%3Atrue%2C%22platform%22%3A%22web%22%7Dwi
th minimal CPU Involvement. A common use for an vd architecture to control commun
ication with interactive terminals.The I / O processor takes care of INVOLVED Mo
st of the tasks in Controllingthe terminals.As one proceeds along this evolution
ary path, more and more of the I / OInvolvement is Performed function without C
PU. The CPU is increasingly re-lieved of I / O-related tasks, Improving perfor
mance. With the last two steps (5-6),a major change occurs with the introductio
n of the concept of an I / O module CA-pable of executing a program. For step 5
, the I / O module is often Do Referred to as anI / O channel. For step 6, the
term I / O processor is often Do USED. Tuy nhin, c?terms are on occasion to c?
situations p. In what sau, We will use theterm I / O channel .Characteristics
of I / O ChannelsThe I / O channel DMA l an extension of the concept. An I / O c
hannel hasthe ability to execute I / O instructions, Which Gives it complete co
ntrol over I / Ooperations. In a computer system with vd devices, the CPU does
not execute I / Oinstructions. Such instructions are stored in main memory to
be executed by aspecial-purpose processor in the I / O channel chnh n. THus, the
CPU initiates an I / Otransfer by instructing the I / O channel to execute a pr
ogram in memory. The pro-gram ra s? the device or devices, the area or which a
reas of memory for storage, pri-ority, and actions to be taken for Certain Con
ditions error. The I / O channel sauThese instructions and controls the data tr
ansfer.Two types of I / O channels are common, as Illustrated in Figure 7:15.
Achannel selector controls and multiple high-speed devices, at any one time, i
s ded-icated to the transfer of data with one of nh?ng devices. THus, the I /
O channelSelects one device and the data transfer effects. Each device, or a s
mall set of de-vices, is Handled by a controller, or I / O module , That is mu
ch like the I / O moduleschng discussing past tense. THus, the I / O channel se
rves in place of the CPU in con-trolling These I / O controllers. A multiplexor
channel can handle I / O with multipledevices at the same time. For low-speed
devices, a byte multiplexor or ch?p nh?ntransmits characters as Fast as Possibl
e to multiple devices. For example, the resul-tant character stream from three
devices with khc rates and the individual streamsA1A2A3A4..., B1B2B3B4. . .,
and C1C2C3C4. . . might beA1B1C1A2C2A3B2C3A4,and so on. For high-speed devic
es, a block multiplexor interleaves blocks of datafrom vi devices.
Computer Organization and Architecture Designing for Performance (8th edition) William Stallings - Page 267
244 CHAPTER 7 / INPUT / OUTPUT 7.7 THE EXTERNAL interfACE: FIREWIREAND InfiniB
andTypes of interfacesThe to a peripheral interface from an I / O module Ph?i Ta
ilored to the nature andoperation of the peripheral. One major characteristic o
f the interface is forwarded it isserial or parallel (Figure 7:16). In a parall
el interface , there are multiple lines con-necting the I / O module and the pe
ripheral, and multiple bits are Transferred simul-taneously, just as all of th
e bits of a word are simultaneously over the Transferreddata bus. In a serial i
nterface , there is only one line to transmit data USED, and bitsPh?i Transmit
ted one at a time. A parallel interface has traditionally du?c USEDSelectorchan
nelControl s i gnalpath to CPUData andchannel addressto ma i n memoryI / Ocontro
llerI / OcontrollerI / Ocontroller(A) Selector(B) Mult i plexorI / Ocontroller
Mult i plexorchannelControl s i gnalpath to CPUData andchannel addressto ma i n
memoryI / OcontrollerI / OcontrollerFigure 7:15 I / O Channel Architecture
7.7 / THE externAL interfACE: FIREWIREAND INFINIBAND 245 for HigherHi-Speed ??p
eripherals, nhu tape and disk, while the serial interface has tra-ditionally d
u?c USED for printers and terminals.With a new generation of high-speedserial in
terfaces, parallel interfaces are much less common Becoming.In case ho?c, the
I / O module Engage in a dialogue ph?i with the peripheral.In general terms, th
e dialogue for a write operation is to as follows:1. T he I / O module sends a c
ontrol signal Requesting permission to send data.2. T he peripheral acknowledges
the request.3. T he I / O module transfers data (one word or a block depending
on the periph-eral).4. T he acknowledges receipt of the peripheral data.A read o
peration proceeds similarly.Key to the operation of an I / O module is an intern
al buffer can store data mPassed being the between the peripheral and the rest of
the system. This buffer cho phpthe I / O module to compensates for the Differen
ces in the between the system bus speedv external lines.Point-to-Point and Multip
oint ConfigurationsThe connection the between an I / O module in a computer syst
em and external devicesEither can be point-to-point or multipoint. A point-to-p
oint interface Provides adedicated line the between the I / O module and the ext
ernal device. On small systems(PCs, workstations), typical point-to-point lin
ks to nh?ng include the keyboard,printer, and external modem. A typical exampl
e of an interface vd is the EIA-232specification (see [STAL07] for a description
).Increasing Importance Of multipoint external interfaces are, USED to sup-port
external mass storage devices (disk and tape drives) and multimedia devicesI /
O moduleBufferTo systembus(A) Parallel I / OLargeper i pheralI / O moduleBufferT
o systembus(B) Ser i al I / OLargeper i pheralFigure 7:16 Parallel and Serial I
/ O
Mua qu?ng co
Iphone 6 Xch Tay
Viendongsaigon.Com
GI 3.800.000 VND
Xem ngay
Fuhlen - Chu?t khng dy A07G chnh hng
Cucre.Vn
189,000 VN
Xem ngay
Du?c li?u Khnh Ho
Duoclieukhanhhoa.Com
Hotline 0902.547.303
Xem ngay
Ti xch th?i trang cao c?p
Facebook.Com
Hotline: 0935805291
Xem ngay
246 CHAPTER 7 / INPUT/OUTPUT(CD-ROMs, video, audio). These multipoint interface
s are in effect external buses,and they exhibit the same type of logic as the bu
ses discussed in Chapter 3. In thissection, we look at two key examples: FireWir
e and Infiniband.FireWire Serial BusWith processor speeds reaching gigahertz ran
ge and storage devices holding multi-ple gigabits, the I/O demands for personal
computers, workstations, and servers areformidable. Yet the high-speed I/O chann
el technologies that have been developedfor mainframe and supercomputer systems
are too expensive and bulky for use onthese smaller systems. Accordingly, there
has been great interest in developing ahigh-speed alternative to Small Computer
System Interface (SCSI) and other small-system I/O interfaces.The result is the
IEEE standard 1394, for a High PerformanceSerial Bus, commonly known as FireWire
.FireWire has a number of advantages over older I/O interfaces. It is veryhigh s
peed, low cost, and easy to implement. In fact, FireWire is finding favor notonl
y for computer systems, but also in consumer electronics products, such as dig-i
tal cameras, DVD players/recorders, and televisions. In these products, FireWire
is used to transport video images, which are increasingly coming from digi-tized
sources.One of the strengths of the FireWire interface is that it uses serial t
ransmission(bit at a time) rather than parallel. Parallel interfaces, such as SC
SI, require morewires, which means wider, more expensive cables and wider, more
expensive con-nectors with more pins to bend or break.A cable with more wires re
quires shieldingto prevent electrical interference between the wires. Also, with
a parallel interface,synchronization between wires becomes a requirement, a pro
blem that gets worsewith increased cable length.In addition, computers are getti
ng physically smaller even as they expand incomputing power and I/O needs. Handh
eld and pocket-size computers have littleroom for connectors yet need high data
by nguyensyminh78
13 views
Search Docs manipulation text files
The manipulation of text files
by nguyensyminh78
8 views
condoms document search assignments solve puzzle n algorithm using a
REPORT assignments Solving NP ...
by levanhiep
11 views
Rolex Datejust Watches R004
penda.vn
Rolex Datejust Watches R004Complete Rolex Datejust the R004 18K gold plated luxu
ry 2,450,000d
Versatile kits - Reduced shock
lazada.vn
Versatile kits - shockOnly 149.000d kit includes 11 items Riotinto versatile, in
dispensable for every family!
3 Department of aluminum alloy soup - Reduced 50%
lazada.vn
Ministry soup pot aluminum alloy 3 - 50%Only 399.000d - The 3 senior from supor
soup pot, aluminum, glass lid bearing.
Chan camera phone holder + -32%
lazada.vn
Chan camera phone holder + -32%Only 169.000d - Truth versatile camera, aluminum
alloy materials, modern design, compact
Men's leather bags luxury - Reduced 45%
Men's leather bags luxury - Reduced 45%
sieuthimuachung.com
Material leather cow fact , elegant and chic for men. Original price 1,800,000D
KM 990,000D
Armani AR2452 Men's Watches
Armani AR2452 Men's Watches
penda.vn
Exudes elegance and gold-plated steel material glass mineral phase 2,450,000d