Effect Management of Elevated Temperature On Mechanical and Microstructure Properties of Reinforced Carbon Fiber Lightweight Concrete

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ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 11, November (2014), pp. 165-180 IAEME
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EFFECT MANAGEMENT OF ELEVATED

TEMPERATURE ON MECHANICAL AND
MICROSTRUCTURE PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED
CARBON FIBER LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
Dr. Alyaa Abbas AL-Attar1,
Dr. AmmarSaleem Khazaal2,
Dr. FirasKhairy Jaber3
(Lecture, Technical College of Kirkuk, Iraq)

(Lecture, Dept.of Civil Engineering, TikritUniversity, Iraq)
3
(Lecture, College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Techniques, Baghdad, Iraq)
2
ABSTRACT
This paper studies the effect management of high temperature on mechanical characteristics
of carbon fiber reinforced light weight aggregate concrete. The effect of using high range water
reducing agent HRWRA (High range water reducing admixture) with 8% SF (silica fume), as a
partial replacement by weight of cement, on the behavior of LWAC (Light weight aggregate
concrete) is also studied. Workability, fresh and hardened density, compressive strength, splitting
tensile strength and modulus of rupture tests were performed, on specimens of both ages 7 and 28
days. The test results indicated that the inclusion of carbon fiber to the light weight concrete mix did
not affect the compressive strength significantly, while the splitting tensile strength and the modulus
of rupture were improved significantly. The addition of silica fume improves the compressive,
splitting tensile, and modulus of rupture strengths of carbon fiber light weight concrete. The average
improvement was about (26.5%, 71% and 73 %) respectively for carbon fiber LWAC containing
silica fume. Microstructural properties were studied at ambient temperature and after heating. For
each test, the specimens were heated at a rate of 1 C/min up to different temperatures (150, 450,
600, and 1000C). In order to ensure a uniform temperature throughout the specimen, the
temperature was held constant at the target temperature for one hour before cooling. In addition, the
specimen mass was measured before and after heating in order to determine the loss of water during
the test. The results allowed us to analyze the degradation of LWAC due to heating. Between 20 and
150 C, it was associated to an evaporation of free water as well as to an increase in porosity of the
tested concretes. Between 150 and 600 C, in a similar way to the observed evolutions between 20
and 150 C, due to the departure of bound water, corresponding to a large mass loss. The
improvement in microstructure could be attributed to a modification of the bonding properties of the
cement paste hydrates (rehydration of the paste due to the migration of water in the pores). Beyond
165
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
600 C, the microstructure of the tested concretes deteriorated quickly. The specimens subjected to a
heating up to 1000 C showed very weak physical properties (appearance of microcracking).
Keywords: Light Weight Aggregate Concrete, Management Microstructure, Elevated Temperature.
1- INTRODUCTION
The demand for structural lightweight concrete in many applications of modern construction
is increasing, owing to the advantage that lower density results in a significant benefit in terms of
load-bearing elements of smaller cross sections and a corresponding reduction in the size of the
foundation. Structural lightweight concrete has its obvious advantages of high strength/weight ratio,
good tensile strain capacity, and low coefficient of thermal expansion due to the voids present in the
lightweight aggregates. lightweight concrete has successfully been used for many years for
structural members and system in buildings weight, which permits saving in dead loads, and thus
reducing the costs of both superstructure and foundation, it is more resistance to fire and provides
better heat and sound insulation than concrete of normal density.The lightweight concrete have
densities from 1000 to 2000 kg/m3 and compressive strengths from 1 to 100 Mpa. They can be made
light by adding lightweight aggregate such as plasticizers to cement, with fiber reinforcement to
decrease their density while keeping their mechanical strength.
In view of global sustainable development, it is imperative that supplementary cementing
materials be used in place of cement currently used in the concrete industry. The most available
supplementary cementing materials worldwide are silica fume (SF), a byproduct of silicon, and fly
ash (FA), a byproduct of thermal power stations. As environment pollution become problem, the idea
of using the west materials has gained popularity. In literature, the researchers have indicated that
addition of SF highly dense the structure of concrete, which could result in an explosive swelling due
to a build-up of pore pressure by steam. Since the evaporation of physically absorbed water starts at
80C, which induces thermal cracks, such concretes may show performance inferior to the pure
concretes at elevated temperatures.
2- LITERATURE REVIEW
Dhir et al.(1), studied the mix design and properties of all lightweight concrete made from
Aglite aggregate. Eight mixes were prepared with cement content that varied from (250 to 600)
kg/m3. The water content for all mixes was 300 kg/m3. Pulverized fuel ash (PFA) was used as a
partial replacement by weight of cement. Water reducing admixture also was used in different
dosages. They studied compressive strength, tensile strength, drying shrinkage and modulus of
elasticity. The concrete containing (PFA) and water reducing admixture are capable to achieve 28
days compressive strength in the range of (25 to 50) MPa with densities between (1525 to 1703)
kg/m3.
Al-Haddad (2), investigated the durability of porcelinite lightweight aggregate concrete
containing high range water reducing agent and slag against sulfates and chlorides solution. Nine
mixes were used with cement content that varied in the range (400 to 600) kg/m3. The author studied
the effect of using high range water reducing agent and high reducing agent with 10% slag as a
partial replacement by weight of cement, on the durability of (LWAC). From this investigation he
pointed out that it is possible to produce (SLWC) of 28 days compressive strength in the range (21.5
to 37.5) MPa with an air dry density between (1845 to 1965) kg/m3.
A1-Timimy(3), investigated the properties of glass fiber reinforced concrete using metakaolin
material with (10, 30 and 50) % as a partial replacement by weight of cement. The micro structural
characteristics obtained by the scanning electron microscopy are in agreement with results obtained
166
by the x-ray diffraction examination. These tests clearly indicated that the metakaolin concrete
specimens have higher proportion of (C-S-H) and less amount of calcium hydroxide compared to
concrete mixes without metakaolin. The test results showed that the mechanical properties of
metakaolin composite are enhanced significantly as compared with reference and fiber reinforced
concrete. Results also showed that the inclusion of the metakaolin into fiber reinforced specimens
shows a significant reduction in the porosity and absorption as compared to reference and fiber
reinforced concrete without metakaolin.
Zeng and Chung(4), investigated the influences of chemical agents on the improvement of
carbon fiber reinforced cement composite by using short pitch-based carbon fibers 0.5% by weight
of cement, together with a water reducing agent and accelerating admixture. Results indicated that
compressive, tensile and flexural strength of the carbon fiber reinforced cement mortar were found to
increase by about (18 to 31) %, (113 to 164) % and (89 to 112) % respectively, compared to the
corresponding plain cement values.
3- OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH
The research aims to study the significance of using LWAC in structural approach by
improving the performance using mineral & chemical admixtures and fibers as well, and also to
study the effect of exposure to fire, so that it states to which temperature the LWAC can sustain.
4- EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
To produce structural light weight aggregate concrete, crushed porcelinite stone was used as a
coarse light weight aggregate and natural sand as a fine aggregate. Chemical and mineral admixtures
as well fibers were also used to enhance performance of light weight concrete.
4. 1) Materials
4. 1.1) Cement
Ordinary Portland cement (Type I) was used in all mixes throughout this investigation. It was
stored in air tight plastic containers to avoid exposure to atmospheric conditions. The percentage
oxide composition indicated that the adopted cement conforms to the Iraqi specification No.
5/1984.). The Chemical composition and main compounds of cement used in this investigation show
in table (1) and The chemical and physical properties of this cement are presented in Tables (2) .
Table (1): Chemical composition and main compounds of cement used in this investigation
Oxides composition
Content % Limit of Iraqi specification
Line, CaO
62.5 %
Silica, SiO2
21.4 %
Alumina, Al2O3
4.6 %
Iron oxide, Fe2O3
3.3 %
Magnesia, MgO
3.0 %
5 % Max.
Sulfate, SO3
2.6 %
3 % Max.
Loss on Ignition, (L.O.I)
1.0 %
4 % Max.
Insoluble material
1.3 %
1.5 % Max.
Lim Saturation Factor, (L.S.F)
0.9
(0.66-1.02)
Main Compounds (Bogues equation)
C3S
48.7 %
C2S
24.8 %
C3A
6.6 %
>5%
C4AF
10 %
167
No. 5/1984
Table (2): Physical properties of cement used in this investigation*

Physical Properties
Test Results Limit of Iraqi specification No. 5/1984
2
Specific surface area (Blaine method), (m /kg)
311
230 m2/kg lower limit
Setting time (vacate apparatus)
Initial setting, hrs : min
2:40
Not less than 45 min
Final setting, hrs : min
3:50
Not more than 10 hrs
Compressive strength MPa
For 3-day
20.4
15 MPa lower limit
For 7-day
30.2
23 MPa lower limit
Expansion by Autoclave method
0.38 %
0.8 % upper limit
4.1.2) Fine aggregate

Normal weight natural sand from AL-Tuz region was used as fine aggregate. The grading of
the sand conformed to the requirement of Iraqi specification No. 45/1984, zone (3). Table (3) shown
Grading of fine aggregate and The Physical and chemical tests on sand used throughout this work are
shown in Table (4).
Table (3): Grading of fine aggregate
Sieve size Cumulative passing % Limit of Iraqi specification No. 45/1984
4.75
100
90-100
2.36
89.32
85-100
1.18
82.56
75-100
0.6
64.81
60-79
0.3
20.9
12-40
0.15
3.22
0-10
Table (4): Chemical and physical properties of the sand.
Properties
Specification
Test Results Limits of specification
Specific gravity
ASTM C128-01
2.60
Absorption %
ASTM C128-01
2.2
Dry loose unit weight, kg/m3
ASTM C29/C29M/97
1590
Sulfate content (as SO3), %
(I.O.S.) No. 45-84
0.08
0.5 (max. value)
Material finer than 0.075 mm sieve, % (I.O.S.) No. 45-84
1.18
5 (max. value)
4.1.3) Coarse aggregate

Local naturally occurring light weight aggregate of porcelinite stones was used as coarse
aggregate. It was brought in large lumps from the State Company of Geological Survey. The lumps
were firstly crushed into smaller sizes manually by means of a hammer in order to facilitate the
insertion of lumps through the feeding openings of the crusher machine. The crushed aggregate is
grouped to different sizes and then the required coarse aggregate was prepared to conform to ASTM
C192M-02 (5) specification. Table (5) shows the grading of the used coarse light weight aggregate.
Table (6) shows the results of tests of chemical and mineral analysis of porcelinite aggregate and the
table (7) and Table ( 8) show the Chemical analysis of porcelinite aggregate and Mineral analysis of
porcelinite aggregate respectively.
168
Table (5): Selected grading of coarse lightweight aggregate

Sieve size (mm) Cumulative passing (%) Cumulative passing %ASTM C330
12.5
100
100
9.5
92.02
80-100
4.75
23.76
5-40
2.36
5.38
0-20
1.18
0
0-10
Table (6): Chemical and physical properties of porcelinite lightweight aggregate
Properties
Specification
Test Results
Specific gravity
ASTM C127-01
1.52
Absorption %
ASTM C127-01
35
3
Dry loose unit weight, kg/m
ASTM 29/C29M/97
775*
3
Dry rodded unit weight, kg/m
ASTM 29/C29M/97
820
Aggregate Crushing value % BS 812-part 110-1990
16
Sulfate content (as SO3), %
BS 3797-part 2-1981
0.32
Staining Materials:***
Stain intensity
No stain
ASTM 641-98
Stain index
0
Table (7): Chemical analysis of porcelinite aggregate
Oxides
% by Weight
SiO2
69.86
CaO
10.57
MgO
6.90
SO3
0.30
Al2O3
4.78
Fe2O3
2.09
TiO2
0.18
L.O.I
4.25
Total
98.97
Table (8): Mineral analysis of porcelinite aggregate*
Compounds
% by Weight
Opal-C+
63.82
Quartz
9.62
Dolomite
7.20
Gypsum
7.05
Halite
0.71
Apatite
0.74
Clay
9.77
4.1.4) Super plasticizer (SP)
A super plasticizer type (GLENIUM51) based on modified polycarboxylic either was used
throughout this investigation. (It is free from chlorides and complies with ASTM C494M/04 types A
and F. Table (9) indicates the technical description of the aqueous solution of super plasticizer used
throughout this investigation.
169
Table (9): Technical description of high range water reducing admixture

Main Action
Concrete Superplasticizer
Form
Viscous Liquid
Colour
Light Brown
Relative Density
C 6.61.1 g/cm3 @ 20
pH value
6.6
Viscosity
C 128 1.30 cps @ 20
Transport
No + classified as dangerous
Labeling
No hazard label required
4.1.5) Silica Fume
Silica fume was used in this investigation Elkem micro silica produced by Efaco/Egypt. The
chemical oxide composition of the silica fume is given in Table (10). The physical properties are
given in Table (11).
Table (10): Chemical analysis of silica fume
Oxides Composition
Oxide Content %
SiO2
94
Al2O3
2.03
Fe2O3
1.32
CaO
Nil
MgO
2.00
K2O
Nil
Na2O
Nil
Total
99.35
Table (11): Physical and chemical properties of SF used
Physical Properties
Silica Fume (SF)
3
Unit weight kg/m
2.45 kg/m3
Specific Gravity
2.32
4.8 %
The amount of Silica Fume remaining on a 45 m sieve
4.1.6) Carbon fiber
High performance high strength carbon fiber system for structural reinforcement was used in
this investigation. It has a high impact resistance, very good tensile strength and elastic modules.
Also it has a very good chemical resistance under variety of exposure condition. Table (12) shows
the general properties of the used carbon fiber.
Table (12): Physical properties of carbon fiber used in this investigation.
Grade
300 HS
Weight (g/m)
300.00
Design thickness (mm)
0.17
Tensile strength design (kgf/ cm) 35.50
Fiber length (mm)
19.00
Carbon content (%)
98 wt
Specific gravity
1.90
Elongation at break (%)
1.40
170
4.2) Concrete mixes

Concrete mixes containing porcelinite aggregate as light weight aggregate should have an
oven-dry density < 2000 kg/m and a compressive strength > 15 MPa to produce structural (LWAC).
These mixes were designed in accordance with ACI commitlee 211-2-81. In general, this
experiments design was applied to investigate the effect of SF, carbon fiber and temperature on the
compressive, tensile and flexural strength of porcelinite light weight concrete. The details of these
mixes are given in Table (13), and Table (14) lists the variables and levels used in the experimental.
Designation
of mixture
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Cement
content
Kg/m3
550
550
550
550
495
495
495
495
Table (13): Details of the mixes used throughout study

Carbon
Coarse
HRW Superplastizer
Silica fume
fiber % by
lightweight
% by weight of
Kg/m3
volume
aggregate kg/m3
cement
0
518
5.5
0.5
518
5.5
1.25
518
5.5
2.5
518
5.5
55
0
518
5.5
55
0.5
518
5.5
55
1.25
518
5.5
55
2.5
518
5.5
Table (14): Variables used in these experiments
variables
1
2
3
4
Temperature
150
450
600
1000
Silica fume
0
10
Carbon fiber
0
0.5
1.25
2.5
4.3) Preparation, casting and curing of specimens

Steel moulds were used for casting all specimens. They were cleaned and oiled before
casting. The fresh concrete was placed inside the molds with approximately equal layers of 50 mm
and compacted by means of vibrating table. Care has taken to avoid segregation of mixes. After the
top layer had been compacted, it has smoothed, then the mould covered with nylon sheets for 24
hours to reduce evaporation of water to avoid plastic shrinkage cracks. After 24 hours the specimens
were de-molded and completely immersed in tap water until the time of testing. Demoulding was 24
h after casting and placed in a water tank at 252 C. After 28 days water curing, they heated in an
electric furnace up to 150, 450, 600, and 1000 C.
The heating rate was set at 1 C/min as used in previous research. Each temperature was
maintained for 1 h to achieve the thermal steady state. The specimens were allowed to cool naturally
to room temperature. Cubic specimens of dimension (100 x 100 x 100) mm, were prepared to
determine the effect of temperature on compressive strength. Cylinder specimens of dimension
(150 x 300) mm were prepared to determine the effect of temperature on tensile strength. Beam
specimens of dimensions (100 x 100 x 500) mm were prepared to determine the effect of
temperature on flexural strength.
A slice from fracture surface specimen to be examined, is cut to a suitable thickness of (3-5)
mm, and oriented in any required manner to make a polished section for examination by this
technique. Most samples to be analyzed required vacuum drying and then a conductive coating with
ultra-thin gold coating. Plate (3) reveals the type of Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM)
equipment used for the analysis of the specimens in this study.
171
Plate (3): Scanning Electronic Microscope apparatus (SEM)

4.4) Exposure to Elevated Temperature
In order to study the effect of exposure to elevated temperatures on samples, exposure to
temperature which were 150, 400, 600, and 1000C, 12 samples of (Cubes, Cylinders, and Prisms)
for each age, as indicated above were taken. The data after exposure to the temperature rates
mentioned above were compared with their related samples not exposed to temperature. An electrical
oven was used for heating samples in a range of 1C per minute up to reach the target temperature as
shown in figure (1) in below.
Plate (1) Specimens layout at furnace
Fig. (1): Heating and cooling curves

5- EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Compressive Strength
The compressive strength test was determined according to B.S. 1881: part 116: 1989. This
test was conducted on (150 x 150 x 150) mm cubes using an electrical testing machine with a
capacity of 2000 kN at loading rate of 0.25kN per second. The average of three concrete cubes has
adopted for each test, the test has conducted at ages of (7, 28, 60, 90, and 180) days for samples not
exposed to high temperature and (7, 28, 60, 90, and 180) days for samples that were exposed to
elevated temperature.
5.2 Flexural Toughness
Flexural toughness test has carried out on (100100500) mm simply supported prisms with
a clear span of 450 mm under the third points loading according to ASTM C1018-97, 2004. This test
has conducted at ages of (7, 28, 60, 90, and 180) days for samples not exposed to high temperature
and (7, 28, 60, 90, and 180) days for samples were exposed to high temperature. The specimens were
172
tested using a Universal Machine. To facilitate deflection reading despite the fact that the test was
performed upside down without harming the dial gauge.
The load has applied by using hydraulic machine with capacity of 2000 kN. The mid span
deflection reading has measured using a dial gauge sensitive to 0.01mm then the load deflection has
drawn according to (ASTM C1018-97, 2004) as shown in Fig. (2).
Fig. (2): Load-Deflection curve (ASTM C1018-97, 2004)

6- EVALUATION OF MICROSTRUCTURE PROPERTIES
The (SEM) photographs results at an age of 60 days of curing revealed the typical cases of
dense cement gel crystal of readily distributed shape in addition to uniform crystals from (C-H)
layers as shown in Plate (4). Continuous with curing for age of 90 days the cement gel developed to
dendritic fibers like shape was identified as shown in Plate (5).
Plate (4): Micrograph of LWAC

at age of 60 days
Plate (5) Micrograph of LWAC

at age of 90 days
Plate (6): Micrograph of LWAC at 150 C

173
6.1 Exposure to temperature rate of 150 C

It is noted that at this temperature the re-cracks in the C-H layer began as shown in Plate (6),
it can be seen more clearly where C-H layer turned to irregular shape with a clear segregation in
layers of C-H and longitudinal grooves were present. This means start of deterioration in
microstructure.
6.2 Exposure to temperature rate of 450 C:
It is clearly that the microstructure seems good and developed to be semi homogenous so that
C-H and C-S-H layers can be thoroughly distinguished, it can be concluded that a re-hydration was
happened and leads to improvement in microstructure. It has noted also an entanglement in Needle
like shape in dark areas (pores) and that means a re-combination is going forward to seal pores (or
slots) in microstructure as has shown in plate (7).
It seems that the microstructure gets instability and turned to be like reefs with distinguished
separation in C-H layer and dark spots, X-Mas tree like shape, and cluster like shape. All the above
like shapes are indications (or signs) to weakness in bond forces between particles of microstructure
as shown in plate (8).
Significant deterioration in microstructure at this rate of temperature exposure and turned to
be like mountains, valleys with more fragmentation in both C-H and C-S-H layers of distinguished
heads and dark spots, also it is noted that both layers were arranged in vertical manner with part of
them existing in horizontal planes which means a great destabilization in microstructure as shown in
plate (9).
7- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7.1) Compressive Strength
The compressive strength development at various curing ages for selected mixes Reference
mix (R) and Hybrid mix (H) is presented in Table (15). Test results are illustrated that in general; R
and H specimens exhibited continuous development in strength up to 90 days of curing. There is a
considerable increase in compressive strength of (H) mix relative to its similar (R) mix without
fibers. The percentages of increase are shown in Table (15). This behavior was due to a reduction in
w/cm (water cementitious material ratio) as well as to the deflocculating or dispersion of cement
agglomerates into individual particles; thereby a greater rate of cement hydration can be achieved in
the well dispersion system according to Mehta, P. K., (1986).The development of compressive
strength versus curing age for both R and H mixes are shown in Table (15) and Fig. (3).
174
Table (15): Compressive Strength Results of R6 and H6 Mixes

Compressive
Compressive Strength
Increase in Compressive
Strength of (R)
of (H) Mix,(MPa)
Strength%
Mix,(MPa)
22
30
36.36
28.59
38
32.91
37.78
49
29.70
43.85
51
16.31
51.64
53
2.63
Age,
(Days)
7
28
60
90
180
Mix6 R
Mix6 H
Compressive
Strength, MPa.
60
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Age, (Days).
Fig. (3): Compressive strength versus curing age of (R) and (H) mixes
7.2) Elevated Temperature Effects
The Specimens were subjected to four degree of temperature cycles up to 150, 450, 600, and
1000 C. The first part of each cycle consisted of heating at 1 C/min up to the target temperature.
After that, the temperature was held constant for 1 h(hour) in order to ensure uniform temperature
throughout the specimens, the last part of the cycles consisted of cooling down to ambient
temperature as shown in Fig. (1), the rate of heating refers to the recommendations of the RILEM
Technical Committee 129-MHT, 1995.
The properties measured after heating and cooling were compared to initial properties. Table
(16) shows the dispersions obtained for the compressive strength of both R and H mixes. Values of
H mix are slightly higher than those of R mix due to homogeneity and reproducibility. During the
test, spalling was observed for both mixes during the heating up to 600 C; spalling occurred around
515 C and this observation agrees with M. Kanema, (2007). The two mixes (R) and (H) specimens
possessed an initial compressive strength equal to 22 and 30 MPa, respectively. The variation of
residual compressive strength versus temperature is well illustrated in Table (16) and Figs. (4) and
(5). An important increase in compressive strength of about 11.22 % between 150 and 450 C for (R)
mix specimens at an age of 60 Days, and 6.22 % for H6 mix specimens for the same age were noted;
while at an age of 90 days R6 mix specimens showed an increase of about 3.2% compared to 3.53%
for (H) mix specimens. Several hypotheses were proposed in the literature to explain this increase; it
attributes to re-hydration of the paste due to migration of water in the pores. Another study assumed
that the Silanol groups lost a part of their bonds with water which induced the creation of shorter and
stronger Siloxane elements (Si-O-Si) with probably larger surface energies that contributed to the
increase in strength according to Khoury, (1992) and Xu et al., (2001).
Beyond the 450 C, the mechanical properties of the tested (R) and (H) mixes specimens
decreased rapidly. The specimens subjected to a heating up to 1000 C showed very weak
mechanical properties associated with that of physical properties (Appearance of Cracking).It was
noted that for (R) mix specimens, the compressive strength for temperature rate of 600 C shown in
Table (16) decreased to 31.01% and 41.25% at an ages of 60 and 90 days respectively, compared to
175
their relatives in Table (15) not exposed to high temperature, and 41.32% and 48.39% for
temperature rate of 1000 C at ages of 60 and 90 days respectively. It has noted that for (H) mix
specimens, the compressive strength for temperature rates of 600 C shown in Table (16) decreased
to 37.69% and 40.49% at ages of 60 and 90 days respectively compared to their relatives in Table
(16), not exposed to high temperature, and 47.55% and 48.26% for temperature rate of 1000 C at
ages of 60 and 90 days respectively due mainly to the alteration of the porous network (Departure of
bond water and decomposition of hydrates and to microcracking)
Fig. (4): Variation of residual compressive strength versus temperature exposure at age of
60days
Fig. (5): Variation of residual compressive strength versus temperature exposure at age of 90
days
Table (16): Residual compressive strength results of R and H mixes versus exposure
to elevated temperature rates
Age,
(Days)
Temperature, (C)
90
180
1000
0
150
400
600
1000
0
150
400
600
25.73
51.64
46.63
48.12
30.34
26.65
26.75
53.00
48.73
50.45
31.54
27.42
Compressive
Strength of
R6 Mix,
MPa
43.85
40.56
45.11
30.25
-41.32
0.00
-9.70
-6.82
-41.25
-48.39
Compressive
Strength of
H6 Mix,
MPa
51.00
46.00
48.86
31.78
-47.55
0.00
-8.06
-4.81
-40.49
-48.26
176
% of
% of
Difference Difference
R and R6
H and H6
Mixes
Mixes
0.00
0.00
-7.50
-9.80
2.87
-4.20
-31.01
-37.69
-8.31
0.00
0.00
-6.24
-7.04
-9.49
-14.18
% of
% of
Weight
Weight
Loss of Loss of H6
R6 mix
mix
0.00
0.00
-1.61
-2.59
-3.23
-2.10
-7.41
-9.29
-9.07
-2.89
-1.23
-8.77
-8.92
7.3) Flexural Toughness

7.3.1) (R) Sample
The fiber reinforced concrete not only shows its effect on the pre-cracking state, but also it is
vital in the post-cracking state leading to an increase of ductility for fiber reinforced concrete after
the first crack of concrete.
Evidence showed that specimens containing no fibers could not sustain any load and failed
suddenly when the first crack was developed and hence the toughness index for these specimens at
all ages of curing is equal to 1. However, fiber reinforced concrete has the ability of energy
absorption to the fibers after the first crack appears when it tends to hold the concrete prism together,
without causing it to break into two parts. In general, the toughness index for the fiber reinforced
concrete varied greatly depending on the fiber type and the distribution of the fibers.
As the deformation of the concrete prism increased, the load capacity of the fibers was
decreased. According to Figs. (7) and (8), it is noted that the flexural strength increased with age, and
when the sample is subjected to increase in temperature exposure the behavior varies, so upon
exposure to 450 C, there is a considerable increase in ultimate load and then there is a decrease
upon temperature exposures of 600 and 1000 C. It is noted in Fig. (9), that the behavior is similar to
that of the age of 60 days but with small rates of deflection and this is due to continuous hydration
which results in robust microstructure that can sustain loads.
Fig. (6): Load-Deflection curves of R6 mix versus curing age
Fig. (7): Load-Deflection curves of R6 mix at age of 60 days versus temperature exposure
177
Fig. (8): Load-Deflection curves of R6 mix at age of 90 days versus temperature exposure
7.3.2(H) Sample
Fig. (9), shows Load-Deflection Curves of H6 Sample at 5 different ages were planned to
study the flexural strength of sample increased with increase in age. Fig. (10) shows load-deflection
curves of H6 sample at the age of 60 days and exposed to temperature raise and as shown in the
figure, the curves are interfered but the one exposed to 600 C has the lesser value of ultimate load
and an improvement in sustaining flexural load was upon 450 C, at which a partial improvement in
mechanical properties was noted. Load-Deflection curves of H6 sample at an age of 90 days are
showing in Fig. (11), and by compare results with ones in Fig. (10), the difference is well illustrated
under the same temperature conditions.
Fig. (9): Load-Deflection curves of H6 mix versus curing age
Fig. (10): Load-Deflection curves of H6 mix at age of 60 days versus temperature exposure
178
Fig. (11): Load-Deflection curves of H6 mix at age of 90 days versus temperature exposure
8- CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of results of this investigation the following conclusions may be deducted:1. It is possible to produce a light weight aggregate carbon fiber concrete with a dry density
ranged between (1820) to (1950)Kg/m3 the addition of (SF) does not affect the density
significantly.
2. The required dosage of superplasticizer (SP) for carbon fiber LWAC increases with
increasing the percentage volume fraction of fiber. The useful dosage range is (4 to8%)
3. The addition of carbon fiber to (SF) light weight concrete increases slightly the compressive
strength. Also the compressive strength increases with increasing volume fraction of carbon
fiber.
4. The effect of Silica fume, carbon fiber addition, and heat treatment temperature on flexural,
tensile and compressive strength of porcelinite lightweight concrete was investigated
experimentally.
5. The Analysis by SEM revealed the existence of C-H Crystals at early ages and the
development of C-S-H Crystals gel with age. Also, the SEM showed the improvement of
microstructure of FRSCC composites containing HRWRA and Mineral admixtures, and due
to the effects of rate of hydration the gel products were increased and C-H crystals decreased
with age of specimen.
6. The Micrograph of Microstructure revealed smooth dense contact at interface transition zone.
The development of bond strength within the transition zone of fiber/matrix was done at
earlier stage with superplactizer and mineral admixture, which eliminated the weakness
points within the transition zone.
7. The SEM photograph shows that the distributions of PP fibers within FRSCC were randomly
oriented.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
Dhir, K., Mays, R.G.C and Chua, H.C., "Lightweight Structural Concrete with Aglite
Aggregate: Mix Design and Properties", The International Journal of Cement Composition
and Lightweight Concrete, Vol. 6, No. 4, November 1984; pp. 249-261.
AL-Haddad, M. Y., "Durability of Lightweight Porcelinite Concrete Containing Slag
Exposed to Solution of Sulfates and Chlorides", M.Sc. Thesis, University of Technology,
August 2000.
179
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
AL-Timimy, B. A., "Improvement of the Durability of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete",

M.Sc. Thesis, University of Technology, April 2001; pp. 160.
Zeng, Q. and Chung, D. D., "Carbon Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites Improved by
Using Chemical Agents", Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 19, 1989; pp. 2541.
ASTM C192/C192M02, "Standard Practice for Making and curing Concrete Test
Specimens in the Laboratory", Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.02, 2004;
pp. 126133.
Dr. V.Bhaskar Desai and A.Sathyam, Basic Properties of Artificial Lightweight Aggregate
by using Industrial by Product (Fly Ash), International Journal of Civil Engineering &
Technology (IJCIET), Volume 5, Issue 6, 2014, pp. 65 - 72, ISSN Print: 0976 6308,
ISSN Online: 0976 6316.
Javaid Ahmad and Dr. Javed Ahmad Bhat, Flexural Strengthening of Timber Beams using
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Plates, International Journal of Civil Engineering &
Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 5, 2013, pp. 61 - 77, ISSN Print: 0976 6308,
ISSN Online: 0976 6316.
Ghassan Subhi Jameel, Study The Effect of Addition of Wast Plastic on Compressive and
Tensile Strengths of Structural Lightweight Concrete Containing Broken Bricks as Acoarse
Aggregate, International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4,
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180

Effect Management of Elevated Temperature On Mechanical and Microstructure Properties of Reinforced Carbon Fiber Lightweight Concrete

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Effect Management of Elevated Temperature On Mechanical and Microstructure Properties of Reinforced Carbon Fiber Lightweight Concrete

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EFFECT MANAGEMENT OF ELEVATED

Dr. AmmarSaleem Khazaal2,

Dr. FirasKhairy Jaber3

(Lecture, Technical College of Kirkuk, Iraq)

Table (2): Physical properties of cement used in this investigation*

4.1.2) Fine aggregate

4.1.3) Coarse aggregate

Table (5): Selected grading of coarse lightweight aggregate

Table (9): Technical description of high range water reducing admixture

4.2) Concrete mixes

Table (13): Details of the mixes used throughout study

4.3) Preparation, casting and curing of specimens

Plate (3): Scanning Electronic Microscope apparatus (SEM)

Fig. (1): Heating and cooling curves

Fig. (2): Load-Deflection curve (ASTM C1018-97, 2004)

Plate (4): Micrograph of LWAC

Plate (5) Micrograph of LWAC

Plate (6): Micrograph of LWAC at 150 C

Plate (7): Micrograph of LWAC at 450 C

Plate (8): Micrograph of LWAC at 600 C

Plate (9): Micrograph of LWAC at 1000 C

6.1 Exposure to temperature rate of 150 C

Table (15): Compressive Strength Results of R6 and H6 Mixes

7.3) Flexural Toughness

Fig. (6): Load-Deflection curves of R6 mix versus curing age

Fig. (9): Load-Deflection curves of H6 mix versus curing age

AL-Timimy, B. A., "Improvement of the Durability of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete",

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