Case Study and Documentation of Building Services Systems

TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Electrical Supply System
2.1 Literature Review
3-4
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Case Study
2.3.1 TNB High Tension (HT) Room
2.3.2 Consumer High Tension (HT) Room
2.3.3 Vacuum Circuit Breaker
2.3.4 Transformer and Low Voltage Switch Room
2.3.5 Generator Set Room
2.3.6 Main Switch Board
2.3.7 Electrical Riser Room
2.3.8 Meter
2.3.9 Distribution Box
2.3.10 Lightings
2.4 Uniform Building By Law
2.5 Analysis & Suggestions
3.0 Fire Protection System
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Passive Fire Protection
3.3.1 Buffer Floor
3.3.2 Beams and Columns
3.3.3 Compartment Wall
3.3.4 Fire Emergency Room
3.3.5 Ventilation in Lift Shaft
3.4 Active Fire Protection
3.4.1 Fire Control Room
3.4.2 Water Tank
3.4.3 Fire Pump Room
3.4.3.1 Jockey Pump
3.4.3.2 Booster
3.4.3.3 Duty Pump
3.4.3.4 Standby Operation Pump
3.4.4 Wet Riser
3.4.5 Dry Riser
3.4.6 Fire Alarm
3.4.7 Fire/Smoke Detector
3.4.8 Sprinkler System
3.4.9 Carbon Dioxide Suppression System
3.4.10 Fire Extinguisher
3.4.10.1 Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher
3.4.10.2 Foam Fire Extinguisher
3.4.10.3 Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher
3.4.11 Fire Roller Shutter
3.4.12 Fire Hydrant
4.0 Mechanical Transportation System

4.2 Introduction
4.3 Case Study
4.3.1 Machine/Control Room
4.3.2 Elevator
4.3.3 Fire Control Switch
4.3.4 Fire Fighters Elevator
4.3.5 Escalator
4.3.6 Inclined Moving Walkway
5.0 Mechanical Ventilation & Air Conditional System
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Case Study
5.3.1 AHU Room
5.3.1.1 Air Handling Unit System
5.3.2 Fan Coil Unit
5.3.3 Chiller Room
5.3.4 Cooling Tower
5.3.5 Fan Room
5.3.6 Smoke and Heat Exhaust Ventilation System
6.0 Conclusion
7.0 References
Abstract
This paper is based on the research work of a commercial building, First Subang.
This research draws upon mostly a complete collection of reviews, published articles
and journals, observations and individual analysis. The fundamental purpose of this
study is to identify the relationships between the components of a functional system
in a building, which is relevant to electrical supply, mechanical ventilation and
air-conditioning, fire protection system and mechanical transportation. This research
is mainly for education purpose.
Acknowledgment
We would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the engineer, Mr.Bai who
kindly assisted us during site visit and provided relevant information in this report.
Doubtlessly to say, this report would not be finished on time without Mr.Adibs guiding,
so we would like to acknowledge Mr.Adib for the lecture slides and chary guiding
along. Lastly, acknowledging the facilities manager who approved us for the site visit
for First Subang on time, spending his precious time to guide us around in the
building and access to authorized rooms, including explaining how the machines
works in details.
1.0 Introduction
First Subang was developed by Titijaya Group, a property development company

who in charged of E-Tiara projects. Its situated right in the heart of the thriving SS15,
Subang Jaya. It is a composition of retail area for the first 2 levels, and topped by two
office towers. It consists 2 office towers on a retail podium made up of a basement, 5
floors of parking and 3 retail floors, including purpose-built supermarket, bank and
restaurant which provides convenience to the residential users, though the AEON
DHati Supermarket has occupied most of the space at lower ground floor. It has a
total of 130 office suites in Southern Tower and Northern Tower. Its situated within a
high catchment financial and convention area, and easily accessible via 7 highways.
The building is also broadband-ready, with available WiFi connection at the selected
common areas. This report is to enhance our ability to understand the basic building
services in a multi-storey building such as mechanical ventilation and air conditioning
system, electrical supply system, mechanical transportation system and fire
protection system.
2.0 Electrical Supply System

Energy has historically been made available for useful work by burning a fossil fuel
such as coal or oil. Electricity constitutes a form of energy itself, which occurs
naturally only in unusable forms such as lightning and other static discharges. The
primary problem in the utilization of electric energy is that, unlike fuels or even heat, it
cannot be stored and, therefore, must be generated and utilized in the same instant.
This is the reason on why electricity has been playing a significant role in our daily life
as a source of supply to provide mechanical ventilation and artificial lightings in the
building. It is essential for modern living and business in the current society. There
are 3 different branch of electrical supply companies in Malaysia that provides electric,
which is the Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) for peninsular Malaysia, Sabah
Electricity Sdn. Bhd. (SESB) for Sabah and Sarawak Energy (SE) for Sarawak.
These companies are important for all the occupants in Malaysia as they are the one
providing and managing the daily electrical supply to all the household and
commercial buildings.
The electrical distribution system starts from the electric generating station, thermal
power plant and hydro electric power plant. The electric will be distributed according
to the power distribution grid, the amount of voltage distributed are depending on the
amount of electrical appliances used by the buildings occupants. In the process of
delivering the electricity to the users, which is also known as the power distribution
grid, the voltage is expected to rise or drop depending on function and location. The
amount of electric and the location of the building will affect the amount of voltage
transferred.
In the electrical supply system, the electric from the power generating station will
pass through the step up transformer to increase the power, to save the use of limited
source and to cover back the energy loss due to resistance of the lines. The high
current produced enables the voltage to be transformed up to 132, 275 or 400kV for
national transmission. Later on, the current will pass through the step down
transformer where the current is brought down as the incoming current is too high for
domestic purposes. And then the current is distributed to the facilities of the area
around the substation based on the need of that certain building.
The electrical equipments and systems installed in the building are known as
electrical distribution equipment. It is a necessary to do a thorough analysis and
calculations on the amperage load and short circuit values of each individual part of
the distribution system in order to achieve an efficient electric distribution system in
the building.
2.2 Introduction
First Subang Mall is a commercial building which requires more energy compare to
the residential buildings. Hence, essential components like TNB high tension (HT)
room, consumer high tension (HT) room, transformer & low voltage switch room,
vacuum circuit breaker, generator and electrical riser room have to present in the
building. Beside that, for safety purpose, emergency exit noticeboard and lighting are
also applied in the building according to the Malaysia UBBL 1994 Law. Below that,
each of the components will be explained more detailed and analyzed their actual
functionality and practicality.
These systems require a significant amount of space. Because much of these
systems hardware is normally hidden from view-within concealed construction
spaces or special rooms-the layout of these systems should be carefully integrated
with each other.
Diagram 2.2 Circulation of Electrical System

The diagram above shows overall circulation flow of an electrical system in First
Subang, from TNB High Tension Room distribute to each individual electrical room.
Details for each individual room system will be explain later on.
2.3 Case Study

2.3.1 TNB High Tension (HT) Room
Figure 2.3.1 Tenaga National Berhad High Tension Room
For the building which we are studying on, the First Subang Mall, is a commercial
building which requires more energy compare to the residential buildings, therefore
High Tension Room has to be designed in the building to split off the current and
transfer to different step down transformers to reduce the amount of voltage and able
to transfer them according to the usage needs for each individuals in the building.
The electric supply is following the nation grid system, which is providing multiple
paths between various generation sources and loads. Also, it transfers power from
one geographic area to another to achieve overall system operating economics.
Finally, it helps to interconnect the bulk power facilities of individual power station so
they can better withstand major disturbances.
Diagram 2.3.1.1 Lower Ground Plan
As shown in Diagrams 2.3.1, the TNB High Tension Room is located at lower ground
level, along the street, for easier accessibility by the authorized personnel, such as
the electrical engineers from TNB. The TNB High Tension room here supplies electric
power to First Subang Mall, as well as Empire Mall and Subang Parade.
Diagram 2.3.1.2 Elevation
2.3.2 Consumer High Tension (HT) Room
Figure 2.3.2 Consumer High Tension Room
The Consumer HT room is located next to the TNB HT room. The close proximity
between these rooms ensure the prevention of loss and drop in current due to the
resistance inside the electric cable.
This is a room containing switch gears, its also known as unit substation. The
current flows from the TNB High Tension room will be split and fed into different
transformers in the Consumer High Tension room, each receiving 11kV and
transform them to the Incomers and MSB. Their function is to step down the voltage
so it will be safer to distribute depending on the usage of each department and facility
in the building.
The switchboards are all dead front, meaning, they all have circuit breakers, switches,
fuses and live parts completely enclosed in a metal structure. Their durable grey
finishing gives an aesthetic appeal and assisting wiring in dimly lit areas.
Each step down transformers are functioning for different area, though all also step
down the power to 2000kV first, one is for the landlord, one is for the tenants.
Landlord referring to the public areas in the mall, like lift, car parks, toilets, where as
the another one is for tenants who are living there, and last one is for the chiller.
Various safety precautions have been taken here. Theres rubber mat placed on the
ground near to the Main Switch Board. The purpose is to prevent the maintenance
crew or authorized personnel from conducting earthling, therefore minimizing the
chances of getting fatal electric shocks.
Consumer High Tension(HT) Room is located next to TNB High Tension(HT) Room
as if break down of electrical supply occurs, maintenance checked can be done at
Consumer HT Room and TNB HT Room at the same time.
2.3.3 Vacuum Circuit Breaker
Figure 2.3.4 Vacuum Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is an electromechanical device that performs the same protective

function as a fuse and also acts as a switch. When an unexpected high surge of
current issued, these breakers will use high density air to break the circuit from
causing any unnecessary damage to the main switch boards thereby prevent power
surges and fires. It breaks the circuit quicker than fuses, which is why fuses are
normally used in lower voltage electrical equipment whereas vacuum circuit breaker
are used in high tension room.
In a vacuum circuit breaker, therere two electrical contacts are enclosed in a vacuum.
One of the contacts is fixed and one is movable. When the circuit breaker detects a
dangerous situation, the movable contact pulls away from the fixed contact,
interrupting the current. Because the contacts are in a vacuum, arcing between the
contacts is suppressed, ensuring that the circuit remains open. As long as the circuit
is open, it will not be energized.
2.3.4 Generator Set Room
Figure 2.3.4 Generator Set Room
When there is a breakdown in power supply from the TNB, the generator in
Generator Set Room will be generating electricity for the building until the power
supply has been regained. The generator act as a backup electric supply source
when theres a electrical shortage from the main power supply from Tenaga Nasional
Berhad.
However, this power supplied by generator will only be enough for the lightings which
are directly connected, such as lift, lobby and toilet, but would not be supplying for the
tenants' offices due to shortage of electricity supplied.
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Figure 2.3.4.1 Electric Generator Set
The engine generator set comprises of three components which are fuel systems, the
body set, and the exhaust facilities. The noise produced by the generator during
maintenance and regular testing are extremely loud, but theres a big fan operating to
cool the generator as well which will be explained later on.
Figure 2.3.4.2 Nickel Cadmium Battery
The core of the generator is nickel cadmium battery, its the starter of the machine, .
The nickel cadmium battery is a type of rechargeable battery using nickel oxide
hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrodes.
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Figure 2.3.4.3 Diesel Fuel Tank
Battery has much lower specific energy than the fuel such as gasoline, therefore the
diesel fuel is required for the workout of the generator while still using battery to
operate, even though the gasolines can only be stored for a year at most, and
disposal is difficult. The diesel fuel passes through the motor and allow combustion to
occur. At this stage, the dynamo will generate electric field and current will be
channeled to the LV Room followed by the distributing areas.
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Figure 2.3.4.4 Radiator Cooling Generator Set
As the generator will be generating heat as well while generating electricity,

precautions of preventing over heating and fire from occurring have been taken.
Theres radiator cooled diesel engine generator set allocated right next to the
generator to extract heat from the engine and pumped outside. The radiator cooling
system is made up of tubes surrounded by fins.
Figure 2.3.4.5 Fresh Air Intake
Above the entrance of the generator set room, theres a air fin to allow the air enter
while still able to filter out the unwanted dust though the mesh to allow more
ventilation for cooling the room. Ventilation is very important especially when the
generator is operating due to the heat it produced.
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Diagram 2.3.4.1 Ground Floor Plan
Generator Set Room is located above all of the other electrical rooms as the
generator itself produces more heat compared to the others and so a higher location
is ideal for better ventilation compared to basement and ground floor that is more
stuffy.
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2.3.5 Transformer and Low Voltage Switch Room
Figure 2.3.5 Transformer
The stepped down current from each transformer is transferred to their own
respective Main Switch Boards (MSB) in the Low Voltage Room. In First Subang,
there are 3 MSBs for landlord, tenant and chiller. These panels are the main power
switches of the entire building, one is for the landlord, one is for the tenants and the
other one is for chiller. Landlord referring to the public areas in the mall, like lift, car
parks, toilets, where as the another one is for tenants who are living there.
Similarly, these panels are set back from the wall to allow maintenance from the
engineers. The room is extreme hot due to the heat generated by the passage of
current through transformer coils due to the winding cable resistance. Therefore,
extra fan is placed in the room.
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Diagram 2.3.5.1 Basement Plan
Transformer Room is located one floor below Consumer High Tension(HT) Room
and TNB High Tension(HT) Room as distribution of electricity can be transferred
quicker through the electrical circuits in between these rooms.
Diagram 2.3.5.2 Section
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2.3.6 Main Switch Board (MSB)
Figure 2.3.6.1 Main Switch Board
An electric switchboard is a device that directs electricity from one or more sources of
supply to several smaller regions of usage. It is an assembly of one or more panels,
each of which contains switches that allow electricity to be redirected.
Switchboards consist of various electronic apparatus used to operate electric circuits.
The function of a switchboard is to transmit electricity from one source to another.
Normally, high voltage appliances such as lifts and elevators take their powers
directly from sub-switch board whereas the low voltage appliances such as lightings
are to be managed by distribution board. In other words, SSB controls high power
facilities, where as the lightings go under distribution Board.
Figure 2.3.6.2 Sub Switch Board
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2.3.7 Electrical Riser Room
Figure 2.3.7 Electrical Riser Room (Source: Estana Court 2014)
A riser room is where the electrical distribution equipment (Switchgears and Panels)
that supplies the electrical systems of the building is located. Electrical conduits that
feed the various equipment, A/C units and sub panels and fire pumps originate here.
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2.3.8 Electric Meter
Figure 2.3.8.1 Electric Meter
The electric meter is an instrument that measures the amount of electric energy used
by a consumer in a house, shop, offices etc. It is calibrated in kilowatt-hours. One
kilowatt-hour is the amount of electric energy required to provide 1,000 watts of
power for a period of one hour. The amount of electric meter in a building depends
solely on the number of tenants at each floor.
For most domestic electric meter it is usually enclosed in a glass case which contains
a revolving disk which in turn rotates a series of numbers or dials. When the electric
current passes through the meter, the disk rotates to measure the exact amount of
kilowatts used whenever there is electric current that pass through the meter. The
speed of rotation varies depending on how much electricity the user is using in that
building for particular device such as running a washing machine, microwave and
water heater etc. It is important to note that different electric appliance uses different
amount of electricity for its operating.
Figure 2.3.8.2 Meter
There are meters for each sub station in First Subang as shown in figure 2.3.8.2.
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Diagram 2.3.8 Lower Ground Floor Plan
As shown in diagrams 2.3.8, the meter room is situated nearby the switching room
and and the previous electricity room, this is for ease of checking by the maintainers
from the building and TNB. Easy access for meter checking regularly by the TNB
maintainers as well to check no problem occur on the meter.
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2.3.9 Distribution Room
Figure 2.3.9 Distribution Board
After passing through the electric meter, the electricity will be diverted to the
distribution board which will be located inside the electric room. The distribution board
is also known as panelboard or breaker panel. The main function of the distribution
board is to divide the electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits while providing a
protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit. The distribution board offers
protection to users and equipment from electrical shock or fire resulting from ground
faults. The electricity from the distribution board is then further delivered to Miniature
Circuit Board(MCB) and Earth Leakage Circuit Board(ELCB).
Figure 2.3.9.1 Distribution Board wiring
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Diagram 2.3.9.1 Ground Level Plan
As shown in diagrams 2.3.9, the meter room is situated in the building passageway
for easy access for the maintenance on fuse and circuit breaker if necessary. The
passageway is narrow and hidden so the normal users in the mall are less likely to
use that path, as its meant for the maintainers.
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2.3.10 Lighting
Diagram 2.3.10 Lighting Distribution

The diagram 2.3.10 shows one of the distribution of electric to the lightings in First
Subang. The type of light bulb used in the down lights in the building is the compact
fluorescent light bulbs. Most commercial buildings use this type of lightings as it offers
long life and high quality energy efficient task lighting. The lighting portion of the bulbs
are normally a small tube structure, either in parallel form or in a swirled shape.
Though the usage of lightings might seem a lot in the plan but they are all placing
along the path after calculating the distance and their range of coverage, so the
whole circulation path would be bright enough for the occupants comfort level.
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Section 240
(1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square meters
shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase
enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant
floor or zone served.
(2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman's switch specified in the
Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.
Section 241
In places where there are deaf persons and in places where by native of the
occupancy audible alarm system is undesirable, visible indicator alarm signals
shall be incorporated in addition to the normal alarm system.
Whereas according to Electricity Supply Act 1997 [Act 447] P. U. (A) 38/94 Electricity
Regulations 1997, it is listed that:
Regulation 15, Apparatus, conductor, accessory, etc. Any conductor or apparatus
that is exposed to the weather, water, corrosion, under heating or use in inflammable
surroundings or in an explosive atmosphere shall be constructed or protected in such
a manner as to prevent danger.
Regulation 16, Switch, switch fuse, fuse switch, circuit breaker, contractor, fuse, etc.
Any fuse or circuit breaker shall be:
(1) Constructed and arranged in such a manner so as to break the current when
it exceeds a given value for such a sufficient time to prevent danger
(2) Constructed guarded or placed in a manner as to prevent danger or
overheating, arcing or from the scattering of hot metal or other substances or
enclosure.
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2.5 Analysis & Conclusion
The Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation(CPR) board is placed in each electrical room

for safety purpose. The board provides information to prevent apparent death from
electric shock as emergency procedure can be performed in an effort to manually
preserve intact brain function in a case that a person is unresponsive with abnormal
breathing.
Even though theres a board in every electrical room to guide the people during
emergency situation, however, this is still not considerate enough especially for the
OKU people.
According to UBBL, visible indicator alarm signals did not use in First Subang and
create danger to the deaf people. Although deaf people isn't the main group among
the users, they still exist in the building and rely on the system. Hence, First Subang
should consider more on the OKU people since it's a commercial building.
In conclusion, electric supply system in First Subang is quite complete since it fulfill
most of the Uniform Building By Law's requirements. All kind of users and it will cause
trouble in special case. A good system should consider every users and fulfill their
needs. Hence, local authority should enhance the system and regularly check all the
components' availability.
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3.0 Fire Protection System

Fire is a chemical reaction in which energy in the form of heat is produced. Flame,
heat and light are released during fire while it happens and may react with many
materials that makes the fire burn heavier and faster. Fire is created with with three
factors, oxygen, fuel and heat. Therefore there are many ways in extinguishing the
fire through taking off any of the factors. Fire safety foundation has to be considered
in a building due to the risk assessments in it. Fire safety foundation has the duty to
do all that is reasonably practicable to safeguard relevant persons who may be
employees and visitors that may be exposed to risk in the event of fire.
Based on Malaysia UBBL 1984 law, fire precautions legislation is generally to include
matters that exist on safety legislation which includes the means of detection and
giving warning in case of fire, provision of means of escape, means of fighting fire,
provision on structural stability and the means to resist the spread of fire within and
between buildings. Buildings have to comply the legislation by the use of both
passive and active fire protection system. In the case of fire safety in a construction,
one of the most important issues is the method in managing fire factors at different
spaces.
Passive fire protection is one of the components of fire protection in construction
industry which mostly focus on reducing the speed of combustion while providing
good circulation for escape routes. In order to inhibit the spread of fire within the
building, the internal linings shall adequately resist the spread of flame over their
surfaces and decrease the rate of fire growth. Internal linings refer to the materials
used in lining any partition, wall, ceiling or other internal structure.
Active methods for fire protection involves powered devices to exhaust, pressurize
and in particular situations, oppose the smoke with forced air to prevent smoke and
gas movement. The active methods give warning or the provision on fighting fire in a
building such as the use of fire alarm, extinguisher, sprinkler, none water base
system and more. The active protection system consists of several individual
components at in the building to rescue residents in fire accidents.
There might be conflict between occupants during fire emergency evacuation. One of
the main concern by the engineers is to delay the spreading of fire based on the fire
safety construction requirements whereas architects concern on fire safety at
different spaces within a building. Safety management is the key aspect to strive for
continuous improvement of performance. This is to ensure that both passive and
active fire protection systems can perform well through regular inspection and
maintenance so that standards and effectiveness of the systems are kept.
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3.2 Introduction
First Subang Mall is a commercial building which has 20 stories, fire protection
system has to be planned well since users life is the most important issue and rescue
action will be hard to executed when there's fire in the building. In order to strengthen
the fire protection, First Subang Mall has both active and passive fire protection
system, which is valid according to the Malaysia UBBL 1994 Law. Overall, common
components like fire control room, fire pump room, dry riser, fire alarm, fire alarm and
fire smoke detector are applied to this building. Fire emergency exit and ventilation in
lift shaft also take into consideration for safety purpose.
Diagram 3.2.1 Circulation of a Sprinkle System
Diagram 3.2.2 Circulation of a CO2 Suppression System
The diagrams above shows the flow of two particular active systems, sprinkle system
and CO2 suppression system. In sprinkler system, water is stored in water tank, and
pumped through the pump room system then spray in the particular space where fire
has been detected. Details of each component will be explain further in Chapter 3.3.
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3.3 Case Study

3.3 Passive Fire Protection Systems
Passive fire protection system apply on materials that are always present and do not
rely on the operation of any form of mechanical device. Passive fire protection
systems can be seen in the form of fire rated doors, barrier, ceilings and structural fire
protection. The overall aim of passive systems is to contain the fire by the use of fire
rated partitions and doors to prevent the fire and smoke from moving from one
compartment to another. The selection of materials helps to delay the collapse of the
building structure and the growth of fire.
Figure 3.3 Components of Passive Fire Protection System
The figure above shows the components which help in delaying the spreading of fire.
Few components will be explain in details in chapter 3.3 later.
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3.3.1 Buffer Floor
Diagram 3.3.1 Buffer Floor
The buffer floor is made of fire resisting construction materials. There are few areas
that need to construct with buffer floor to resist the fire. These areas include boiler
rooms and associated fuel storage areas, laundries, repair shops involving
hazardous processes and materials, storage areas of materials in quantities deemed
hazardous, liquified petroleum gas storage areas, linen rooms, transformers rooms
and substations, and flammable liquids stores.
3.3.2 Beams & Columns
Figure 3.3.2 Beam and Column
Beams and columns forming part of any structure and carrying is required to be
constructed of non-combustible materials.
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3.3.3 Compartment Wall
Figure 3.3.3 Compartment Wall in Red
As stated in UBBL, there is a limitation of the spreading speed of fire for the
compartment. The compartment wall restricts the movement of smoke so that the
smoke will not spread easily throughout the whole building within a short time. It
optimizes evacuation routes during fire and also accommodates different activities to
enable each compartment have their own fire protection systems.
There is also a limit of dimensions on volume of the compartment which is 7000 cubic
meters based on 5th Schedule of UBBL 1984. However, automatic sprinklers can
double up the limit to 14000 cubic meters. Besides that, buildings which exceed 30
meters in height, all floors which are more than 9 meters above ground level shall be
constructed with compartment floor, except mezzanine floor. Walls shall also be solid
masonry or concrete with thickness of 200mm.
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3.3.4 Fire Emergency Exit
Figure 3.3.4 Fire Emergency Exit Door
Storey exit is a fire rated door to a protected staircase or a corridor protected with a
fire resisting structure in accordance with the 9th schedule to these By-laws. In the
case of ground floor accommodation, storey exit means a door leading direct to a
place safety outside the building. Fire doors may be held open provided the hold
open device incorporates a heat actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated
devices shall not be permitted on fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors
or protected staircases.
Travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface
along the center line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.3 meters from the most
remote point of occupancy, curving around any corners or obstructions with 0.3
meters clearance there from and ending at the storey exit. Individual rooms which are
subject to occupancy of not more than 6 person, the travel distance shall be
measured form the doors of such rooms, provided that the travel distance from any
point in the room to the room door does not exceed 15 meters. Based on the 7th
schedule of UBBL 1984, maximum travel distance for dead end limit is 15 meters, for
unsprinklered is 30 meters and for sprinklered is 45 meters. More than 2 storey exits
shall be provided and in no case closer than 5 meters measured between the nearest
edges of the openings and must within limits of travel distance.
Emergency exit signs must be readily visible. Lettering shall be in read against a
black background. Illuminated signs shall be provided. Besides that, exit doors shall
be closed automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic door
holders, shall release the doors upon power failure of the fire alarm. Each exit shall
give direct access to final exit, protected staircase leading to a final exit and an
external route leading to a final exit. In every case, one of the protected staircases
shall be assumed to be inaccessible and the remaining protected staircase shall be
sufficient width and number to accommodate the relevant occupancy. Exits should
never decrease in width along their length of travel. Common exit should be larger
than the sum of the width of the exits converging it.
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Diagram 3.3.4 Ground Floor Plan
The location of the fire escape room is located with a distance away from the open
public area. This is because the fire escape room is designed to provide the
accessibility of the users who are unable to escape from the main entrance in time.
As its an emergency escape, so its located at such space where people would not
access normally.
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3.3.5 Ventilation in Lift Shafts
Figure 3.3.5 Lift Shaft
Openings in a lift shaft are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shaft shall be
provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square meters per lift located at the top of
the shaft. The vent shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP
as for the lift shafts. Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150 mm in
diameter.
The basic idea is that an elevator shaft pressurization has recently received renewed
attention as a means of smoke control in tall buildings. The basic idea is that a fan
system floods the shaft with ambient air during a fire, thereby preventing smoke from
entering the elevator shaft by creating positive pressure differences across all
elevator doors. In the absence of fan pressurization, the driving forces of smoke
movement, including the buoyancy of hot smoke and stack effect, can cause smoke
flow through an elevator shaft to threaten life at locations remote from the fire.
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3.4 Active Fire Protection System

The fundamental purpose of active fire protection system includes automatic fire
detection and fire suppression to prevent the passage and spread of smoke and fire
from one area of the building to another. The overall aim of active system is to
extinguish the fire by detecting the fire early and evacuate the building, alerting
emergency services at an early stage of the fire, control the movement of smoke and
fire suppress the fire of oxygen and fuel.
Depend on the operation of a mechanical device, active systems in the form of
suppression, extinguishers, sprinkler, alarm and extract ventilation. The overall aim of
active system is to extinguish the fire by:
Detecting the fire early and evacuate the building.
Alerting emergency services at an early stage of the fire.
Control the movement of smoke and fire.
Suppress and/or starve the fire of oxygen and fuel.
Below are the progress of active fire protection system in First Subang.
Figure 3.4.1 Diagram of the Active System
The carbon dioxide fire suppression system in First Subang is installed in most of the
mechanical and also the electrical room because it consist of all the electrical
equipment that can be dangerous and highly flammable which may danger the
occupants in the building. Carbon dioxide is used instead of water because the gas
can help to extinguish the effect by displacing the oxygen gas in the air. The CO2 fire
suppression system is used because it will not cause any damage to the electrical
equipment in the room. The further details will be explained in 3.4.7 later.
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3.4.1 Fire Control Room

Due to private and confidential issue, we were not allowed to access to the FCR nor
knowing its exact location. Therefore a simple diagram from other source has been
used for illustration purpose. It should look simple and the size of the room is
assumed to be quite small due to the size of the commercial building.
Figure 3.4.1 Control Room Contents
A Fire Control Room (FCR) is a special area within a building from where major
emergency situations can be controlled and monitored and where supporting
equipment is provided to assist in that function.
A Fire Control Room shall be provided if required by the relevant authority or if the
building :
(a) Has an effective height of more than 50m.
(b) Shall be separated from the rest of the building by two hour fire rated elements of
structure.
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General requirements :
(1) Minimum floor area of 10m2, can be larger depending on the equipment required.
(2) Be sited near the main entrance to the building's main lobby in a designated room.
(3) Preferably be adjacent to a fire lift lobby or any other location as designated by the
relevant authority.
(4) Be accessible via 2 paths of travel. One from the front entrance and the other from
a public place or fire-isolated passageway which leads to a public place and has a
two hour fire rated floor.
Facilities :
(a) Automatic fire alarm and sprinkler indicator boards with facilities for sounding and
switching off alarms and visual status indication.
(b) A telephone connected directly to the external exchange.
(c) The control console of the Emergency Warning and intercommunication
System(EWIS).
(d) A blackboard or whiteboard not less than 1200mm wide and 1000mm high.
(e) A pin board not less than 1200mm wide and 1000mm high.
(f) Remote switching controls for gas or electrical supplies.
(g) Building security.
(h) Emergency lighting.
Though we could not accessed to the fire control room, but it is expected to fulfill the
above requirements after interviewing the engineer who guided us.
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Diagram 3.4.1 Ground Floor Plan
Security Fire Control Room is located at ground level where most circulation will be,
yet we were not able to get permission to enter for their security purpose. Although
its very obvious in the floor plan for its exact location, but as we have been to the site,
we could not see the room still cause it was behind a reception and with a very
narrow path.
Due to the size of the fire control room, which suits First Subang, they located the fire
control room at there so they can have the immediate respond if theres fire occur,
they are able to lock down the middle spot by controlling fire roller shutter, and also
immediate access to the fire pump room.
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3.4.2 Water Tank
Figure 3.4.2 Water Tank
The need for a water tank is to provide storage of water and distribute water to the
building. The water tanks are located at the rooftop of the building that supply water
for shops and domestic by the use of pipes that draw water from the top of the tank,
leaving a reserve amount for fire-suppression at the bottom. Pumps refill the tank
when its water level drops too low. Water is drawn from the tank when needed for fire
sprinklers or standpipes, with gravity pressurizing the water.
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Diagram 3.4.2 Water Tank
From the diagram above, it can be seen that the water tank is located above, at the
roof top of the building, acting as an emergency water storage. Its set to be set with
such height to pressurized the water supply so the flow rate of water can be boost up
during emergency, due to gravity probably.
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3.4.3 Fire Pump Room
Figure 3.4.3 Fire Pump Room
A fire pump is a part of a sprinkle system's water supply and can be powered by
electric, diesel or steam. The pump intake is either connected to the public
underground water supply piping, or a static water source (e.g., tank, reservoir, lake).
The pump provides water flow at a higher pressure to the sprinkler system riser and
hose standpipes.
Fire pumps may be powered either by an electric motor or a diesel engine, or,
occasionally a steam turbine. If the local building code requires power independent of
the local electric power grid, a pump using an electric motor may utilize, when
connected via a listed transfer switch, the installation of an emergency generator.
The fire pump starts when the pressure in the fire sprinkler system drops below a
threshold. The sprinkler system pressure drops significantly when one or more fire
sprinkles are exposed to heat above their design temperature, and opens, releasing
water. Alternately, other fire hoses reels or other firefighting connections are opened,
causing a pressure drop in the fire fighting main.
Fire pumps are needed when the local municipal water system cannot provide
sufficient pressure to meet the hydraulic design requirements of the fire sprinkler
system. This usually occurs if the building is very tall, such as in high-rise buildings,
or in systems that require a relatively high terminal pressure at the fire sprinkler in
order to provide a large volume of water, such as in storage warehouses. Fire pumps
are also needed if fire protection water supply is provided from a ground level water
storage tank.
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There are 3 types of pumps used for the fire service, which are jockey pump, duty
pump, and standby pump. Each also has horizontal split case, vertical split case,
vertical inline, vertical turbine, and end suction.
3.4.3.1 Jockey Pump
Figure 3.4.3.1 Jockey Pump (Source: Grahanindo Mecanitron 2014)
A small pump connected to a fire sprinkle system and is intended to maintain

pressure in a fire protection piping system to an artificially high level so that the
operation of a single fire sprinkler will cause a pressure drop which will be sensed by
the fire pump automatic controller, causing the fire pump to start. The jockey pump is
essentially a portion of the fire pump's control system.
3.4.3.2 Booster
Figure 3.4.3.2 Fire Pump Booster
The plunger pump does not run at constant speed but is continuously accelerating
after each dead center and decelerating before each dead center. The water flow
being drawn in moves accordingly and follows the acceleration / deceleration of the
plunger. Therefore at any instantaneous speed of the plunger during its stroke will
correspond a proportional increase or decrease of the instantaneous flow rate.
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3.4.3.3 Duty Pump
Figure 3.4.3.3 Duty Pump (Source: Kurawah Fire System 2014)
All models feature factory-set pressure limits to protect pumps from

damagepumping stops when high limit is reached, resumes when pressure
decreases to low setting. Multi-chambered pump offers efficient transfer of mild acids,
bases, and light oils. Thermal overload protected, permanent-magnet motor. Pump
includes 6-ft power cord with three-prong plug. Order replacement diaphragms or
valve kits under accessories.
3.4.3.4 Standby Operation Pump
Figure 3.4.3.4 Structural of the Standby Pump (Source: Hitachi 2014)
It will only function when duty pump can't function well in operation. As this pump can
start regardless of the water level in the suction sump, can stand by at full speed
when flooding and can continuously operate until no danger of flooding.The standby
pump can stand by at full speed under no water in the suction sump prior to inflow of
water. It has no frequent starting and stopping as its always in a standby mode.
Theres an automatic flow rate adjustment function which allows the standby pump to
operate under the low water levels.
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Fire Pump Room is located at the left side, close to the fire control room, as well as
below the water tank location, so pressurized water can be pumped quickly enough
during fire emergency. Its also located nearby the fire hydrant which is location right
beside the entrance at the left.
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3.4.4 Wet Riser
Figure 3.4.4 Wet Riser Room
Wet rising mains are fitted in tall buildings due to the excessive pressures required to
pump water to high levels. A wet riser is a supply system intended to distribute water
to multiple levels or compartments of a building, as a component of its fire fighting
systems. Wet rising mains consist of vertical pipes similar to the dry rising main
system with landing valves at each floor except the ground floor. The pipe system is
connected to a permanent water supply normally a tank fed from the town mains.
Duplicate automatic pumps, one duty and one standby supply this water to the pipe
system.
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3.4.5 Dry Riser
Figure 3.4.5 Section of a Dry Riser Installation
A dry riser distribute the water to whole building or structure by using main vertical
pipe as the component of fire suppression systems. The pipe itself normally will be
maintained empty of water. It has an inlet breeching connector in the installation and
with Landing Valves at specific points on each floor. It's actually considered as an
extension of the fire fighter's hose and normally used in unheated buildings between
18 to 6m in height, where prompt attendance from the fire authority is quarantined .It
can't be used above 60 m since it has a limitation for the fire tender pumps and the
immediately need of water at hydrant valves.
The dry riser installation has a 100 mm nominal bore galvanized steel pipe for one
hydrant per floor and a 150 mm pipe if two outlets are fitted. At ground level the inlet
is provided behind a red painted wired glass box, fitted flush with the outside wall and
clearly labeled dry riser inlet.
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3.4.6 Fire Alarm
Figure 3.4.6.1 Fire Alarms in front of Fire Pump Room
A fire alarm system is a set of electronic equipment that alert people through visual
and audio appliances when there is smoke or fire. Smoke detectors, heat detectors,
water flow sensors will be automatically activated or from a manual fire alarm pull
station.
Fire alarm circuits may be of the open or closed type , previously described for
intruder alarms. The exception is that the contacts are usually in wall-mounted, break
glass switch units. Most installations will include an indicator board to locate the
source of alarm, and the circuitry principle with a battery power source or transformed
main supply of 24-60 V DC. Alarm location should be in common access positions
and no person should have to travel more than 30m to raise an alarm. Landings,
lobbies and corridors are the best location, with clearly defined, red-painted call
buttons 1.5m above floor level .
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Figure 3.4.6.2 Fire Alarm
In First Subang, there is fire alarm for each individual room, but there is a list of fire
alarms along the wall of fire pump room at ground level. So if any fire alarm has been
activated in other room, the fire alarm here will be activate as well to alert the people
at ground level in case if the sound of fire alarm could not reach the people nearby.
The components of fire alarm is shown at diagram 3.4.6 below.
Diagram 3.4.6 Components of Fire Alarm
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3.4.7 Fire/Smoke Detector

Automatic fire detectors are necessary to indicate location of the outbreak of a fire, to
operate alarm bells and to communicate with the local fire authority. They are varied
in opening characteristic :
This is the simplest and contains a strip which responds to temperature increases. It
deforms to bend across two electrical contacts to complete a circuit.
Figure 3.4.7.1 Ionisation Chamber (Tick)
This more sophisticated device ionises air by radiation, to encourage a small electric
current across two electrodes. When smoke enters the chamber it reduces the
current, and this irregularity is sufficient to effect an alarm relay.
Figure 3.4.7.1 Laser Beam
These are an economic solution to provision of fire detection in large areas, as the
concentrated beam can be effective over distance up to 100m. Light beams can be
visible or infra-red, and target on an opposing photoelectric cell. Smoke obscuration
or air turbulence caused by heat, deflects the beam to de-energize the receiving cell
which activates an alarm relay.
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3.4.8 Sprinklers System
Figure 3.4.8 Sprinkler
Water sprinkle system is to control fire spreading by using water distribution. It

consists water supply system and piping system, which can effectively contribute
sufficient amount of water to particular space. It normally will be distributed to the
whole building and arranged according to the range of coverage. Fire sprinkle system
is formed by a series of components : fire sprinkle head, alarm test valve, motorized
alarm bell, stop valve and alarm valve. Water will be divided into two parts in fire
sprinkle system : water supply and installation. According to our observation, wet
system is the one which has been applied on our building. This is the most common
sprinkle system in Malaysia since it needs to be permanently charged with water and
suitable for interior's temperature of buildings between 0C 70C. Sprinkles has
been observed around the buildings and there's two types of fire sprinkle head since
they are designed according to different circumstance of the building areas. Upright
fire sprinkle head is installed on the top side of the sprinkle piping and pendent fire
sprinkle head is installed on the bottom side of the sprinkle piping.
Diagram 3.4.8 Flow of Sprinkle System
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3.4.9 Carbon Dioxide (CO) Fire Suppression System
Figure 3.4.9 Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression System
It can be found in all the electrical room. Carbon dioxide is a combination of carbon
and oxygen gas that is colorless, odorless, electrically non-conductive gas and highly
efficient as a fire suppression agent. The carbon dioxide fire suppression system is
the system that is effective, reliable and fast acting control panels to can sense a fire
quick so it can prevent any damage to the building. Carbon dioxide gas extinguishes
fire primarily by lowering the amount of oxygen gas that supports the combustion of a
fire in a room. Moreover, the carbon dioxide gas is also acting as a heat sink that
absorbs combustion energy. Carbon dioxide is stored in the cylinders as a liquid
under great pressure.
Figure 3.4.9 CO2 Fire Suppression Systems

( Source: http://www.ersaray.com.tr/CO2-Sondurme-Sistemleri.html )
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3.4.10 Fire Extinguisher
Figure 3.4.10 Fire Extinguisher
A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device, which used to control or put out
the fire. Although it's not the main component to deal with the fire when there's fire in
a building but it is useful and can immediately being used when you are trapped in a
fire. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire, such as one which has reached
the ceiling, endangers the user (i.e., no escape route, smoke, explosion hazard, etc.),
otherwise it requires the expertise of a fire department. Typically, a fire extinguisher
consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent which can be
discharged to extinguish a fire.
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Fire extinguishers are divided into five categories. Each categories are based on
different type of fire, therefore it is important to identify type of fire extinguisher it is
and for which types of fires it is appropriate and safe to use on. There are two types of
fire extinguisher used in First Subang.
3.4.10.1 Dry powder Fire Extinguisher
Figure 3.4.10.1 Dry Powder Fire Extinguish
This is a powder based agent that extinguishes by separating the four parts of the fire
tetrahedron. It prevents the chemical reactions involving heat, fuel, and oxygen and
halts the production of fire sustaining "free-radicals", thus extinguishing the fire.
3.4.10.2 Foam Fire Extinguisher
Figure 3.4.10.2 Foam Fire Extinguish
Applied to fuel fires as either an aspirated (mixed & expanded with air in a branch
pipe) or non-aspirated form to form a frothy blanket or seal over the fuel, preventing
oxygen reaching it. Unlike powder, foam can be used to progressively extinguish fires
without flashback.
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3.4.10.3 Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher
Figure 3.4.10.3 Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher
Carbon Dioxide extinguishers are filled with non-flammable carbon dioxide gas under
extreme pressure. Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers extinguish fire by taking away
the oxygen element of the fire triangle and also remove the heat with a very cold
discharge. However, once discharged, the CO2 will dissipate quickly and allow
access for oxygen again, which can re-ignite the fire. Carbon Dioxide extinguishers
will frequently be found in laboratories, mechanical rooms, kitchens, and flammable
liquid storage areas
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3.4.11 Fire Roller Shutter
Figure 3.4.11.1 Fire Roller Shutter
Fire roller shutter is designed and tested to be an effective fire resistance barrier. The
shutter will automatically close down in the event of a fire. By this, the risk of fire
spreading from one area to another can be reduced. Fire rated roller shutter is
installed in openings up to 12m wide and 10m high for fire resistance period of 1 to 4
hours. This barrier maximizes fire protection of the building and there is no possibility
of failure even on fire after 250 minutes. It helps to withstand dangerous environment
to ensure security of life.
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Fire roller shutter are manufactured in a similar way to conventional shutters, and be
fitted for elecrically operated for controlled descent. It will automatically close down
after fire signal. A fire proofing room of isolation is thus formed. (either using fusible
crystal device or 24V relay). Manual chain can be operated in case of power failure.
Figure 3.4.11.2 Fire Roller Shutter Operating
Diagram 3.4.11.1 Section of Fire Roller Shutter System
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The fire roller shutter is only being used surrounding the escalator, to prevent the
users from accessing the escalator during fire emergency situation. The fire shutters
are at the edge of atria, voids like the escalator void areas, and between the floors
and door way, to prevent fire to be worsen, like preventing it to glow towards the
second floor.
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3.4.12 Fire Hydrant
Figure 3.4.12 Fire Hydrant
A fire hydrant is an active fire protection measure, and a source of water provided in
the building with municipal water service to enable firefighters to tap into the
municipal water supply to assist in extinguishing a fire. When a hydrant valve is
opened, the system experiences a drop in water pressure.
The drop in water pressure is detected by a pressure switch which in turn starts the
booster pump, drawing water from the water supply to increase the water pressure of
the system. Water from the hydrant is then directed through the flatways fire hose to
a nozzle which is then directed to the seat of a fire. During a fire, the fire brigade may
provide additional water and boost the water pressure to satisfy the demands of the
fire hydrant system. This is carried out by connecting a fire appliance (truck) between
an alternate water supply and the booster connection. Fire fighters either attach a
hose to the fire hydrant, or attached through hose to a fire engine, which can use a
powerful pump to boost the water pressure and possibly split it into multiple streams.
Diagram 3.4.12 Sectional Drawing
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3.5 UBBL
According to UBBL 1984
Section 172
(1) Story exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs
and shall not obscure by any decoration, furnishings or other equipment.
(2) A sign reading KELUAR with an arrow indicating the direction shall be
placed in every location where the direction of the travel to reach the nearest exit
is not immediately apparent.
(3) Every exit sign shall have the world KELUAR in plainly legible letters not
less than 150 meter high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than
18mm wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background.
(4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.
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During the site visit, we found out that there were louvers fencing installed at the roof
top of First Subang Mall where the louvers were placed next to the water tank. The
louvers fencing is installed for both aesthetic and safety purposes. However, the
louvers were not properly maintained and part of the structures have already
destroyed due to high ventilation of the wind as the materials used were low quality of
aluminum because of the budget limitation. Hence, this is not an ideal installation as
the breakage of the louvers may fall and damage the water tank next to it. This will
then cause error in water supply to the fire pump which ends up in an unsafe situation
when there is a fire in the mall.
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Figure 3.6.1 Emergency Exit
Based on the UBBL requirement, First Subang does not comply the requirements
stated as the fire escape door is blocked by advertisements that are placed by the
tenants in the building. This may be due to the lack of awareness by the management.
Furthermore, it may cause severe danger to the occupants or tenants in the building
when there is an emergency fire because the doors are blocked by the advertisement
boards which may cause the process of emergency evacuation to be slow down.
Therefore the management department should have taken extra precaution in
making sure all emergency exits are not blocked by any obstruction.
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Figure 3.6.2 Emergency Exit
During our site visit to First Subang, we realized the emergency exit sign above the
exit rooms are not illuminated continuously even though is during working days as
required by the UBBL requirements. This may cause accidents during fire break out
as the exit sign is not lited therefore the occupants may not be able to identify the
location of the emergency exit stairs due to the smoke by the fire.
In conclusion, First Subang has fulfilled certain part of the UBBL's requirement but
not all. Although it comply other requirements, it failed to comply the most basic
Uniform Building By Laws requirements, which are fire escape door and emergency
exit signboard. Local authority shouldn't neglect these facilities although they are not
often used. Regular checking and maintenance should be applied on this building to
ensure the occupant's safety.
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4.0 Mechanical Transportation System

Vertical transportation is transportation of passengers traveling between floors in a
building. Therere four types of lift, which are siting lift, traction lift, hydraulic lift and
stair lift. Mechanical transportation systems are of vital importance in high-rise
buildings. Escalators are used on lower floors for moving high volumes of people over
short distances. A few retail or educational buildings have escalators for up to 10
stories.
The principal means of vertical transport in tall buildings is the roped elevator. It
moves by a direct current electric motor, which raises and lowers the cab in a shaft
with wire ropes running over a series of sheaves at the motor and the cab itself; the
ropes terminate in a sliding counterweight that moves up and down the same shaft as
the cab, reducing the energy required to move the elevator.
Each elevator cab is also engaged by a set of vertical guide tracks and has a flexible
electric cable connected to it to power lighting and doors and to transmit control
signals. Passenger elevators range in capacity from 910 to 2,275 kilograms (2,000 to
5,000 pounds) and run at speeds from 90 to 510 meters per minute; freight elevators
hold up to 4,500 kilograms (10,000 pounds). The speed of elevators is apparently
limited to the current value of 510 meters per minute by the acceleration passengers
can accept and the rate of change of air pressure with height, which at this speed
begins to cause eardrum discomfort.
Elevator movements are often controlled by a computer that responds to signals from
call buttons on each floor and from floor-request buttons in each cab. The number of
elevators in a building is determined by the peak number of people to be moved in a
five-minute period, usually in the early morning; for example, in an office building this
is often set at 13 percent of occupancy. The average waiting time for an elevator
between pressing the call button and arrival must be less than 30 seconds in an office
building and less than 60 seconds in an apartment building. The elevators are usually
arranged in groups or banks ranging from one to 10 elevators serving a zone of floors,
with no more than five elevators in a row to permit quick access by passengers. In a
few very tall buildings the sky lobby system is used to save elevator-shaft space.
The building is divided vertically into sub-buildings, each with its own sky lobby floor.
From the ground floor large express elevators carry passengers to the sky lobby
floors, where they transfer to local elevator banks that take them to the individual
floors within the sub-buildings.
Theres also another mechanical transportation which is escalator, also named as
'moving staircase'. Escalator has the capacity to move large numbers of people with
no waiting interval. Escalator is also an important architectural design impact
because it can used to guide people towards main exits or special exhibits.
Escalators can be constructed in three ways, two of which are parallel arrangements
and one crisscross arrangement. Parallel arrangement is up and down escalators are
arranged side by side or separated by distance.
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4.2 Introduction
Mechanical transportation system is essential in a commercial building like First
Subang Mall since it accelerated people's movement, increase efficiency and
productivity of the occupants. However, it will create a lot of worries compare to other
systems since it's hard to ensure its functionality when electric system shut down or
when there's a fire in the building. Hence, First Subang Mall has various types of
mechanical transportation like elevator, firefighter elevator and escalator. The system
itself will be controlled by the machine room.
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4.3 Case Study

4.3.1 Machine/Control Room
Figure 4.3.1 Lift Control Room
The elevator machine room consists of Frenic lift that functions for elevator
machinery and well-established vector control with speed sensor. Control response
has been in used of higher speed automatic current regulator(ACR) of 500Hz. Frenic
lift is used as the there are features for overload capacity over 200%, as usual ones
are over 80% only. The use of Frenic lift in the building shows reduction of torque
ripple that caused low vibration(less than 0.10m/s2) and also reduction in rollback
during starting up.
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4.3.2 Elevator
Figure 4.3.2 Geared Traction Motor
First Subang uses geared traction elevator with machine room that is driven by AC.
Geared traction elevators serves in this mid-rise buildings with speeds between 200
to 500 feet per minute. The motor rotation in speed is reduced by 1/10th using a
speed reducer equipped with worm or helical gears, and transmitted to the traction
sheave of the traction machine. The geared machine is designed such that the drive
sheave is connected to the motor through a gear train. Power from the motor is
transmitted to the drive sheave through reduction gears. The geared elevator
machine is more prone to wear and tear than the gearless elevators. The machines
have a bronze spiral worm gear connected to the hoist motor which drives a bronze
ring gear. These machines are generally the best option for basement or overhead
traction use for speeds up to 500 feet per minute (3 m/s).
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Figure 4.3.2.1 Axonometric of Geared Traction Lift

(Source ElectricKnowhow web 2014)
From the figure 4.2.2.1, it can be seen that theres an electrically controlled brake
between the motor and the reduction unit stops the elevator, holding the car at the
desired floor level.
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4.3.3 Fire Control Switch
Figure 4.3.3 Fire Manual Control Switch
In First Subang, there are safety manual lift controls in the motor room. It is to
prevent any failure of the motor during the normal working days or emergency.
The elevators can be operated by pulling ropes. For belt-driven elevators, there
are 3 ropes. Pulling the right rope down once makes the elevator go up, and
pulling the left rope down once makes the elevator go down, and pulling the
middle rope once stops the elevator. A special made control switch to enable
authority to override the fire control of the fireman elevator, in order to control the
lift manually by the fire officers under any emergency issue.
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4.3.4 Firefighters Elevator
Figure 4.3.4 Firefighters Elevator
This elevator is built in order to rescue people who may be trapped on upper floors
during an event of fire in a building, therefore this elevator is slightly larger in width
compared to the elevator used for public. This type of elevator has the firemans
service mode activated by a toggle switch.
Even though it looks the same as the normal elevator from the exterior, but the
performance wise is different from the normal passenger elevator. The features of a
fireman elevator are listed as below,
Platform area and contract load should be at least 1.45 m2 and 550 kg.
Its able to reaches the top of the building within one minute.
It has the power-operated doors of not less than 0.80 m clear opening that are
arranged to remain open at any floor.
Has an overriding Fire Control switch at the fire control floor level, to bring the lift
under manual control of the fire officer.
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The motor room is directly above the lift while machine room is at the bottom. Motor
room is to control the lift, with a manual controller, and the lift motors are in the room,
whereas the machine room has a buffer for lift emergency landing issue if happens to
have accident.
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4.3.5 Escalator
Figure 4.3.5 Escalator
Diagram 4.3.5 Escalator Section
Escalators are general public access from one floor to the another in First Subang
and parallel arrangement of escalator is used. The width between balustrade panels
is 800mm where the average power consumption is assumed to be 7.5kW.
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4.3.6 Inclined Moving Walkway
Moving ramp is a moving walk that inclines between 5 degrees and 15 degrees that
offers a way for wheeled vehicles(shopping carts) vertically or large and bulky objects
to basement parking lots in First Subang. Moving ramp provides an option for people
who lack the agility required to use an escalator.
Passenger belt conveyor is the self contained powered belt type unit that is capable
in operating ascending and descending passenger service. Each unit consists of a
support structure, drive machinery, transversely rigid rubber covered belt riding on
ball bearing rollers outboard of the tread way, floating combs at entry and exit ends,
moving handrails, inside balustrades with stainless steel trim and decks, controls,
safety devices and all other parts required to provide a complete passenger
conveyor.
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4.4 UBBL
According to UBBL 1984,
Section 124
For all non-residential buildings more than 4 storeys above or below the main
access level at least one lift shall be provided.
Section 151 - 155

(1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm
panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the
building or manually.
(2) If main power is available all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the
designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or
landing calls, overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not any
other emergency or safety devices, and park with doors open.
(3) The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of
the firemans switch.
(4) Under this mode of operation, the fire lifts shall only operate in response to car
calls but not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law
154.
(5) In the event of mains power failure, all lifts shall return in sequence directly to
the designated floor and operate under emergency power as described under
paragraphs (2) to (4).
Section 243
(1) In a building where the top occupied floor is over 18.5 meters above the fire
appliance access level fire lifts shall be provided.
(2) The fire lifts shall be located within a separate protected shaft if it opens into a
separate lobby.
(3) Fire lifts shall be provided at the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which
discharge into the same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising
main, provided that the fire lifts are not located more than 61 meters travel
distance from the furthermost point of the floor.
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We noticed theres an exhaust fan in the life motor room. It is installed at the lift motor
room to enhance the air circulation and reduce the heat stored in the room as the the
motor releases heat due to the continuous operation for the lift. Mainly is to avoid the
motor from over heating as its always in operation.
Compare to other system, First Subang's lift system is more complete since it fulfill all
the UBBL's requirement. The only issue for the system is the fire lift is the normal lift
itself. It's not a easy access point and create difficulties to firefighters when there's a
fire occurred in the building. Nonetheless, it still considered as a complete system
since it functions when there's emergency.
73
5.0 Mechanical Ventilation & Air Conditional System

Air-conditioning system has become a requirement for most of the building in the
past few decades. Many of our homes and most offices and commercial facilities
wuld not be comfortable without year-round control of the indoor environment.
Along with rapid development in improving human comfort came the realization that
goods could be prodeced better, faster, and more economically in a properly
controlled environment. In fact, many goods today could not be produced if the
temperature, humidity, and air quality were not controlled within very narrow limits.
Present practitioners of the arts and sciences of heating, ventilating, and
air-conditioning (HVAC) system design and simulation are challenged as never
before. Developments in electronics, controls and computers have furnished the
tools allowing HVAC to become a high-technology industry.
Good preparation for a study of HVAC system design most certainly includes
courses in thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and system dynamics.
The principles of fluid mechanics, especially those dealing with the behaviour of
liquirds and gases flowing in pipes and ducts, furnish important tools. The economic
tradeoff in the relaionship between flow rate and pressure loss will be intertwined
with the thermodynamic and heat transfer concept.
HVAC system generally share common basic elements even though they may differ
greatly in physical appearance and arrangement. These systems may also differ
greatly in the manner in which they are controlled and operated. HVAC systems are
categorized according to the manner by which they distributd energy and ventilation
air, by how they are controlled, and by their special equipment arangements.
74
In the all-air heating and cooling systems, both energy and ventilating air are carried
by ductwork between the furnace or air handler and the conditioned space. The
all-air system may be applied in buildings requiring individual control of conditions
and having a multiplicity of zones, such as office buildings, scools and universities,
laboratories, hospitals, stores, hotels, and ships. All-air systems are also used for
any special applications where aneed exists for close control of temperature and
humidity, including clean rooms, computer rooms, hospital operating rooms, and
factories. Heating may be accomplished by the same duct system used for cooling,
by a seperate perimeter air system, or by a seperate perimeter baseboard, reheat,
or radiant system using hot water, steam, or electric-resistance heat. Many
commercial buildings need no heating in interior spaces, but only a perimeter
heating system to offset the heat losses at the interior envelopes of the buildings.
During those times when heat is required only in perimeter zones served by
baseboard systems, the air system provides the necessary ventilation and
tempering of outdoor air.
The ideal temperature to achieve thermal comfort is is between 23C to 27C (MS
1525, 2007) and air conditioning system is one of the easiest way to achieve.
Mechanical Ventilation & Air Conditional System is a control system that applies
regulation to a heating and/or air conditioning system.It is the technology of indoor
and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and
acceptable indoor air quality. This system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical
engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamic, fluid mechanics, and heat
transfer. Refrigeration is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation as HVAC&R or
HVACR, or ventilating is dropped as in HACR (such as the designation of
HACR-rate circuit breaker).It is important in the design of medium to large industrial
and office buildings such as skyscape rand in marine environments such as
aquariums, where safe and healthy building, conditions are regulated with respect
to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors.
75
5.2 Introduction
The main purpose of a HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning) system is to
maintain indoor air quality with filtration to provide human comfort for the users. In a
commercial building, HVAC is the system which consumes most energy.
In First Subang, theres air handling unit room, chiller, cooling tower and fan-con unit.
Though thermal comfort can be achieved through passive design by bringing the
outside air into the building, but filters cant filter all the air contaminates as they can
still bypass it sometimes, therefore HVAC is being popular used in commercial
building, including First Subang.
Besides, HVAC is not just a system to provide thermal comfort, it can be a part to
help on fire protection system, like fan room, which will further explain in details in
5.2.5.
Figure 5.2.1 Diagram of the Flow of Active Ventilation
The figure above shows the overall system of HVAC in First Subang, showing how
the air flows in within the building throughout the system. The details will be explain
further later in 5.3 Case Study.
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Diagram 5.2.2 Diagrammatic Summary of HVAC system in First Subang
The diagram above shows an overall summary of the HVAC system in First Subang.
Before the AHU room supplies the cool air into each particular area, the cool air has
to be processed in chiller room. Chiller room will compress the warm air into warm
water by using compressor and send it to cooling tower. Cooling tower will cool the
warm water and transfer back to chiller room. Chiller room will the supply the cool air
to AHU. AHU will take the cool air and distribute it to the building. FCU will also take
part in the HVAC system in First Subang. The further details for each individual
component will be explain later.
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5.3 Case Study

5.3.1 Air Handling Unit Room
Figure 5.3.1 Air Handling Unit Room
Air handling units (AHU) are used to re-condition and circulate air around a building
as part of a heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. The main
function of AHU is to take in outside air, re-condition it and supply it as fresh air to a
building. All exhaust air is removed, which creates an acceptable indoor air quality.
Depending on the required temperature of the re-conditioned air, the fresh air is
either heated by a recovery unit or heating coil, or cooled by a cooling coil. Some of
the air from the rooms can be re-circulated via an air mixing chamber because the
hygienic requirements for air quality are lower, and this can result in significant
energy savings. A mixing chamber has dampers for controlling the ratio between the
return, outside and exhaust air.
AHU room is the first room that we visit in the building. From our observation, the
AHU is a large metal box containing separate ventilators for supply and exhaust,
heating coil, cooling coil, heating/cooling recovery system, air filter racks or chambers,
sound attenuators, mixing chamber, and dampers.
78
5.3.1.1 Air Handling Unit System
Diagram 5.3.1.1 Section of Air Handling Unit System
From figure 5.2.2.2 , it showed the new coming air from outside and the recycled air
from the room are mixed together, the volume of new air needed is determined by the
pressure loop control. If the pressure in the room is too low, more outside air will be
used. The mixed air will go through two filters to remove dust and particles. Once the
air is pure, it is cooled down to extract water. Indeed the cold air is not carrying as
much vapour as the hot one, so when the air is refrigerated in the cooling coil, the
water condensates on cold surfaces and is drained. The last step is to reheat the
dried air to the temperature needed for supply air to the building.
79
Few AHU rooms are located at different area as shown in diagram 5.3.1, so the
HVAC system does not just count on one particular AHU room but few, if any
problems occurred then the other AHU are still running.
80
5.3.2 Fan Coil Unit
Figure 5.3.2 Fan Coil Unit
Figure 5.3.4 is the fan coil unit in First Subang. The fan coil units are smaller and self
contained than the air handling units. The major difference between air handling unit
and fan coil unit lies in the fact that in fan coil unit itself has no ducting involved for the
movement of air. In the fan coil unit, the fan in the internal section of the fan coil unit
carries out the function of moving the air over a heated or cooled coil and then directly
moving out the air into the surrounding air without the use of any ducts. Thought fan
coil units can connect to air handling units as well depending on the decision making
by the architects. The section of fan coil unit has shown in diagram 5.3.2 below.
Diagram 5.3.2 Components of a Fan Coil Unit
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5.3.3 Chiller Room
Figure 5.3.3 Chiller Room
Before the AHU room supply the cool air into each particular area, the cool air has to
be processed in chiller room first. Chiller room will compress the warm air into warm
water by using compressor and send it to cooling tower. It is also change the state of
cool water into coll air by using expansion valve before supplying them to AHU room
or FCU. The supply air which is approximately 20 degrees, leaves the cooling coil
and goes through heating coil (which is off), through the supply air fan, down the duct
and into the conditioned space. The cool supply air picks up heat in the conditioned
space. The warmed air makes its way into the return air inlets, then into the return air
duct and back to the air handling unit (AHU). The return air goes through the return
air fan into the mixed air chamber and mixes with the outside air. The mixed air goes
through the filters and into the cooling coil. The mixed air flows through the cooling
coil where it gives up its heat into the chilled water tubes in the coil. This coil also has
fins attached to the tubes to facilitate heat transfer. The cooled supply air leaves the
cooling coil and the air cycle repeats. Refer to Diagram 5.3.3.
82
Figure 5.3.3.1 Chiller Machine
Diagram 5.3.3 Internal Components of a Chiller
83
Diagram 5.3.3.1 3rd Level Floor Plan
Chiller room is located on the left side of the plan which is same the cooling tower, but
chiller is at level 3 while cooling tower is located at level 7 roof top. The reason chiller
room is located at the same side with cooling tower is to reduce the usage of pipe, in
order to save cost and reduce the internal time of cool and hot air exchange due to
shorter distance.
84
5.3.4 Cooling Tower
Figure 5.3.4 Cooling Tower
Cooling towers are used in central air conditioning systems. It has to cooperate with
other components like chiller plant room, AHU room or FCU to achieve thermal
comfort in the exterior of the building. For our site which is First Subang, the cooling
tower is located at level 6 and it's the only one cooling tower for the whole building.
The function of the cooling tower is to cool the warm water from the chiller condenser.
Following the central air conditioning system cycle, the heat from the rooms in a
building is transferred to chilled water, which is then transferred into the refrigerant,
and finally to the cooling water. The cooling tower is at the final point of the heat
transfer. The heat from the hot water is withdrawn by contact between the water and
the air. The heat transfer between the air and water occurs though the evaporation of
a small part of the water that needs to be cooled. The heat is transferred to the
atmosphere and the cooled water is then pumped back to the condenser or process
equipment where it absorbs heat.
85
Figure 5.3.4.1 Diagram of a Induced Draft Counter Flow Tower Fill
According to our interview, this is the cooling tower system that used in First Subang.
It is the common in HVAC&R application. Vertical air movement is induced in
opposition to the water flow across the fill. Coldest water will contact the driest air for
maximum performance but it can be difficulties with access for maintainance. It has
flexible air inlet location and the inlets on all sides will reduce height and pump head.
It better suited to sub zero operation and good option with small packaged towers
using centrifugal fans.
86
Cooling tower is situated at roof top, cause it required a large empty spot due to its
size and it requires an extra boundary for the leak water, cold water. And placing at
roof top would have a very good ventilation, which allows the cool air enters and
released off the hot air there.
87
5.3.5 Fan Room
Figure 5.3.5.1 Fan Room
Fan room in this building is to access fresh air and discharge return air and exhaust
hair from the interior to the openings at fan room. There is a minimum distance of 25
of fresh air inlet away from contaminant source.
88
Figure 5.3.5.2 Fan Sprinter
Fan room is located to adjacent area served, and if fire occurs, the fans will be
operated to discharge fire smoke to the openings at the top of fan room. This is to
prevent the situation from getting more hazy and minimizes the situation from getting
more worse. This room is used as an active fire protection system.
Figure 5.3.5.3 Air Well
89
As shown in diagram 5.2.4, few fan rooms are situated in the basement carpark level,
as it function as part of an active fire protection system. More fan rooms are in this
particular level, as a prevention of fire occur by the explosion of car accidents or the
explosion of transformer room if it happens to be over heated.
90
5.3.6 Smoke and heat exhaust ventilation system
Figure 5.3.6 Window for SHEVS
Smoke will normally form when there's fire in a building. Surprisingly, fire isn't the
main cause of people's death but smoke is. Hence, smoke ventilation system is
introduced since it's a life saving system that make people's life more secure and
firefighters easier to rescue trapped people when there's fire.
Smoke and heat exhaust ventilation systems, also known as SHEVS is to keep the
escape routes clear, especially low level escape routes by removing the smoke from
a building and reduce the impact to the a building. It has three main components,
which are the exhaust ventilators, smoke barriers and the inlet ventilators.
Sometimes, dampers and ductwork work with the components as well.
91
Diagram 5.3.6.1 Simple Sectional Drawing
There's two type of SHEVS can be applied to a building, which is natural ventilation
system or powered ventilation system. Natural smoke ventilation drive the smoke to
the ventilators by using the natural buoyancy of the hot gases. However, powered
smoke ventilation only relies on mechanical extraction through fans.
For the escape stairs and fire-fighting stairs, well ventilation should be provided with
certain rules: 1, a ventilate of at least 1m2 at the top of the stair and 2, an ventilator
should included at each storey external wall at least 0.5m2 .
Height of the clear layer below the smoke is one of the considerations that need to be
noticed. It must be high enough to ensure that the smoke barrier won't effect building
usage.
Another thing that we need to consider is the supply of replacement air. Sufficient
fresh air needs to be sucked into the space as the smoke and gases are extracted out.
Otherwise the building will become depressurized and the smoke ventilation system
will become ineffective.
92
First Subang uses Stand Alone System for this component at emergency staircase,
which is shown at diagram 5.3.6.2 below.
Diagram 5.3.6.2 Stand Alone System
Diagram 5.3.6.3 Level 1 Floor Plan
This system is located nearby the fire escape staircase as its part of fire protection
system as well through ventilation system.
93
Section 40
1)
Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the

relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and
heights of room may be waived at the waived at the discretion of the local
authority.
2)
Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if
in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative
approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half
an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume
of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the
period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.
3)
The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings
which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.
4)
Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets,

bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the
requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these
By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such
lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.
94
The picture above is one of the AHU room which we visited, as it has shown clearly,
the workers simply put cleaning tools or unwanted stuff inside, blocking the space in
the room, which we think this is not a good way of maintainance, as it will be
troublesome if air handling unit happens to have any problem. The room itself is
mostly to be much more dusty and dirty due to the worker treat it as a store room. We
strongly suggest that all the stuffs should be put into a proper store room, as the
space in every individual service room is designed for its own purpose, including air
handling unit which provides fresh air and thermal comfort in the mall.
According to our observation, we found that the cooling tower is located at level 6,
which is uncommon since it usually located at the rooftop structure. Although, its
reasonable for cooling towers should be located as near as possible to the
refrigeration systems they serve according to its principle, but should never be
located below them so as to allow the condenser water to drain out of the system
through the tower basin when the system is shut down.
95
On the other hand, There is a louver fence installed surround the cooling tower in
order to protect the cooling tower from being destroyed because cooling tower is one
of the main HVAC system. It is also built for the aesthetic purpose of the surrounding
area.
As for the safety of the building, the fences around the rooftop where the water tanks
are located seem like degenerating and tend to fall down from the rooftop. It's quite
dangerous since it maybe will hurt the pedestrians which walking through the lower
ground when it falls. Hence, comprehensive and regular maintenance should be
applied to every single corner of a building since safety must come to first.
According to UBBL, First Subang has already covered fully by the mechanical
ventilation system so natural ventilation, natural lightning and heights of rooms can
be waived. Besides that, it has sufficient space for fresh air to be introduced to
enclosure during air-conditioning system falling. Hence, it fulfilled Uniform Building By
Law's requirement for mechanical ventilation system.
96
6.0 Conclusion
We had chosen First Subang as our building for this case study project in order to
explore various services systems, which includes electrical supply system, fire
protection systems, mechanical transportation system and mechanical ventilation
system, through experiential learning in this real life project.
Throughout this project, we have learned and identified the basic principles, process
and equipment of all these systems and understand their functions and connections.
Literature reviews are made after studied several sources, thereby obtaining the
knowledge of the basics elements before entering the field of building service,
meaning the initial reason of the need of building services in a building.
Other than reviewing the knowledge we have gained throughout this real life
experience project, we have abstracted our personal view and opinions about the
studied systems, with the help and discussion with our tutor, Mr.Adib. This makes us
change our previous mindset towards an ordinary building. A building is not just about
the structure and skin, but should be functional as well, in terms of precautions for
safety and to please the occupants by providing a convenient and comfortable indoor
environment. We can totally understand the effort of engineers and architects who
had put in depth thinking in the building services system.
Diagrams and drawings are prepared for all systems according to buildings standards
and conventions. As this is a 5 person grouping project, we did not simply assign a
particular topic to the individuals, but working out every task together so each of us
would be able to learn all of the building services, instead of just one particular
system. Lastly, a thousand thanks to Mr.Mohd Adib for his meticulous guidance
throughout the project.
97
7.0 References
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http://www.apexfire.ie/dry-and-wet-riser-hydraulic-testing/
APTA Standards Development Program. (2011). Heavy-Duty Transportation System
Escalator Design Guidelines. Retrieved from
http://www.apta.com/resources/standards/Documents/APTA-RT-EE-RP-001-02.pdf
Benjamin.S, (1997). Technology Mechanical And Electrical System. United States of
America. John Wiley & Sons.
Billy.C, (2000). Fundamentals Of Air Conditioning Systems. Second Edition. United
States of America. The Fairmont Press, Inc.
Building Authority. (2011). Code of Practice for Building Works for Lifts and
Escalators. Retrieved from
http://www.bd.gov.hk/english/documents/code/BWLE2011e.pdf
Cooling Tower. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.iklimnet.com/expert_hvac/cooling_tower.html
CO2 Extinguishing Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.iklimnet.com/expert_hvac/cooling_tower.html
Difference Between AHU and FCU, (2009). Retrieved from
http://www.differencebetween.net/object/difference-between-ahu-and-fcu/
Edvard. (25, November 2013). General Principles of Electricity Supply Systems.
Retrieved from
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Electric Meter. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://science.howstuffworks.com/electric-meter-info.htm
Fire Protection Engineering. On Elevator Shaft Pressurization System Standards and
Codes for Smoke Control in Tall Buildings. (2014). Retrieved from
magazine.sfpe.org
Fire Safety Advice Centre. (2011). Types, Use and Colours of Portable Fire
Extinguishers. Retrieved from
http://www.firesafe.org.uk/types-use-and-colours-of-portable-fire-extinguishers/
Francis.D.K.C, (1991). Building Construction Illustrated Second Edition. United
States of America. John Wiley & Sons.
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Wesley Longman Limited.
Maurice.J, (2013). Fire Protection Systems. United States of America. Jones &
Bartlett Publishers.
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MFS Fire Extinguishers. (n.d). Retrieved from

http://www.mfs-fire-extinguishers.co.uk/types.htm
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Protection Division. Retrieved from
http://www.naffco.com/products.php?groups_id=225
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America. Pearson Education Limited.
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Codes for Smoke Control in Tall Buildings. Retrieved from
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tandards-and-codes-smoke-control-tall-buildin
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TABLE OF CONTENT

4.0 Mechanical Transportation System

First Subang was developed by Titijaya Group, a property development company

2.0 Electrical Supply System

Diagram 2.2 Circulation of Electrical System

2.3 Case Study

Figure 2.3.1 Tenaga National Berhad High Tension Room

Diagram 2.3.1.1 Lower Ground Plan

Diagram 2.3.1.2 Elevation

2.3.2 Consumer High Tension (HT) Room

Figure 2.3.2 Consumer High Tension Room

Diagram 2.3.2.1 Lower Ground Plan

Diagram 2.3.2.2 Elevation

2.3.3 Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Figure 2.3.4 Vacuum Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker is an electromechanical device that performs the same protective

2.3.4 Generator Set Room

Figure 2.3.4 Generator Set Room

Figure 2.3.4.1 Electric Generator Set

Figure 2.3.4.2 Nickel Cadmium Battery

Figure 2.3.4.3 Diesel Fuel Tank

Figure 2.3.4.4 Radiator Cooling Generator Set

As the generator will be generating heat as well while generating electricity,

Figure 2.3.4.5 Fresh Air Intake

Diagram 2.3.4.1 Ground Floor Plan

Diagram 2.3.4.2 Elevation

2.3.5 Transformer and Low Voltage Switch Room

Figure 2.3.5 Transformer

Diagram 2.3.5.1 Basement Plan

Diagram 2.3.5.2 Section

2.3.6 Main Switch Board (MSB)

Figure 2.3.6.1 Main Switch Board

Figure 2.3.6.2 Sub Switch Board

2.3.7 Electrical Riser Room

Figure 2.3.7 Electrical Riser Room (Source: Estana Court 2014)

2.3.8 Electric Meter

Figure 2.3.8.1 Electric Meter

Figure 2.3.8.2 Meter

Diagram 2.3.8 Lower Ground Floor Plan

2.3.9 Distribution Room

Figure 2.3.9 Distribution Board

Figure 2.3.9.1 Distribution Board wiring

Diagram 2.3.9.1 Ground Level Plan

Diagram 2.3.9.2 Elevation

Diagram 2.3.10 Lighting Distribution

2.4 Uniform Building By Law

2.5 Analysis & Conclusion

The Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation(CPR) board is placed in each electrical room

3.0 Fire Protection System

Diagram 3.2.1 Circulation of a Sprinkle System

Diagram 3.2.2 Circulation of a CO2 Suppression System

3.3 Case Study

Figure 3.3 Components of Passive Fire Protection System

3.3.1 Buffer Floor

Diagram 3.3.1 Buffer Floor

Figure 3.3.2 Beam and Column

3.3.3 Compartment Wall

Figure 3.3.3 Compartment Wall in Red

3.3.4 Fire Emergency Exit

Figure 3.3.4 Fire Emergency Exit Door

Diagram 3.3.4 Ground Floor Plan

3.3.5 Ventilation in Lift Shafts

Figure 3.3.5 Lift Shaft

3.4 Active Fire Protection System