19

CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH

A.

The Location of Research Schedule

This research was conducted at the library of Muhammadiyah University

of North Sumatra, which is location in Jalan Kapten Mucthar Basri No. 3 Medan.
This research started in June 2011.

B. Research Design
This research was based on descriptive method. A descriptive method was
used in collected the data then compared between English and Javanese in Nasal
Consonants. Besides that, library research was used in analyzing the data required.
The researcher collected the data and read some books that related to English and
Javanese in Nasal Consonants. Descriptive research was carried out to describe
the similarities and differences between English and Javanese. These following
are the step of the analysis.
(a). Collecting the Data.
The data need many books, especially English and Javanese books about
Nasal Consonants to become the data of the analysis.
(b). Selecting the Data.
The Main Data of Analysis in this proposal were relative to the researchers
interest about contrastive analysis between English and Javanese in Nasal
Consonants.

20

(c). Selecting and Tabulating in Nasal Consonants.

After selecting the data the researcher made a tabulating of the data. It means
that the data were tabulated according to their positions.
(d). Finding out the similarities and differences of nasal consonants in English and
Javanese.

C.

Source of Data
In collecting data, documentary was employed. By using this library

research, the enquired information was gathered by reading and studying some
references that related to the study. It was necessary to observe books as many as
possible and choose the most relevant ones. Most of the text books were taken
from the library of Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra.
Besides the use of library research, observation was used in this study to
find some informants who are native speakers or non- native speaker in Indonesia.
It would be aimed to gather the required data of nasal consonants in Javanese
consulted them with the experts (The Informants).

D. The Technique of Collecting Data

In this study, the documentary technique was used to collect the data. The
required information was collected after reading some references that related to
this study. Some references are phonology edited by Daniel Jones.
After reading some references, the nasal consonant are identified based on
the position meaning. Then, those are classified into the Position and meaning.

21

Finally the similarities and differences of nasal consonant both in languages was
explained in this study.

E. The Procedure in Collecting the Data

There are some steps in collecting the data, and the steps are as follows:
1. Identifying the Position, the meaning and the function of nasal consonant both
in English and Javanese language.
2. Classifying the Position and the meaning of nasal consonant both in English
and Javanese language.
3. Explaining the similarities and differences of nasal consonant English and
Javanese language.

F.

Technique of Data Analysis

In this research, the researcher used the descriptive analysis. It mean that

the researcher obtained the requirement data from libraries. The researcher
collected the data from many books that related to English and Javanese in Nasal
Consonants. This technique used the contrastive of each sub elements and found
out the similarities and dissimilarities among of both language in Nasal
Consonants and identifying their positions of the two languages.
The data was analyzed and compared to find out the similarities and
differences of nasal consonant both in English and Javanese language by using
contrastive analysis theory.

CHAPTER IV
DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS

a.

Data Collection
In this research, the data obtained were divided into two groups, they are

Nasal Consonants in English and Javanese as shown in the following tables.

1. English Nasal

Table 4-1
The position of nasal /m/ of English in initial position
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

/m/

Word
Move
Many
Mnemonic
Million
Method
Mouth
Month
Mansion
Musician
Machine

Pronunciation
[mu:v]
[meni]
[ni:mnik]
[miljn]
[med]
[mau]
[mn]
[mnn]
[mju(:)zin]
[mi:n]

Table 4-2
The position of nasal /m/ of English in medial position
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

/m/

Word
Comfort
Become
Cambridge
Thames
Lamp
Small
Dumville

22

Pronunciation
[kmft]
[bekm]
[keimbred]
[temz]
[lmp]
[sm:l]
[dmvil]

23

8
9
10

Information
Salmon
triumph

[imfmein]
[smn]
[traimf]

Table 4-3
The position of nasal /m/ of English in final position
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

/m/

Word
Jim
Come
Balm
Calm
Palm
Psalm
Qualm
Farm
Harm
Clapham

Pronunciation
[dim]
[km]
[ba:m]
[ka:m]
[pa:m]
[sa:m]
[kw:m]
[fa:m]
[ha:m]
[klapm]

24

Table 4-4
The position of nasal /n/ of English in initial position
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

/n/

Word
Newt
Nap
Nine
Noble
Nails
Noose
Nation
New
Needle
Necks

Pronunciation
[nju:t]
[np]
[nain]
[noubl]
[nellz]
[nu:s]
[nein]
[nju:]
[ni:dl]
[nks]

25

Table 4-5
The position of nasal /n/ of English in medial position
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

/n/

Word
Winter
Goodness
London
Business
Send
Enthusiasm
Enrol
Sneeze
Pond
Princess

Pronunciation
[wint]
[gudnes]
[lndn]
[biznis]
[s:nd]
[in ju:zizm]
[in roul]
[sni:z]
[pnd]
[prin ss]

Table 4- 6
The position of nasal /n/ of English in final position
No
1
2
3
4
5

/n/

Word
Kitten
Chin
Thin
Sinn
Seven

Pronunciation
[kitn]
[tin]
[in]
[zin]
[sevn]

26

6
7
8
9
10

Pen
Men
Own
Linen
Van

[pen]
[men]
[un]
[linen]
[vn]

Table 4-7
The position of nasal // of English in initial position
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

//
-

Word
-

Pronunciation
-

27

Table 4-8
The position of nasal // of English in medial position
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1o

//

Word
Finger
Strongest
Singer
Hanging
Congregation
Engage
Sink
Longest
Anger
Ingredient

Pronunciation
[fig]
[strgist]
[sia]
[hi]
[kgrigein]
[igeid]
[sik]
[lgist]
[ga]
[i gridint]

28

Table 4-9
The position of nasal // of English in final position
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

/ /

Word
Long
Sing
Bringing
King
Going
Song
Along
Longing
Bring
Rung

Pronunciation
[l]
[si]
[brii]
[ki]
[goui]
[s]
[l]
[li]
[bri]
[r]

2. Javanese Nasal

Table 4-10
The position of nasal /m/ of Javanese in initial position

29

No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

/m/

Word
Mblasoq
Mateng
Mangan
Mumet
Mlaku
Mblayu
Mudeng
Mbakyu
Mudhun
Metu

Meaning
[enter]
[ripe]
[eat]
[confused]
[road]
[run]
[understand]
[sister]
[down]
[exit]

Table 4-11
The position of nasal /m/ of Javanese in medial position
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1o

/m/

Word
Lemah
Empoq
Tembang
Trimo
Eman
Omah
Ompong
Grumbol
Ombo
kembang

Meaning
[land]
[soft]
[song]
[accept]
[darling]
[house]
[tooth]
[bushes]
[wide]
[flower]

30

Table 4-12
The position of nasal /m/ of Javanese in final position
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

/m/

Word
Palem
Nom
Cangkem
Dalem
Gelem
Mingkem
Adem
Anyem
Kalem
Enem

Meaning
[mango]
[young]
[month]
[yes]
[shall]
[silent]
[cold]
[calm]
[soft]
[six]

31

Table 4-13
The position of nasal /n/ of Javanese in initial position
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

/n/

Word
Niru
Nander
Numpak
Nis
Nggowo
Nrambol
Nesu
Nemu
Nduwe
Noto

Meaning
[imitate]
[plant]
[go up]
[worried]
[bringing]
[disapprove]
[angry]
[can]
[possess]
[arrangging]

Table 4-14
The position of nasal /n/ of Javanese in medial position
No
1

/n/

Word
Kendho

Meaning
[Loose]

32

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Tandor
Wani
Runtoh
Banjer
Manaq
Aneh
Untu
Klinitan
Isinan

[engage]
[brave]
[collapse]
[flood]
[bearing]
[strange]
[tooth]
[clinic]
[prude]

Table 4-15
The position of nasal /n/ of Javanese in final position
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

/n/

Word
Takon
Tangan
Edan
Isen
Klalen
Plintiren
Dolan
Ambekan
Biyen
manggon

Meaning
[question]
[hand]
[crazy]
[shy]
[forget]
[roll]
[play]
[breath]
[former]
[place]

33

Table 4-16
The position of nasal /ny/ of Javanese in initial position
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

/ny/

Word
Nyambi
Nyadong
Nyambit
Nyawok
Nyarob
Nyawer
Nyangkal
Nyungsep
nyelem
Nyjrangkong

Meaning
[while]
[request]
[throw]
[take]
[join]
[give]
[self- defence]
[enter]
[sink]
[thin once]

34

Table 4-17
The position of nasal /ny/ of Javanese in medial position
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

/ny/

Word
Anyar
Banyu
Konyol
Anyam
Anyir
Lunyu
Anyel
Mblenyek
Ngenyek
Kunyuk

Meaning
[new]
[water]
[joke]
[net]
[stinking]
[slippery]
[sick over]
[flabby]
[jeer]
[crazy]

Table 4-18
The position of nasal /ny/ of Javanese in final position
No

/ny/

Word

Meaning

35

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Table 4-19
The position of nasal // of Javanese in initial position
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

//

Word
Ngomong
Nggandrong
Ngerebot
Nggragas
Ngadek
Ngawang
Ngerti
Ngrutuki
ngenes
Ngidul

Meaning
[speak]
[fall in love]
[grab]
[greedy]
[self]
[mind]
[understand]
[grant]
[annoyed]
[south]

36

Table 4-20
The position of nasal // of Javanese in medial position
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

//

Word
Anget
Krungu
Clingos
Nlongso
Penggawean
Dingklek
Angel
Sunge
Monggoh
wangi

Meaning
[hot]
[listen]
[prude]
[sad]
[job]
[chair]
[difficult]
[river]
[please]
[fragrance]

37

Table 4-21
The position of nasal // of Javanese in final position
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

b. The Data Analysis

//

Word
Larang
Ireng
Lereng
Kaleng
Dluwang
Jagong
Gagang
Srawong
Ompong
Nggandeng

Meaning
[expensive]
[black]
[bicycle]
[tin can]
[paper]
[sit]
[stalk]
[associate]
[tooth]
[hold]

38

After the researcher collected the data and analyzed the nasal consonants
in English and Javanese, the researcher presents the finding as the following
tables:

Table 4-22
The similarities of English and Javanese in Nasal Consonants
No
1

Similarity
Definition

Nasal

English
consonants

Javanese
is Nasal consonants is a speech

speech sounds which are sound which is produced by a

formed

by

complete complete or some abstraction

closure in the mouth so of the passage of air.

that the air which comes
from the lungs escapes
through the nasal cavity
instead of through the
2

positions

mouth cavity.
English
has

three Javanese has three positions in

positions

nasal nasal consonants, they are:

consonants,

in
they

are: initial, medial and final.

initial, medial and final.

Table 4-23
The Differences of English and Javanese in Nasal Consonants
No Similarity
1
Kinds

English
English has /m/

Javanese
Javanese has /m/

39

Positions

English has /n/

Javanese has /n/

English has //

Javanese has //

English does not have /ny/

English has three positions,

Javanese has /ny/

Javanese has three positions,

they are: initial, medial and

they are: initial, medial and

final, but in position nasal

final, but in position /ny/

// does not have initial

does not have final position.

position.
Pronunciation English has pronunciation in Javanese does not have
nasal consonants

pronunciation in nasal
consonants

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions
From the data and finding that obtained, some conclusion can be drawn a
follows:
1. The similarities of English and Javanese in Nasal Consonants
a. The definition of nasal consonants either in English and Javanese
b. English and Javanese has initial, medial and final positions
2. The differences of English and Javanese nasal consonants
a. Nasal consonants in English is divided into three kinds that is /m/, /n/, //
Meanwhile in Javanese nasal consonants is divided into four that are /m/
/n/, //, /ny/. Nasal consonants in English // does not have initial position
and nasal consonants in Javanese /ny/ does not have final position.
b. English has pronunciation but Javanese does not pronunciation in nasal
consonants.
c. Javanese has nasal consonants of /m/,/n/, //, /ny/ but in English does not
have /ny/.
B. Suggestions
From the conclusions above, some suggestions can present as follows:
1. It is that teacher of English should concern about the existence mother tongue,
that is Javanese to present the English nasal consonants to see the similarities
and differences,

45

46

2. From the similarities of both language, they can help the teacher to present
materials in teaching of English word from the easiest to the most difficult
ones,
3. English and Javanese have the similarities in some other ways. By having
known the similarities of both language, the students could make an easy
approach in understanding English,
4. Some other researcher should be a were are some strong differences in nasal
consonants between English and Javanese besides the similarities that they
have.