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Lecture 5: Introduction to Power System Control

Power System Control

Power system control involves the use of various

technology and methodology in maintaining certain
dynamic performance of a power system
Power system control is closely related to power
system stability

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Power System Stability

Main purpose:

Ability to maintain equilibrium

Divided into two main types

Angle Stability

Voltage Stability

Torque Balance of synchronous machine

Ability to maintain steady voltage

Disturbance disrupts equilibrium

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i.e. Faults

Power System Stability

Practical power system network is highly meshed

with different interconnected equipment, loads and
generators
Under ideal condition, the power system operates at
desired frequency i.e. 60 Hz
However power system is imperfect, load variation
occurs and generators vary its load as well
Electrical power output of generator is dependent on
the rotational performance of synchronous machine
Machine must maintain its synchronous speed for
normal operation
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Transient Stability

Ability of the power system to maintain synchronism

when subjected to a severe transient disturbance,
such as a short circuit on transmission line
A power system is transiently stable for a particular
steady-state operating condition and for a particular
(large) disturbance or sequence of disturbances if,
following that (or sequence of) disturbance(s) it
reaches an acceptable steady-state operating
condition.

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first swing
instability

stabl
e

Voltage stability ability of a power system to

maintain steady acceptable voltages at all buses of
the system after being subjected to a disturbance
from a given initial operating condition.

Voltage collapse the process by which the

sequence of events accompanying voltage instability
leads to a blackout or abnormally low voltages in a
significant part of the power system.

Frequency stability the ability of a power system

to maintain steady frequency following a severe
system upset resulting in a significant imbalance
between generation and load.

Philippines

60 Hz
Overfrequency = excess generation
Underfrequency = deficiency in generation

Voltage Control

Voltage on power system is primarily dependent on

reactive power or MVAR
Sources

Generator
Capacitor/Reactor

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Generator Control

Synchronous Generators are the common generator

in a power system
The reactive power of a generator is dependent on
its excitation system

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Generator Excitation system

Main function

Provide DC current to field winding

The field winding is primary responsible in maintaining
proper voltage at generator terminal
Generator exciter can be quickly modified for voltage
regulation
However MVAR production of generators depends on its
capability and availabiliy

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Elements of an Excitation System

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Elements of an Excitation System

Exciter provides DC
power to generator field
winding

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Elements of an Excitation System

Process or amplifies input

control signal for exciter
control (feedback
amplifier)

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Elements of an Excitation System

Provides additional input

signal to the regulator to
damp power system
oscillation

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Elements of an Excitation System

Ensure that the capability
limits of the exciter is
met and protected

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Frequency Control

Frequency is controlled by balancing supply and

demand
Governor system in generators senses any change
in rotational speed to adjust its mechanical input
power

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Governor Modes of Operation

Droop Mode

Decrease in speed due to increase in load

If the frequency decreases (droops), the governor will
respond by increasing fuel output until reference speed is
attained
Droop mode ensures that the increase in fuel position is
enough to prevent over-speeding when the system
returns to normal
In a meshed network with several generators need to
adjust its speed at a single reference to ensure that each
generator will adjust to demand proportional to its
capacity

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Governor Modes of Operation

Isochronous Mode

Fixed frequency regardless of load

Governor will maintain its frequency setting of the
generator despite load variation
Usually used on isolated system

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Generator Power Generation and

Control Blocks

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Reporting

FACTS Devices

21

Static VAR Compensator (SVC)

Static Compensator (STATCOM)
Universal Power Flow Controllers (UPFC)