As Newtons Laws and Momentum Questions

AS Newtons laws of motion and momentum
1.
The net force acting on a body is zero. Which of the following quantities must also have zero
magnitude for this body?
A.
Momentum
B.
Velocity
C.
Speed
D.
Acceleration
(1)
2.
A trolley of mass 1.5 kg is pulled along a horizontal table by a force of 5.0N.
f o rc e 5 .0 N
The frictional force acting on the trolley is 0.50N.
The acceleration of the trolley is
2
A.
0.30 m s .
C.
3.0 m s .
B.
0.33 m s .
D.
3.3 m s .
(1)
3.
An elevator (lift) is used to either raise or lower sacks of potatoes. In the diagram, a sack of
potatoes of mass 10 kg is resting on a scale that is resting on the floor of an accelerating
elevator. The scale reads 12 kg.
e le v a to r
10 kg
s c a le
The best estimate for the acceleration of the elevator is

2
B.
2.0 m s upwards.
D.
1.2 m s upwards.
A.
2.0 m s downwards.
C.
1.2 m s downwards.
2
2
(1)
4.
A frictionless trolley of mass m moves down a slope with a constant acceleration a. A second
similar frictionless trolley has mass 2m. The acceleration of the second trolley as it moves down
the slope is
A.
1
a.
2
B.
a.
C.
2a.
D.
4a.
(1)
1
5.
A light inextensible string has a mass attached to each end and passes over a frictionless pulley
as shown.
p u lle y
s trin g
m ass M
m ass m
The masses are of magnitudes M and m, where m < M. The acceleration of free fall is g. The
downward acceleration of the mass M is
A.
M m g
M m .
C.
M m g
M m .
M m g
B.
D.
Mg
M m .
(1)
6.
A frictionless trolley of mass m moves down a slope with a constant acceleration a. A second
similar frictionless trolley has mass 2m. The acceleration of the second trolley as it moves down
the slope is
A.
1
a.
2
B.
a.
C.
2a.
D.
4a.
(1)
7.
A block on a frictionless horizontal table is attached by a light, inextensible string to an object P

of mass m that hangs vertically as shown below.
p u lle y
M
P
m ass m
The pulley has zero friction and the acceleration of free fall is g. The acceleration of the block
and object P is
A.
g.
B.
m g.
M
C.
8.
m g.
m M
mM
g.
m
D.
The diagram below shows five wooden blocks joined by inelastic strings. A constant force
accelerates the blocks to the right on a frictionless horizontal table.
W
a c c e le ra tin g
fo rc e
ta b le
In which string is the tension the greatest?

A.
B.
C.
D.
Z
(1)
9.
A general expression for Newtons second law of motion is
p
F = t
What condition is applied so that the law may be expressed in the form F = ma?
A.
The mass m is constant.
B.
The acceleration a is constant.
C.
The force F is constant.
D.
The direction of the force F is constant.

(1)
10.
A constant force of magnitude F acts on a body. The graph shows the variation with time t of the
momentum p of the body.
200
180
160
140
120
p /k g m s
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
t / s
The magnitude of the force F is

A.
1000 N.
B.
200 N.
C.
20 N.
D.
0.05 N.
(1)
11.
A block of mass M is held at rest on a horizontal table. A heavy chain is attached to the block
with part of the chain hanging over the table. The block and the chain can slide without friction.
b lo c k
ta b le
c h a in
The block is released. Which one of the following graphs best represents the variation with time
t of the speed v of the block as it moves on the table?
A .
B .
C .
D .
(1)
12.
A sphere of mass m strikes a vertical wall and bounces off it, as shown below.
w a ll
m o m e n tu m p B
m o m e n tu m p A
The magnitude of the momentum of the sphere just before impact is pB and just after impact is
pA. The sphere is in contact with the wall for time t. The magnitude of the average force exerted
by the wall on the sphere is
pB
pA
t
.
A.
pB
C.
pB p A
B.
pA
mt
.
pB p A
D.
mt
.
(1)
13.
A ball of weight W is dropped on to the pan of a top pan weighing balance and rebounds off the
pan.
pan
0 0 .0 0
At the instant that the ball has zero velocity when in contact with the pan, the scale will read
A.
zero.
B.
a value less than W but greater than zero.
C.
W.
D.
a value greater than W.

(1)
14.
A block of mass m is pulled along a horizontal, frictionless surface by a force of
magnitude F. The force makes an angle with the vertical.
F
b lo c k
The magnitude of the acceleration of the block in the horizontal direction produced by the force
F is
A.
F
.
m
C.
F cos
.
m
B.
F sin
.
m
D.
F tan
.
m
(1)
15.
A small boat in still water is given an initial horizontal push to get it moving. The boat gradually
slows down. Which of the following statements is true for the forces acting on the boat as it
slows down?
A.
There is a forward force that diminishes with time.
B.
There is a backward force that diminishes with time.
C.
There is a forward force and a backward force both of which diminish with time.
D.
There is a forward force and a backward force that are always equal and opposite.
(1)
16.
Mandy stands on a weighing scale inside a lift (elevator) that accelerates vertically upwards as
shown in the diagram below. The forces on Mandy are her weight W and the reaction force from
the scale R.
lift
a c c e le ra tio n
s c a le
The reading of the scale is
A.
R + W.
B.
W.
C.
R.
D.
R W.
(1)
17.
A truck collides head on with a less massive car moving in the opposite direction to the truck.
8
During the collision, the average force exerted by the truck on the car is FT and the average
force exerted by the car on the truck is FC. Which one of the following statements is correct?
A.
FT will always be greater in magnitude than FC.
B.
FT will always be equal in magnitude to FC.
C.
FT will be greater in magnitude than FC only when the speed of the car is less than the
speed of the truck.
D.
FT will be equal in magnitude to FC only when the speed of the truck is equal to the speed
of the car.
(1)
18.
A rocket accelerates vertically upwards by ejecting high-speed gases vertically downwards as

shown in the diagram below. At the instant shown the weight of the rocket is W and the
magnitude of the force the rocket exerts on the gases is T.
d ire c tio n o f
a c c e le ra tio n
g ases
The magnitude of the net force on the rocket is
A.
W.
B.
T.
C.
T + W.
D.
T W.
(1)
19.
Two spheres of masses m1 and m2 are moving towards each other along the same
straight-line with speeds v1 and v2 as shown.
The spheres collide. Which of the following gives the total change in linear momentum of the
spheres as a result of the collision?
A.
B.
m1v1 + m2v2
C.
m1v1 m2v2
D.
m2v2 m1v1
(1)
20.
Two trolleys P and Q, are connected by a rubber band. They are at rest on a horizontal surface.
The mass of Q is twice that of P. The trolleys are pulled apart so that the band is stretched and
are then released.
magnitude of initial acceleration of trolley P

The ratio magnitude of initial acceleration of trolley Q is
A.
1
4.
B.
1
2.
C.
1.
D.
2.
(1)
21.
A rocket is fired vertically into the air. When the rocket reaches its maximum height, the rocket
explodes.
What change, if any, occurs in the momentum and in the kinetic energy of the rocket during the
explosion?
momentum
kinetic energy
A.
increases
increases
B.
increases
constant
C.
constant
increases
D.
constant
constant
(1)
10
22.
A fan and a sail are mounted vertically on a cart that is initially at rest on a horizontal table as
shown in the diagram below.
fa n
a ir
s a il
When the fan is turned on an air stream is blown towards the right and is incident on the sail.
The cart is free to move with negligible resistance forces.
After the fan has been turned on the cart will
A.
move to the left and then to the right.
B.
remain at rest.
C.
move towards the right.
D.
move towards the left.

(1)
23.
A ball of mass M hits a wall at speed V normal to the wall. It rebounds with speed v normal to
the wall as shown below.
V
w a ll
v
le ft
rig h t
What is the magnitude of the change in momentum of the ball and the direction of the force that
the wall exerts on the ball?
change in momentum
direction of force
A.
M(V v)
to the right
B.
M(V v)
to the left
C.
M(V + v)
to the right
D.
M(V + v)
to the left
(1)
24.
A net force of magnitude F acts on a body for a time t producing an impulse of magnitude Y.
Which of the following is the magnitude of the rate of change of momentum of the body?
A.
B.
Ft
C.
D.
Yt
11
(1)
25.
The diagram below shows a trolley of mass 4.0 kg moving on a frictionless horizontal table with
1
a speed of 2.0 m s . It collides with a stationary trolley also of mass 4.0 kg.
2 .0 m s
4 .0 k g
4 .0 k g
Which of the following diagrams shows a possible outcome?
A .
0 .0 m s 1
2 .0 m s 1
4 .0 k g
C .
2 .0 m s 1
4 .0 k g
4 .0 k g
0 .0 m s 1
2 .0 m s 1
B.
4 .0 k g
D .
4 .0 k g
4 .0 k g
0 .0 m s 1
4 .0 k g
4 .0 k g
(1)
26.
Two objects collide inelastically. For this system of two objects

A.
only momentum is conserved.
B.
only kinetic energy is conserved.
C.
both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
D.
neither momentum nor kinetic energy are conserved.

(1)
12
27.
Two spheres of masses m1 and m2 are moving towards each other along the same straight-line
with speeds v1 and v2 as shown.
p o s itiv e d ire c tio n
m
The spheres collide. Which of the following gives the total change in linear momentum of the
spheres as a result of the collision?
A.
B.
m1v1 + m2v2
C.
m1v1 m2v2
D.
m2v2 m1v1
(1)
28.
Two spheres X and Y are moving towards each other along the same straight line with momenta
of magnitude PX and PY respectively. The spheres collide and move off with momenta pX and
pY respectively, as illustrated below.
Px
PY
px
pY
B e fo re c o llis io n
A fte r c o llis io n
Which one of the following is a correct statement of the law of conservation of momentum for
this collision?
A.
PX + PY = pX + pY
B.
PX PY = pX + pY
C.
PX PY = pX pY
D.
PX + PY = pX pY
(1)
29.
The engine of a rocket ejects gas at high speed, as shown below.
ro c k et
h ig h s p e e d
gas
d ire c tio n o f
m o tio n o f ro c k e t
The rocket accelerates forwards because

A.
the momentum of the gas is equal but opposite in direction to the momentum of the
rocket.
B.
the gas pushes on the air at the back of the rocket.
C.
the change in momentum of the gas gives rise to a force on the rocket.
13
D.
the ejected gas creates a region of high pressure behind the rocket.
(1)
30.
An object of mass m is initially at rest. An impulse I acts on the object. The change in kinetic
energy of the object is
A.
I2
.
2m
C.
I m.
B.
I2
.
m
D.
2I m.
(1)
31.
A stationary metal plate is hanging freely on a string. A steel ball, travelling horizontally, hits
the plate. The speed of the ball after the collision is less than before, but still in a horizontal
direction, as shown below.
s trin g
b e fo re c o llis io n
m e ta l p la te
a fte r c o llis io n
Which one of the following gives a correct statement, with a valid reason, about the type of
collision between the ball and the plate?
Type of collision
Reason
A.
inelastic
The sphere has changed its momentum during the collision.
B.
inelastic
The sphere has lost kinetic energy during the collision.
C.
unknown
The change in momentum of the plate during the collision is unknown.
D.
unknown
The kinetic energy of the plate after the collision is unknown.

(1)
32.
The momentum of a system is conserved if

A.
no external forces act on the system.
B.
no friction forces act within the system.
C.
no kinetic energy is lost or gained by the system.
D.
the forces acting on the system are in equilibrium.

(1)
14
15
33.
A small ball P moves with speed v towards another identical ball Q along a line joining
the centres of the two balls. Ball Q is at rest. Kinetic energy is conserved in the collision.
v
P
Q a t re st
Which one of the following situations is a possible outcome of the collision between the balls?
v
A . v
P
C .
B .
P
3v
v = 0
Q
D .
Q
(1)
34.
A constant force is applied to a ball of mass m. The velocity of the ball changes from v1 to v2.
The impulse received by the ball is
A.
m(v2 + v1).
B.
m(v2 v1).
C.
m(v2 + v1 ).
D.
m(v2 v1 ).
(1)
35.
A ball of mass 2.0 kg falls vertically and hits the ground with speed 7.0 ms
as shown below.
7 .0 m s 1
3 .0 m s
before
after
1
The ball leaves the ground with a vertical speed 3.0 ms .

The magnitude of the change in momentum of the ball is
A.
zero.
B.
8.0 Ns.
C.
10 Ns.
D.
20 Ns.
(1)
16
36.
A ball of mass m falls from rest on to a horizontal plate and bounces off it. The magnitudes of
its velocity just before and just after the bounce are v1 and v2 respectively. The variation with
time t of the velocity v of the ball is shown below.
v
v1
t1
t2
t3
v2
The magnitude of the net force on the ball is given by which one of the following?
A.
mv1
t1
C.
m v1 v 2
t 2 t1
B.
mv 2
(t 3 t 2 )
D.
m v1 v 2
t 2 t1
(1)
37.
An astronaut in outer space is holding a hammer and drifting at constant velocity. The astronaut
throws the hammer in the opposite direction to that in which she is drifting.
What change, if any, occurs in the total kinetic energy and the total momentum of the astronaut
and hammer?
Total kinetic energy
Total momentum
A.
unchanged
increased
B.
unchanged
unchanged
C.
increased
increased
D.
increased
unchanged
(1)
38.
Joe is standing on the surface of a frozen pond and he throws a ball horizontally. Considering
Joe and the ball together, which one of the following correctly describes the change in the
magnitude of the momentum and the change in the kinetic energy of Joe and the ball
immediately after the ball is thrown?
Magnitude of momentum of Joe and ball
Kinetic energy of Joe and ball
A.
No change
Increases
B.
Increases
Increases
C.
No change
No change
17
D.
Increases
No change
(1)
39.
A stone on a string is moving in a circle as shown below.

x d ire c tio n
y d ire c tio n
P
v
v
At point P, the stone of mass m has speed v in the y-direction. A quarter of a revolution later, the
stone at point Q has speed v in the x-direction.
What is the change, in the y-direction only, of the magnitude of the momentum of the stone?
A.
C.
zero
2mv
B.
mv
D.
2mv
(1)
40.
When a body is accelerating, the resultant force acting on it is equal to its

A.
change of momentum.
B.
rate of change of momentum.
C.
acceleration per unit of mass.
D.
rate of change of kinetic energy.

(1)
41.
Which of the following quantities are conserved in an inelastic collision between two bodies?
Total linear momentum of the bodies
Total kinetic energy of the bodies
A.
yes
yes
B.
yes
no
C.
no
yes
D.
no
no
(1)
42.
Two blocks having different masses slide down a frictionless slope.

Which of the following correctly compares the accelerating force acting on each block and also
the accelerations of the blocks down the slope?
Accelerating force
Acceleration
A.
Equal
Equal
B.
Equal
Different
18
C.
Different
Equal
D.
Different
Different
(1)
43.
A ball of mass m, travelling in a direction at right angles to a vertical wall, strikes the wall with
a speed v1. It rebounds at right angles to the wall with a speed v2. The ball is in contact with the
wall for a time t. The magnitude of the force that the ball exerts on the wall is
m v1 v 2
A.
B.
m(v1 + v2)t.
D.
m(v1 v2)t.
m v1 v 2
C.
(1)
44.
A ball is held at rest at point X and is then released. It drops on to a flat horizontal surface and
rebounds to a maximum height at point Y.
p o in t X
p o in t Y
b e fo re
a fte r
Which one of the following graphs best shows the variation with time t of the momentum p of
the ball as it moves between point X and point Y?
19
A .
B.
p
C .
0 0
D .
p
(1)
45.
The velocity of a body of mass m changes by an amount v in a time t. The impulse given to
the body is equal to
A.
C.
mt.
v
.
t
B.
v
.
t
D.
mv.
(1)
46.
Which of the following quantities are conserved in an inelastic collision in an isolated system of
two objects?
Linear momentum of system
Kinetic energy of system
A.
Yes
Yes
B.
Yes
No
C.
No
Yes
D.
No
No
(1)
47.
The velocity of a particle is changing. The rate of change of the momentum of the particle is
equal to the
A.
acceleration of the particle.
B.
net force acting on the particle.

20
C.
work done on the particle.
D.
change in kinetic energy of the particle.

(1)
48.
A toy cannon is mounted vertically on a cart. The cart is moving along a straight-line with
constant speed. A spring inside the cannon shoots a ball vertically upwards.
cannon
ca rt
No resistance forces act on the cart and on the ball. Which one of the following statements is
true about the position where the ball will land?
A.
The position depends on the speed of the cart.
B.
The ball will land behind the cannon.
C.
The ball will land inside the cannon.
D.
The ball will land in front of the cannon.

(1)
49.
A body of weight 2W hangs vertically from a string attached to a body of weight W. Weight W is
released and both bodies fall vertically.
W
2W
Air resistance may be neglected. What is the tension in the string during the fall?
A.
Zero
B.
C.
2W
D.
3W
(1)
50.
The graph below shows the variation with time t of the magnitude of the net force F acting on a
body moving along a straight-line.
21
The shaded area represents

A.
the total work done by F.
B.
the change in the kinetic energy of the body.
C.
the change in the momentum of the body.
D.
the change in the velocity of the body.

(1)
22
51.
A particle moves under the influence of a force F. The graph below shows the variation
of the force F with the distance d moved by the particle.
F
The shaded area is equal to

A.
the average value of F.
B.
the impulse produced by F.
C.
the work done by F.
D.
the power produced by F.

(1)
52.
The graph below shows the variation with load F of the length L of a spring.
F
F
Which of the following expressions gives the force per unit extension (the spring constant) of
the spring?
A.
F1
L1
B.
F2 F1
C.
L2
F2
L2
F2 F1
D.
L2 L1
(1)
23
53.
Sand falls vertically on a conveyor belt at a rate of m kg s .
san d
b e lt
In order to keep the belt moving at constant speed v the horizontal force that must be exerted on
the belt is
A.
mv.
C.
mv .
1
2
mv .
D.
1
2
mv 2 .
(1)
54.
A rocket is moving through space. The rocket engine ejects a mass m of exhaust gases in time t.
The speed of the exhaust gases, relative to the rocket, is v as shown below.
ro c k e t
d ire c tio n o f m o tio n
ex h au st g ases, sp eed v
o f ro c k e t
Which of the following expressions is the magnitude of the force exerted on the rocket by the
exhaust gases?
A.
C.
mv
B.
mvt
D.
mv
mv
t
(1)
55.
Two unequal masses M and m are joined by a light inextensible string. The string passes over a
light frictionless pulley as shown.
p u lle y
The masses accelerate when released.

Which diagram is the correct free-body diagram for the two masses?
24
A .
B .
C .
D .
(1)
56.
An object of mass M is suspended from a spring. The extension of the spring is e. The same
object is suspended from an identical spring on the Moon where the acceleration of free fall is
less than that on Earth. Which of the following is correct?
Mass of the object on Moon
Extension of spring on Moon
A.
B.
less than M
less than e
C.
less than e
D.
less than M
e
(1)
57.
An impulse I acts on a body of mass m that is initially at rest. What is the distance moved by the
body in a time t after the impulse has been delivered?
A.
It
m
B.
Im
t
C.
I
m
D.
It
(1)
58.
This question is about momentum and energy.

(a)
Define impulse of a force and state the relation between impulse and momentum.
definition
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
relation
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
25
(b)
By applying Newtons laws of motion to the collision of two particles, deduce that
momentum is conserved in the collision.
.....................................................................................................................................
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.....................................................................................................................................
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(5)
(c)
In an experiment to measure the speed of a bullet, the bullet is fired into a piece of
plasticine suspended from a rigid support by a light thread.
24cm
b u lle t
sp eed V
p la s tic in e
The speed of the bullet on impact with the plasticine is V. As a result of the impact, the
bullet embeds itself in the plasticine and the plasticine is displaced vertically through a
3
height of 24 cm. The mass of the bullet is 5.210 kg and the mass of the plasticine is
0.38 kg.
(i)
Ignoring the mass of the bullet, calculate the speed of the plasticine immediately
after the impact.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
26
(ii)
Deduce that the speed V with which the bullet strikes the plasticine is about
1
160 m s .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Estimate the kinetic energy lost in the impact.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)
(d)
Another bullet is fired from a different gun into a large block of wood. The block remains
stationary after impact and the bullet melts completely. The temperature rise of the block
is negligible. Use the data to estimate the minimum impact speed of the bullet.
mass of bullet
specific heat capacity of the material of the bullet
latent heat of fusion of the material of the bullet
melting point of the material of the bullet
initial temperature of bullet
= 5.310 kg
1 1
= 130 J kg K
1
= 870 J kg
= 330C
= 30C
.....................................................................................................................................
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(5)
(Total 19 marks)
27
59.
Momentum
(a)
State the law of conservation of momentum.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
An ice hockey puck collides with the wall of an ice rink. The puck is sliding along a line
that makes an angle of 45 to the wall.
w a ll
45
45
ic e rin k
d ire c tio n o f p u c k
b e fo re c o llis io n
d ire c tio n o f p u c k
a fte r c o llis io n
The collision between the wall and the puck is perfectly elastic.
(i)
State what is meant by an elastic collision.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Discuss how the law of conservation of momentum applies to this situation.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The diagram below is a scale diagram that shows the vector representing the momentum
of the puck before collision.
Scale: 1.0 cm = 0.10 N s
28
By adding appropriate vectors to the diagram, deduce that the magnitude of the change in
momentum of the puck as a result of the collision is 0.71 N s.
(4)
(d)
The sketch-graph below shows the variation with time t of the force F exerted by the wall
on the puck.
F
The total contact time is 12 ms. Estimate, explaining your reasoning, the maximum force
exerted by the wall on the puck.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
60.
This question is about momentum and energy.

(a)
Define impulse of a force and state the relation between impulse and momentum.
definition:
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
relation:
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
29
(b)
By applying Newtons laws of motion to the collision of two particles, deduce that
momentum is conserved in the collision.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)
(c)
In an experiment to measure the speed of a bullet, the bullet is fired into a piece of
plasticine suspended from a rigid support by a light thread.
24cm
b u lle t
speed V
p la s tic in e
The speed of the bullet on impact with the plasticine is V. As a result of the impact, the
bullet embeds itself in the plasticine and the plasticine is displaced vertically through a
3
height of 24 cm. The mass of the bullet is 5.210 kg and the mass of the plasticine is
0.38 kg.
(i)
Ignoring the mass of the bullet, calculate the speed of the plasticine immediately
after the impact.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
30
(ii)
Deduce that the speed V with which the bullet strikes the plasticine is about
1
160 m s .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
61.
Momentum
(a)
State the law of conservation of linear momentum.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
A toy rocket of mass 0.12 kg contains 0.59 kg of water as shown in the diagram below.
h ig h -p re s s u re a ir
w a te r
n o z z le , r a d iu s 1 .4 m m
The space above the water contains high-pressure air. The nozzle of the rocket has a
circular cross-section of radius 1.4 mm. When the nozzle is opened, water emerges from
1
3
the nozzle at a constant speed of 18 m s . The density of water is 1000 kg m .
(i)
Deduce that the volume of water ejected per second through the nozzle is 1.1 10
4 3
m.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
31
(ii)
Deduce that the upward force that the ejected water exerts on the rocket is
approximately 2.0 N. Explain your working by reference to Newtons laws of
motion.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)
(iii)
Calculate the time delay between opening the nozzle and the rocket achieving liftoff.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
62.
Collisions
A large metal ball is hung from a crane by means of a cable of length 5.8 m as shown below.
c a b le
c ra n e
5 .8 m
w a ll
m e ta l b a ll
In order to knock down a wall, the metal ball of mass 350 kg is pulled away from the wall and
then released. The crane does not move. The graph below shows the variation with time t of the
speed v of the ball after release.
32
3 .0
v / m s 1
2 .0
1 .0
0 .0
0 .0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1 .0
1 .2
1 .4
t / s
The ball makes contact with the wall when the cable from the crane is vertical.
(a)
For the ball just before it hits the wall,

(i)
state why the tension in the cable is not equal to the weight of the ball;
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
by reference to the graph, estimate the tension in the cable. The acceleration of free
2
fall is 9.8 m s .
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
33
(b)
Use the graph to determine the distance moved by the ball after coming into contact with
the wall.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
For the collision between the ball and the wall, calculate
(i)
the total change in momentum of the ball;

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
the average force exerted by the ball on the wall.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
(i)

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The metal ball has lost momentum. Discuss whether the law applies to this
situation.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
34
(e)
During the impact of the ball with the wall, 12 of the total kinetic energy of the ball is
converted into thermal energy in the ball. The metal of the ball has specific heat capacity
1 1
450 J kg K . Determine the average rise in temperature of the ball as a result of
colliding with the wall.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 18 marks)
Collisions
A large metal ball is hung from a crane by means of a cable of length 5.8 m as shown below.
In order to knock down a wall, the metal ball of mass 350 kg is pulled away from the wall and
then released. The crane does not move. The graph below shows the variation with time t of the
speed v of the ball after release.
3 .0
2 .0
v / m s 1
63.
1 .0
0 .0
0 .0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1 .0
1 .2
1 .4
t / s
35
The ball makes contact with the wall when the cable from the crane is vertical.
(a)
For the ball just before it hits the wall,

(i)
state why the tension in the cable is not equal to the weight of the ball;
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
by reference to the graph, estimate the tension in the cable. The acceleration of free
2
fall is 9.8 m s .
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Use the graph to determine the distance moved by the ball after coming into contact with
the wall.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Calculate the total change in momentum of the ball during the collision of the ball with
the wall.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
(i)

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
36
(ii)
The metal ball has lost momentum. Discuss whether the law applies to this
situation.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
During the impact of the ball with the wall, 12 of the total kinetic energy of the ball is
converted into thermal energy in the ball. The metal of the ball has specific heat capacity
1 1
450 J kg K . Determine the average rise in temperature of the ball as a result of
colliding with the wall.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 16 marks)
64.
This question is about collisions and radioactive decay.

(a)
(i)
Define linear momentum and impulse.

Linear momentum: ..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
Impulse:
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
(2)
(ii)

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Using your definitions in (a)(i), deduce that linear momentum is constant for an
object in equilibrium.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
37
...........................................................................................................................
220
A stationary radon-220 ( 86 Rn ) nucleus undergoes -decay to form a nucleus of polonium (Po).
The -particle has kinetic energy of 6.29 MeV.
(b)
(i)
Complete the nuclear equation for this decay.

220
86 Rn
Po
+
(2)
(ii)
Calculate the kinetic energy, in joules, of the -particle.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Deduce that the speed of the -particle is 1.74 10 m s .

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
The diagram below shows the -particle and the polonium nucleus immediately after the decay.
The direction of the velocity of the -particle is indicated.
-p a rtic le
p o lo n iu m n u c le u s
(c)
(i)
On the diagram above, draw an arrow to show the initial direction of motion of the
polonium nucleus immediately after the decay.
(1)
(ii)
Determine the speed of the polonium nucleus immediately after the decay.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(iii)
In the decay of another radon nucleus, the nucleus is moving before the decay.
Without any further calculation, suggest the effect, if any, of this initial speed on
the paths shown in (c)(i).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
38
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
The half-life of the decay of radon-220 is 55 s.

(d)
(i)
Explain why it is not possible to state a time for the life of a radon-220 nucleus.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Define half-life.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
A sample of radon-220 has an initial activity A0.

(iii)
On the axes below, draw a graph to show the variation with time t of the activity A
for time t = 0 to time t = 180 s.
A
40
80
120
160
200
t / s
(2)
39
(iv)
Use your graph to determine the activity, in terms of A0, of the sample of radon at time t
= 120 s. Also, estimate the activity, in terms of A0, at time t = 330 s.
Activity at time t = 120 s : ................................................
Activity at time t = 330 s : ............................................
(2)
(Total 25 marks)
65.
This question is about the collision between two railway trucks (carts).
(a)
Define linear momentum.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
In the diagram below, railway truck A is moving along a horizontal track. It collides with a
stationary truck B and on collision, the two join together. Immediately before the collision, truck
1
A is moving with speed 5.0 ms . Immediately after collision, the speed of the trucks is v.
5 .0 m s 1
B
Im m e d ia te ly b e fo re c o llis io n
v
A
Im m e d ia te ly a fte r c o llis io n
The mass of truck A is 800 kg and the mass of truck B is 1200 kg.
(b)
(i)
Calculate the speed v immediately after the collision.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Calculate the total kinetic energy lost during the collision.

40
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Suggest what has happened to the lost kinetic energy.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
66.
This question is about an experiment designed to investigate Newtons second law.

In order to investigate Newtons second law, David arranged for a heavy trolley to be
accelerated by small weights, as shown below. The acceleration of the trolley was recorded
electronically. David recorded the acceleration for different weights up to a maximum of 3.0 N.
He plotted a graph of his results.
h e a v y tro lle y
a c c e le ra tio n
p u lle y
w e ig h t
(a)
Describe the graph that would be expected if two quantities are proportional to one
another.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
41
(b)
Davids data are shown below, with uncertainty limits included for the value of the
weights. Draw the best-fit line for these data.
1 .4 0
a c c e le ra tio n
/ m s2
1 .2 0
1 .0 0
0 .8 0
0 .6 0
0 .4 0
0 .2 0
0 .0 0
0 .0 0
0 .5 0
1 .0 0
1 .5 0
2 .0 0
2 .5 0
w e ig h t / N
(c)
Use the graph to

(i)
explain what is meant by a systematic error.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
estimate the value of the frictional force that is acting on the trolley.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
estimate the mass of the trolley.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
67.
This question is about conservation of momentum and conservation of energy.

42
(a)
State Newtons third law.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
The diagram below shows two identical balls A and B on a horizontal surface. Ball B is at rest
and ball A is moving with speed V along a line joining the centres of the balls. The mass of each
ball is M.
v
B e fo re c o llis io n
During the collision of the balls, the magnitude of the force that ball A exerts on ball B is FAB
and the magnitude of the force that ball B exerts on ball A is FBA.
(c)
On the diagram below, add labelled arrows to represent the magnitude and direction of
the forces FAB and FBA.
D u rin g th e c o llis io n
(3)
The balls are in contact for a time t. After the collision, the speed of ball A is +vA and the speed
of ball B is +vB in the directions shown.
vA
A fte r th e c o llis io n
vB
A
As a result of the collision, there is a change in momentum of ball A and of ball B.
(d)
Use Newtons second law of motion to deduce an expression relating the forces acting
during the collision to the change in momentum of
43
(i)
ball B.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
ball A.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
Apply Newtons third law and your answers to (d), to deduce that the change in
momentum of the system (ball A and ball B) as a result of this collision, is zero.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(f)
Deduce, that if kinetic energy is conserved in the collision, then after the collision, ball A
will come to rest and ball B will move with speed V.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 17 marks)
68.
This question is about momentum and the kinematics of a proposed journey to Jupiter.
(a)

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
44
A solar propulsion engine uses solar power to ionize atoms of xenon and to accelerate
them. As a result of the acceleration process, the ions are ejected from the spaceship with a speed of
3.0 104 m s1.
x e n o n io n s
s p e e d = 3 .0 1 0 4 m s
(b)
s p a c e s h ip
m a s s = 5 .4 1 0 2 k g
The mass (nucleon) number of the xenon used is 131. Deduce that the mass of one ion of
25
xenon is 2.2 10 kg.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
The original mass of the fuel is 81 kg. Deduce that, if the engine ejects 77 10
7
ions every second, the fuel will last for 1.5 years. (1 year = 3.2 10 s)
18
xenon
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
The mass of the spaceship is 5.4 10 kg. Deduce that the initial acceleration of the
5
2
spaceship is 8.2 10 m s .
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)
45
The graph below shows the variation with time t of the acceleration a of the spaceship. The
solar propulsion engine is switched on at time t = 0 when the speed of the spaceship is 1.2 103
1
ms .
1 0 .0
9 .5
a / 1 0 5m s
9 .0
8 .5
8 .0
(e)
0 .0
1 .0
2 .0
3 .0
t / 107 s
4 .0
5 .0
6 .0
Explain why the acceleration of the spaceship is increasing with time.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(f)
Using data from the graph, calculate the speed of the spaceship at the time when the
xenon fuel has all been used.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
46
(g)
The distance of the spaceship from Earth when the solar propulsion engine is switched on
is very small compared to the distance from Earth to Jupiter. The fuel runs out when the
11
spaceship is a distance of 4.7 10 m from Jupiter. Estimate the total time that it would
take the spaceship to travel from Earth to Jupiter.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 19 marks)
69.
This question is about a balloon used to carry scientific equipment.

The diagram below represents a balloon just before take-off. The balloons basket is attached to
the ground by two fixing ropes.
b a llo o n
b ask et
fix in g ro p e
50
fix in g ro p e
50
g ro u n d
3
There is a force F vertically upwards of 2.15 10 N on the balloon. The total mass of the
2
balloon and its basket is 1.95 10 kg.
(a)
State the magnitude of the resultant force on the balloon when it is attached to the ground.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
47
(b)
Calculate the tension in either of the fixing ropes.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
The fixing ropes are released and the balloon accelerates upwards. Calculate the
magnitude of this initial acceleration.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
The balloon reaches a terminal speed 10 seconds after take-off. The upward force F
remains constant. Describe how the magnitude of air friction on the balloon varies during
the first 10 seconds of its flight.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
70.
Linear momentum
(a)
Define
(i)
linear momentum;
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
impulse.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
48
(b)
Explain whether momentum and impulse are scalar or vector quantities.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
By reference to Newtons laws of motion, deduce that when two particles collide,
momentum is conserved.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(5)
A rubber ball of mass 50 g is thrown towards a vertical wall. It strikes the wall at a horizontal
1
1
speed of 20 m s and bounces back with a horizontal speed of 18 m s as shown below.
sp e e d b e fo re 2 0 m s
s p e e d a fte r 1 8 m s
The ball is in contact with the wall for 0.080 s.

(d)
(i)
Calculate the change in momentum of the ball.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
ii)
Calculate the average force exerted by the ball on the wall.

49
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Suggest, in terms of Newtons laws of motion, why a steel ball of the same mass
and the same initial horizontal speed exerts a greater force on the wall.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
71.
This question is about energy and momentum.

1
A train carriage A of mass 500 kg is moving horizontally at 6.0 m s . It collides with another
train carriage B of mass 700 kg that is initially at rest, as shown in the diagram below.
6 .0 m s 1
tra in c a rria g e A
500kg
tra in c a rria g e B
700kg
The graph below shows the variation with time t of the velocities of the two train carriages
before, during and after the collision.
v / m s 1
6 .0
tra in c a rria g e B
5 .0
4 .0
3 .0
2 .0
1 .0
0 .0
1 .0
2 .0
3 .0
4 .0
1 .0
5 .0
6 .0
7 .0
8 .0
9 .0
1 0 .0
t / s
tra in c a rria g e A
2 .0
(a)
Use the graph to deduce that
50
(i)
the total momentum of the system is conserved in the collision;

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
the collision is elastic.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Calculate the magnitude of the average force experienced by train carriage B.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
72.
Block on an inclined plane

A block is held stationary on a frictionless inclined plane by means of a string as shown below.
s trin g
b lo c k
in c lin e d p la n e
(a)
(i)
On the diagram draw arrows to represent the three forces acting on the block.
(3)
(ii)
The angle of inclination of the plane is 25. The block has mass 2.6 kg. Calculate
2
the force in the string. You may assume that g = 9.8 m s .
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
The string is pulled so that the block is now moving at a constant speed of 0.85 m s
up
51
the inclined plane.

(i)
Explain why the magnitude of the force in the string is the same as that found in (a)
(ii).
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Calculate the power required to move the block at this speed.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) State the rate of change of the gravitational potential energy of the block. Explain
your answer.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
73.
This question is about Newtons laws of motion, the dynamics of a model helicopter and the
engine that powers it.
(a)
Explain how Newtons third law leads to the concept of conservation of momentum in the
collision between two objects in an isolated system.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(4)
52
(b)
The diagram illustrates a model helicopter that is hovering in a stationary position.

0 .7 0 m
0 .7 0 m
ro ta tin g
b la d e s
d o w n w a rd m o tio n o f a ir
The rotating blades of the helicopter force a column of air to move downwards. Explain
how this may enable the helicopter to remain stationary.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
The length of each blade of the helicopter in (b) is 0.70 m. Deduce that the area that the
2
2
blades sweep out as they rotate is 1.5 m . (Area of a circle = r )
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
For the hovering helicopter in (b), it is assumed that all the air beneath the blades is
1
pushed vertically downwards with the same speed of 4.0 m s . No other air is disturbed.
3
The density of the air is 1.2 kg m .

Calculate, for the air moved downwards by the rotating blades,
(i)
the mass per second;

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
the rate of change of momentum.

53
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
State the magnitude of the force that the air beneath the blades exerts on the blades.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(f)
Calculate the mass of the helicopter and its load.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(g)
In order to move forward, the helicopter blades are made to incline at an angle to the
horizontal as shown schematically below.
While moving forward, the helicopter does not move vertically up or down. In the space
provided below draw a free body force diagram that shows the forces acting on the
helicopter blades at the moment that the helicopter starts to move forward. On your
diagram, label the angle .
(4)
(h)
Use your diagram in (g) opposite to explain why a forward force F now acts on the
helicopter and deduce that the initial acceleration a of the helicopter is given by
a = g tan
where g is the acceleration of free fall.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(5)
54
(i)
Suggest why, even though the forward force F does not change, the acceleration of the
helicopter will decrease to zero as it moves forward.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 25 marks)
74.
This question is about the breaking distance of a car and specific heat capacity.
(a)
A car of mass 960 kg is free-wheeling down an incline at a constant speed of 9.0 m s .
s p e e d = 9 .0 m s -1
15
The slope makes an angle of 15 with the horizontal.

(i)
Deduce that the average resistive force acting on the car is 2.410 N.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Calculate the kinetic energy of the car.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The driver now applies the brakes and the car comes to rest in 15 m. Use your answer to
(a)(ii) to calculate the average braking force exerted on the car in coming to rest.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
55
(c)
The same braking force is applied to each rear wheel of the car. The effective mass of
1 1
each brake is 5.2 kg with a specific heat capacity of 900 J kg K . Estimate the rise in
temperature of a brake as the car comes to rest. State one assumption that you make in
your estimation.
estimate:
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
assumption:
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 9 marks)
75.
Two identical springs A and B each have a force constant (force per unit extension) of 2.5Ncm
1
. One end of each spring is attached to a trolley and the other ends are attached to rigid
supports, as shown.
su p p o rt
tro lle y
s p rin g A
s p rin g B
The springs are horizontal and, when the trolley is at rest, the extension of each spring is 3.0 cm.
The trolley is displaced 1.2 cm to the right.
su p p o rt
tro lle y
s p rin g A
s p rin g B
d is p la c e m e n t 1 .2 c m
(a)
Calculate the magnitude of the force on the trolley due to

(i)
spring A alone.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
56
(ii)
spring B alone.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The trolley is released. Determine the initial acceleration of the trolley of mass 0.75 kg.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
76.
This question is about momentum.

(a)
Define
(i)
linear momentum.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
impulse.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
In a ride in a pleasure park, a carriage of mass 450 kg is travelling horizontally at a speed

1
of 18 m s . It passes through a shallow tank containing stationary water. The tank is of
1
length 9.3 m. The carriage leaves the tank at a speed of 13 m s .
1 8 m s1
w a te r-ta n k
1 3 m s 1
c a rria g e , m a s s 4 5 0 k g
9 .3 m
As the carriage passes through the tank, the carriage loses momentum and causes some
1
water to be pushed forwards with a speed of 19 m s in the direction of motion of the
carriage.
(i)
For the carriage passing through the water-tank, deduce that the magnitude of its
total change in momentum is 2250N s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
57
(ii)
Use the answer in (b)(i) to deduce that the mass of water moved in the direction of
motion of the carriage is approximately 120 kg.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Calculate the mean value of the magnitude of the acceleration of the carriage in the
water.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
For the carriage in (b) passing through the water-tank, determine

(i)
its total loss in kinetic energy.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
the gain in kinetic energy of the water that is moved in the direction of motion of
the carriage.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
By reference to the principles of conservation of momentum and of energy, explain your

answers in (c).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
58
77.
This question is about units and momentum.

(a)
Distinguish between fundamental units and derived units.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The rate of change of momentum R of an object moving at speed v in a stationary fluid of

constant density is given by the expression
R = kv
where k is a constant.
(i)
State the derived units of speed v.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Determine the derived units of R.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Use the expression and your answers in (b)(i) and (b)(ii) to determine the derived
units of k.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Define
(i)
linear momentum.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
impulse.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
In a ride in a pleasure park, a carriage of mass 450 kg is travelling horizontally at a speed

1
of 18 m s . It passes through a shallow tank containing stationary water. The tank is of
59
length 9.3 m. The carriage leaves the tank at a speed of 13 m s .

1 8 m s1
w a te r-ta n k
1 3 m s 1
c a rria g e , m a s s 4 5 0 k g
9 .3 m
As the carriage passes through the tank, the carriage loses momentum and causes some
1
water to be pushed forwards with a speed of 19 m s in the direction of motion of the
carriage.
(i)
For the carriage passing through the water-tank, deduce that the magnitude of its
total change in momentum is 2250N s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Use the answer in (d)(i) to deduce that the mass of water moved in the direction of
motion of the carriage is approximately 120 kg.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Calculate the mean value of the magnitude of the acceleration of the carriage in the
water.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(e)
For the carriage in (d) passing through the water-tank, determine

(i)
its total loss in kinetic energy.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
60
(ii)
the gain in kinetic energy of the water that is moved in the direction of motion of
the carriage.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(f)
By reference to the principles of conservation of momentum and of energy, explain your

answers in (e).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 20 marks)
61

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AS Newtons laws of motion and momentum

A trolley of mass 1.5 kg is pulled along a horizontal table by a force of 5.0N.

The best estimate for the acceleration of the elevator is

A block on a frictionless horizontal table is attached by a light, inextensible string to an object P

In which string is the tension the greatest?

A general expression for Newtons second law of motion is

The mass m is constant.

The acceleration a is constant.

The force F is constant.

The direction of the force F is constant.

The magnitude of the force F is

a value less than W but greater than zero.

a value greater than W.

There is a forward force that diminishes with time.

There is a backward force that diminishes with time.

FT will always be greater in magnitude than FC.

FT will always be equal in magnitude to FC.

A rocket accelerates vertically upwards by ejecting high-speed gases vertically downwards as

magnitude of initial acceleration of trolley P

move to the left and then to the right.

move towards the right.

move towards the left.

Which of the following diagrams shows a possible outcome?

Two objects collide inelastically. For this system of two objects

only momentum is conserved.

only kinetic energy is conserved.

both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.

neither momentum nor kinetic energy are conserved.

The engine of a rocket ejects gas at high speed, as shown below.

The rocket accelerates forwards because

the gas pushes on the air at the back of the rocket.

The sphere has changed its momentum during the collision.

The sphere has lost kinetic energy during the collision.

The change in momentum of the plate during the collision is unknown.

The kinetic energy of the plate after the collision is unknown.

The momentum of a system is conserved if

no external forces act on the system.

no friction forces act within the system.

no kinetic energy is lost or gained by the system.

the forces acting on the system are in equilibrium.

The ball leaves the ground with a vertical speed 3.0 ms .

Kinetic energy of Joe and ball

A stone on a string is moving in a circle as shown below.

When a body is accelerating, the resultant force acting on it is equal to its

rate of change of momentum.

acceleration per unit of mass.

rate of change of kinetic energy.

Total kinetic energy of the bodies

Two blocks having different masses slide down a frictionless slope.

Kinetic energy of system

acceleration of the particle.

net force acting on the particle.

work done on the particle.

change in kinetic energy of the particle.

The position depends on the speed of the cart.

The ball will land behind the cannon.

The ball will land inside the cannon.

The ball will land in front of the cannon.

The shaded area represents

the total work done by F.

the change in the kinetic energy of the body.

the change in the momentum of the body.

the change in the velocity of the body.

The shaded area is equal to