7-1
R1
I1 a
and s
X2
I2
) can be represented
R2
I3
V1
Rc
Xm
R2 (1-s)/s
E2
Stator
Rotor
7-2
As can be seen the power balance of the motor shown in Fig. 2 can be derived directly from this
equivalent circuit. Hence, the efficiency of the motor can be written as:
where,
is the power on the shaft,
respectively,
is the core loss, and
and
are copper losses in the stator and rotor
is the mechanical (friction) loss.
Pm
Pgap
Po
Pin
!P cu1
Stator
!P c
!P cu2
! Pm
Rotor
7-3
Current/slip characteristics
Efficiency/slip characteristics
;
;
Only a limited part of the characteristics can be obtained experimentally because in load test the
slip varies within small interval for loads from no-load to reasonably high values (say 120% of
its rated capacity). Thus, the full characteristics can be obtained only from the equivalent circuit
shown in Fig. 1. The induced torque of an induction motor is given by:
For a constant
, knowing
Referring to the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 1, the per-phase air-gap power is the power
absorbed by the resistance
. Therefore the total (3-phase) air-gap power is given by:
Accordingly, if can be determined, then the air-gap power and the induced torque are known.
The easiest way to find is to determine the Thevenins equivalent of the portion of the circuit
to the left of terminals a-b. Using the Thevenins theorem, we get:
This leads to the following expressions for the rotor current and the induced torque:
where
7-4
Based on the equivalent circuit, it can be shown that the torque for a constant (V/f) ratio with
is
7-5
W1
100 %
100 %
A1
Stator windings
A2
V
L1
3-phase
supply
L2
T1
L3
R3 R2 R1
T2
B2
B1
T3
100 %
Starter box
Auto -transformer
C2
C1
W2
R1
V
R2
R3
Rotor windings
Starter box
T1
T2
T3
100 %
W1
A
A1
V
100 %
0
B1
100 %
IM
Auto-transformer
W2
C1
1. Retain the no-load connection of the induction machine to a variable three-phase supply
and apply a load by connecting the DC machine as a separately excited generator shown
in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 (Refer to the diagram of the DC machine panel).
2. From the no-load test readings namely input power, line current, voltage and speed,
calculate the motors torque when it is running under no-load conditions overcoming core
7-6
losses, friction, windage and stray losses. The slip measurement required in this test is
described at the bottom of the page. Note: You need a low rating for the ammeter and
wattmeter current coils (line current < 5A) to get the values for your measurements in this
part of the experiment.
3. After recording the no-load readings, couple the DC generator to the induction motor as
shown in Fig. 6. Starting at no load connected to the generator, record your readings and
then start loading the generator gradually up to the full load of either motor or generator,
whichever occurs first. Record motor input power, input line current, input voltage, rotor
speed and calculate its slip, and torque. Caution: Use the 30A scale for ammeter and
wattmeters when applying the resistances of the toaster box.
4. Rotor Resistance Speed Control: It is possible to control the speed of an induction motor
by changing its rotor resistance. Repeat the load test on the induction for two other values
of rotor resistances (starter box knob positions set at positions 5 and 0). Also remember to
record the values of external rotor resistance inserted in the circuit (use a FLUKE 75
meter to get the resistance values).
Starter box
Note: The output power of the induction motor is calculated from the equivalent circuit and
then output torque can be calculated from there knowing the value of speed.
T1
100 %
100 %
W1
A1
V
T2
B1
100 %
T3
DC load
bank
IM
Auto -transformer
C1
W2
DC separately
excited generator
(mechanical load )
F1
A1
C12
C11
Field rheostat
DC
supply
Toaster
box
F2
A2
C21
C22
7-7
Notes on Measuring Slip - When a light load is applied to the induction motor, the speed
variation is very small; hence the tachometer used during previous measurements is
inadequate to accurately measure the slip. A stroboscope is required to get a more accurate
slip during light loading conditions
1. Adjust the light flashing frequency of the stroboscope such that a stationary image is
observed when the induction motor is operating under no-load (DC generator is
decoupled). Use a tachometer to measure the value of the no-load speed (say, 1796
rpm) and leave the knob position of the stroboscope at this position.
2. Couple the DC generator back to the induction motor and measure the slip. If, for
example, the shaft speed is 1794 rpm, the tab has slipped one revolution in 0.5
minutes. Thus in one minute two tab revolutions are observed. Use a stop watch to
measure the time elapsed.
5. Speed Control of Induction Motors Using Armature-Frequency Control - In part 4 of
the Load Test, speed control of induction motors was studied by changing its rotor-circuit
resistance. The principal disadvantage of this method is low efficiency and poor speed
regulation with respect to changes in load. Solid-state inverters with variable voltage and
frequency are the preferred methods of choice today. This part of the experiment will use a
Hitachi SJ 300 inverter for speed control.
1. Rewire the induction machine with a SJ 300 Hitachi inverter connected to its input
terminals.
2. Set the SJ 300 in the auto-tuning mode (parameter determination procedure) using the
keypad of the inverter. Read the parameters using the Pro Drive software.
3. Repeat the load test on the induction motor for three different values of input electrical
frequencies
with a zero value for rotor external resistance.
Two other values of rotor resistances (starter box knob positions set at positions 5 and 0).
Also remember to record the values of external rotor resistance inserted in the circuit (use
a FLUKE 75 meter to get the resistance values).
Note: In order to read the input power supplied to the induction motor (i.e. output of the
inverter), remember to connect an external wattmeter to the inverter. The SJ 300 gives power
measurements only at its input side.
5. Resistance - Determine the resistances of the stator windings per phase of the induction
motor using a FLUKE 75 multimeter or by the dc ammeter-voltmeter method.
Notes:
1. Perform the stator resistance measurements at the last so that the resistance
measurements obtained are those corresponding to the operating temperature of the
induction motor.
2. If you are using a FLUKE meter, remember to subtract the contact resistance of the
leads from the readings obtained.
7-8
REFERENCES
1. IEEE Standard 112: Test Procedures for Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators.
New York, IEEE Press 1991.
2. Fitzerald, A. E, Kingsley, C., Umans, S., Electric Machinery 6th Ed, New York: McGrawHill, 2003.
3. Malik, O.P., Walsh, P., Electric Machine Lab Manual, Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, 2003.
4. Hitachi SJ 300 Series Inverter Instruction Manual, Manual No.: NB613XJ. September
2006. SJ 300 ebook is also available online.