We did this by looking at the cross tabs and seeing how far the
observed frequencies were from the frequencies we would
expect if the two variables were independent.
The tradeoff: Odds ratio can be used for one-tailed tests, chisquared cant. Chi-squared can handle any number of rows
and columns.
In the pop-up, choose your row and column variables and click
the cells button in the upper right of the pop-up.
The cells button brings up the menu of what you want the cells
to show. Uncheck observed and check expected.
Note the vague language about the trends in the data. Thats
because we cant say whether these trends are significant or
not.
We dont have the tools to say anything definitive about
specific categories.
Chi-squared.
= 10.268
df = 4.
(rows 1) x (cols. 1) = 2 x 2 = 4.
There are ways to deal with cells with small n. The easiest one
is to find a logical way to group categories together.
Here, there are substantially fewer older adults than any other
group.
We could merge the middle age and older adult categories
into a not young category.
Young
14
4
7
Middle Age
10
15
9
Older Adult
2
8
3
Music
News
Sports
Young
14
4
7
Not Young
10 + 2 = 12
15 + 8 = 23
9 + 3 = 12
Music
News
Sports
Young
14
4
7
Not Young
12
23
12
We still have one cell below 5, but thats better than having
three cells below 5. This wont distort our answer by much.
Adjustment.
The textbook talks about dealing with cells with few
respondents in pages 326-331.
Select the variable you want to change. In our case its age.
Give the new variable a name in Output Variable: Name,
Then click on Change.
This brings up the menu to define the old categories you have
the new categories you want.
Click Add and repeat the last slide for each category.
1Young Young,
2MiddleAge NotYoung, and
3OlderAdult NotYoung are the recoding were doing.
Even though one cell has observed frequency less than 5, its
expected frequency is more than 5, so the potential problem is
lessened.
This implies that merging middle age and older didnt change
anything major.
We reject the null ; radio choice depends on age.
Degrees of freedom =
2
=
There is
Degrees of freedom = 3
2
= 50.434
There is very significant evidence against independence.
The chi-squared test has a very small p-value (less than .001).
Do the results of this test tell us that there are more left
handed people in athletics in general?
The chi-squared test has a very small p-value (less than .001).
Do the results of this test tell us that there are more left
handed people in athletics in general?
No.
In that case, the odds ratio shows that someone in the athletic
field has 7.371 times the odds of being left handed as
someone in a non-athletic profession.