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TANK
Sample Printout
2014
Table of contents
Table of contents ......................................................................... 1
Calculation of heat loss of storage tanks ................................................. 2
Properties tank medium* ................................................................... 6
Gas properties* ........................................................................... 7
Outside heat transfer coefficient, roof* .................................................. 8
Inside heat transfer coefficient, bottom* ................................................ 10
Outside heat transfer coefficient, shell* ................................................ 12
Inside heat transfer coefficient, wet shell* ............................................. 14
Inside heat transfer coefficient, dry shell* ............................................. 16
Inside heat transfer coefficient, roof* .................................................. 18
Heat transfer radiation inside, roof* .................................................... 20
Physical properties of heating medium* ................................................... 21
Tube-side heat transfer* ................................................................. 22
Heat transfer coil around tubes* ......................................................... 25
Pressure drop in coil* ................................................................... 27
Layout
Input values:
Calculated values:
Critical values:
Estimated values:
1.234
1.234
1.234
1.234
or
or
or
or
1.234
1.234
1.234
1.234
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TANK
2014
Sample Printout
Calculation of heat loss of storage tanks
Global conditions
Product temperature
Inside pressure
Air temperature
Wind speed
Ground temperature
tP
pi
tL
Wv
tB
50
1
-20
10
-20
Round sketch
DT
Tank height
Filling level
Properties:
Storage medium
Density
Specific heat capacity
Thermal conductivity
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Coefficient of thermal expansion
Gas above storage medium
Medium name
Density
Specific heat capacity
Thermal conductivity
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Coefficient of thermal expansion
12
37.7
113.1
C
bar
C
m/s
C
m
m
m
HT
HF
15
14
m
m
HFO 180
cp
897.9
1930
0.124
171
0.000190
0.000707
kg/m
J/(kgK)
W/(mK)
mPas
m/s
1/K
1.078
1008
0.02808
0.01964
0.000018
0.003101
kg/m
J/(kgK)
W/(mK)
mPas
m/s
1/K
air
cp
Wall thickness and thermal conductivity of the tank and the insulation
Shell
Roof
Bottom
Tank wall thickness
8 mm
8 mm
8 mm
Thermal conductivity
52 W/(mK)
52 W/(mK)
52 W/(mK)
Insulation thickness
Thermal conductivity
Heat losses
Bottom
23.63 kW
250
2.5
mm
W/(mK)
100
0.04
mm
W/(mK)
100
0.04
Roof
2.881
kW
41.75
kW
mm
W/(mK)
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Sample Printout
Bottom
Thickness of the wall
Thermal conductivity of the wall
Thermal resistance of the wall
Thickness of the insulation
Thermal conductivity of the insulation
Thermal resistance of the insulation
Heat transfer coefficient outside
Heat transfer coefficient inside
siB
iB
iB
saB
aB
aB
aB
iB
8
52
0.000154
250
2.5
0.1
5
28.67
mm
W/(mK)
mK/W
mm
W/(mK)
mK/W
W/(mK)
W/(mK)
Contact surface
Temperature inside
Temperature (wall-insulation)
Temperature outside
AB
tiB
tgB
taB
=
=
=
=
113.1
42.71
42.68
21.79
m
C
C
C
Heating performance
Heat flow from inside
Heat flow to outside
QhB
QiB =
QaB =
0
23.63
23.63
kW
kW
kW
siM
iM
iM
saM
aM
aM
aM
8
52
0.000154
100
0.04
2.5
41.67
mm
W/(mK)
mK/W
mm
W/(mK)
mK/W
W/(mK)
Wet part
Heat transfer coefficient inside
iMb
17.68
W/(mK)
Contact surface
Temperature inside
Temperature (wall-insulation)
Temperature outside
AMb
tiMb
tgMb
taMb
=
=
=
=
527.8
48.47
48.46
-19.35
m
C
C
C
Heating performance
Heat flow from inside
Heat flow to outside
QhMb
QiMb =
QaMb =
0
14.32
14.32
kW
kW
kW
Dry part
Heat transfer coefficient inside
iMt
2.868
W/(mK)
Contact surface
Temperature inside
Temperature (wall-insulation)
Temperature outside
AMt
tiMt
tgMt
taMt
=
=
=
=
37.7
41.5
41.5
-19.42
m
C
C
C
Heating performance
Heat flow from inside
Heat flow to outside
QhMt
QiMt =
QaMt =
0
0.9186
0.9186
kW
kW
kW
Shell
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Sample Printout
Roof
Thickness of the wall
Thermal conductivity of the wall
Thermal resistance of the wall
Thickness of the insulation
Thermal conductivity of the insulation
Thermal resistance of the insulation
Emissivity of the roof
Emissivity of the product
Heat transfer coefficient outside
Heat transfer coefficient inside (total)
siD
iD
iD
saD
aD
aD
D
P
aD
iD
8
52
0.000154
100
0.04
2.5
0.8
0.9
19.77
5.067
mm
W/(mK)
mK/W
mm
W/(mK)
mK/W
W/(mK)
W/(mK)
Contact surface
Temperature inside
Temperature (wall-insulation)
Temperature outside
AD
tiD
tgD
taD
=
=
=
=
113.1
44.97
44.97
-18.71
m
C
C
C
Heating performance
Heat flow from inside
Heat flow to outside
QhD
QiD =
QaD =
0
2.881
2.881
kW
kW
kW
Balance
Heating performance
Heat flow from inside
Heat flow to outside
Qh_ges =
Qi_ges =
Qa_ges =
0
41.75
41.75
kW
kW
kW
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TANK
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Sample Printout
Transcal LT
m
V
P
e
a
m
7963
10
3
140
131.9
136
kg/h
m/h
bar
C
C
C
da
s
di
R
fi
fa
60.3
2.9
54.5
52
0
0
mm
mm
mm
W/(mK)
mK/W
mK/W
cp
796.9
2342
0.125
1.183
1.484
kg/m
J/(kgK)
W/(mK)
mPas
mm/s
cp
87.85
874.3
2062
0.1214
33.19
0.000038
0.00072
C
kg/m
J/(kgK)
W/(mK)
mPas
m/s
1/K
Result
Tube-side velocity
Heat transfer coefficient inside
Heat transfer coefficient outside
Overall heat transfer coefficient
Pressure drop (straight tube without bends)
Tube length
Area
u
i
a
k
P
L
A
1.191
1076
124.9
110
5736
23.33
4.419
m/s
W/(mK)
W/(mK)
W/(mK)
Pa
m
m
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TANK
2014
Sample Printout
Properties tank medium*
Properties of Heavy Fuel Oils (HFO)
Selected oil:
HFO 180
Oil selection:
State 1:
Temperature
Density
Specific heat capacity
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Thermal conductivity
Coef. of thermal expansion
Prandtl number
Thermal diffusivity
897.9
cp
1930
171
0.000190
0.124
0.000707
Pr
2661
a 7.155E-8
50
State 2:
C
kg/m
J/(kgK)
mPas
m/s
W/(mK)
1/K
m/s
874.1
cp
2062
33.19
0.000038
0.1213
0.000720
Pr
564
a 6.731E-8
87.86
C
kg/m
J/(kgK)
mPas
m/s
W/(mK)
1/K
m/s
Pr = /a = cp/
a = /(cp)
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TANK
2014
Sample Printout
Gas properties*
Properties of air
State 1
Temperature
Pressure
1
p1
Density
Specific heat capacity
Thermal conductivity
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Prandtl number
Thermal diffusivity
Compressibility factor
Specific enthalpy
Specific entropy
Thermal expansion
Velocity of sound
State 2
C
bar
2
p2
C
Pa
1.078
cp
1008
0.02808
0.01964
0.000018
Pr
0.7046
a 0.000026
Z
0.9999
h
25180
s
84.9
0.003101
w
360.5
kg/m
J/(kgK)
W/(mK)
mPas
m/s
m/s
J/kg
J/(kgK)
1/K
m/s
cp
Pr
a
Z
h
s
kg/m
J/(kgK)
W/(mK)
mPas
m/s
m/s
J/kg
J/(kgK)
1/K
m/s
Molar mass
Gas constant
Standard density
M
R
S
28.96
287.1
1.293
g/mol
J/(kgK)
kg/m
Critical
Critical
Critical
Critical
Tc
pc
c
-140.6
3786000
342.6
data
temperature
pressure
density
50
1
C
Pa
kg/m
Validity range:
-150 C 1000 C
1 bar p 1000 bar
Composition of the air:
Mol-%
Wt-%
N2 :
78.12
75.570
O2 :
20.96
23.161
Ar:
0.92
1.269
Normalization of Enthalpy and Entropy:
h = 0 kJ/kg, s = 0 kJ/(kgK) at T = 298.15 K = 25C, p = 1.01325 bar
for the pure components
Properties of air
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TANK
2014
Sample Printout
Outside heat transfer coefficient, roof*
Geometry:
Heated plate length
Flow velocity
l
w
mm
m/s
12000
10
Properties:
Mean pressure
Mean temperature
Density
Specific heat capacity
Specific thermal conductivity
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Prandtl number
Mean wall temperature
Prandtl number at wall temperature
Phase (liquid = 1 / gas = 2)
Exponent for liquids
Exponent for gases
p
100000
-20
1.078
Cp
1008
0.02808
0.01964
= 0.000018
Pr =
0.7046
W
PrW
Pa
C
kg/m
J/(kgK)
W/(mK)
mPas
m/s
-
44.97
0.7046
C
-
2
0.25 0 -
nF
nG
Heat transfer:
Reynolds number
Nusselt-number laminar
Nusselt-number turbulent
Nusselt number average
Nusselt number with wall correction
Heat transfer coefficient
Re
Nulam
Nuturb
Nul,0
Nu
=
=
=
=
=
6587625
1517
8312
8449
8449
19.77
(1)
(2)
(5)
(6)
W/(mK)
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TANK
2014
Sample Printout
Equations:
l
19.77
Nu =
0.02808
w l
10
Re =
12
6587625 =
0.000018
Nu = Nu0 K
Nul,0
12
8449 =
8449
(6)
Nulam
8449 =
8449 =
+ Nuturb
2
1517
8312
(5)
(1)
(2)
3
Nulam
= 0.664
Re
Pr
3
1517 = 0.664
Nuturb
6587625
0.037 Re0.8
Pr
0.7046
=
1 + 2.443 Re-0.1
0.037
(Pr2/3
6587625
0.8
- 1)
0.7046
8312 =
1 + 2.443
6587625
-0.1
0.7046
2/3
- 1 )
0.25
1 = (
0.7046 /
0.7046 )
1 = (
253.2 /
318.1 )
Gases:
nG
KG = (T / TW )
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Sample Printout
Inside heat transfer coefficient, bottom*
4. Horizontal plane surfaces
Heat emission at upper side (lower surface cooled)
Boundary conditions:
Area of the body flown-around
Perimeter of the projection surface
A
U
113.1
37699
Characteristic length
Acceleration due to gravity
l
g
3000
9.81
m
mm
mm
m/s
(11)
C
C
K
42.71
50
7.287
Properties:
Mean temperature (0 + ) / 2
Density
Specific heat capacity
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Thermal conductivity
Coefficient of thermal expansion
cp
46.36
897.9
1930
171
0.000190
0.124
0.000707
Pr
Gr
Ra
C
kg/m
J/(kgK)
mPas
m/s
W/(mK)
1/K
Chararcteristic values:
Prandtl number
Grashof number
Rayleigh number
Prandtl
Nusselt
Nusselt
Nusselt
function
number laminar
number turbulent
number
f2(Pr)
Nu_l
Nu_t
Nu
0.9874
121.1
693.7
693.7
a
A
Q
28.67
113.1
-23.63
(3)
(4)
(20)
(18)
(19)
Heat transfer:
Heat transfer coefficient
Exchange surface
Convective heat flux
W/(mK) (2)
m
kW
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Sample Printout
Equations:
a =
=
Nu / l
(2)
9.81
(3)
0.000707
0.000190
Ra =
l =
W/(mK)
28.67
g l
Gr =
3 =
0.124 /
693.7
7.287 = 3.765E+7
Gr Pr = 3.765E+7
2661 = 1.00E+11
A / U
37.7 =
mm
113.1 /
3000
(4)
(11)
1/5
Nul =
0.766
0.766
Ra
f2 (Pr)
(18)
1/5
1.00E+11
0.9874
121.1
1/3
Nut =
0.15
Ra
0.15
f2 (Pr) =
1 +
0.322 /
1 +
0.322 /
f2 (Pr)
(19)
1/3
1.00E+11
0.9874
11/20
693.7
-20/11
Pr
(20)
11/20
2661
-20/11
=
0.9874
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Sample Printout
Outside heat transfer coefficient, shell*
Heat loss in insulated pipelines (exposed)
Parameters:
Temperature medium inside
Air temperature
Inside diameter of the pipe
Inside heat transfer coefficient
Wind velocity
i
a
d1
i
w
50
-20
12000
17.68
10
C
C
mm
W/(mK)
m/s
Heat transfer:
Wall thickness
Thermal conductivity
0
1
2
52
0.04
1
W/(mK)
W/(mK)
W/(mK)
d2
Outside diameter of the pipe
Outside diameter of the insulation 1
d3
Outside diameter of the insulation 2
d4
Temperature difference
i -a
Auxiliary variable
D
12016
12216
12216
70
2.578
mm
mm
mm
C
mK/W
41.67
W/(mK)
Q/l
l
Q
-1032
W/m
mm
kW
Temperatures:
Temperature medium inside
Wall temperature inside
Wall temperature outside
Insulation
Surface temperature
Air temperature
i
Wi
Wa
Iso
O
a
50
48.45
48.45
-19.35
-19.35
-20
C
C
C
C
C
C
Tube
Insulation 1
Insulation 2
s0
s1
s2
8
100
0
mm
mm
mm
Calculation:
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Sample Printout
Equations:
D = d4
+
i d1
d2
ln
2 1
ln
17.68
1
2
12
12.22
0.04
ln
2
12.02
52
12.22
ln
d3
12.02
ln
12
d4
ln
2 3
d2
12.22
1
+
2 2
d1
1
=
d3
2.578
mK/W
12.22
O - a
= 8 + 0.04
-19.35 -
1/a =
-20
8.026
0.024 = f(
W/(mK)
10 ;
12.22 )
d4 ( i - a )
Q/l =
D + 1 / a
12.22 (
50 -
-20 )
=
2.578 + 1 /
-1032
W/m
41.67
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Sample Printout
Inside heat transfer coefficient, wet shell*
2. Vertical areas (cylinders)
Boundary conditions:
Height of the cylinder
Diameter of the cylinder
h
D
14000
12000
mm
mm
Characteristic length
Acceleration due to gravity
l
g
14000
9.81
mm
m/s
48.47
50
1.534
C
C
K
Properties:
Mean temperature (0 + ) / 2
Density
Specific heat capacity
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Thermal conductivity
Coefficient of thermal expansion
cp
49.23
897.9
1930
171
0.000190
0.124
0.000707
C
kg/m
J/(kgK)
mPas
m/s
W/(mK)
1/K
Pr
Gr
Ra
2661
8.056E+8
2.14E+12
(3)
(4)
f1 (Pr)
Nu_P
Nu
0.986
1995
1996
(13)
(12)
(14)
Characteristic values:
Prandtl number
Grashof number
Rayleigh number
Prandtl function
Nusselt number for plate
Nusselt number
Heat transfer:
Heat transfer coefficient
Exchange surface
Convective heat flux
A
Q
17.68
527.8
-14.32
W/(mK) (2)
m
kW
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Sample Printout
Equations:
=
Nu / l
1996
17.68
W/(mK)
9.81
(3)
14
0.000707
0.000190
Ra =
14 =
0.124 /
g l
Gr =
(2)
1.534 = 8.056E+8
Gr Pr = = 8.056E+8
2661 = 2.14E+12
1/6
Nu_P =
0.825 + 0.387
0.825 + 0.387
Ra
2.14E+12
1 +
0.492 /
1 +
0.492 /
+ 0.87
1995 + 0.87
2
=
1995
-16/9
Pr
(13)
9/16
Nu_P
(4)
(12)
0.986
9/16
f1 (Pr) =
f1 (Pr)
1/6
Nu =
-16/9
=
2661
/
14 /
0.986
(14)
12
1996
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Sample Printout
Inside heat transfer coefficient, dry shell*
2. Vertical areas (cylinders)
Boundary conditions:
Height of the cylinder
Diameter of the cylinder
h
D
1000
12000
Characteristic length
Acceleration due to gravity
l
g
1000
9.81
41.5
50
8.496
mm
mm
mm
m/s
C
C
K
Properties:
Mean temperature (0 + ) / 2
Density
Specific heat capacity
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Thermal conductivity
Coefficient of thermal expansion
cp
45.75
1.078
1008
0.01964
0.000018
0.02808
0.003101
C
kg/m
J/(kgK)
mPas
m/s
W/(mK)
1/K
Pr
Gr
Ra
0.7046
7.789E+8
5.488E+8
(3)
(4)
f1 (Pr)
Nu_P
Nu
0.3459
102.1
102.1
(13)
(12)
(14)
Characteristic values:
Prandtl number
Grashof number
Rayleigh number
Prandtl function
Nusselt number for plate
Nusselt number
Heat transfer:
Heat transfer coefficient
Exchange surface
Convective heat flux
A
Q
2.868
37.7
-0.9186
W/(mK) (2)
m
kW
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Sample Printout
Equations:
=
=
Nu / l
102.1
2.868
W/(mK)
9.81
(3)
0.003101
0.000018
Ra =
1 =
0.02808 /
g l
Gr =
(2)
8.496 = 7.789E+8
Gr Pr = = 7.789E+8
0.7046 = 5.488E+8
1/6
Nu_P =
0.825 + 0.387
0.825 + 0.387
Ra
5.488E+8
1 +
0.492 /
1 +
0.492 /
+ 0.87
102.1 + 0.87
2
=
102.1
-16/9
Pr
(13)
9/16
Nu_P
(4)
(12)
0.3459
9/16
f1 (Pr) =
f1 (Pr)
1/6
Nu =
-16/9
=
0.7046
/
1 /
0.3459
(14)
12
102.1
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Sample Printout
Inside heat transfer coefficient, roof*
4. Horizontal plane surfaces
Heat emission at lower surface (upper surface cooled)
Boundary conditions:
Area of the body flown-around
Perimeter of the projection surface
A
U
113.1
37699
Characteristic length
Acceleration due to gravity
l
g
3000
9.81
44.97
50
5.027
m
mm
mm
m/s
(11)
C
C
K
Properties:
Mean temperature (0 + ) / 2
Density
Specific heat capacity
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Thermal conductivity
Coefficient of thermal expansion
cp
47.49
1.078
1008
0.01964
0.000018
0.02808
0.003101
Pr
Gr
Ra
(3)
(4)
f1 (Pr)
Nu
0.3459 47.26 -
(13)
(21)
C
kg/m
J/(kgK)
mPas
m/s
W/(mK)
1/K
Characteristic values:
Prandtl number
Grashof number
Rayleigh number
Prandtl function
Nusselt number
Heat transfer:
Heat transfer coefficient
Exchange surface
Convective heat flux
a
A
Q
0.4424
113.1
-0.2515
W/(mK) (2)
m
kW
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Equations:
a =
=
Nu / l
47.26
g l
W/(mK)
(3)
3
0.003101
0.000018
l =
0.4424
9.81
Ra =
0.02808 /
Gr =
(2)
5.027 = 1.24E+10
Gr Pr = 1.24E+10
0.7046 = 8.768E+9
A / U =
37.7 =
113.1 /
9/16
f1 (Pr) =
1 +
0.492 /
1 +
0.492 /
(4)
mm
3000
(11)
-16/9
Pr
(13)
9/16
-16/9
=
0.7046
0.3459
1/5
Nu =
0.6
0.6
Ra
f1 (Pr)
(21)
1/5
8.768E+9
0.3459
47.26
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Heat transfer radiation inside, roof*
Calculation of the heat flux by radiation
A1
A2
Area
113.1
113.1
Emissivity
0.9 0.8 -
1
2
m
m
T1
T2
Temperature
50 C
44.97 C
(=
(=
50
44.97
C )
C )
View factors:
12
21
0.8466
0.8466
21
= A1 /A2 12
= i Ti
E1
556.5
; = 5.6704 10-8
W/m
E2
464.6
W/(m2 K4 )
W/m
1 2 A1
(T1
1 - (1 -
.
Q12
12
2.629
1 )(1 kW
- T2
2 ) 12 21
Q21
2.629
kW
A (T1 - T2 )
12
4.624
Surface radiation
W/(mK)
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Physical properties of heating medium*
State 1
136
Temperature
Density
Kinematic viscosity
Thermal conductivity
796.9
2342
1.183
0.000001
0.125
0.000775
6.694E-8
22.18
0
604.7
Pour point
Initial boiling point
Minimum operating temperature
Maximum operating temperature
-20
71
280
155
240
0.01
0.01
cp
pD
900
1800
730
0.0003
0.136
803.1
2309
1.358
0.000002
0.1255
0.000781
6.766E-8
24.97
0
427.1
C
kg/m
J/(kgK)
mPas
m/s
W/(mK)
1/K
m/s
kJ/kg
Pa
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
mgKOH/g
%
Vol-%
kg/kmol
min
Temperature
Density
Specific heat capacity
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Thermal conductivity
Vapour pressure
kg/m
J/(kgK)
mPas
m/s
W/(mK)
1/K
m/s
kJ/kg
Pa
-54
290
-20
260
State 2
126.3
max
kg/m
J/(kgK)
mPas
m/s
W/(mK)
Pa
732
2770
0.35
4.9E-07
0.118
28000
kg/m
J/(kgK)
mPas
m/s
W/(mK)
Pa
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Tube-side heat transfer*
Constant wall temperature
Circular pipes
Inlet temperature
Outlet temperature
Mean temperature
Density of the fluid
Specific heat capacity of the fluid
Thermal conductivity of the fluid
Dynamic viscosity of the fluid
Kinematic viscosity of the fluid
Prandtl number
Prandtl number at wall temperature
e
a
m
cp
Pr
PrW
C
C
C
kg/m
J/(kgK)
W/(mK)
mPas
m/s
-
140
131.9
136
796.9
2342
0.125
1.183
0.000001
22.18
24.97
Fluid:
liquid <0> or gas <1>
0 = Circular pipes, 1 = Non-circular pipes
<
<
0 >
0
Pipe length
Inside diameter of the pipe
Cross sectional area of the pipe
Perimeter of the pipe
Hydraulic diameter
l
23326
di
54.5
f
0.002333
u
171.2
dh =
54.5
mm
mm
m
mm
mm
Mg
Vg
Z
M =
w =
Re =
7963
9.992
1
7963
1.19
43683
kg/h
m/h
kg/h
m/s
-
-41.75
Q = Mg cp (a - e )
Balance:
kW
469.5
0.125
dh
w dh
Re =
W/(mK)
0.0545
1.19
796.9
/ 1000
Nu_m_
Nu_m_
Nu_m_T
Nu_m
1076
0.0545
=
=
=
=
43683
1.183 / 1000
(laminar non-disturbed flow Re < 2300)
(laminar entrance flow Re < 2300)
(turbulent flow Re > 10000)
(transition zone 2300 Re 10000)
475.7
[6]
[12]
[26]
[29]
Factor K:
0.11
Liquids:
Gases:
K = (Pr/PrW )
n
K = (T/TW )
Nu = Nu_m(_,T) K =
Heat transfer: Q
0.987
for n =
0
[40,41]
469.5
=
-41746 =
Wall temperature W
1076
125.7
3.994
l og
-9.711
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Calculations:
Re < 2300
Laminar flow:
2263
1/3
Nu_m__2 = 1.615 HW
3
Nu_m_ =
3.66
[5]
3
3
+ 0.7
1/3
Nu_m__2 - 0.7
=
[6]
3
=
3.66
3
+ 0.7
3
+
1/3
- 0.7
HW
1 + 22 Pr
1/6
2
=
1 + 22
3
Nu_m_ =
3.66
2263
[11]
22.18
3
+ 0.7
3
Nu_m__2 - 0.7
1/3
+ Nu_m__3
=
[12]
3
=
3.66
Turbulent flow:
3
+ 0.7
3
+
- 0.7
1/3
Re > 10000
-2
-2
= [ 1.8 log
43683 - 1.5 ]
0.0213
[27]
2/3
/8 Re Pr
dh
Nu_m_T =
1 +
2/3
/8
1 + 12.7
(Pr
=
l
-1)
[26]
2/3
0.0213 /8
43683
22.18
0.0545
1 + 12.7
Nu_m_T =
0.0213 /8 (
2/3
-1)
22.18
1 +
23.33
475.7
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Transition zone:
2300
Re 10000
1/3
[32]
7.948
1/6
2
Nu_m__3_2300 =
2300 Pr dh/l =
[33]
4.366
1 + 22 Pr
3
Nu_m_L_2300 =
49.371
Nu_m_L_2300 =
8.007
Nu_m__2_2300 - 0.7
1/3
+ Nu_m__3_2300
[31]
2/3
(0.0308/8) 10000 Pr
dh
Nu_m_T_10000 =
2/3
1 + 12.7
0.0308/8 (Pr
1 +
l
-1)
[37]
Nu_m_T_10000 =
135
Re - 2300
=
43683 - 2300
=
10000 - 2300
[30]
10000 - 2300
[29]
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Heat transfer coil around tubes*
5. Horizontal curved areas (Cylinder)
Cylinder:
Outside diameter
Wall thickness
Inside diameter
Thermal conductivity
Characteristic length
Acceleration due to gravity
do
s
di
l
g
60.3
2.9
54.5
52
94.72
9.81
mm
mm
mm
W/(mK)
mm
m/s
125.7
50
75.7
C
C
K
Mean temperature (0 + ) / 2
Density
Specific heat capacity
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Thermal conductivity
Coefficient of thermal expansion
cp
87.85
874.3
2062
33.19
0.000038
0.1214
0.00072
C
kg/m
J/(kgK)
mPas
m/s
W/(mK)
1/K
Characteristic values:
Prandtl number
Grashof number
Rayleigh number
Pr
Gr
Ra
563.8
315094
1.777E+8
(3)
(4)
f3 (Pr)
Nu
0.9647
97.47
(24)
(22)
Prandtl function
Nusselt number
Heat transfer:
Heat transfer coefficient (free convection)
Convective heat flux
o
Q
124.9
41.75
W/(mK) (2)
kW
Mass flow
m
7963
Volume flow
V
9.992
Inlet temperature
140
in
Outlet temperature
131.9
out
Mean temperature
136
m
J/(kgK)
kg/m
kg/h
m/h
C
C
C
Duty
QH
kW
Tube-side velocity
1.19
m/s
i
fi
fo
k
1076
0
0
110
W/(mK)
mK/W
mK/W
W/(mK)
L
A
-41.75
23326
4.419
mm
m
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Equations:
a =
=
Nu / l
(2)
0.1214 /
97.47
g l
Gr =
124.9
W/(mK)
9.81
(3)
0.09472
0.000038
Ra =
0.09472 =
Gr Pr
0.00072
75.7 =
315094
315094
563.8 = 1.777E+8
1/6
Nu =
0.752 + 0.387
Ra
0.752 + 0.387
1.777E+8
f3 (Pr) =
1 +
0.559 /
Pr
1 +
0.559 /
563.8
(4)
f3 (Pr)
(22)
1/6
9/16
2
=
0.9647
97.47
-16/9
(24)
9/16
-16/9
=
0.9647
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Sample Printout
Pressure drop in coil*
Straight pipes
l
di
K
NR
23326
54.5
0.04
1
Properties:
Density
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
796.9
1.183
0.000001
mg
mR
VR
wi
7963
7963
9.992
1.19
Result:
Flow pattern
Pressure drop
Reynolds-Number
Drag coefficient
p
Rei
turbulent
5736
43683
0.02376
mm
mm
mm
-
kg/m
mPas
m/s
kg/h
kg/h
m/h
m/s
Equations:
wi di
Rei
1.19
796.9
0.0545
0.001
Rei =
2.51
K / di
+
Rei
3.71
2.51
0.00004 /
= -2 lg
43683
wi
p =
5736
0.02376
3.71
796.9
23.33
=
di
0.0545
0.02376
p =
turbulent flow
= -2 lg
43683
1.183 0.001
0.02376
1.19
0.0545
Pa
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