Paul Jones

American Pageant Chapter 19

1. John Brown
John Brown was an American abolitionist, and folk hero who advocated and
practiced armed insurrection as a means to end all slavery. He led the Pottawatomie
Massacre in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid at
Harpers Ferry in 1859.
2. James Buchanan
James Buchanan, Jr. was the 15th President of the United States from 1857–1861 and
the last to be born in the 18th century. To date he is the only President from the state of
Pennsylvania and the only president to remain a lifelong bachelor.
3. Dred Scott
Dred Scott, was a slave in the United States who sued unsuccessfully in St. Louis,
Missouri for his freedom in the infamous Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 1857. His case
was based on the fact that he and his wife Harriet Scott were slaves, but he followed his
master Dr. John Emerson and had lived in states and territories where slavery was illegal
according to the state laws and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, including Illinois and
Minnesota (which was then part of the Wisconsin Territory). The United States Supreme
Court ruled seven to two against Scott, finding that neither he, nor any person of African
ancestry, could claim citizenship in the United States, and that therefore Scott could not
bring suit in federal court under diversity of citizenship rules. Moreover, Scott's
temporary residence outside Missouri did not effect his emancipation under the Missouri
Compromise, since reaching that result would deprive Scott's owner of his property.
4. Roger Taney
Roger Brooke Taney was the eleventh United States Attorney General. He also was
the fifth Chief Justice of the United States, holding that office from 1836 until his death
in 1864, and was the first Roman Catholic to hold that office. He is most remembered for
delivering the majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford, that ruled, among others, that
African Americans, being considered "of an inferior order and altogether unfit to
associate with the white race" at the time the Constitution was drafted, could not be
considered citizens of the United States.
5. Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861
until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through its greatest
internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union and ending slavery. Before
his election in 1860 as the first Republican president, Lincoln had been a country lawyer,
an Illinois state legislator, a member of the United States House of Representatives, and
twice an unsuccessful candidate for election to the U.S. Senate. As an outspoken
opponent of the expansion of slavery in the United States, Lincoln won the Republican
Party nomination in 1860 and was elected president later that year. His tenure in office
was occupied primarily with the defeat of the secessionist Confederate States of America
in the American Civil War. He introduced measures that resulted in the abolition of
slavery, issuing his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and promoting the passage of the
Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Six days after the large-scale surrender of
Confederate forces under General Robert E. Lee, Lincoln became the first American
president to be assassinated.
6. Jefferson Davis
Jefferson Finis Davis was an American politician who served as President of the
Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865, during the American
Civil War.
7. John Critterden
John Jordan Crittenden (September 10, 1786 – July 26, 1863) was an American
statesman from Kentucky. He twice served as United States Attorney General. He
represented Kentucky in both houses of Congress and served as the state's seventeenth
governor.
8. Self determination
Self-determination is the free choice of one’s own acts without external compulsion;
and especially as the freedom of the people of a given territory to determine their own
political status. It can also be defined as the ability or power to make decisions for
yourself, especially the power of a nation to decide how it will be governed. In other
words, it is the right of the people of a nation to decide how they want to be governed
without the influence of any other country. The latter is a complex concept with
conflicting definitions and legal criteria for determining which groups may legitimately
claim the right to self-determination. This often coincides with various nationalist
movements.
9. Southern nationalism
The Confederate States of America.
10. The Impending Crisis of the South
The Impending Crisis of the South is a book written by Hinton Rowan Helper, which
he self-published in 1857. It was a strong attack on slavery as inefficient and a barrier to
the economic advancement of whites. The book was widely distributed by Horace
Greeley and other antislavery leaders, much to the vehement anger of the white Southern
leaders.
11. Bleeding Kansas
Bleeding Kansas, Bloody Kansas or the Border War, was a series of violent events,
involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements, that took
place in the Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri
roughly between 1854 and 1858. At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether
Kansas would enter the Union as a free state or slave state. As such, Bleeding Kansas was
a proxy war between Northerners and Southerners over the issue of slavery in the United
States. The term "Bleeding Kansas" was coined by Horace Greeley of the New York
Tribune; the events it encompasses directly presaged the American Civil War.
12. American/Know Nothing Part
The Know Nothing movement was a nativist American political movement of the 1840s
and 1850s. It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed
by Irish Catholic immigrants, who were often regarded as hostile to U.S. values and
controlled by the Pope in Rome. Mainly active from 1854 to 1856, it strove to curb
immigration and naturalization, though its efforts met with little success. There were few
prominent leaders, and the largely middle-class and entirely Protestant membership
fragmented over the issue of slavery. Most ended up joining the Republican Party by the
time of the 1860 presidential election.
 13. Dred Scott decision
Refer to #3.
14. Lincoln-Douglas debates
Lincoln–Douglas Debate (commonly abbreviated as LD Debate, or simply LD) is
sometimes also called values debate because it traditionally places a heavy emphasis on
logic, ethical values, and philosophy. It is a type of American high school one-on-one
debate practiced in National Forensic League competitions, and widely used in related
debate leagues such as the National Catholic Forensic League, National Educational
Debate Association, the National Christian Forensics and Communication Association,
the UIL, and their affiliated regional organizations. All but a few tournaments use the
current NFL resolution. The Lincoln-Douglas Debate format is named for the 1858
Lincoln-Douglas Debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas because
their debates were centered around slavery and the morals, values, and logic behind it.
15. Crittenden Compromise
The Crittenden Compromise (December 18, 1860) was an unsuccessful proposal by
Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden to resolve the U.S. secession crisis of 1860–1861 by
addressing the concerns that led the states in the Deep South of the United States to
contemplate secession from the United States.