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Current-feedback operational amplifier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current-feedback_operational_amplifier

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Current-feedback operational amplifier


The current feedback operational amplifier otherwise known as CFOA or CFA is
a type of electronic amplifier whose inverting input is sensitive to current, rather than
to voltage as in a conventional voltage-feedback operational amplifier (VFA). The
CFA was invented by David Nelson at Comlinear Corporation, and first sold in 1982
as a hybrid amplifier, the CLC103. An early patent covering a CFA is U.S. Patent
4,502,020 , David Nelson and Kenneth Saller (filed in 1983). The integrated circuit
CFAs were introduced in 1987 by both Comlinear and Elantec (designer Bill Gross).
They are usually produced with the same pin arrangements as VFAs, allowing the
two types to be interchanged without rewiring when the circuit design allows. In
simple configurations, such as linear amplifiers, a CFA can be used in place of a
VFA with no circuit modifications, but in other cases, such as integrators, a different
circuit design is required. The classic four-resistor differential amplifier configuration
also works with a CFA, but the common-mode rejection ratio is poorer than that from
a VFA.
Representative schematic of a current-feedback
op-amp or amplifier.

Contents
Operation

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10/10/2014 9:07 AM

Current-feedback operational amplifier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current-feedback_operational_amplifier

VFA and CFA compared


See also
References

Operation
Referring to the schematic shown, the section marked in red forms the input stage and error amplifier. The inverting input
(node where emitters of Q1 & Q2 are connected) is low-impedance and hence sensitive to changes in current. Resistors
R1R4 set up the quiescent bias conditions and are chosen such that the collector currents of Q1 & Q2 are the same. In most
designs, active biasing circuitry is used instead of passive resistive biasing, and the non-inverting input may also be modified
to become low impedance like the inverting input in order to minimise offsets.
With no signal applied, due to the current mirrors Q3/Q4 & Q5/Q6, the collector currents of Q4 and Q6 will be equal in
magnitude if the collector currents of Q1 and Q2 are also equal in magnitude. Thus, no current will flow into the buffer's input
(or equivalently no voltage will be present at the buffer's input). In practice, due to device mismatches the collector currents
are unequal and this results in the difference flowing into the buffer's input resulting in an offset at its output. This is corrected
by adjusting the input bias or adding offset nulling circuitry.
The section marked in blue (Q3Q6) forms an I-to-V converter. Any change in the collector currents of Q1 and Q2 (as a result
of a signal at the non-inverting input) appears as an equivalent change in the voltage at the junction of the collectors of Q4
and Q6. C is a stability capacitor to ensure that the circuit remains stable for all operating conditions. Due to the wide
s

open-loop bandwidth of a CFA, there is a high risk of the circuit breaking into oscillations. C ensures that frequencies where
s

oscillations might start are attenuated, especially when running with a low closed-loop gain.
The output stage (in magenta) is a buffer which provides current gain. It has a voltage gain of unity (+1 in the schematic).

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Current-feedback operational amplifier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current-feedback_operational_amplifier

VFA and CFA compared


Internally compensated, VFA bandwidth is dominated by an internal dominant pole compensation capacitor, resulting in a
constant gain/bandwidth limitation. CFAs, in contrast, have no dominant pole capacitor and therefore can operate much more
closely to their maximum frequency at higher gain. Stated another way, the gain/bandwidth dependence of VFA has been
broken.
In VFAs, dynamic performance is limited by the gain-bandwidth product and the slew rate. CFA use a circuit topology that
emphasizes current-mode operation, which is inherently much faster than voltage-mode operation because it is less prone to
the effect of stray node-capacitances. When fabricated using high-speed complementary bipolar processes, CFAs can be
orders of magnitude faster than VFAs. With CFAs, the amplifier gain may be controlled independently of bandwidth. This
[1]

constitutes the major advantages of CFAs over conventional VFA topologies.

Disadvantages of CFAs include poorer input offset voltage and input bias current characteristics. Additionally, the DC loop
gains are generally smaller by about three decimal orders of magnitude. Given their substantially greater bandwidths, they
also tend to be noisier. CFA circuits must never include a direct capacitance between the output and inverting input pins as
this often leads to oscillation. CFAs are ideally suited to very high speed applications with moderate accuracy requirements.

[2]

Development of faster VFAs is ongoing, and VFAs are available with gain-bandwidth products in the low UHF range at the
time of this writing. However, CFAs are available with gain-bandwidth products more than an octave higher than their VFA
cousins and are also capable of operating as amplifiers very near their gain-bandwidth products.

See also
The current-feedback operational amplifier is a type of current controlled voltage source (CCVS).
The transimpedance amplifier is a pure current controlled voltage source (CCVS).

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Current-feedback operational amplifier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current-feedback_operational_amplifier

The operational transconductance amplifier and Norton amplifier are voltage controlled current sources (VCCS).
The operational amplifier and instrumentation amplifier are voltage-controlled voltage sources (VCVS).

References
1. Franco, Sergio (2002). Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits. McGraw-Hill. p. 293.
ISBN 0-07-232084-2.
2. Franco, Sergio (2002). Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits. McGraw-Hill. p. 299.
ISBN 0-07-232084-2.
"Current Feedback Amplifiers"

by Erik Barnes of Analog Devices Inc.

"Op Amps for Everyone Design Guide (Rev. B)"

by Ron Mancini of Texas Instruments Inc.

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