Fine Arts
PRIMITIVE ART
IN
EGYPT
BY
JEAN CAPART
KKI-U'ER OF
TRANSLATED
A.
S.
WITH
GRIFFITH
20S ILLUSTRATIONS
LONDON
H.
}3,
GREVEL &
CO.
W.C.
Fine Arts
H 51
^^
PROFESSOR
A
A 3 7 8 7 9
W.
M.
FLINDERS PETRIE
PREFACE.
^
M-I
I
-*-
S book made
a series of articles
March 1904
in
Bruxellcs,
dc
d' ArcJieologie
In
first
its
appearance
in
the form of
the Annales de
la
xvii.-xviii.,
vols,
Societ(^
1903-4.
it
Grevel
&
brought
edition.
before
In this
The works
Lubbock,
way my book
public
that
Gillen,
H.
and enlarged
be
offer of Messrs.
which
criticise
is
will naturally
perhaps most
it.
Tylor,
were the
Haddon,
Lang,
first
to
Spencer, and
Frazer,
draw attention
to a
whole series
In submitting
I
am aware
for
the
my work
to the
English-speaking public,
its
originality
The
PREFACE.
viii
of
publications
the
two
Fund and
Exploration
English
Egypt
the
societies,
Research Account
the Egyptian
facts
owe very
permitted
me
primitive
and
to study
am
of
collection
at
in
how much
Egyptian archzeo-
of the
his
in
years
tive
relics
cannot express
logy that
more than
photograph the
to
who,
Petrie,
If
my book
is
it
is
in the
of a
first
Two
visits to
complete
to
collection
am happy
to
have
for
this
my
I
their
generous reception of
me
at
the
Ashmolean Museum.
Owing
Shafer,
to
the
kindness
of
this
of
to
utilise
Museum.
The
cordial
hospitality
pieces
antiquities at Bolehill
in
his
my
received
to
Erman and
Professors
much unpublished
gladly avail myself
sincere thanks.
from
the
draw attention
fine
collection
Rev.
to a
ot
W,
number
Egyptian
PREFACE.
The Egypt
to
is
Miss
ix
my
for
the
to
place
disposal.
my warm
admirable manner
in
thanks
which
1904.
Chapter
Preliminary CoxbiDERAXiox;
I.
Chapter
Personal Adornment
Body
II.
2r
Painting the
21
23
Tattooing
30
Mutilations
The Hair
Combs and
34
35
P:
40
Wigs
42
Beards
43
Face-veils
45
Ornaments
47
Sliells
^7
Beads
47
48
Pendants
Bracelets
49
50
Rings
Clothing
52
Girdles
5-^
Tail
54
Karnata
54
Animal's Skin
55
56
Loin-cloth
Mantle
Chapter
III.
56
Art
59
Generalities
D esisn
59
60
63
64
III.
{continued).
Object of Decoration
Art
6S
65
Information
65
66
66
67
71
Combs
72
Pins
75
Pendants
Palettes
76
.
77
82
Incised Palettes
94
Stone Vases
95
Skeuomorphic Decoration
Human
98
Decorations
98
Animal Decorations
99
....
lOI
Pottery
103
Basket
Work and
Matting
108
Hard Stone
,,
104
Work
T08
Gourds
White Painted Vases
,,
108
,,
108
Floral Designs
109
Representations of
,,
,,
Human
Figures
Animals
Boats
Decorated Pottery
112
,,
in
,r
Imitation of
,,
Representations of Mountains
Hard Stones
Plaited Work
.
Plants
,,
Animals
,,
Human
,,
Boats
,,
,,
116
ii7
Beings
119
J
20
121
in Relief
Incised Decoration
of Fantastic Forms
114
ii6
Various
no
no
22
126
126
Xlll
{continued).
PAGE
Human Forms
Vases of
,,
,,
Animal Forms
[27
:28
Decorated Boxes
^31
....
The Hearth
Zl
^Zli
t35
Ivory Carvings
Pottery Marks
:39
Primitive Hieroglyphs
[42
....
Cylinders
Chapter
IV.
Flints of
Human Statuettes
Men
54
^55
[60
\Vomen
72
Dwarfs
Captives
Servants
Vases
in
'52
Animal Forms
form of
72
74
Human
Figures
Figures of Animals
75
:76
76
Hippopotami
78
Lions
Dogs
Apes
55
Cattle
Quadrupeds
Various
Birds
[90
Fish
191
Crocodiles
[92
Scorpions
[92
Frogs
[92
Grififins
[92
Bulls'
f93
Head Amulets
Double Bulls
f95
Human F
[96
Boats
[99
Houses
200
Fortified Enclosure
201
Sculptures in Relief
201
202
xiv
Chapter
IV. (continued).
PAGE
Graffiti
Painted
Tomb
of Hierakonpolis
....
........
Boats
Animals
Men
Object of Paintings and of
Graffiti
....
.....
....
.......
.....
Chapter V.
Statue of Hierakonpolis
Votive Palettes
First Cairo
Fragments
Fragment
....
.......
at the British
Museum and
the Louvre
Louvre Palette
Small Fragment
at
202
206
207
210
21
213
222
222
226
226
228
229
230
23 +
.....
236
....
....
....
242
the British
Museum
236
246
Small Fragment
at the
Louvre
Private
248
249
256
Statues of Libyans
I.
266
Archaic Statues
Statues of
King Khasakhmui
Hierakonpolis Lion
258
26c
266
270
Figure of Cheops
Chapter VI.
,....
....
Generalities
Dancing
Music
.......
Poetry
Chapter VII.
Index
Conclusions
....
272
272
274
277
280
282
291
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Fig.
I.
The Geese
The Geese
of
of
....
....
Medum
Medum
From
......
Woman
a photograph
Whole Body
Women.
University College,
....
Ivory
Box
in
Form
of a
Grey
London.
clay
24
Duck
28
From r Aiithropologie
of Seti L
Tomb
lO.
II.
Right Shoulder.
Wooden
Statuette
ornaments
13-
.........
A
Woman
the
in
in
14.
Ivory Statuette.
crouching captive
15-
Figure of a
in
16.
Ostrich Eggs.
17.
Combs and
8.
Glazed Pottery.
From
Band
of False Hair.
21.
Ornaments
Bracelets,
wearing
40
42
I.
43
XV
37
41
44
46
48
........
Arm
Ivory Kings
Forehead
.
3S
.....
.....-
Discovered at Abydos
Head
36
the
19'
for the
.....
.....
J3
fighting
20.
Pendants
in
Form
50
51
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
XVI
Fig. 25.
........
........
Wearing
Huntsman.
his girdle
Clothed
fixed to
tail
26.
Warriors.
,,
27.
Figures of
,,
28.
Evolution of the
,,
29.
30.
Tortoise-shell
31.
Magical Decoration on a
,,
32.
Flint
,,
33.
54
formed
,,
in
and the
of a similar skin
Women. Wrapped
Below
is
nesian Art.
Museum
From Holmes
Art.
Alligator
Human
Figure
in
61
Poly
From Haddon
63
Straits, in imitation of the
From Haddon
(a).
Comb
65
of a
Malacca Tribe.
of Women
From
66
Brussels
cm
length, 25
67
Handle
....
....
to
68
,,
34.
Figures
,,
35.
,,
36.
Ivory Knife-handle.
,,
37.
,,
38.
Petrie Collection
Museum
Berlin
in
57
Ancien
.....
of the
........
Haddon
Knife,
Representation
Fish-Hook
,,
39.
Ivory Spoon-handles
,,
40.
Ivory
,,
41.
Ivory
71
72
Petrie collection
a Figure of an Antelope
......
Human
with
42.
Ivory
,,
43.
Ivory
Comb
with
,,
44.
Ivory
,,
45.
Comb, Recto.
Ivory Comb, Verso
.,
46.
,,
47.
,,
48.
Slate
,,
49.
50.
Plaque
in the Berlin
(?)
,,
51.
Plaque
in
the Berlin
(?)
,,
52.
Palette with a
,,
53.
,,
54.
Palette in
,,
55.
Palettes in
,,
55A. Palette in
Figures.
69
70
Combs
Combs
Combs
,,
56
decorated
Columbian
,,
one of which
in cloaks,
73
74
Petrie Collection
75
75
76
and Ornaments
....
......
Davis Collection
78
78
Head
79
80
84
Head missing
Form of Antelopes
Form of Elephants and Hippopotami
Form of a Lion. MacGregor Collection
.
84
85
86
87
LIST
OI'
LLL'ST RATIONS.
.....
......
......
.......
..
5-
Form of Turtctiscs
Palettes in Form ol' Fish
l-'alette in Form (jf a I5ir(i
..
59-
Palettes of Bird
60.
Bird-slia])ed Palette.
61.
62.
Palettes with
..
63.
Palette.
With
64.
Palette.
With two
,.
65.
Fig. 56.
..
57-
'alettes in
Form
birds carved in
89
90
91
92
Decorated Mace-heads
Mace-head carved
68.
..
69.
Stone Vase.
70.
Fragment of Vase
71-
Fragment of Vase
,,
7--
'.
7h-
Pictographic
74-
Stone \'ase
in
..
75-
Stone Vase
in
,.
76.
Stone Vases
in
93
MacGregor
relief.
67.
Coll ttiou
95
Berlin
of a Tortoise.
IMusenm
96
97
\v
Form
Form
in
Boat
ith
in
99
ICO
with a Hatchet
Low
Relief
ICO
101
102
Vase
Inscription on a Stone
(?)
Form
Warrior armed
103
of a Leather Bottle
of a Bird
103
104
Museum
104
77'
Vase
7S.
..
79-
u( a Dog.
Berlin
Form
of Animals
105
Work
Imitation of
in
ic6
B asket
Work
107
White with
109
81.
Vases painted
82
Bowl painted
83.
Vases painted
84.
\'ase painted in
85.
Vases painted
in
86.
Vases painted
in hriitation
7.
Vases decorated
..
88.
..
8c;.
yo.
,.
9'-
9--
V^ase with
in
in
Crocodile
in
Floral Designs
........
a nd
no
University College,
Hard
of
in Imitation of
Dancer
93
94
Soft Stone
in
Form
80.
88
66.
,.
86
87
.....
Engraved Designs
in
I-AGK
London
Univer^^ity CoUet^c',
.,
..
XVI
it
London
113
114
.Stoiujs
Basket
II
112
Work
115
116
....
....
.
(?)
117
118
118
be!
119
^?)
..
93-
.,
94-
From de Morgan
120
121
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
XVIII
Fig.
95-
96.
Vase
97-
Decorated Vases
Representations
witli
Snakes.
ol'
Ornamentations
Designs
and
Relief
in
Other
98.
99.
in
102.
Clay Vases
in
103.
Clay Vases
in
[04.
Clay Vase
[05.
106.
Form
Form of Birds
Form of a Vulture
inside
126
....
......
of a
of .Animals
124
125
lOI.
in
R.ire
Relief
100.
in
122
........
vvitli
Form
PAGE
Museum
Berlin
......
......
Woman
:B
......
......
.....
-9
130
Imitation of Plaited
in
Work
107.
[08.
[09.
10.
1
1.
Hieroglyphic
'3-
Table of
14-
"
18.
Worked
Worked
Worked
Worked
19.
Figures of
'5-
16.
17-
Alphabetiform
"
56
.......
......
.....
12.
(?)
'33
Signs
.....
Form of Animals
Berlin Museum
Flint in Form of an Antelope (Bubalis).
Flint in Form of a W'ild Goat.
Berlin Museum
Berlin
Flint in Form of a Wild Barbary Sheep.
Museum.
Flints in
.........
....
Men
Men
o7
138
141
'45
147
[50
53
54
55
155
[56
discovered at Hierakonpolis
'57
'5S
14.
25-
Steatopygous Figure
26.
-7-
Female Figure
28.
Female Figures
in Pottery, Ivory,
129.
Female Figures
in Ivory.
120.
:i.
Ivory Figures of
....
......
Ivory
in
in
Clay (complete).
Berlin
Museum
Berlin
I'"igure
ll-
Ivory
MacGregor Collection
of a
[32.
133-
[65
166
167
Shoulders
Berlin
163
[64
lo-
[62
Museum
Vegetable Paste.
'59
[61
Museum
....
....
168
[69
[70
[71
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
XIX
pa(;e
fig- '34-
Small Figure
ill
..
135-
..
136.
Figures of a
Woman standing
Form of Women
..
137-
Vases
..
i3<^-
Figures of Hippopotami
>.
139.
Hippopotamus
in
.......
.......
a Large Jar
in
in
in
172
173
174
175
177
178
.......
....
.......
.........
......
.......
,.
140.
141-
180
,.
14-.
181
-tj-
Dog and
Ivory Carvings of a
Museum
University College,
144.
Figures of Dogs
'45-
London
146.
148.
149.
Camel's Head
150.
Monkeys
in
Aslimolean
Museum
154-
155-
Magical Instruments
156.
157-
Models of Boats
15S.
'59-
160.
161.
Graffiti
163.
College,
in
187
193
Berlin
Museum
194
196
Ivory
197
........
.....
London
185
191
(?) in
183
184
189
151.
Bull's
182
188
15:.
'53-
Brussels
Dog
147.
179
University
Museum
Amrah
Berlin
at El
Tomb
Tomb
198
199
200
201
....
of Hierakonpolis
202
204
208
,63.
164-
165.
tomb of Hierakonpolis
211
166.
223
167.
Hammered Designs on
168.
Archaic
169.
Fragment of a Slate
From
the painted
Statue
Museum,
(?)
209
210
Representations
God
iMiu
225
........
227
Museum
239
discovered
0.xford
.....
of Hierakonpolis
Palette.
at
Hierakonpolis.
Cairo
Aslimolean
170.
171.
Animals (Recto).
O.xford
172.
O.xford
231
232
LIST
XX
ILT.USTRATIOXS.
OI-
173.
Louvre Museum
174-
Louvre Museum
175-
Fragment
I'U
176.
/ /
Fragment of
Fragment of
.Slate
i7f^.
179-
Fragment
Cairo
(Verso).
237
238
O.xl'orci
-39
British Must'urn
So.
Fragment
British
,.
181.
Fragment
Louvre ^Museum
Fragment
1S3.
..
184.
240
Museum
241
242
Louvre Museum
^43
Museum
Cairo Museum
Slate Palette of Nar-Mer (Verso).
Fragment of Slate Palette. Louvre Museum
Slate Palette of
Xar-Mer
Cairo
(Recto).
-44
245
246
,.
185.
187.
1S8.
86.
-35
236
O.xlord
Palette (Recto).
234
Museum
Museum
Cairo
ol a
....
....
247
249
Ashmolean Museum
Oxford
189.
190.
Specimens
of Small Ivory
the Royal
Tombs
in
Abydos
Glazed Pottery discovered at Abydos
Dynasty
of the First
at
,.
191-
Small Plaque
19--
.,
193.
Stela of Hekenen.
.,
194.
Limestone Statue of
..
195-
Head
Abydos
96.
in
..........
Ashmolean
197.
198.
199-
Statue of Ncsa,
..
^^03.
Cairo
a Lil)yau.
Fig. 202.
]\Iuseum, O.vford
of a Libyan in Limestone.
Statue of a Princess
in
Turin
Ashmolean Museum,
O.xlord
....
....
......
of the Statue of
262
Museum
269
Ashmolean Museum,
Upper
i.
-05-
,.
2C6.
Tomb
261
263
O.^ford
Khasakhmui
-59
260
......
.......
the Louvre
204.
Museum
256
-58
Museum
Museum
Museum
Cairo
in the
Statue of Khasaklimui.
Head
-55
of Aiita at
Cairo
Deshasheh
at
Bcni Hasan
266
267
26S
-75
265
-77
CHAPTER
I.
PRELIMIXARY COXSIDERATIONS.
TH E
extreme
attraction
special
welcome
e\'ery
fresh
the
to
of
stud}'
productions.
its
reaching back
that,
clue that
guide
will
Our
we
into
the
past,
to
the
starting-
us
by man
more or less brilliant civilization.
From this point of view Egypt has proved itself to be a
mine of information.
Its
numerous monuments of antiquity
witness to the existence of an advanced art at a period when
we can
point whence
trace the
curiositx'
setting
last
plunged
still
before
attainable.
about the
in
steps taken
led to
feeble
first
us
a riddle
it
the
more
day
intense from
solution
to da\',
could
we found already
observe
thousand
period
race.
established,
\'ears
of time
If v/e
"
sufficient
was
it
etc.
of
we
be styled
development
the
all
rarely that
may
development of an
facts
its
In
any case
only merit
is
this
that
intelligent
races,
figure
it
" is
says,
to the exigencies of
would be necessary
civilization.
and
ceremonies,
here
One might
"archaism."
of such a
traces
cults,
it
makes
lends
itself
PRIMITIVE ART
time or which
when we
many
as
This impression
works of
considering;
arc
without
endorse
probable."
arc
an
hesitation
EGYPT.
IX
art,
and one
opinion
civiHzation
to
it
their intention,
mode
Egyptian
classical
art
Fig.
exclaims Mariette,
with
the
"
almost
commencement
the
earh'er
rendering
tempted to
is
assigns
period
of
between
first
In
which
accentuated
is
far
still
"
us.
The Geese
they
are specially
can show
1.
pro-
d>-nasties
we
Beautiful in
that
themselves,"
of Medu.m.
believe
to
represent
the
of the
earliest
was, that
it
leci
dvnasties
scholars
who
the
"
commencement
that
Egyptian
everything around
Chabas, Etudes
it
art,
the
Mariette,
ib.
p. 86.
perfect
formulae
d'apres
work which
of art as well
les sotoxcs
as
i-gypiiomes et
Egypt
petrified
Ics
classical
L Egypte
PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.
immediately began
riorate
to
it
when he
"
wrote,
The
one penetrates
further
art,
the
more
into
perfect
are the products of that art, as though the genius of the people,
he
art,"
that
to
invcrsel)-
"we
sa\-s,
know
onl\-
emerged
gradually
The
its
'decadence."
from
the
tombs
the
of
Empire
^Ancient
Museum,
Cairo
of the
statues of
of
art
which
phenomena, appearing
exists
high
Another
of the
whole
level
fact
series
memory
Museum, and photography
as to render
it
unnecessary to reproduce
man\'
to
addition
must
these magnificent
to
appear
to
be
isolated
of
attained by Egyptian
painters
The two
the world.
that,
is
at
all
at the Cairo
of Egyptologists
to
all
circle
known
are
Fig. 2.
the
in
of
Egyptian
of others,
art
is
at
the
there
attest
Pyramid
to
age.
1851,
reliefs
pp.
vol.
53,
i.
Quoted by Perrot
L'^gypte,
p.
677.
&
Chipiez_
ART
PRIMITIX'K
by Nature, which
the\"
copied
KGYPT.
IX
with
scru[)iilou.s
fidelity.
It
will
dates from
the
heav\-
of the
gait
tentious carriage of
(Figs.
and
than
it
human
In
figure.
tomb
pre-
plumage"'
its
and
perfection
of the
now
a high
deceased,
the
both seated
neck, the
its
2).
and humour
spirit
curves of
the
and
No
picture.
this
in
more
seized with
goose,
Maspero says
its
feeding
never
represented geese
artist
they
Medum, which
at
d\Miasty, the
third
tlie
various attitudes.
in
"
mastaba discovered
In
end of
d>'nast\'
tliird
the Cairo
in
of the
official
rendering
in
Mariette
Museum. The\'
name of Hosi,
standing.
We
face.
reproduce here
the
which the
has succeeded
artist
convention
is
alread}'
in
profile
on a head seen
cannot
to
fail
be
in
with
it
the
there.
We
chisel.
The eye
and surely
must admit
drawn
is
full
astonished,
and
at
the
face
one
We
art
at
the
Eg}'ptian
Pharaonic
to
commencement
Was
explained?
held
bv'
by
Eg\-ptians
art
an
'
and
Maspero,
26 and
text
pi. .xxix.
until
is
history
Egvpt
of
to
be
brought to the
importation
man\'
from
scholars
who
would
Asia, conquering
How
deal.
of the
conquering foreigners?
p.
4).
and
the last
it
bring
valley
the
of the
more or
less
to strengthen
this
sojourn
appear
few years
the
i.
Cairo,
1890- 1900,
PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.
So
back to the
far as
and
presence of a
was possible
onl\' peculiar
king's
museums
statues,
three
of
d\-nasties
first
drawn
seriousl}-
to
but
them, and
however,
Recently,
changed
the
of
current
the
discovered
first
at
begun
in 1893,
certain rude
was never
in
discoveries
has
Flinders
Petrie
some roughly-worked
statues
Professor
car\-ed,
very
in
true
important
research.
of
Koptos,
is
be recognized.^
to
of
series
only
is
it
It
of scholars
attention
the
be
bas-reliefs to
to trace
traces of archaism,
it
name
low
relief,
an archaic form
of the
god Min.
At
same
previously been
known
rare specimens,
onl\' in
be correctly dated.
The
following year,
Dr.
the neighbourhood of
in
of these excavations, as
an article
in
content
in
the Reviie de
myself
with
l^
Bnixellcs?
Universite de
mentioning
the
principal
events
will
which
menting those
'
See
Berlin,
C.'M'.ART,
plates
-
the
ii.
and
at
Bologna,
Hii.
These
Cairo, Leyden,
establishing
for
in
London, Naples,
Pari?,
Brussels,
Remarks on
1902.
Turin.
iii.
P Egypte
iv.
d'apres
Ics
fouilles ri'centes, in
fig.
and
pi.
PRIMITIVE ART
the
same
main
IX KGVPT.
site
which,
in
a manner,
At
commencement
an important
.series
historic
These
results
were confirmed
the
in
following
\'ear
b\'
the
the
first
-Fkag.ment of o
Ht
From a photograph by
AM.
I..
Petrie.
by M. Amelineau.
explored
for a
The
Fund,
fouiiti in
is
.\
short note
by
Egypt Exploration
PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.
under the direction of Dr. Reisner,
and
Amrah by
also at El
\vas
at
in
it
many
was
possible,
Fig. 4.
more
vestiges of that
as a
especially
civilization
The
interesting
whole
to
con-
general
are, that
From
a photograph by Petrie.
We
simpK'
are
reports
important arc
1
vvitli
^'
works of
art.
of
Most of
e.xcavations
of
in
which the
Tombs of
Pama,
the Cemeteries of
Abadiyeh and
Hit,
&
and
The most
cemeteries.
results
J.
E.
tlie
First
Quibell,
1898-9, by
W. M.
PRIMITIVE ART
Dynasties^
(i.
Hierakunpolis'^
Green; and,
tions
and
(i.
and
finally,
Abydos'
ii.),
ii.),
and
i\.
by
published
El AmraJi^
EGYPT.
IX
t^ives
due
ii.),
Mr.
Petrie
to
Quibell
and
Mr.
the cemetery at
in
that
locality.
addition
In
monograph on
to
each of which
books,
these
constitutes
work by M. de Morgan
a prehistoric cemetery, a
the subject.
had
discoveries
deal
made, and
been
became out of
rapidly
it
date,
in
by force of circumstances
those
chapters
at
least
it
which
inhabitants
We
must not
of Leipsic,
fail
who was
to
the
to
first
give an accurate
judgment on
Being at
Flinders
last
Petrie,
in
with
possession
cliapters
by
made
in
this book.*^
of Egyptian artistic
A.
C.
Mace,
productions
London,
1901
{Egypt
Exploration Fimd).
by W. M. F. Petrie,
2 he Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty^ 1900,
with chapter by F. Ll. Griffith, London, 1900 {Egypt Exploration Fund).
The Koyal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties, 1901, ii. by VV. M. Fli.nders
'
i.
Quibell
&
W. Green,
F.
El Amrah and
Abydos,
concluded.
^ Recherches sur
Leroux, 1897.
^
filr
in
Aegyptiaca.
Festschrift
PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.
anterior to the dynasties,
becomes possible
it
to enquire
Egypt can be
furnish
potters,
Of
objects
multiple
The
artistic!
because
of what
vary on
point
of
or other
these
which
almost un-
in
of
can claim
the
the\-
that
replying
in
utensils
are
difficulty
Unhappily
art.
is
all
difficulty.
various
to
this
m()re
give a definition
the
true
easy of solution.
nature of
art.
Qnot capita
truth,
were possible
it
specially
say with
tot census.
to
great,
wish
of
title
is
more
these
all
question
this
we must
in
rendering
and
statuettes,
limited number.
with
raised
at a solution.
The remains
whether
was
It
work,
his
me
started
first
on the
summary
them
of
dwelling
as briefly as possible,
"The duty
establish
is
two parts
which
part,
is
the
description,
laws."
first
and
of facts
refers
these
the descriptive
their
to
facts
All science
nature
the affirmative
It
appears that
it
For the
but can
i.s
and
their general
open
it
be so
to doubt,
usually
infallibility
which
systems,
'
arrogate
is
the
to
themselves
distinctive
I'Art,
in
French
sign
addition
that
of
to
complete
majestic
systems
air
of
of
the
PRIMITIVE ART
lo
philosophy of
Of
"
he says,
course,"
both useful
of which,
art,
may
on art which
EGYPT.
when
are occasions
to be
fraijincnts.
in fact,
there
and pleasant
IX
nnay appear
it
be held by a
man
of genius
when they
but
from
basis,
moment we must
that
essential
is
The
them.
refuse to accept
same
the
yet succeeded
in
artistic
at its
"
The
task
which
science
phenomena which
phenomena
"
denomination of
before the
lies
of art
is
a social one.
In the
work of
to
artist,
and
individual work,
between an
artist
his
it
is
possible
This task
case,
first
art,
or the
and
to explain
the
individuality working
to
work of
art
of an artistic character."
an indixidual and
this
to study
it
most nearly approaching our own times, becomes more and more
complex as we reach further back into the past, and very soon
we find ourselves forced to abandon our attempt and to adopt
the
social
" If it
side.
character of a work
is
of art
of the
The
to
first
the
character
aspect of our
second sociological."
logical
aspect
of
the
of
nation
problem
is
or
of an
therefore
entire
psychological, the
has
not
been
epoch.
this
socio-
overlooked
as
Abbe Dubos,
in
his
PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.
to
form
decessors
but
unfortunately,
studies
sociological
results
those of their
obtained
matters
in
the
if
ii
pre-
by these
must be
it
for,
the
place,
first
researches.
"
In
we ha\e
all
We
beginning.
at the
phenomena, and
nature and
is
it
forms
simple
conditions of these
that
we attempt
more complicated.
roads
learnt to begin
first
its
attempted
to find
mistaken methods.
All
new
All
still
ethnolog}'.
b}'
The
If
it
science of art
its
arrive at a scientific
is
we must,
more
is
difficult
comprehension
We
must
of the
science
primitive nations."
It verily
itself to all
appears
first
study of
that, in the
to define,
and requiring
Which,
in
We
is
art,
misfortune attaches
definition.
fact,
who can be
called primitive
Here again the most diverse opinions have been expressed, and
when studying the proposed classifications, we meet at every step
with errors which lead us
Only
to
to
"
Between an
inhabitant
of
the
12
Sandwich
Continent there
than
and
Islands
man
indigenous
a difference in
is
AustraUan
the
to
educated
civilized
'
there an}'
any one
'
one group."
in
That which
civilization?
complicated, even in
civilization
called
is
its
relative degrees
it
is
is
of
so
impossible, at
an\' rate in
that produce
in all their
were
to
If
it.
manifestations,
succeed
in
to
Now
there
tions indicated,
which
a factor to be found
is
and that
The form
production.
is
to
say, the
their food
manner
is
a fact which
is
is
know
To have
nation,
vvc
that
directl\',
and to
civilization.
as to their productions
It
is
perhaps
we know
group
any form of
in
impossible for us to
Peruvians, but
of production
in a social
easy to observe
precision
in
of the Australians,
fulfils
established what
is
is
if
at the
same
time that the special form of civilization depends upon the special
form of production.
The
is
in
no way new.
In
finds
nomad
cattle breeders
and
agriculturists, established in
PRELIMINARY COXSIDHRATIOXS.
Few
their countries.
the
full
exaggerate
way
historians, however,
importance of production.
seem
to
13
have understood
It is
it.
it
in
is
some
civilization.
It
is
itself
determined, not
b\-
by the geographical
altogether
of
phenomenon by
civilization," a
they have sprung from production, but because they have been
its
dominant
independent origin.
The
form of production.
belief in
belief in
an
among
the living
less
;
but
order of the
hierarchic
of ancestors
in
its
turn
one
finds
It
it.
whose nomad
cial organization,
is
life
is
The importance
manifests
nowhere so evidently as
family
of
in
in souls
that
of production.
on the product
appear
to
us
the
human
still
more
perfectly comprehensible
of the chase
broadest meaning
not of
howe\'er,
strange hypotheses
among
but
production,
forms
moment
and centralizing
order.
family.
is
the hierarchic
itself
which
part to the
particular form
its
souls
hunting
in
souls
be traced
to
the
the forms
being taken
in its
collect.^
we survey the world in search of tribes living in this elementary stage, we shall not find them in large numbers. Grosse quickly
" The immense continent of Africa contains
disposes of them.
If
14
leaving
us these
pygmy tribes
completely unknown
whom
is
are
the
Tuegians.
All
the
the exception of
who
live
still
some
more
are
or
less
all
its
with
agricultural,
Botocudos,
scarcely
still
others
purity
who
Islands,
Veddahs of
the
Ceylon have been too much influenced by the Cingalese, and the
Tchuktchis of the north and their ethnical relations are already
breeders of cattle.
There is only one continent which is still
occupied over
being
made
of
its
its
trace of a vanished
last
\\"h\-
artistic
Here an objection
world."
arises.
not
M. Grosse,
according to
that
is
in
we
are
The
considering the
"
reason,
invaluable
would be necessary
it
for us to
know
Happily
this
objection
in
the
same
of
is
think,
to
of "artistic
distinguish
"
;
and with
those
this
we
" In
title
merit the
life
able,.
this
it.
of points
and
finds
lines.
wooden
Grosse,
It
first
loc.
is
sticks
glance from
at. p. 17 et seq.
PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.
.15
found on the Australian clubs and shields, and which arc ordinarily
There
'ornaments.'
styled
difference
between
we
been
have
nothing
are
sticks
aware
the
that
than
else
an
notwithstandinj:^,
is,
so-called
rude
upon
desii^ns
kind
essential
the
writing
of
these
marks
and not an
but
Who
otherwise?
it is
ments
Is
it
signs
tribal
Or
we
arise
answer.
an
give
also
are
the orna-
at
many
in
aesthetic
in question.
far
very
In
race.
these figures
possibl}'
any primitive
of
These questions
mentation
the
us
knowledge
aesthetic signification.
for
religious
ornamentation
of an
choice
also
the)'
serve
ornaments.
as
the
If
is
motifs,
how
is
impossible
it
would be
all
subjects.
the
the
discuss
question
It is therefore
to multiplying observations
in
to
difficulties
if
one
and assured
may
forth from
spring
them,
phenomena.
"
As
it
necessary,
is
ideas, to
activity
to
which
excite
is
intended by
direct
sensation,
'
we
jEsthetic
its
'
order
in
will
or
'
artistic
exercise, or
which
in
to
fix
our
most
by
its
cases
'
activit)'
an
final result,
is
one of
i6
pleasure."
our edifice
is
some extent
time
of the
it
believe
be demolished when
we
that
difficulties
that
it
encounter
shall
may
for
in
Is
Egyptian
classical
asked ourselves? or
Was
is
it
same
at the
day
of Egyptian
art an
at the
Eg\-pt."
in
warning us
will be of service in
it
appears to
it
to
to be a digression
Nevertheless,
outset
merely a scaffolding
built."
is
to
we have
importation, as
of the primitive
continuation
just
art?
We
the
result
will
state of our
As
remain
we have
until
extremely problematic
in
the
fear,
present
knowledge.
we
will
Grosse the plan of his book, and also the method of dividing our
matter shall be as follows: "Art," he says, "is divided into two
ence
great groups
by forms
in
ii.
The
5).
first
by forms eithen
the
first
in
seek to plca.se
movement
or
transforms or combines
by
repose,
We
art.
called
in
"
will
commence with
the
Decoration
object
first
is
"
arts in repose,"
adorned
is
the
human body,
J.
Collier,
in
his
commonly
18S2),
p.
36,
But even
the
body
defines art as a
PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.
only
We
will
shall
It
between the
arts of repose
be defined
as
may
{lebendc Bildnerei')
people dancing
it
animated
Dancing forms
"
the art
plastic art.
is
mode
in
the transition
The
Bildiierei),
{freie
ment.
17
Among
primitive
poetry.
Finally we will
The three last subjects can only be
treated in a most summary fashion in their relation to ancient
Egypt. Before commencing the last portion of our task we will
a convenient
of transition to
fail
to
be interesting.
some
Authors
differ
enormously
first
3892
5004
their opinions
in
it
necessary to
Wilkin.son, 2320
Brugsch, 4455
on the subject of
Eg}-ptian dynast}-.
think
Bockh, 5702
Unger, 5613
Bunsen, 3623
Lieblein,
5004
Lepsius,
Mariette,
Lauth, 4157.-
Museum,
in his
recent History
"
Of
lowest dates
is
an mterval of over
lOO years.
Viewed
in
the light
to be too high
we
London, igo2,
p. 159.
PRIMITIVE ART
Egyptian
lists)
arrived at
M. Maspero,
in
for
Menes
(the
first
large
his
somewhat
peiiples
He
similar dating.
first
king of the
by Brugsch."
Sneferu,
EGYPT.
IX
more or
B.C.,
de
places
"with a
less."
We
monuments
millenary
dealt with in
B.C.
in
4715.
taking a
the
fourth
minimum
this
one also
for the
it
commencement
But here
of that period.
the difficulty
years,
B.C.,
to consider
As we
monuments which we
immense periods
any precise dates
be established,
in
our
to
about 7000
own country
are about
B.C.''
face to
face
with
it
to
has
been
necessary
to
find
convenient
To
this
end a
name
in
It
would be extremely
Egypt, and
in
fact the
PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS.
Naqada
gone
etc.,
farther,
still
is
Naqada
primitive period.
men
19
already commonly
are
civilization, the
referred
Petrie has
to.
to
make
use of numbers.
t\'pes of pottery,
which
series of classifications
known
it
impossible for
is
me
to describe
To
these
To
seqiieiice
maximum and
minimum number,
The
dates.
these
contents of a
classifications, furnish a
scheme originated
This
rendered
only
have
which
criticisms
to
b\'
by the
possible
been
discovered.
which
his
Petrie
large
is
very ingenious,
number
of
is
intact
graves
the
various
Notwithstanding
and
subjected,
up
to
the
to
facts
we can
sa\'
his
results.
It
is
owing
to this
system that
scheme of decoration
that they occur, for instance, between the sequence dates 35 and
39
and
it is
in the
numbers previous
the
to
30 have been
As
first
must explain
reserved
in
case
of the
We
small prehistoric town of Abydos, and Petrie has fixed the reign
of
Menes
'
pological
pp. 4-12;
S.
pp. 759-762.
^
Petrie, Abydos,
i.
p. 22.
in
rA?tthropologie,
xi.
1900,
20
It
is
be
never
sufficiently
merely
intended
quoted
in
mark 78
23, the
summary commcntar\- on
each
of
manner
which can
illustrations,
work
in
as
source
following
the
in
numerous
serve
to
The
monuments.
cated
ix.
specially
first
the
of
When,
Ixiv.
pi.
illustrations
is
indi-
there
instance,
for
is
the
is
"jS,
will
A.
Abydos
signifies
Amrah;
These annotations,
etc.
and
In
of the illustrations.
in Figs. 7
Royal
R. T.
or
A.,
it
especially
cases,
17,
El
El,
in
think, render
Am.,
tombs;
it
is
later,
In
conceal
to
defects
the
this
work may
on a
will
of objects the
class
day.
to
sincerely
have rendered
number
hope that
this
book
it
will
remain, at any
existed at the
1
Following
the
moment
example
new
as
as
it
It
is,
in
fact,
and especially
increases from
a few years
altogether
rate,
do not attempt
this,
of which
in
contain.
new
day
discoveries
inadequate.
have
summary
of the question as
of publication.
of
M.
Salo.mon
Reinach
in
La
Sculpture
avant
les
ivfliiaiccs greco-rotnaines,
21
CHAPTER
II.
FERSOXAL ADORNMENT.
PRIMITIVE
only
The
exception
at
events,
all
who
Esquimaux,
the
are
when
cover
their
the\-
The
yellow ochre
pouch.
his
in
In
daily
he
life
content with
is
but on solemn
Is
it
antimony,
are
we must remark
e.xisted
among
that "colouring
of
First
frequentl}-
found
in
usualh" contained
tombs
the
"
these
in
There
no evidence,
is
believe, to
is
at
Tukh
ration
shall
a position
In
the
make an attempt
represents a
it
in
covered
show
a clay statuette
we
shall
find
again
the
in
deco-
that subject
we
meaning of
this attitude.
The
designs painted
on
this
kinds.
In the
first
which
Petrie
'
Petrie, Naqada,
p. 30.
I'Ari, p. 41.
les
origines de VEgyptc,
ii.
p. 51.
22
We
the zigzai^ patterns, and finally the motives borrowed from plants.
All these decorations occur
commencement
the
(sequence dates).
extreme
antiquit}',
it
as
in
question
one of the
is
of
earliest
Fig. 5.
Grey clay
in
witli
black paint.
(Fig. 5).
M. de Morgan,
same figure, remarks that " it would be easy to
number of analogies among the tribes of Central
reproducing
find a
this
large
Africa, of Asia,
'
and of Oceania."
Petrie, iVaqada,
pi.
li.x.
6 (.-\shmolean
Museum,
O.vford).
The examples of
pottery quoted by Petrie for comparison with the paintings are the following
pi.
xxviii.
^
34,
48;
pi.
xxix. J7, 85
De Morgan, Rechaxhes
c/,
stir les
91-95.
origines de
V Rgypte,
W-.
y. 56, fi?.
loi.
PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
The most
this
designs
west
the
to
body
the
point of view
greatly the
is
painted
recall
Timihu
Egypt, those
of
23
we
who, as
(Libyans)
shall frequently
The
we
subject of tatooing
shall
consider presently.
Two
clay female
Museum, Oxford,
those on the
It
is
were
in
Also,
it
in
fragment
in
Ashmolean
the
statuette^
be seen
similar
are also
Tukh
will thus
body
figures
London, and
College,
(^'ig-
6).
that
is
we have
women
patterns.
not
to
it
is
to
believe
that
On
of painting
the subject
evidence
clearer
for
the
purpose
this
eyes
we happily
malachite was
possess far
used, ground
to
With
this
As
apparently
broad
paint a rather
sores
was
the Esquimaux,
it
who
My
'
whicli
attention
show
ol'
to
paint
similar
figures
at
the Turin
iVIuseum,
to
consider.
=
For
painting
the
Antiqiiites
civilisation de
la
du
A'ord,
^
new
and
body
Blinkenberg,
Grece, in the
series,
tatooing
premycenictmes.
Manoires de
p. 20.
in
Rtude
24
Fig
6.
Figures
The following
of Women.
paint.
facts
On
lines
in
Petrie, A'aqada,
prove that
been discovered
the figure
this
now
has scaled
be distinguished.
custom existed
Egypt
in
6,
p.
15,
tomb 23
Ballas
p.
16,
PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
25
These
speak
palettes, of
which we
shall
in the
to
Fig.
The
fact
is
demonstrated
in
an undeniable
7.
manner b\- the traces of green paint found on them, and also
by the cavities worn in them by prolonged grinding ' (Fig. 7)
Petrie
has
occasionall}'
also
found
traces
of
haematite
on
them.
The
palettes
were fated
to
fulfil
brilliant
destiny.
Later
The same use of shells in the fourth dynasty has also been
See Petrie, Medutn, London, 1892, pi. xxi.v. 17, p. 3.1 " Tiie shell
contains powdered blue carbonate of copper as paint."
Petrie, Xaqada, pp. 10, 19, tomb 5 Naqada. A fine specimen of a palette
with traces of paint, from Gebelein, at O.xford.
tomb
87 Dallas.
established.
'
Petrie, A'aqada,
p. 43.
26
works of
real
adolescent
the
Australians
the
immense
in
the
primitive
Among
of
art,
painted
is
first
"
men.
employed
life,
is
Without more evidence than we possess we cannot determine how far this custom was general among the primitive
Egyptians.
Petrie.-
drawing a
in
men on
the
monuments
women
while
is
yellow.
M. Maspero,
if
they belonged
to
This explanation
It
even
we observe on
skin
yellow,
will
in
the
of
is
certain
women,
for
nearly the
very
natural
instead
colour.
of
being
the
painted
As an example
tombs of El Bersheh
'
GROsst:,
Inc. cit.
Naqada^
p. 25,
* Vol.
^
i.
^
;
or,
again,
the
tomb
234.
p. 47.
Newberry, El Bersheh,
i.
frontispiece.
representations
PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
Aahmes
Queen
of
Thiti,
bright
in
Queen
of
those of thousands
contrast with
colours
painted
ladies
and
Deir-el-Bahari,
at
flesh
27
tombs.
am
however,
I,
the
especially
most frequently
yellowish
among them.
use
in
the
is
of almost
is
colours
the
as
"palette,"
it
singular colouring of
when
in
"Red,
especially
colour of priniitive
fa\'ourite
nations.
all
himself:
Goethe undoubtedl\'
It
e.xpresses
he speaks of the
his Farbenleln^e
peoples, as
is
The
of men.
that
in
habit
of victorious
Yellow
that
to the
the
vogue
in
long
at
period
is
also
employed
in
it
is
all
it
yet
periods,
was
of painting
accuratel}-, of underlining
with
much
sufficientlv'
convention of representing
The custom
can
and
.".
believe
ciples
importance,
of similar
is
Roman generals of
the Roman republic
greater
men
suppose
that
general
to
in
red and
during a
give
rise
women
in
fairly
the
to
yellow.''
be
attributed
to
Egyptian
civilization.
(M.
I.
tomb of
in
the
first
dynasty
box
a small ivory
Thiti, in the
28
form of a duck
the
in
'
The monuments
green
of
colour
Museum, on which is
named Sokar-khabiu, " who was
the Cairo
Nubian type
Hathornefer-Hotep as her
called
The
"
Sepa
celebrated
and of Nesa
e\-elids,
painted
8.-h^RY
Bo.k in
'^
Form
OF A Duck.
mencement of
features
Fig.
at
"
and the
black,
who
of
the
Louvre
The
pupils,
eyebrows are
a line of green."
q{ Rauefer,
at
lines.
statues
The
mummy
com-
green.'
in
offerings.
show,
of leather
graves
the
in
confirm
paint
was
or
the
are frequently
the
accuracy of
placed
pictured
these
as
and
skin,"
represented
this
small
specimens
detail.
in
the
of
lists
representations
found
in
the
Occasionally also
I
cannot
attempt to enter into the question of the composition of this
green paint in Pharaonic Egypt, nor stop to describe the various
Petrie,
pi. -x.v.wii.
in
same
Diospolis patva,
see
p.
27
id.
ii.
period.
p.
20.
vases
It
or
baskets.
Published
in
Petrie, Royal
To?nbs,
i.
p. 37.
An example
p.
35
'"
iii.
pi.
iii.
27, p. 14.
PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
work, and
done by
others.^
already
been
must,
has
it
29
ritual
b\'
this use of
admirably
traces
in
left
green paint.
below the
and
c}'e,
sign, in addition
this
name Uazu
to determine the
to
powder and of
of the
green paint.the
In
frequent
rituals
paint
This
or health}' eye.
been
has
point
green
to
and the
texts,
made
are
allusions
of the
daily ritual
funerary
Finall}",
brings
all
expressed
is
left
Under
substituted.
subject.^
Egypt,
anci
also the
makes himself
"
thy
for
in
these terms
right
and
eye,
"
:
He
nicstcvt
e\'e."''
no persistenc}' of character
others
in
him."^
paint
th}'
cult
text
green
The
is
curious
thee
to
that
at
mention
rituals,
divine
the
was
The
paint,
belief in
the\-
man
can be got
some
of at will and
rid
circumstances
may
it
be
pp.
-
Maspero, Revue
critique, April
22nd,
1901,
p.
16 pp.
Review of Davies,
308.
Ptahhotep,
i.
see
cgypticns, in the
reprint,
p.
7-tcuedlis en
23).
pi. v.
Revue de
Petrie,
hgypte
et
en
Medum,
pi.
xiii.
1897,
Mariette,
where
p.
297 (separate
Momuncnts
TH
Q
^
divers,
occurs from a
000
e7i
gyp/e,
du Musee Guimct, Bibliotheque d' etudes, xiv. pp. 71, 109, 199.
V'ON Lemm, Das Ritualbuch des Ammondienstes, Leipsic,
''
in the
Annales
1882, p. 68.
30
them
desirable to render
indelible
custom of
for instance, in
as,
we
thus
the case
of the
tatooiiig.
As we have seen
preceding pages,
the
in
it
is
difficult
to
between
The same
patterns
apparently
comparison
made between
been
has
As
in
painted
the
or
tatooed
Libyans
'['imihii)
of the
tomb
of Seti
I.
^ m
'<((iwf
Fig. 9.
From
V Anihropologie.
shown
We
Seti
to
I.-
the
(Fig.
;c=K,
the
we
especially
is
tatoo-marks
which we
to
10),
It
connection
is
Maspero
Vl.
(Fig.
9).
are
writes
shall several
interesting
note
to
that
one
of
symbol
of the
led
an Egyptian king
of
all
refer.
glyph
between them
close analogy
thus
to
of
the
Neith
goddess
consider
first
the
name
and
of
in
the
this
wife
on the subject
"
De Morgan,
Naqada, pp.
xi.
Petrie,
stir les origines de l' Egypte, ii. pp. 221, 222.
Tatotiages des indigenes de I'Algaie, in I' Aftthropologie,
Reche7xhes
45, 46.
1900, p. 485.
*
imd Aeihiopien,
iii.
pi.
136.
PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
Neith
is
its
played
of high
ladies
in
the
religion
who
position
are
31
proofs
buried
mentioned
or
'
Prophetess
of Neith
'
or
'
Prophetess
at
this
is
is
pre-
noteworthy
to the
10.
Fig.
Neith
the
Semitizing
those
Hathor.'
of
the
in
titles,
dominance
The
I.
In
evidence.
and
as
divinity
it
for
its
religious signs
1
distinctive
among
M.A.SPERO, in the
mark, there
is
symbol of a
a chance of finding
tatoo-marks.-
Revue
ctilique,
November
I2th,
1900, p.
366.
For the
with
Gkosse,
loc. cit. p.
55
et.
seq.
von Kurt
Sethe,
iii.
i),
32
An American
a meaning.
zigzag
may
lines
signifying
mysterious
be intended to serve
the
of
"
breast
on
the
the
with
some instances
mention
With
arms.
reference
to
of
confined
to
exclusively
to
queen
his
tatooed
subject
have met
be sufficient to
will
It
Wiedemann
Professor
reign. ^
Museum shows
Thothmes III., who bears on
temporary with
cartouche of that
On
Pesth
stela in the
the
representations
A ten
this
or
do not remember
period.
of this.
god
names
perhaps
The Egyptians
themselves occasionally on
the
was
custom
This
divinities.
arms with
tatooing
Also,
medical purpose.-
tatooed
period
classical
or
power.''
this
a personage conhis
arm a
right
king."*
we
other e.Kamples
Amon-Ra
god
in
Museum
the
Turin Museum.^
(D 19) bears on
'
the
left
Another statue
right
VVashinoton,
1893,
figure of
1SSS-9,
Leyden
the
in
shoulder a small
pi.
xvii.
235.
p.
Bureau of Ethnology,
Examples by Hoerxes,
the
Urgeschichte der hildeyiden Ku7ist in Eu7-opa von den Attfiingen bis u?n 500 z-or
There the author also mentions the Libyans
tomb of Seti I.
FouoUET, Le Tatouagc medical en Egyptc dans
of the
-
actuelle,
in
See BuscHAN
in
Anthropologic,
I'antiquite et a
xiii.
iv. p.
1S99, p.
75,
Vepoque
270
et
seq.
and R. Verxeau
rAnthropologie,
mummy
in
Die Umschau,
iii.
1899, p. 766,
and
in
De Morgan,
.At
Tel-el-.A.marna similar
* Maspero,
Notes stir differents points de gram?naire et
Melanges d'archeologie egyptie?t?te ct assyrienne, i. 1872, p. 151.
'"
pcuplcsde
I'
d'histoire,
Orient classique,\\.
in the
p. 53'' figure.
PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
[I. ?]
a sculptor
== 9
33
n,
who
temple of Ptah.
Finally,
a small
statuette,
of which
in Paris,
shows that on the breast and shoulders signs were tatooed, the
meaning of which we cannot always follow, and which bear considerable resemblance to the
Fig.
II.
marks found on
With regard
to
decorative
Museum
'
in
They
occur,
Museum
(No. 20,138),
OudJicdcn
-
woman
somewhat
tc
Stratz,
Leydctt,
ii.
pi. 4.
iigyptiscJien
Tdnzerinncti in the
Zeit-
34
where a man
finally
is
representation
in
of
Empire.-
The
"
a view to
obtained
some kind
placing
as a natural step
ment, which
may
am
placing
in
not
certain
one of the
that
thus
Libyans
ornaments upon
Egyptians
the prehistoric
I
observe
hole
therefore be considered
hanging
or
that
the
in
done with
consists
the body."-^
ornament
of
form of mutilation
this
is
of
the
and,
we
first,
tomb
of Seti
will
I.
is
represents
10
has not
part,
(See
Fig. 19.)
In
the
at
remarks,'
these
rings.
'
&
discs
finds
l.xxxvi.
p.
that
men
p. 465.
Lepsius, Denkmdlcr,
fig.
large
as women.''
or
iii. 2.
See Erman, Life
Ancient Egypt, p. 230 and
See M.A.SPERO, Histoire ancienne des peuplcs de T Orient classiqiie, i.
and note 3.
See Alfred Herz, Tiittowining, Art tend Verhreitung,
216.
p.
54,
Leipsic,
tatooing
1900 (Doctor-dissertation,
and
painting
'EXa^ooTiKToy, in Hermes,
the
Universitat
body
xx.xviii.
among
Erlangen).
On
Greeks,
see
the
the subject of
Wolters,
P.,
pp. 265-273.
It
is
be made.
^
Erman, Life
in the Zeitschrift
PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
The woman represented
Museum
Bologna
or to assure
place."
These discs
statuette
of
the
is
show
off
charming
ments, and
it
the
in
35
herself that
are
the jewel
is
safely in
its
not
found
in
been
appear to have
fixed
must
of
lobe
the
in
to
the
which
have
necessaril}-
be
intended
ear,
been
greatly
distended.
Schweinfurth
Professor
primitive
the
from
external
and
can
profile,
judging
which,
period,
shape
its
belonging to
brocatel
lished a ring in
pub-
has
from
also
its
been
only have
used as a lip-ring.^
We
now
of methods of hairdressing
'
On one
Egypt.
in
ancient
pottery,
^
-^
primitive
Wooden Statuette
THE Bologna Museu.m,
.
_
WITH Ivory Ear-ornaments.
Fig. 12.
IN
period
13).
One
of the
combatants has
his
men
is
represented
hair divided
on the
his back.^
M.ASPERO, Histoire ancicJine des peiiples de VOrieiit classu/ue, ii. p. 533 and
states, probably erroneously, that the statuette belongs to
Petrie's photograph of the same, from which he has reprothe Turin Museum.
duced it, is No. 83 of the Italian series, but has the letter B, indicating Bologna.
If it is doubted that such a distension of the ear, in some cases very
1
fig.,
considerable, can be
fact,
1900, pp. 65 and 396, will carry most comElliott Smith, Report on the Mmnmy of the Priestess Xcsitet-neb-tani, in the Annales du service des Antiqiiitcs de VEgypte, iv. 1903, p. 158.
^ ScHWEi.NFURTH,
Ueber eincn Altiigyptischen Ring aus Brocatelle, in the
VerhandluHgcn der berl. Ajithropol. Geselischa/t {FehrwdTy, 1902, pp. 99, 100).
* Petrie,
Diospdis parva, p. 14: " M. Schweinfurth avait emis I'idee que
les 'n^olithiques' egyptiens se teignaient !es cheveux en blond (par decoloration
plete conviction.
PRIMITIVE ART
z^
P:GYPT.
IX
in
variety
of
ways,
the
worn
hair
and divided
long
two rows of
framing the
curls,
face
shoulders
short
or
^
;
into
to the
hair
in
"
corkscrew
form, arranged in
parallel
the
head
or,
stances,
massed
in
head, hangs
of the
back
(Fig.
found
methods of
the
hair-
for
on
down
14),
All these
dressing
crown
the
the
where
this
in
Egyptians appear
have
faith-
to
their predecessors.
plait,
the
the traditions of
fully followed
however,
worn by men
respect
The
is
no
by
this
single
longer
time
it
M. Vircliow
hypothese.
Salomon Reinach,
fighting.
in
VAiithropologie,
ix.
1898, p. 447.
QuiBELL, Hierako7ipoIis,
pi. ii.
- Id. pi. V.
and vi., and Petrie, TIic Races of Early Egypt, in the Jojiriial
of the Anthropological Institute, xxxi. pi. xix. ii and 12.
^ OuiBELL, Hiera/conpolis, i. pi. xi. and xxvi. a, and Petrie, Royal Tombs
of
'
i.
ii.
pi. iv. 4.
PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
is
3/
princes
The
and
it
earliest
Fig. 14.
crouching captive.
It
is
of
The
Ivory Statuette.
the
ear.^
artist,
who
did
not
is
owing
understand
to
how
the inexperience
to
render
hair.-'
For the types of wigs of the Ancient Empire, see Erman, L/fe in A7icicnt
Egypt, pp. 2ig-223.
P'cr
the side-locks of children and of princes, ib.
pp. 117, 235, 314, reproduction of the lock transformed into a decorated bandeau.
This forms an interesting example of the laws of evolution of clothing as laid
down by Darwix, G. H., Levolutio7i dans le vek??ient, in the Keznic de
I'Univcrsitc de Bruxcllcs, v. 1899-1900, pp. 385-411, ill.
(Separate reprint,
Brussels, Lamertin.)
Translation from MacMillan's Magazine, 1872.
' Later on
we shall see that hair-combo are especially abundant at this
'
period.
art
PRIMITIVP:
38
in EGYPT.
on
first
each
case
the hair
of the
side
When worn
long
the
is
di\'ided
face,
is
cut
short
abo\-e
breasts.-
15.
FiGUKE
falling
shoulders.'
Fig.
In
hair
tresses
the
find
of a
Woman
in Gl.\zed
by Professor
Pottery.
Discovered at Abydos.
Petrie
down
in
hangs
15).
i.\-.
Petrie, Abydos,
ii
PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
39
among women
use
in
commencement
at the
and of Nesa,
at the Louvre.^
men
we
and
primitive
stuck
fragment
worn
find
in
of
We
hair
slate
palette
are
the
feathers,
Louvre.'-
feathers,
and
it
dress
The
goddess
of the
in
feather
^Nlaat,
and
is
found
also
its
On
head."
surmounted by an ostrich
is
it
is
in
later
the
which the
noticeable
among
prevailing
specially
is
in
ostrich
shells,
custom
this
in
meet with
first
their
way
this
in
same
this
Egyptians.
of the Ancient
on a
The
feathers
question
is
this
as
employed
method
the headin
determined by
writing
a
hawk
emblem
of the
god
Min
is
feather.^
(Fig.
The custom
16).
several
At Hu
history.''
been observed at
times
different
periods
of
Egyptian
Saqqareh,
*
'"
i.
p.
15.
Vkxkie, Naqada,
p.
19,
tomb 4;
les
origines de l'gypte,
p. 28,
ii.
and
100.
O.xford).
At the historic period, ostrich eggs and feathers were imported from the land ot
Punt, and perhaps also from Asia, if we credit a scene in the tomb of Harmhabi.
See BouRiANT, Le Tombeaii d' Harmhabi, in the Memoires de la Mission
archeologique franraise du Caire, v. pp. 420 and 422, and pi. iii. and iv. We must
also remember the discovery of painted eggs in the Punic tombs of Carthage
(GsELL, Fouilles de Couraya, Paris, 1903, pp. 35-37, where the author questions
whether ostrich eggs were not decorated by the Greeks of Egypt or of Asia
Minor), and even in a tomb of the valley of Betis in Spain {I'Ajithropologie, xi. 1901,
It must,
See also Petrie, Naulcralis, i. p. 14 and pi. xx. 15.
p. 469).
nevertheless, be remembered that the ostricli egg was employed for industrial
40
one of these
of cords
(Fig
^
;
decorated with
is
the others
black
simply
are
zigzag lines
with
painted
in
imitation
white
spots'-
i6).
The
is
found placed
in
preserved
is
tomb of
Seti
I.
in
the
hieroglyph
Fig.
iM
6.
Ostrich
.^
in
The
Lib\-ans of the
their hair.
Eggs.
fragment with incised figures; also clay models showing traces of painting.
Naqada and Hii.
The women
for fastening
up
these were
made
combs and
From
pins
of bone or ivory,
See Tylor & Griffith, T/ie Tomb of Paheri at El Kab, pi. iv. and
Petrie, Illahun, Kahuii and Gnrob, pi. x.xii. and p. 19. Petrie, Kahun,
Gnrob and Hawara, p. 32. Mr. J. L. Myres contributes the following interesting
note relative to the persistence of the commerce in ostrich eggs in the north of
purposes.
p. i8.
Africa
"
The transsaharan
(in
1897),
come
The
eggs, as far as
PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
and were often decorated
a
human
figure
these
combs
were
even
occasionally
that
rennarks
top
the
at
commencement
found on
especially
period
prehistoric
the
of
is
41
them.
Petrie
numerous
between
at
the
and 44
;},2,
which
of
type
is
of
figure
whole
the
prehistoric
period
shall
found
are
bird,
throughout
We
common
most
the
the
of
(Fig.
17).
have an opportunity
these more in
when studying ornamental
but we will here observe
these combs
it is possible
examining
of
detail
art,
that
and
had
hairpins
purpose, as
magical
is
China.
in
The
decorating the
of
art
and of arranging"
hair
it
in
complicated
any
high
Egypt.
certain
ideal.
in
primitive
which seem
more elevated
indications
point
to
level
Is
to
it
not
possible
to
Fig.
recognize
of certain
divinities
in
the
kings,
on
head-dresses
queens,
monuments
17.
WITH
Anim.'M-
and
of
the
classical
period
survivals
of
and
pin,
i.
42
earlier fashions?
is
in
large
One
solitary
witness
bears
fact
to
honour
the
in
which
custom of depositing
the
in
preserve artistic
Under
director
with
inspector
of
the fourth
tomb
of
false hair
keep
to
Band
in
of
King
of False Hair.
Zer, of the first dynast}-.
an
mentions
a
intended to
was desirable
the
his
coiffures, not
it
as possible/'
Fig. i8.
and of
is
the
King
(Fig.
of
wig-makers
and
fifth
Zer, of the
i8),
wig-makers to
to
the
king,
dynasties.^
first
composed of
the
king,
Maspero
and also
contemporary
Petrie
discovered
with
in
the
the Louvre
-i^'^c)
'
i.
note
I.
PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
The Libyans
be
to
are
Seti
I.
hair,
which
(Fig.
19).
is
and
of
similar
tomb
of the
curls
on both
falls
43
sides
between
of
of
their
head
the
Fig.
Showing
19.
rows of
Liby.a.ns fro.m
I.
falling
We
in the
the
as
pletely
MacGregor
beard,
is
conceals
to consider a curious
enveloped
them.
If
in
it
kind of
not,
is
as
the
figure
hair, as well
Naville
suggests,
"a
that age.
It is
now
in the Pitt-Rivers
Museum
at
Oxford."
ii.,
in the Rcciieil
de
ct assyriennes, xxii.
44
where a
period,
What
used
it
false
beard
in
ceremonies?
May
not the
Was
Egyptian
priests
of completely shaving
simply a
radical
measure
for
avoiding
themselves
all
have been
contamination
that
Fig. 20.
With a bag
straps.
to protect
of the body.
might
arise
suggestion
to
insist
from
which
unduly.^
the
I
hair
throw
and
out,
beard
This
and on which
is
do
merely a
not
wish
One might compare this with the habit of our modern surgeons, who
occasionally cover the hair and beard during operations in order to avoid any
risk of infection for the patient.
'
Erman, Life
in
226,
PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
paddn of the Magian^
religion
custom
or,
45
There
is
of covering
veil
more
rarelv",
At
was used
conjectured,
manner
the
with lines
face
shell,
the base
is
One
of these pendants
upon a
skull,
which
in
of the
to support a veil.
position
in
still
part
lower
the
in the
One
was worn.
it
specimen, decorated
in
made
woven
of
fibre,
and
would
this
hook
the
worn
survive
(Fig.
lower
the
at
and
merely as ornaments on
belonging to the
Petrie
21).
end,
must
Tvvo
forehead.
the
have
therefore
been
specimens
in
the
form of female
pendants and
veil
before
are
Collection
figures.
It
possible
is
by men,
of
no
'
the sacred
Avesta,
i.
of
Magian
the
veil,
After
Arabs.'^
traces
In the
with a
the
as well
as
fire,
this
the
face
to
certain
are
that
men
were worn by
custom
of
times
prehistoric
veiling
in
the
Egypt
face,
there
and
it
religion the officiant has the lower part of the face covered
paddn
He
p. Ixi.
paddn
in eating, in
the food, which he swallows at one gulp between two intakings of breath
ib.
p. 214,
ii.
No.
31.
^""^
at
Cumont.)
Benzinger, Hcbriiische Archaologic (Grundriss der theologischen Wissenschaften, Zweite Reilie, Erster Band), Freiburg i. B. and Leipsic, 1894,
p.
165.
^
Frazer,
of the Sahara
TIte
all
Golden
the
men
2nd ed.
BoiigJi,
eating or sleeping."
their faces."
Also note 3
"
i.
p.
313:
women) keep
the veil
Amongst
the
is
"Among
the
Touaregs
never put
off,
not even in
46
introduced
more
once
it
the
in
sev^enth
century A.D.^
Grosse, in his
remark
of Lippert
"The
portions of the
body
Petrie, Naqada,
pi.
l.xii.
21-23,
p. Ixvii.
"
A.,
The
the
hanging a
^nd
is
p.
47
principle
into
Diospolis parva,
pi.
is
governed
which coniii.
and
p. 22.
1.
5-7.
1902,
practice of wearing veils dates from very remote times (Gen. xxiv.
for
See SociN,
selecting
in
to be
considerations, and
practical
followed
principle
an interesting
Fig. 21.
by
refers to
it
is
doubtful whether
women
it
PERSOxXAL ADORNMENT.
of ideal
siderations
arrangement do not
contracted above
larger
enter.
47
.
The
parts
to
portions which
are
bony or muscular.
is
and
wrist,
use of
all
a lesser degree
in
b\-
We
among
and
rings,
and see
in
necklaces,
their
The
herbaceous
or
man makes
waist-belts, bracelets,
may
Primitive
the fingers.
We
and hips
sides
body
fibres."^
In Egypt
"
These
in
turn were
hung with
shells,
etc.
tombs.
Pierced
with a hole, they were evidently used as ornaments,- and their use
was continued
content
when
shells
must
large
in
the tombs
This
made
is
the
case
Petrie
has
drawn
not
and
up a
chronological
list
of these with
considerable detail.^
in
pi.
Deniker,
am
inclined to consider
peuples de
la terre, p.
211 et scq.
x.xiii.
"They
and
xxiv.
pi. iv.
and
p. 27.
1895,
48
consequently,
wardsdeeply grooved
lines or
rib or tusk
"
(Fig. 22).
Some of
may have
these there
b\-
means of a
Numerous
in
is
many
of
cavities."'
fc^"^-^
Fig. 22.
We
shall
detail
in
Pendaxts.
when we
treat of
ornamental
art.
should, however,
It
made
in
We can compare
still
more rudimentary ornaments.
them with the collars of the Bushmen, " the cords made of
tendons and painted with red ochre, from which are suspended
shells, teeth, claws, the carapaces of turtles, antelope horns, and
copy of
other
objects,
serving
partly
De Morgan,
as
receptacles
V Egypte,
for
ii.
tobacco
p. 62, 63.
pi,
iii.
and
PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
amulets, and for the
unguents, parth- as
of personal adornment."
49
pendants
Pharaonic
in
Eg\'pt.
with regard
these
to
claws,
monuments.
It
the\'
highly instructive
is
objects.
comprising
necklaces
such as that of
collection
found
rarely
are
on the
figured
is
necklaces
for
The
anklets.
of
Zer,
the
dynasty, enables
first
us
the
tomb of King
appreciate
to
The
truly marvellous.
is
skill
combining
in
results
the
which are
so great that,
no bead
in
for
is
bracelets
completely destro\-ing
bracelet, without
bracelets
are
survived
dynasty
first
bone,
ivory,
in
This use
into
fragments of bracelets
'
Horn,
in
ib.
Diospolis,
14,
5,
pi. X. 23.
29,
yielded an
Diospolis parva, p.
47;
:
ib. p.
33.
Schist
Shell
Ivory:
Schist
ib.
:
ii.
Abydos,
i.
p.
ib.
17.
ii.
i.
p.
etc.^
immense number of
pi.
stone.^
Petrie, Naqada,
2.
ii.
Shell:
p. 29.
21,
and
p. 37.
pi.
x.
Bone: Petrie,
Petrie, Naqada,
Flint
p. 14.
16.
Petrie, Abydos,
Bracelets of Zer:
hard stone,
flint,
Beads
we
They
pieces,
Naqada,
'
shell,
pi. xliii.
ib.
copper,
separate
of
of various materials.
historical times,
Abydos have
at
formed
made
circlets
i.
p.
17.
Abydos,
i.
p. 5.
pp.
17,
iS.
i.
50
spoon
with a large
number
sort of
Bohr
"
arm adorned
numbers
to
form a
"Danga
in
sufficient
Petrie
mentions,
woman
tomb containing
nine
connection
in
or ten
with
this
that
fact,
child,
carving
of
of the
body of a
the
<3
HCfflMdCj
Fig. 23.
of ornamentation.'^
worn on the
legs,
It
as
is
in
Form
shown
in
the representation
of the chief
As
primitive
question
of
man making
stone-working
rings
in
flint.^
it
is
astonishing
Many
to
conjectures
find
have
'
Pleyte,
'
De Morgan,
ib. fig.
i.
pp.
"' '-
facing p. 147.
Rccherches sur
les origiitcs
de I'^gypte,
ii.
147,
148.
PERSONAL ADORNMENT
hazarded
been
Karr
Seton
at
it
frequent
manner
the
remained
the
for
Wady-el-Sheikh
The
the work.^
explain
to
accomplished, but
which
in
fortunate
show us
to
51
the
all
was
this
discoveries of
phases of
Egyptian monuments
occurrence on
The
Two
very curious
DiS
Fig. 24.
Ivory Rings.
animals on
So
and
far
it,^'
we have not
because there
this
is
not,
hawks
my
of
no
statuette,
leather
But
'
it
is
There
round the
difficult to
feline
(Fig. 24).
waist
or
pendants.
aics
Kiesclmassc,
Forbes,
in
the Zeitschrift
a collection of stone
impleine7its in the Mayer Miisemn, tnadc by M. H. VV. Seton KatT, in mines of
the ancient Egyptians discovered by him on the plateaux of the Nile Valley, in
the Btdletin Liverpool Museum, ii. Nos. 3 and 4, pp. 78-80, and fig. on p. 82.
2 Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 227.
^ A specimen in the MacGregor Collection, Tamvvorth (No. 1,409 <z).
X. 24, 25,
Ixii.
30
Ixiv.
78
and
p.
Ofi
47.
Diospoiis,
ix.
23
PRIMITIVE ART
52
may
body
EGYPT.
IN
we can imply
analog)', therefore,
and
By
legs.
subject
the
origin
the
cord
of
of
clothing.
"The
round
skin of an
the
With
mantle.
aniinal
and
throat,
Fuegians
the
suspended
is
forthwith
effectually,
also
is-
skin
scanty
so
is
tied
into
has to be turned,
it
of
piece
this
body
from
transformed
is
it
the waist,
petticoat.
"
The
leafy branches
among
Xiam-Niam, the
the
supplies
pieces
the
their waist-belts,
'
sarang
by
held
Writing
of
indigenous
the
inhabitants
women
some
of
Andaman
the
There
"
is,
however,
hang
this
classes, principally
most
articles
them
habitual
contact
as
absolutely
nude
of clothing
ornaments,
if
down
;
one
who were
with water,
while
their
part, are
those
into
represented
occasionally
be called
these
all
call
are
Erman
belt
one
same
the
'
in front.^
not
cases
this
assured
by numerous
ethnological parallels.
I
may add
that
in
some
curious
'
^
^
observation
of Dr.
simple
On
this
Stacquez,
cord
knotted
subject
will
who, on
the
p. 312.
PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
modern population
subject of the
number
greater
wore a
all
these
thread round
fine
naked
entirely
folks,
but
of such
reason
existed
that
to
told
that
it
no one
asked the
had always
it
wear owing
not
state.
it
their
the
to
for
of indecency
height
that
girdle.
events
of
tie
show himself in
custom, and I was
course
the
But they
old.
form of a
in
natural
the
it
have omitted to
to
bodies
their
was
years
fifteen
The
"
among them
of boys
To go
53
temperature of
high
the
country.
the
wrists
for
have a
to
some
small cord tied by
this
reason
parts
in
of
Egypt
it
is
a similar
is
forgotten."
practice
passed
It
among
into
is
uhich occasionally
may
have been
ornamented.
garment appears
same
is
locality,
to
this
The
Ancient Empire.-^
Stacouez, L'Egyptc, la basse A'tcbic et le Sinai, Liege, 1865, pp. 252, 253.
See also M.aspero, Histoire ancienne des peuples de V Orient classiqtie, ii. p. 526.
- Ermax,
loc. cit. p. 216.
Stratz, Ueber die Kleidung der dgyptischen
Tdnzerinucn, in the Zeitschrift fiir dgyptische Sprache und Altcrtinnskunde,
^
xliii.
les
Anon,
in the
Revue
54
To
this
various
objects
be
recognized
on
can
these
of
girdle
siderable
a sheath for
is
One
precision.
the
is
protecting
were
objects
of an
tail
and
attached,
existing
animal
two
with
con-
the
other
or
body.
The
warriors
huntsmen
or
we
that
tail
25;.
''Fig.
of
and
this
The
tail
its
t-i?-,,
recognized on
well
the
we
described by M. Naville:
statuette
is
the large
resisting
the
Louvre
king
and
.1
'
note
the
palette,
gods
on
^1
just
the
in
It
can be specially
MacGregor
Collection
consider
"The most
organs.
material, such as
cylinder, to
of
sheath
the
to
later.
This
is
how
it
is
...
It
appears to be made of
metal, wood, or
exactly
tails
some
also
shall
its
by M.
statuette
and
form
monuments.
reference
^^^^"-
signification explained
of
the
classical
mentioned,
and
of
wood.-
in
on the objects
tails
between the
period
those
Egyptian
fixed
a specimen
Hierakonpolis
at
primitive
possesses
transition
and
to his girdle.
an ornament of princes
is
representations of
found
the
tail
priests,
actuall}-
feather on his
interesting to
is
is
age, the
Wearing a
It
caudiform
that
nations.'
25. Hunts.m.^n.
of an animal, possibly
decoration
note
Fig.
represented on the
find
which
is
thick
It
is
leather.
composed
the
For a
classiqiie,
i.
p.
55,
3.
PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
commencement
M.
was
Naville
characteristic
Mediterranean
At
identify
to
Libyan
that
period
bore
the
that the
also
The
animal's
during
of
This
sheath
during
is
called
it
hang from
and the
with
stuff,
wrap oneself
to
and
the skin
it
loin-cloth
in
of
was
in
manner
this
the
be placed as an
ease
was easy
which,
people
stuff,
could
it
complete
a tradition,
tail
possible to
skin
"
the
name
special
group
with
itself
with
this
he says,
is,
same time
the girdle, it was
to
of
trait
to
Egyptian
the
enabled
."
dynasty, allied
nineteenth
the
certainty
55
the
found
in,
The
skin of a
still
in
use
among
the negroes
on the shoulders,
priests
One
it
and nobles as
at Hierakonpolis
adversary
is
tomb
is
certain
of the
Placed
(Fig. 26;.
^
Naville, Figurines egypticnnes de Vepoque arc/iaiqtic, ii., in the Recueil dc
travaux relatifs d la philologie et a raixheologie egyptienites et assyrie>i7ics,
xxii. p.
69
et seq.
in
See
Globus,
F.
Ix.xix.
i.
man
had
remove
loose clotliing
use as a shield.
skin, and from that the
it
to
it
is
here
It
stiff
is
it
shield with
shown as a defensive
derived.
shield alone."
Note
56
The
loin-cloth, either
narrow or wide,
frequently represented
is
it
am
not
at all
tomb
women wore
is
tomb
of
Hierakonpolis.
figures at the
paintings,
refer
wide
figures.^
loin-cloths,
here
to
the
and
painted
cannot assume
women
ii.
similarity of their
be noteworthv'.
Finally, the
has been so
Fig. 26.
appears several
There
times
historic
in
is,
for instance.
W.xRRiORS.
the figure of a
woman
in
statuettes
tomb
may
in
of Seti
I.'
(Fig. 27).
These
For the loin-cloth or sliort skirt in Egypt during the Ancient Empire see
in Ancient Egypt, pp. 202-206, and Sfiegelberg. Varia, xlviii. Zii
de7n Galasclmrz dcs altcn Rcichcs, in the Recueil de travaux relatifs a la philologie ei d V archeologie igyptiennes ct assyriennes, x\\. 1S99, pp. 54. 55Maspero, Histoire aficienne des peiiples de V Orient classiqne, 1. pp. 55"57.
'
Erman, Life
^
^
ii.
pi. iv. 3. 4, 5.
also Petrie,
The Royal
Totiihs
PERSONAL ADORNMENT.
decorations
ivory
statuette
Petrie at
Finallv
king
of a
of
the
first
57-
shown
Fig. 27.
Wrapped
in cloaks,
the
in
dynasty discovered by
figure
of
woman
on.^
tiG-htl\^
Figures of Women.
one of which
decorated.
is
Below
are fragments of
wrapped
in
a cloak, discovered
by Petrie
The
first
at
dynasty.-
Petrie, Abydos,
p. 21.
ii.
pi.
ii.
xiii. p.
24.
.1
ii.
pi.
iii
a,
to-
8 and"
58
examples of these
temple of Osiris
We
at
adornment as
festation
which
it
is
at
Egypt
existed in primitive
)'et
an}' rate
at the close of
in
this
these
researches
sequence of ideas
the Pharaonic
period,
is
earliest
mani-
The immediate
is
that
to
it
not
is
prove that
commencement
we can maintain
of
no glaring discrepancy
seen whether
is
ot
this
in
Abydos.^
It
this conclusion
we
now remains to be
when our attention
art.
Petrie, Abydos, ii. pi. i. and viii. 141- 143, and p. 26.
On the subject of
comparing primitive clothing in Egypt with that of the Ancient Empire, I think it
well to quote a remark of Petrie's.
After describing the garments found in the
tombs of the fifth dynasty at Desliasheh, he adds " It is remarkable that not one
dress was found of the form shown on the monuments, with shoulder-straps but
the actual form seems to have been developed out of that by extension of the
shoulder-straps along the arms.
Hence the monumental dress must have been
-only an artistic survival in the Old Kingdom.'"
Petrie, Desliaslieli, London,
'
.189S, p. 31.
59
CHAPTER
III.
THE
and
at
problem of the
earliest
ART.
is
one of the most difificult
same time one of those which appear
decorative art
to deal with,
the
to ha\'e been
most neglected
b>'
In
art critics.^
however,
\-ears,
us
by
objects
real
is
there
this
no feeling
is
for
what
for
more
still
which appear to be of
figures
ings
animals, objects,
of
etc.
purel\-
is
till
and
reasons, are
forcible
recently.
All
this
The
designs
rare.
for the
to notice that
it
those
.
'
is
the
It
is
interesting
This
from plants
taken
way
in
it
is
why
is
but
Se.mper,
ill
Berlin, 1893.
^
De.nu-cer,
Les races
6o
that
it
problem
the
body
to
are
that
information, a
These
are
principles
apply them
the
in
consider
general
we must
also
luxury or
for
add the
from a view
power, and
for
but
clear,
Egyptians,
necessary
is
it
proceeding
before
primitive
the
of
to
order
in
we should
that
principles,
more
To
an
desire
established,
case
us
and
finally
to
objects
to
art,
us
tell
begin with,
animal can
let
how
see
us
be transformed
graphic
representation
geometric design
into
of
this
will
of natural models.
One
view
is
most interesting
of the
furnished
The
principal
theme
the
is
alligator,
28).
passing
which,
from
to simplification,
more
shows
geometrical
designs.
explanation
which
tion,
is
28
Fig.
accounted
logically
The
of simplification,
child,
attempts
represents
by virtue
to
give
form which
of
animals
to
is
fixed
to
diverging,
primitive
and
is
principles
the principle
man,
objects
like
the
which
he
more
this
more widely
model.'"^
H.\DDO.\, Evolution in
'
London,
in
which
first
any
transforma-
this
by two great
for
than
clearly
of
Art as
on
of designs,
1895, pp. 4,
5,
illu.stration
p.
Sixtli
My
ing note.
^
119.
is
that
art
manner
does
it
order,
of the
least
that
of the
S^^S>
unites
rh\-thmic
of
"dominates the
that
which
principle,
itself
the
Grosse says,
as
nations
the
in
most advanced."
c^o
"
same
We may
Csy^
G^^O
Fig. 28.
with
closely
which,
civilized
6i
!^2?
'^^m.
ART.
"^S^ii^^^ii^
mm
^s
in
Ancient
From Holmes.
affords
the
the
same
pleasure
of
regular repetition
movement,
or, as in
to
any
of unit
'
Grosse,
Rhythm
mankind.
sort
/oc. cit. p.
113.
of
consists in
sound,
of a
62
And
we seek
review
the
of
origin
taste
for
ex-
if
planation of
genesis
its
we
" If
to this
this
so prevalent
is
decorative
the
in
of hunting tribes,
art
was of the
origin
vinced that
principle, but
work
of
to
probable that
is
that
and
the
that
artist
in
the
arrange
his
it
it
was from
designs were
textile
it
obliged
is
It
pleasure,
aesthetic
for
imitated
first
who
manner.
regular
it,
basket-maker,
the
and not
habit,
he found
that
material in a
at
to
their
began
aesthetic
combine
to
work begins
experienced
that
is
it
ment."
in
case,
pleasure which
it
pleasure
the
would be
provoked
has
to
justifiable
produced
has
symmetry, as
observing
that
would be equally
it
arrangement
regular
that
assert
any
in
difficult
aesthetic
to
assert
arrange-
regular
In
designs
words,
other
by manufactured objects
inspired
their derivatives
on designs derived
copy of an
alligator
teristic features,
general
foregoing example,
the
in
lines,
this
is
there
is,
next reduced to
begin with, a
to
its
most charac-
fundamental features,
its
its
of the
be
decorated,
whether
oblong,
square,
or
The
circular.
of the
same
of the whole
of
are
from
way
an object, and
such
figures, in
the
one
to form
under the
most
and
as
diversified
the
same
the decoration
of these
influence
geometrical
designs
of
the
(Fig.
29)
representation
alligator.
Grosse,
from
loc. cit.
Polynesian
art
same
the
The
figure, following
principles.^
Aegean Islands
In addition to small
figures,
floral
lotus,
Goodyear'^ as
b\'
is
63
design
it
will
to
render
it
un-
Fig. 29.
Human Figure
in
From Haddon.
With regard
the
to
designs
inspired
derived
unite
from the
two objects
thongs
;
or
by manufactured
be mentioned
to
cords
which
are
originall}'
objects^,
designs
served
to-
H.ADDOX, Evolution in Art, fig. IC4, 125, 127, 12S, pp. 271, 273. See another
example in Collier, Primer of Art, London, 1882, fig. 3, series of paddles,.
p. 7 (now in the Pitt-Rivers Collection, University Museum, Oxford).
^ Blinkenberg,
Chr., Antiquites prhnyccniennes, in the Mcmoires dc la
'
Goodyear,
VV. H.,
The
du
i\ord,
new
Grammar of the
Lotus, 1891.
64
basket-maker.
few words
When
suffice
will
two objects
for
decoration.
material
one
to the
in
single
mind
primitive
and handle
the
If
piece,
to
latter
copied
is
being.
joined
an
actual
another
in
idea
the
into
are
forms
straps
the
of
explain
to
instance, a blade
and
lines,
this
is
example has
typical
pottery of almost
all
sembling
formed
widest
cord
which
part,
countries.
is
refer
on vases
nothing
as presented
the
to
most
but
frequently
remaining
the
on the
decoration
re-
their
at
trace
of
in
to being baked.
The
the daily
life
appearance
its
of primitive
earlier
than ceramics.
or
and
people,
"
is
woven basket
left
from an interior
or some other
in
in
makes
It
cast taken
important part
almost always
the baking."
object
of
marks on the
soft
clay,
At
the
commencement of
this
chapter
frequently transformed
this
point clear
without delay
will,
p. 92.
ART.
65
diverging
most distant
We
will
the
recall
model
original
the
in
man
the
in
of the various
ornamentation of
objects.
The
motive
first
for
decorating an object
is
purely
artistic,
Fig. 30.
From Haddon.
Decoration
may
be
is
the
that
also
maker
places
on
it
sign.
mark of ownership
The most typical example
mark
their
himself gives
'
for
object
may
is
itt
Art,
fig.
it
that
in
of the savages,
order to
tribal
who
be able to
398.
Haddon, Evolution
mark which
loc. cit. p.
^
it
an
44, p. jj.
66
man
This point
chase.
part in the
of
is
animals killed
to the
important, for
it
the
in
history of writing
development.
its
It
decorated
objects,
for
especially
rapidly developed
to
weapons of
tokens of power.
into
rise to
highly
which thus
state,
It
for
among
stantial reputation
made
by employing
value
more
either
proprietor a sub-
the tribe.
to
precious
augment
their
by
or
material,
Fig.
From Haddon.
Finally,
is
religion
or
furnish
tribe
in
preserving the
wearers
plaining the
the
graves
in
it
correct
interpretation.
from
as
the
next
and the
is
their
different
for
combs
in
They
maladies.
specified
these
of
be placed
to
possessor
certain
thirty
maladies,
world.
from
about twenty or
possess
object.'*
magical
the
their
decorating
for
combs of a Malacca
us with an excellent example.
The women wear
and
magic,
be cautious
natives
the
in
ex-
It
Unfortunately,
with
we cannot
objects
of
These fundamental
sight of them,
we can now
Haddon, Evolution
fig.
To
begin with,
120, p. 240.
is
ART.
67
there not already artistic feeling in the act of the primitive man,
them
forms
have
the
as
and
perfect
opportunity
of
pointing
to
elegant
in
possible
as
how
out
tools
suited
to
attempts to give
fulfil,
far
We
the
shall
primitive
we
pass in
review.
We
gerate
begin
will
when
with
say that
Fig. 32.
flint
working of
admire
do not exag-
in the
Museum;
length,
25cm.
flint
sufficiently
the
perfection
"
The
flakes
of
the
It
is
not easy
believe
no other country
in
Brussels
to
knives.
left
The meeting
De Morgan,
pp. 107-109.
"
down
(F'g- 3-)-
68
The
covered
with
-;^'
tfp)
leather.
Specimens
exist
terlaced
rosettes
In
solid
at
spaces being
in-
up with
filled
also seen
is
it
at
The handle
women, one
Fig. 34.
(Fig. 34).
especially
is
Cairo there
of
whom
holds a fan
Women
meet
.\nd of
rivets.
on the other
side, there
is
a boat
The
to
is
of
^t,).
the
is
Figures
(Fig.
interesting
same museum
the
serpents
of interlaced
with, as
69
not
the point
engrnved, the
are
design
On
is
ART.
handle of which
is
decorated
is
and
a large
on both
in
flint
faces
the Pitt-Rivers
knife, the ivory
with a series of
Finally, in
JO
there
a
two interesting
are
bearing
knife,
there
one of
on
frequently a fehne
pieces.
is
faces
chasing
animal
Fig. 35.
it.
crocodile,
a handle, possibly of
design
gazelle
is
devour
its
One
which
on
occurs
other
the
sees
Professor Petrie
With her
and with her
hand
right
left
she
she
holds
grasps
its
tail
a
(Fig.
foot
36).
of
the
Upon
man
standing and
sentation
may
holding a
perhaps
of
the
intaglios of the
The other
Upon one of
object
71
islands,
ART.
tail.^
a small
is
flint
is
considered
another animal,
of a similar specimen
the
Museum
(No.
(Fig.
In
38).
the wa\-
in
in
fragment
a species of antelope
is
the
of
case
the
is
b\'
knife,
fastened
made
Berlin
proves, however,
15,13")
Pctrie
b\'
to be a hedgehog- (Fig. ^y }.
remark
regard
is
knife
have
emplo\'ed
been
which
so minute that
could
certainly the
to
He
onl>"
cere-
monially.-'
The same
representations of
covered^ (Fig.
has
have been
published
dis-
handle
the
Ivory Knife-h.\.ndle.
Fig. 36.
Mr. Ouibell
39).
London.
of
EvA.NS,
Arthur
J.,
and
pi.
1.
3,
iii.,
and
4,
Egyptian Carvings,
in
Man,
ii.
1902,
No.
113, p. 16
r,
iv.
OuiBKLL, Flint dagger from Gebclcin, loc. cit. p. 132. See Lefebure. E.,
cole
Rites cgyptiens: Construction cl protection dcs edifices {Publications dc I'
'
des
Paris 1890,
Petrie, Naqada,
MoRG.A,.\, Rccherchcs,
ii.
pi.
p.
l.xi.
131.
p. 37.
2,
3,
5,
6,
8,
p.
47
Ouibell, Hierakonpolis,
Diospolis,
1.
pi.
.\ii.
p.
9.
22.
De
72
figures^
No. 7)
and there is also the handle of an
in form of a lion, which probably
a spoon or a knife
CF'g-
instrument
39,
now
is
in the
Ashmolean Museum,
Oxford.
Combs
much
present a
us to follow
more
Both single
human
or animal
figure,
Fig. 37.
Small
Fli.\t
in
it
The
is
is
for
is
represented
representations
remarkable
how
to
'
in
the
is
136.
drawn
in
merely the
point
still
more
variety.
It
unrecognizable,
p. 62, fig.
face,
until
(Fig. 40).
by degrees degraded
simplified
of animals offer
ii.
i.
p.
147,
fig.
342,
and
beHeve that
it
Another type
of the type of
a simplification
head of a
the
is
we
a bird, which
is
bull,
The
Fracment of
found
also
face,
full
is
Fig. 38.
;.
the amulets, as
most frequently
71
more probably
is
antelope'- (Fig. 41
among
identif\-
ART.
fidelity,
to
a.v
a.ntelope.
Berlin
simplified forms,
principle of
Museum.
i.
fig.
Petrie,
//;.
Ixiii.
59, 63,
66
l.\iv.
augment
figure of a
S7 and
p.
87.
bird
The
the confusion,
at each
'
De Morgan,
end
Recherches,
343, p. 148.
and
'
Petrie,
to
original.
Morgan,
ib.
pi. xliii.
Recherches,
i.
60-62,
p.
148.
p. 47.
Ixiv.
Pudge,
Diospol/s,
ix.
x.
History of Egypt,
and
i.
p.
p.
20.
54.
De
74
comb
two
of the
(Fig. 42).
(Fig- 43)-
Owing
to the
This
comb belongs
shortly
will
enable us
will
draw
lca\-ing
this
subject,
intended to
publish a detailed
account of
it,
interesting
Before
to
M. Thcodor M. Davis,
Ivory Spoon-handles.
Fig. 39.
which
to
am
fulfil,
and on which
length.
^
De Morgan',
Rccherches,
i.
p.
148,
fig.
243.
at
some
show
the
the
combs
have
birds
also regular
on the pin
first
and
itself,
bulls'
ART.
as
heads
incised
lines
of an
They evidently
nique.
the
pin,
binding
which attached
at
represent
wrapped round
the top
firmly
it
the
bull's
to
head,
(Fig. 46;.
iM'Xiit^
Fig 40.
K>M
Fig. 41.
'
i.
Petrie, Nat/ada,
pi.
l.viii.
MacIver
&
76
VMicn
exactly
objects in
same
stone,
determine
to
turn
\vc
the
the
to
designs
ivory,
of
consideration
reappearing
and bone.
on
mere ornaments.
if
find
whole series of
purpose
Their
we
pendants,
a
not easy
is
They have
suspended
b\'
them,
Fig. 42.
more or
Men
less
Petrie, \a(/ada,
pi. lix.
1.x.
Birds
De Morgan, Origincs,
El Amrah and Abydos, pi. x. 7. Bulls:
pi.
X.
xi.
Diospolis',
xii.
vii.
ii.
1.
human
figures (Fig.
47\ with
ib. li.x.
pp. 64
77
is
Another
is
in
s-
Those of most
mereh' engraved on the two
^'
The
decoration of others
which,
from
starting
the
base,
round
coils
the
pendant
to the top.
ing
forming
simple patterns.
lines,
\"er\-
Occasionally
and also
Fig. 22).
we have
alrcad}'
When we
recall the
made, there
imitation of a cord,
in
is
(\\
is
observations
nothing to prevent
Museum
the Berlin
In
plaque
of
there
a small shell
is
workmanship (No.
fine
(?;
which
13,797),
which
It
compared
be
study
presently
and
is
should
on
the
with
those
palettes
slate
we
shall
(Figs.
50
51)."
Beyond
all
question
it
is
form
that
it
is
possible
imagine.
to
Petrie
has
'!^
Fig.
43.
Ivory Comb
^^"""^
worked out the chronological succession of these ^^f^ '^^
of an antelope
palettes, and we need not therefore dwell long on
and ornaments
the subject.''
The
earliest
derived
fiiDm
bird forms.
and
this
Petrie,
afterwards
Petrie, Naqada,
Recherchcs,
i.
pi.
Ixi.
fig.
l.xii.
Ko7iij(liche
Muscen
sit
and
137-147.
slate rock.
natural
Berlin
l.xiv.
The
Diospol/s,
pi.
Shortly
now examine,
x.
De Morgan,
Ausfiihrliclies
p. 38.
78
and from which new forms were eventually derived which were
solely ^geometrical.
I
It
(Fig.
52).
Another specimen
surmounted by the
has disappeared
it
palette
is
in
figure of an
(F"ig. S3)-
the
same
antelope
collection
(?;,
is
the head
London
a palette
of which
the contrary,
mm
them
let
the
character
them disappear
of
entirelv',
Fig. 46.
we
ART.
79
the
feet,
they
56).
Fish palettes, which are often shaped with great care, end
losing
'
all
remarkable example
Budge,
did
or even to transform
pi.
xi.
6,
9,
b^
is
lo.
8o
one
in
itself
the centre
of our
Fic^.
Fig. 47.
57,
still
where the
smaller
tail
fish.^
The most
recognizable'
curious case
(Fig.
58J,
it
is
that of the
At
bird.
first
x.xiv.
1902, p. 251
.\i.
36,
and
easily
It
is
the Proceedings
ii.
lengthened out of
of changes,
surface
plain
the
8[
in duplicate, in
the
ART.
on which the
colour
all
head
of
the
long
only
the
bird,
rubbed
is
is
succession
remaining,
part
would be impossible
to
recognize
the
original type,
Fig. 4S.
bird
(Fig.
the
Petrie
Collection,
shall
59).
had not
in
form of a
University
figures of
College,
birds carved
in
60).
So much
for
Petrie, Naqada,
86, 89, 91, 92.
the
types.
shapes of the
Diospolis.
palettes.
30,
32
An
attempt was
PRIMITIVE ART
82
made
render them
to
still
more
EGYPT.
IN
like
their
shape was
less
or
In connection with
birds. ^
characteristic than
those
these
found-
On
others
Fig. 49.
where the
representing antelopes
complementary
on them.
fish,
lines
there
IN
figure of
covered
at
(tomb B 102)
also
61).
bears
in
palette dis-
low
relief
'
will
be found
pi.
and
p.
xi.
and
xii.
20.
Petrie, Diospolis,
Ue M0RG.A.N,
De Morgan,
'
in
X.
numerous
specimens
pi. v.
Origiiies,
and
ii.
xii.
p. 144,
ib.
Petrie, Diospolis,
pi. v.
102.
43.
12,877.
Diospolis,
pi.
vii. viii.
very
fine
Fig.
specimen
50. Plaque
belonging
in
to
the
ART.
Petrie
83
Collection,
College,
Universitv
Fig. 51.
London,
Plaque
in
is
engraved
on
both
faces
with
ibex
facing
cavities
each other
(Fig.
62).
Two
ivory
other
one
in
the
discovered
eye
at
TRIxMITIVE
84
Hu (Ashmolean Museum,
ART
IX EGYPT.
Fig. 52.
summary
teresting discovery
Tlie
Fig.
first is
is
Palette with a
53.
Figure of an Antelope,
the Head missing.
Finally,
the
most
in-
Mac Tver,
found
car\'cd in
palette
on the
relief
two
with
ART.
resembling
signs
85
hieroglyphs
face.
arc
be
emplo\'ed
with a
pierced
for
hung
hole
suspension, which
for
carried on
or
grinding colour
proves
body ready
the
to
be
Fig.
fact that
in
the
preclude
Form of Amtelopes.
in
an
palettes, the
is
the shape
measures 44 millimetres
in
of
at
them
of these
is
attested by the
Tamworth, there are
amulet
MacGregor Collection
One
Palettes
The accuracy
into amulets.
tion
54.
Palette
height
for
69, of
grinding
our Fig.
the others,
of
paint.
59,
and
rhomboidal
Fig.
Sv
Palettes
Fig. 56.
in
Palettes
in
Form ok Tortoises.
Fig. 55a.
Palette
MacGre^or
in
Form of a Lion.
Collection.
88
We
Maclver
Mr. Randall
sign.s
carved on
In an
palette
El
at
and what
it,
'Fig. 6}).
their
meaning?
is
Maclver wrote
"It
is
by
known
to
exist
but
dynasty,
first
king of the
first
Palette
of these
statues
of
later),
the
he carries
we
have
and
one
his
here
of
on
Griffith,
the
the
analogy
standards
of
Min discovered by
hypothesis
a
sign
no
farther
similar
his
(we
ships
in
lO cm.
height,
El
at
subject
this
Form of a Bird.
Museum;
in
considerably
dynasty."
first
modified views
Brussels
palette
the
belongs to a period
slate
this
Fig. 5S.
with
are
example
a well-developed
in
out, with
What
been
found by
palette
article
]\Ir.
the
to
Amrah
to
Petrie
than
the
at
on the
speak
shall
the
archaic
Koptos, and
statement that
the
emblem
of
god
this
Min.-
Reduced
to
became no
1
MacIver, D. R., a Prehistoric Ce??tetcry at El Amrah in Egypt
liminary Report of Excavations, in Man, i. No. 40, April, 1901.
- MacIver & Mace, El Amrah and Abydos, pp. 37, 3S.
less
Pre-
Fig. 59.
ART.
89
90
important,
because,
example of
us
furnishes
At
top
the
as
other,
of this
first
carved
the
follow
first
i,758h).
relief;
in
outline
very great, as
is
transition
Our
are
piece
the
possible
as
the
Collection
fCataloi^ue
this
birds
bodies
their
was
it
The MacGregor
palettes
historic
and
interest
clearly
two
palette
this
The
palette.
shows
remarks,
relief.
another example of
with
of
author
the
as
palettes carved in
of
it
palettes
of
which we
64).
which
Bird-shaped Palette.
Fig. 60.
of two
first
They have
making of Egypt.
the
to
Here
the
in
simple
the
low
relief.
great
the
museums.
in
kind
palettes
greater
preserved
in
grinding
for
number of
different
malachite,
prehistoric
have
tombs
de\ eloped
into
and
at
the
period
of
the
earliest
d}.'nasties,
This
is
of which
another
instance
wc spoke
at the
of the
evolution
religious
festivals.
of decorated objects
cunimencement of
this chapter.
We
on the assumption
that
they relate
ART.
91
more
sculpture
to
than
to decorative art.
The same may be said of the votive maces from the same
temple of Mierakonpolis, which furnish another instance of common
Fig.
61.
objects
and
consequence rendered
in
entirely
unfit
for
their
original
purpose.
two principal
classes.
The
first,
may
be divided
into
ancient, are
.'n
in
syenite
92
and
porphyr)',
and
pear-shaped,
more
The
alabaster.^
in
93
rarely
others
are
ART.
are
found
in
and abo\'e
all
This
limestone.
pears
at
fourth
all
least
d}'nast}',
the
emblem
in
histor\in
compact white
latter
as
and
of
form
ap-
as
the
earl\-
throughout
Egypt
an
as
hicrogl>-phic
sign,
which
|,
and
has
distinction,
perpetuated
also
the figure.-
Parva
po
Fig.
at
1
still
With
P.\LETTE.
?'
in relief.
63.
a sign (hierogl3-phic
handles,-'
retain their
one
ivory
resembling
double
At the British
Museum
hammer
Guide
with
See Budge,
TJiird
to the
found
in
See Lepsius,
Aelteste
Reiclis
im Berliner Museum,
Lacau, Sarcophages
.x.xxviii.
anterieiirs
au nouvel empire : Catalogue
general des antiquites cgyptiennes du musee
du
Fig. 64.
With two
Palette.
birds carved in
relief.
MacGr.?:or Collection.
Naqada,
^
Lviii.
277.
p.
24 and
pi. xvii.
pi. v.
pi. iv.
94
pointed ends
(FiL,^
'
Amrah
covered at El
ornannentatit)n.
believe
t(j
63).
are
regard to
haviny;
to\',
the
At Hierakonpolis,
to
materials of which
'
am
disposed
at
Naqada
be a form of
they are
made
66;.
(Fi^;.
besides the
Petrie
that
show pieces
to,
Fig.
65.
Mace-heads
fro.m
completely pierced.
alwa\-s
for
the
that
fact
Hierakonpolis
a.nd
is
not
Xaoada.
effect
Another
three
shall
in
in
the
possesses
hard
stone,
Museum
Berlin
presently.
from the
15,142)
decorated
is
6j\
with
Tamworth
human head is
Collection at
human
Fig.
15,716,
bull's
The MacGregor
possesses
designs derived
speak
The
23).
the
in
No.
65,
mace-head
curious
weird
Fig.
Petrie, Naqada,
shaped mace
in the
pi.
.xvii.
23 (Aslimolean
Museum, Oxford),
1,720)
is
terminated
an animal's head.
&
MacIver
Petrie, Naqada,
Ouibell
&:
Gree.x, Hierakonpolis,
ii.
16.
A
at
liammerone end by
Einall\% there
ART.
v^
One
known.
is
of
ivor\',
and
is
behind
tlieir
passed round
a cord
carved
in
relief
their
necks
^
;
together
in
other
is
the
single
in
file
by
serpentin.e,
lions.-
The-e
The
Fig.
aid
the
66.
metal
of
onh' increase
in
made
the
6S^.
if
tombs as
at
an\- rate
in
Decorated Mace-he.-\ds
tools,
marvellous.
is
we examine
earl}' as
in
the stone
of the
without
Soft SroxE.
commencement
of the
prehistoric
prehistoric
the
period.
Of
these
Petrie
writes
"
'
OuiBELL, Hierakonpolis,
OuiBELL
&
i.
\.
96
date) 30
down
the taste
for
in
the
But
dynasties.
Moreover,
in
in
tombs of the
historic
times
kini; of the
third
first
and fourth
in
the
Fig.
for
and
in
of a Tortoise.
Museum.
From
in For.m
and
to
their
highest level
archaic splendours."
'
in
sa\-
that
the later
we must
p. 18.
to Petrie's remarks,
to
study
in
detail
ART.
the
97
forms of
will
and
to the
numerous
plates on which
all
must turn
to
the
We
LmLL
Fig. 68.
'
Petrie, Diospolis parva, pp. iS, 19, and pi. iii. for the diagram showing the
evolution of forms during the prehistoric period (Mr. Petrie tells me that he has
reserved his opinion with regard to the evolution of the stone vases of cylindrical
PRIMITIVE ART
98
has
itself
EGYPT.
IN
human.
without decoration
is
a simple representation of a
is
neck, and
other
instances
some
cases,
is
it
workini;
in
mere sinuous
even
not
is
taken
has been
care
continuous.'
occasionally
the detail.
rounded
More
line,
or,
it
is
which,
In
in
vase
the
rarely
the
is
perfection-;
in
On one
sented
vase
slight
in
there
network
skcuomorphic designs
chapter.
vase,
second
to
Finally, a
whole
commencement
This
This
is
be found
example of those
earlier
in
the
show us
figures in relief
We will
know
in
repre-
which the
in
fillet,
an
in
is
in
them
and from
is
cords
plaited
to
is
of
forming a sort of
relief,
vase
the
is
rapidly
review.
is
decorated with
human
heads.
its
form
mencement of
it
i.
Zi,
'
i.
i.
'^''-
Rechejxhcs,
*
ii.
fig.
823, p. 245.
ii.
is
ART.
99
human
heads, sculptured
relief
in
Two
relief
fragments of vases
in
is
the Berlin
Fig.
Stone Vase.
69.
of a warrior
The
style
armed with
of this
figure
is
somewhat
similar to those
we
find
later
vases
decorated
feline creatures
r^^^^
Quibell, Hierakonpolis,
i.
pi. xvii.
,-
See
PRIMITIVE ART
lOO
LN'
EGYPT.
of
figure
(Fig.
72)
scorpion
and,
finally,
am tempted
pictographic
as
I'epre-
without,
sentation,
ever,
to consider
how-
any reading of
It
it.
is
more
especiall}'
of the
that
the
makes me suspect
be something
to
fact
description
Other
it
of
this
(Fig.
J^).
pieces, unfortunate!)'
also
strange
The
d\-na^^ty
first
have
afforded
ments of
Fig. 70.
Museum.
some,
star.-'"
Ab\Tlos
few
frag-
On
this nature.
curious
are car\'ed
in
ornaments
relief,
none
An
from the
alabaster vase
same
locality
base
the
is
with
incised
at
series
of
signs,
OuiBELL, Hicrakonpolis,
pi.
and xxiii.
Id. i. pi. xi.v. XX. and xxv.
QuiBELL & Green, Hic?-ako>i-
'
i.
xvii.
^
^
poliSy
*
15,
and
pi. lix.
ii.
23,
pi.
23;
Ii.//,
i.
335.
pi.
ii.
pi. v.
xxxviii.
4,
Fig. 71.
Low
Berlin
Relief.
Museum.
in-
judging
a very
from
was decorated
To
pass
curious
leather
represent
of
Hierakonpoh's
(Fig.
ATr.
in
Tamworth
there
it
one
of
the
most
at
Relief.
in
specimens
from
Naqada
is
In
birds."
the
a small steatite
'
Id.
QuiBELL, Hierakonpolis,
i.
Abx'dos,
at
frogs,
form of
serpentine
shapes,
Other
74).
discovered
bottle'-
birds,
lOI
as stone.'
fantastic
by Petrie
that discovered
is
fragment
fine
same manner
vases
to
Fig. 72.
the
in
ART.
pi. xxxviii. 3,
and
ii.
MacGregor
vase,
at
and
and
Collection
p. 28.
i.
pi.
xx. 2
4,
at
p.
ii.
p. 38.
102
is
head and
the
support
to
same
the
collection
preserves
its
four
vase
with
there
a vase
is
with gold
leaf
are crossed
the
has
given
artist
shaped
the
by a
form
thin
of
The
to
like
frog,
which
of metal,
strip
still
handles covered
lateral
serpent.
\'er}"
which
to
and
fine
to
"~t^
::^;^2?cr:
^^^^/^"^
Fig.
73.
The Berlin
One
is
PicTOGRAPHic (?)
Museum
a \-ase in form
a vase
in
in
vase
'
unpublished
several
//).
possesses
pieces.
is
vase
the
third
Another
is
is
16,025).
which
represents
what
is
probabl}'
an
London,
elephant.
is
Two
Altertilmcr
Fig.
74.
same
the
is
collection
exhibit
another of which
Stone
V.\se in
it
is
ART.
103
two hippopotamus
difficult
to
recognize
the
subject.
(Fig. 7S)
Is
it
in
realit\-
representation
of
an
animal
Fig.
75.
Stone Vase
in Fok.m
in
we
of a Bird.
PRIMITIVE ART
104
Fig.
verify
76.
which
hypothesis
the
Stone Vases
in*
as regards Egypt,
attributes
the
origin
of
KGYPT.
we can
IN
or, at
least,
cop\-ing a basket
to
plaited work.^
Fig. 77.
the
earliest
prehistoric
matting, or the
in
Vase
understand
in
In
Form of a Dog.
Berlin
Museum.
tombs
either
bottom
basket work?
the
bod\'
was
wrapped
fact
Textile Impressions on
ART.
The
of rooms.
show
representations
of
lO:
of
the
for
to
period.^
In the
The
on several
patterns
Fig. 7S.
V.\SE,
Form of
Anim.\ls.
matting.
I
These
for
chairs were
gives
the
at
well
known form
high
of a
covered
with
and about
species
matting.
o'"6o
broad,
'
MacIver,
No. 40,
p.
52
MacIver
&
vv^ork,
in
pi. xi. 2,
These
which
Upon
which,
Man,
and
of
chairs,
of high stool.
pieces
these
of broken
1901,
p. 42.
io6
work
When
Fig.
made
still
I
asked
the
the
Soudan and
my workmen
saine kind
told
in
me
inside their
that the
Berbers.
in
Imitation of Basket
Work.
The word
MAPKflNI,
Pakhome.
of
Fie..
So.
."
which
in
ART.
107
the Coptic
life
i.n
Lmitatio.v or
Basket Work.
Independently
'
Amelineau,
Les
ceramic
of
noiivellcs
d'Abydos (1S96-7),
Paris,
Paris,
art,
1897, p. 40.
industry
of
the
basket
fouilles
1902,
the
d'Abydos,
pp.
176,
177;
io8
maker, as
remarked/
has
Petrie
The
first
numerous
left
dynast}-.
The
by Petrie
called
tombs
(sequence dates
(Figs. 79
work
polished
other
the
31-34);
especially
of these
first
only found
is
is
what
is
surface
red
in
is
black
pottery,
filled
and
pottoy
cross-lined
with incisions
on the
traces
So;.
to
made
vases
of more valuable
tombs where
in
fine
Petrie
materials.
found,
we
have,
which
are
of occasional
the
in
example published
think, observed
skcuomorphic
Herr von
b\-
Bissing,^^
all
derived
or
of vases modelled
instances
from
technique
are
met
with.
We
now
will
pendently of the
The
first
class
consider
decoration
the
of
the
vases
inde-
arrest
our attention
is
ii.
out.''
Petrie, Naqada, p. 38 and pi. xxviii. 34, 36, 46, xxix. 52-79, xxx. Diospolis
pan'a, p. 14, pi. xiv. 55-70. MacIver & M.a.ce, El Amnih and Abydos, pi. xv.
^ Petrie, Naqada,
Schwei.n'furth, Oriiame7itik
p. 4c, and pi. xxxiii. 12, 29.
der dltestcn Ciiltur-Epodic Aegypteiis, in the Verhandli/ngen der b. Gescllsch.
-
VzTKiz, Naqada,
pp. 15
^
and
*
and
Von
p.
J,o,
pi.
and
xxxiii.
18.
i.
Petrie, Naqada,
p.
14
I'
Anthropologic',
ix.
1898, p. 254
pi.
;
Naqada,
p.
38.
MacIver
&
Wilkin,
floral
also
the
potter>'
work
basket
of
imitation
but
addition
in
to
of zigzag
series
painted
patterns
lines,
the
whole
the
in
lines
we
these
human
109
and
beings,
same
in
find
style
as
already described.
When
floral
Fig. Si.
branches
much
compare the
designs
Vases
make
painted in
similar
decorations
Journal
John
of the
L.
of
We
Designs.
Myers,
to
prehistoric
reproductions
give
A'oies
tempted
is
Greek
certain
as simple
is
it
discovered at Santorin.^
vases
appearance
their
of two
Anthropological Institute,
Von
Bissing,
and
in
l' Anthropologic',
i.\.
189S,
iii.
be found
in
3.
Petrie, iXaqada,
MacIver
&
Mace, El
pi. .xxviii.
pi.
xxviii.
40,
42, 46,
48;
pi.
PRIMITIVE ART
10
are
EGYPT.
IN
Both sides
figured
show
distinctly
The other face of the vase in the centre of Fig. 8i, decorated
with human figures, has already been reproduced as an illustration
Two other vases
of the hairdressing of the men (Fig. 13).
Fig. 82.
Bowl
p.\i.\ted in
A.ND
discovered
human
one
at
of Hippopota.mi
A Crocodile.
Abydos and
the other at
Meala
also
show
figures.^
'
De Morg.an,
The hippo-
Recherches,
i.
pi.
il.
and
Man,
pi.
iii.
identified
i.
Von
2.
Bissing,
loc. cit.
certainty
ART.
fish,
sufficient to describe a
the
in
with
centre
hippopotami
the
is
i^Fi&-
decorated
Fig. 83.
the upper
is
decorated
Vases painted
design,
floral
hedgehog, although
in
indicate
^^J-
with
calls a
may
according to Petrie,
angles, which,
of water
ripples
at
be
will
It
other at right
collection
crocodile
in
am
and
deer,
an
not absolutely
this
identification
(vase in centre
"
of Fig. 83).
vase
extremely curious
above a
by two pointed
it
'
On one
figures.
giraffe,
ears.
but the
elongated, and
At
way
first
in
side, a
head surmounted
small
Man,
placed
strange animal
/b
two antelopes,
side
on the other
is
to consider
drawn precludes
1902, No. 83
and
pi.
H,
5.
12
shows us
how
in
May
sented.
h\-pothesi.s.
this
characteristic a fashion
known
vase
Wiedemann
Professor
to
demonstrated?^ (Fig-
has
83;.
found, according
to
Von
Herr
Abydos,
Bissing, at
according to M. de Morgan,
at Gebelein,
our
of
equally worthy
is
attention.
It
is
In the centre
class of vase.
scorpion
is
it
are
surrounding
animals
various
hippopotamus, crocodiles,
which
figures
we
Fig.
S4.
V.ASE
p.mnted
White with
in
those
to
have
soon
inter-
the drawing
similar
ship,
shall
fish,
unrecog-
are
is
other
nizable.
esting object
of
and
tortoise,
birds,
this
ex-
to
After r Anthropologic.
These
e.xamples
are
sufficient
and
showing animal
figures,''
two
decorated
specimens
strange figures
of which
to
an
give
of
idea
vases
it
with
and
designs
geometrical
with
the
Wiedemann, Das Okapi im altcjt Aegyptett, in Die I'mschan, vi. 1902, pp.
Das dgyptisclie Set-Thier, in tlie Orientalistischc Litieraiur Zeitung,
Fetrie, Prehistoric Egyptian Pottery, in Man, 1902,
1902, col. 220-223.
'
1002-1005
V.
No.
83. pi.
-
H,
I.
De Morgan,
Prehistoric
Rccherc/tcs,
Petrie, Naqada,
Egyptian
Pottery, in
iv.
5.
i.
i.
pi.
ii.
pi.
pi.
ii.
Von
5.
x.xi.v.
Man,
Bissing,
91-97; Diospolis,
pi.
iii.
2,
3.
pi.
iii.
xiv.
fig. 2,
93
(J,
and
96;
Von
Bissing,
loc.
cit.
pi.
iii.
and 3;
two
\ases
London^
Of an
bclonc^
(Eig. 85
to
the
University
Fig. 85.
Collection,
Petric
113
is
the
Vases painted
in
"
decorated pottery,"- to
White.
The
earliest
specimens
Petrie, Preltistoric Egyptian Pottery, in Ma7i, 1902, No. 83. pi. H, 3, p. 133
" The upper figures might be adzes or hoes, the lower figures are curiously like
lictors' fasces, but no such forms are known in Egypt; tt;ey may, however, be a
form of stone axes set in handles. Certainly neither can be the hieroglyphic
neter sign, as that had double projections down to dynastic times.''
HoERNES, M., Urgesdiichte der bildciiden Kiinst in Eiiropa von den
Anfdngen bis urn 50') vor Chr., Vienna, 1898, Nachtriige, 2, Neolithische
Vdseninalerci tit Acgyptcn, pp. 687-689.
114
are
the
after
is
met
with.
the white
of
Fig. S6.
we look
"
for
the
Vases
the
will
pottery,
kinds
breccia-
of marble
accordinfj
to
and
distance,
Syrian
painted
coasts
of the
I.mit.\tion
i.\
point
of
the
if
Kabyle
to
specimens of
pottery,
is
it
Mediterranean
in
that
of H.\rd Stones.
the
manufacture of these
we mentioned
nummulitic
of
rem.embered
be
sometimes
is
at
starting
decorated vases."
It
for
direction
it
40 that
It
be sought
should
the
sequence date
specifying
in
the
but the
limestone,
most
that,
thus
is
most
copied,
ingenious
of stone.
sometimes
interesting
represented
classes
by a
identification
imitation
scries
of
made bv
of
It
various
is
that
spirals,
Petrie
Petrie has termed these vases "decorated pottery,' and we will continue to
apply this term to them.
2 Petrie, Naqada, pi. x.xxiii. i, and p. 40, .xxxi. 6 (wavy handled)
Diospolis,
M.acIver & Mace, El
pi. XV. 5, \%b and c (wavy handled); xvi. 64, 76^.
'
Amrah
a7id Ahydos,
pi. xiv.
W/3 (wavy
handled).
was
the
lost,
and
by
Little
little
the
of that \vhich
recollection
eventually
on
his
115
were developed,
spirals
was
decorator
the
spirals
ART.
vase by
to
satisfied
way
trace
of ornamenta-
who
considered
sex'eral
We
must
call
attention to
representations of vases
the
in
same
lines as those
Fig. S7.
Other vases
and
this
Vases decorated in
OF Basket Work.
I.-viit.\tiox
is
are decorated
is
in
reproduces
most
great baskets
land
for
exactly,
De Morgan,
according
out
skill
of
the
(5,
if,
Pefrie, Naqada,
pi.
in
pi.
V A7ithropologie,
b.
xi.
and pp.
22, 23.
&
Mace,
MacIver
i.x.
Gcsellsch.
xv. 7 c.
8/;.
Schweinfurth, Onumtentik
''
76.
p. 40.
(I'ig-
E!
and
leather-like
of
roots
iiltesteii
fur
those
Petrie, Naqada,
"
Schweinfurth,
to
dcr
discovered
pi.
ix.
xxxv.
1898,
ii6
It
undoubtedly'
is
method
this
in
hope to
find
the
more or
less
regular groups
merely
are
draughtboard
lines
of
origin
Frequently,
we
also,
those
parallel
scattered
lines
arranged
carefully
other
in
to be
drawn
we may
that
effect
which appear
of decoration
chequer,
in
sug-
they are
again,
cases,
at hazard^
in
In
vase.
(I'^'g-
^7)-
find
triangles
there
human
are
statues
by
One
of
found upon
which
decorated
Schweinfurth
has
is
of
Min
meets with
it
in
88).
which
representations
that
triangles,
a Serifs of Tri.wgles.
of
recognized
grown
plant
be
to
on the
discovered at Koptos,
Petrie*^ (Fig.
whh
In one instance
Egypt, cultivated
in
the
pot,
plant
Egypt.
One
aloe,
flora of
been
has
in
cemeteries or placed
Schweinfurth, Ucdcf den Ursprung der Acgypter, in the Verpp. 247, 248.
ha?idlungen der b. Ceselhch. fur Antliropologie, Ethnologie icnd Urgeschichte,
Ornanicntik der dltesten Cultur-Epoche Aegypteiis, ib. p. 397.
1897, p. 281
Petrie, Naqada, pi. xxxiii. 11, 12, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26; Diospolis, pi. xv.
;
'
3,
4/
See MacIver & Wilkin, Libyan Notes^ London, 1901, p. 65, note 2
"The so-called 'mountain' pattern found on prehistoric Egyptian decorated
pottery occurs everywhere in Kabyle work, where it has clearly nothing to do
with mountains, but arises from a combination of the triangles which enter as
^
all
Petrie, Naqada,
pi.
xxxiv.
and
Ixvii. 13-15,
17,
and
p.
49
Diospolis,
pi. xvi.
as
symbol of
The
this
to refer to
Other
trees,
later
it
on^
(F'-g-
and are
identification.
sufficienth'
I
suppose
like
it
is
be
to
the
and
force
vital
as
funerary character of
we
have occasion
shall
intended
hieroglyph
to these that
117
89^.
appear
representations
ART.
indicate
()
to
indicate
to permit
Petrie alludes
which,
this
when
combined with
midst
rx.
Fig.
a.nd Trees.
ostriches
cit. p.
^
Petrie, DiospoUs,
Petrie, Diospolis, p. 16.
392.
sheep,-*
iilU'stcn
Cidtur-Epoche Aegyptens,
loc.
p. 16.
Schweinkurth, Oniatnentik,
'
etc.. p. 399
Man erkennt uater ihnen die
Beisa-Antilope {Oryx leucoryx und Oryx Beisa), ferner AddaxAntilopen, beziehungsvveise Wasserbocke, vielleicht audi Kudus."'
Sabel- und
*
in
la philologie ct
DiJRST &
Hausscha/es,
ib.
dcs
agyptischen
ii8
Fig. 9c.
PRI.MITIVK
Dkcokateu
ART
IX
HGVrT
AA^Ai^AA
Fig. 91.
V.\Rious
of a tree, figured
in
a different
manner from
Petrie, Abydos,
i.
pi.
1.
aiui p. 23.
Human
that
we
With
Beings,
ordinaril)'
this
we can
a vase
ones
rarel}'
human
extremely diagrammatic
indicated
appear
these
of
Here we
principal
the
first
Ordinarily
if
and
90;.
the
appear
females
the
one on the
head."
T-'ig.
figures
will
119
showinL,^
More
ART.
we may judge
from
in
an
Fig.
in
identical
attitude
the
tombs
indication of dancing.'
characteristic
this
If
we
interpretation
tion there
for
is
represented
it
what founda-
the
before
"
the
vase
will
be recognized, as
discovered
accepted
is
two persons
dancer
El
at
on
"'
Amrah
they are by
''
pla\"ers
(Fig- 92).
Fig. 92.
BEFORE A Dancer
From
El
(^?).
Amrah.
of
sheath
or
karnata
described
in
Chapter
On
II.
one
and
carr\- sticks or
boomerangs
(?)
"^
(F'a^- S8
91).
The most
startling objects
&
M.AcIvER
Petrie, yae/ada,
pi. xiv.
D49.
pi. l.xvi. 3.
De-
Keohirches,
i.
(5.
pl. x. 2 a, zb.
PRIMITIVE ART
120
They occur on
representations of ships.
are the
human
EGYPT.
IN
a fairly larije
and com-
a landscape
in
ourselves
The Egyptians, he
indicates
that
(Figs. 91
and
they are
We
which
refer to a
them-
the
current
xA.
which we
class of objects to
boats, found
gazelles
his
in
where the
a curious vase
between
two boats.
against
several
in
is
figures of rowers,
fi.;ht
left
left,
navigated
one of which
is
being
remarks, orientate
must here
later.
There
Schweinfurth,
for
on the
east
with
94).
Fig. 93.
return
remarking,
selves
right
with
exception, these
(larboard).
side
moment
the
for
that without
also
fish,
hand-
artist
is
manner with
(Fig. 91).
has
a crocodile,
strange ornamentation
shall
tombs,
represented
an ostrich, and
Occasionally on
i-
one
finds
zigzag
these
lines,
decorated
intended
'
Schweinfurth, Onnunentik,
etc., p.
Petrie, Naqada,
and
pi.
xxxvi. 80
close
represent
to
water.
boats,
the
Several
4C0.
Ixvi. i.
in
to
vases,
figs.
5,
6.
vases
Petrie
be
to
mast and
be compared
them
made
at the
On
S,
IZII ?
that
in
Schweinfurth
a long pole,
and
Baris,
and these
in
by
might
case
sees
means of
and which
sail,
hieroglyph
the
to
shields
121
in
similar
would be secured by
Egypt would carr}' the ensign
Kaffirs,
91^.
N, and
which
for
Z:'
may
it
with
Fig. 94.
V.\SE
perhaps be
that
difficult
to account.
birds
From de Morsran.
am much
a
be
head
think,
by
vase discovered
of female
O,
figures
Petrie
which
at
Abadiyeh,^ where
with the
there
upon
is
summary drawing
regard as a very
represented
of forms
(Fig. 95).
Among
these
are
the
vases
human
on
figures
which there
'
Petrie, Naqada,
Schweinfurth, Omamentik,
lb. p. 398.
Petrie, Diospolis,
five-pointed
is
pi. I.xvi. 6, 9,
pi. x.x. 8.
10,
and
etc., p.
p. 49.
399.
in a
very
TOO
summary
fashion
and,
arc crocodiles
one
and serpents
in
(Fig.
is
and
giraffes (No.
number
of vases on which
include
97).
a small
Museum, on which
the Berlin
ostriches,
finallv',
of which
in
this
series
scorpions,
a
specimen
W'e must now deal with the rare vases decorated with designs
in
relief,
figure of a lizard
and
which cannot
be
Another specimen
boats,
On
In
the
the
identified,
symmetrically arranged,
at University College,
collection
of the
lb. pi.
Petrie, Naqada,
Budge,
p. 32,
the
(Fig. 97).
London,
is
in
figures
relief.^
decorated
in
relief
'
Museum
ostriches, triangles,
''
Fig. 95.
On
Naqada shows
at
No. 164.
Guide
pi.
77.
pi. xvi. j'&b,
xxxvi. 87,
to the
First
and
p.
78c, jZd.
41
ed.
1904,
which
pottery),
period,
and
from
date
possess
in
relief;
this
is
1,449;,
perpendicularly, becoming
line
in
black-topped
the
On
98).
historic
the
first.
gradually thinner.
which descends
believe this re-
Museum.
Berlin
presents
the
arms.
lines
Near the
can
be
in
base,
relief are
at
distinguished,
From each
two ascending
the
seen
of
FiG. 96.
line,
i-^
on by a
carried
(Fig.
interest
special
commencement
the
123
lines
certain
also
ascend
side near
the top,
in
distance
relief,
somewhat
clasping
from
two
the
the
central
circular
knobs,
aoriiptly to
the vase,
in
the top of
a
position
124
which
is
chfficult
inexperience
of
imai^ine,
to
primitive
the
who has
artist,
full-face (the
of Fig.
interest
of
this
vase consists
curious
not
two photographs
in
onnitted
The
vase;.
its
to
the centre
in
special
permitting
us
to
we have
recently been
considering.
This
is
carried
still
further
f^J^^f^'''
Fig. 9/.
-Decok.vted
V.-vses
Hu
(tombs
.\.nd
Other Rare
179 and
loi), which,
in
It
first
is
thus an exact
described.
meaning of the
relief,
line
copy of the
con-
rises
to
legs
of
think, as a consequence
lines
was
lost,
and, more
the
espcciall}- in
specimens,
facin^^
it
ART.
125
Thus
fic^ure.
vase
Naqada
rare
the
in
ftom.b
1,871,
The vase
scheme of decoration.
The
Fig.
is
itself
but there
previous to baking, a
represent serpents
a
number
and
is
^?).
with
is
the
usual
ix Relief.
magic vase
red,
is
also blackened, as
figured as
interior
at
vcr\'
What
is
It
certain
may
is
possibly have
that, with
the
in
the
same museum,
to
my
knowledge
'
The
DiospoLh,
^
at
vase to
there
all
tlie
no piece
is
comparable with
left
is
in
existence at
least,
this.-
by Petrie,
xx.w. 71.
A vase in theBritisli Museum, decorated
apparently only a modern fraud.
pi.
is
PRIMITIVE ART
126
number
certain
with incised
lines,
been employed
but
etc.
Fig. 99.
It
V.\SE
propounded
is
\-arious
summed
dcri\-ed directly
it
mode
this
^
(Fig. lOO,
of
classes
archaic
be cursorily
man,
EGYPT.
onl\- rarely
IN
all
is
an excellent proof
So
far
as
they
can
in
at the
commencement
of this chapter,
and on which
We
potter\' to
which
human
or an
animal form.-
An
found
in
p. 41, and pi. xx.xv. 74, 76; .xx.\'vi. 93^2 and b\ xxxvii. 41.
J^b and 93 <r; xvii. 49. In our figure the upper vase = Diospolis,
= Naqada, xxxvi. 93 b (smoke-blacked
xvi. 74
below, beginning at the left,
brown pottery): 2 Diospolis, xvi. 93c (Hu, U I-6); 3 (Hu, B158); 4 =
'
Petrie, Naqada,
senting
human
figures
some vases in stone and clay reprewhere the "vase" disappears before the sculptured figure.
ART.
The
first
in
127
a
tomb
from the
differ greatly
which we
will
cla}'
consider
making
figure
later,
clothing
specimens as
illustrating
mere pinch
Fig.
shoulders
in
100.
the
breasts
are
as
out suddenly
is
also seen
on the statuettes
(Fig. loi).
<\.nother
vase
of
human form
must
be
mentioned which
uncomfortable attitude.
to render the
'
head with
Petrie, Diospolis,
The
fidelity.pi. v.
in a
most
102.
83.
128
at
In one, care
in
'
(Fig. 102
a vase
vcr\-
is
.
in
museum at
was published b\' Von
now
Cairo, which
the
in
some
Hissing
\'ears ago.-
The
piece
lies in
been
added
of
interest
special
last
this
b\'
primiti\'c
artist.
The
hippopotami
Empire
of
decorated,
are
because they
flies,
the
Maspero
as
lotus,
live
it
!\Iiddle
and buttermidst
the
in
round them.
In
the
hippopotamus-shaped
the
long series
their
Egyptian
saw
of marsh
and
necks
long
of
characteristic
must
explanation
IN
or three
lip,
tail.
These very
'
Petrie,
painting
^
Fr.
ajit
may still be
W.
v.
in
and
pi.
it
was desired
to
show
by harpoons."^
xW. 67.
On
Gcfcisse
shall
again
Bissing, Altiigyptische
Another
groups of two
nature
in
Apparently
ancient
be
Form of a Woma.v.
feet,
they actually
birds.
Vase
Bl.\ck Polished
with
with
large
hippopotamus
the
vase
birds,
most
the
because
art,
surrounded by such
fiG. loi.
the
artist
i? i
Museum
zii
Cisc,
in
the
We
in a
representation of crocodiles.
to refer to them.
ART.
129
at the
Among
as
art,
in
the
art
Egypt
vases,
Clay Vases
one
primitive
in
Petrie.
Hierakoiipolis,
Naqada,
ii.
pi. l.xvi.
pi.
and
68
<;-<:,
The Petrie
number
Form of Animals.
of which
xxvii.
fish,^
certain
is
very remarkable as an
people.
as
Occasionally
London, contains a
of bird-shaped
all
some shaped
Fig. 102.
of
are
in
and
p.
37.
104).
Ouibell
&
Greex,
p. 50.
Petrie, Naqada,
pi. xxvii.
Petrie, Naqada,
pi.
69 z-f.
De Morgan,
Recherchcs,
i.
p. 160, fig.
481.
xxxvi. 90.
* " I am inclined to connect this bird (with mouth on top and spout in front)
with the bird vase said to be used by the Ansairiyeh in Syria, called 7}z.y'(the
peacock) from which they receive sacramental wine in their secret rites." Note
by Professor Petrie.
i^.o
ART.
Here, again, the copy differs widely from the model, and
i^^i
it
is
what
it is
Fig. 104.
Clay Vase
in
Form of a Vulture.
105,
D 73).
Petrie, Diospolis,
to the British
pi.
vi.^R 131
Museum
.\i.\'.
71.
is
decorated
132
with
signs
(Fig.
There
groups of parallel
ibex,
boats,
1
105).
a cover of a
is
similar
the
Maclver,
Mr.
Fig.
105.
this
x\mrah excavations,
dis-
the
in
Pottery
El
were drawn
On
charcoal.
in
in
workmen engraved on
human figures, one of
class that we know.Finally,
box
covered
lines,
which
different
The
third
side
is
at present
pi.
in
it
Budge,
Petrie,
series
of
animals
si.x
History of Egypt,
i.
is
crocodile.
Mr. Maclver
scenes
p. 98, fig.
with
British
(probably
long necks
Museum. No.
Man,
1902, No.
3:;,63q.
14.
p.
17
and
B, 22.
^
pi.
liii.
13,
where
a pottery
mark
is
given similar to
drawn
are
The drawings of
triangles.^
their bodies,
the
It
the
he remarks,
greatly
period,
to
00
Below these
di.igrammaticall}',
row of
is
ART.
such extremely
consider
it
as
more
for
We
There
of designs
another series
connection, although
this
in
is
which
decorative
art,
the chapter,
it
will
be preferable to reserve
when we have
these
of primary importance.
is
finished our
it
for the
of
end of
examination of decorated
The
Egyptians, as
The
may
easily
be
materials employed
for this
We
subject.
We
by
houses,
in
can,
of which
Professor
first
Petrie
discovered
several
examples
the small prehistoric town which lay close round the earliest
found
'
in
fiire-places closely
in
resemble
one of them.
&
Mace, El Amrah and Abydos, pi. xii. 10-13, '^"^ P- 4-- This
in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
Capart, La fete de frapper les Anon, in the Revue dJiistoire des religions,
MacIver
decorated box
xliii.
These
is
now
134
They
have designs
all
pottery on the
the
in
The
remarkable.
the
The
of plaited work
fetish
at
combined
ot
io6).
ith plaited
The excavations
of
at
incised
We
Two
rims.
imitation
in
flat
the
in
royal
tombs.
j^.n
Fig.
io6.
Clay
i.\
I.mit.a.tio.v
of
Plaited Work.
at Hierakonpolis,
have unfortunately
are
parts
The\'
are,
however,
of
or
coffers,
sufficient
to
in
of
show
in
small
seats
that
in
or
the
low
feet
beds.
which
Dr. Petrie of
Italian cinque cento work, rather than of archaic efforts- vPig. 107).
'
I^ETRiE,
Abydos,
*
i.
Exxavations at Abydos,
pi. liii.
13-18,
and
p. 25.
i.
p. 27.
Man,
and
tig?.
6-8.
is
Small
inlaying.
plaques
pronounced
in
03
taste of
Fig.
The
107.
models
principall}'
'
which
inspired
in
the
decorators
Petrie discovered at
Abydos
large
number
are
of glazed pottery
borrowed
The human
ii.
pi. viii.
figure
tiles
which
and
p.
26.
p. 36.
is
ART
PRIMITIV1-:
136
IX
EGYPT.
(Fig.
14).
arms
of
chairs
animals
these
of
with
found on
those
in
knives.
ornamented
are
thc\-
is
of
handles of
the
animal
fantastic
Occasionally a
proportion.
all
figures
108.
Fig.
at Hierakonpolis
the
same
style.
brought
men and
interesting as a curious
example
'
OuiBELL, Hierakonpolis,
lb.
pi.
.xii.-.\iv.
-xvi.
from
Journal of Hellenic
recent
xvii.
and
pi.
.xi.
and
xx.xii.
p. 7;
Cretan finds,
ii.
pi. ix.
i.
ii.
fantastic
pillar cult
of a
name
at
Abydos/'
One
of these
King Nar-Mer, is
pictographic and hierogl\-phic
i.
to light ivory
animals, treated in
and
its
of
p. 37.
animal,
pi.
xvi.
and
xvii.
ART.
137
n8
inscription
Cairo
similar
to
Museum, of which
When we
engraved on
that
\vc shall
plaque
slate
later
on
more especially
in review, there
striking.
observers of nature
The
men.
is
the
in
no).
(Fig.
we have
to be
plants,
We
supplied
speak
^^k.
i?d^
A^ ^m
/TvM
.H6
Fig.
no.
Carved Ivory
Cyli.nders.
pattern.s
especially
from
basket
among
"
decorated
potteyy,"
OuiBELL, Hicra/onpolis,
This mediocrity
and one
i.
fact
decoration,
for
In
pi. .\v. 7,
may
is
results
It
from the
especially flagrant
inscription of Nar-Mcr.
if
the primitive
and men,
sake of art
for the
is,
believe,
among them.
be found
of the
tomb
appreciation
The
stud\-
of the
which
some other
object
an exception
among
view.
in
primitive
is
The
Hierakonpolis
at
139
Art
ART.
we
is
decorative
shall
will.
believe,
partly
enable
us
of the
primitive
Egyptian'^.
fifth,
natural
mastabas of the Ancient Empire arc no other than the development of the ideas which the primitive Egyptians expressed in
adorning their pottery with painted
figures.
designs borrowed directly from nature, these tombs merel\us imitations of hard
stones, of
plaiting
show
To
return
scarcely be
these incised
present
day
certainty.
those
to
marks
found
lines
it
is
seem
on
pottery,
The motives
regarded as decoration.
which
for inscribing
to
impossible
always
to
can
at
the
some
instances
'
remarked
to
that
It
decoration.
*
me
Petrie, Naqada,
p. 44.
all
these
and. chap.
iv.
Structural
PRIMITIVE ART
140
classes of pottery on
two
are
we have
red
the
On
polished.
and
cross-lined
the
studied,
KGYPT.
IX
the
other pottery
they do
decorated,
the
not occur.
wc
If
The human
which
animal,
head
the
marks under
we
of
to
difficult
identif\',
animals
differ
style
in
the
recalls
more
occur
little
one
In
instance
m}'thological
The most
lined pottery.
usual t\-pes
the
are
Birds
often
on
the
decorated
Petrie,
Tlie
which frequently
S,
to
summarv
sketches
palm-tree
determine.^
are
an
into
pottery.''
designs
Floral
found.'
of the
to
occurs
giraffe.'^
frequent,
are less
identifiable
easil\-
cross-
hippo-
elephant,
feet,
and with
frequentl}',
vases,
an
apparently devouring
is
iMgurcs of
2Ia/ies:^
appear^."
rarely
figure
is
different
Boats,
while
the\'
are
rare,
arc
not
entirely
iXai/iu/a, p. 44.
marks D 20
from a slate
are
The
describe in Diospo'iis.
original
is
in the
i.
dynasty.
'
Petrie, Naqada,
pi.
No.
p. 251
li.
7-27
pi. xvii.
Diospolis,
19-24.
pi.
xx
13-29.
M.acIver
&
Mace,
Notebooks,
37, in the
and
5.
pi.
i.
Diospolis,
Petrie, Naqada, pi li. 28-32
Petrie, Naqada, pi. li. 33*38; Diospolis,
^
Petrie, Naqada, pi. Hi. 52-69 Diospolis,
El Amrah and Abydos, pi. xvii. 25-29.
'"'
'
pi. xx.
pi. xxi.
36-43.
pi. xxi.
53-72.
but
they
only
recall
ART.
141
we know
Fig.
III.
-Pottery M.arks.
boats, etc.
Petrie, I\'aqada,
71
Diospolis,
it
is
possible
PRIMITIVE ART
142
to
recognize at a
tion
question of
we
Before
glance.
first
marks,
these
of
EGYPT.
IX
should
ask
therefore
our.-elves
some importance.
Among
those
which
figures
easv
are
of
do
identification,
signs that
belonging
it
possible to discover
to the
primitive Eg}'ptians
or
is
of which
We
must
some remarks
recall
Von
of
which
character
is
Egyptian.
entirely
large
fairly
number
The papyrus
which
of
it
and flower of
so
with
frequently
occurs
often
Egyptian
an
assuredly
is
the
Now
plant.
meaning
this plant.
It
sign
the
As
thousaud
for
verdant repre-
of
is
that
group
to the lotus,
Eg\'ptian
in
is
and
of Asia,
natives
are
from the
times
earliest
Asia,
and
the
from
the
archaic
separate
mythological
Asia (the
conceptions
Indian
species
is
black
vulture,
not
result
hippopotamus,
civilization
of
the
fliffcr
these
plants,
as
the
is
and
Egyptians,
The
bald-headed
Above
the same.
which
considerably
precisely
Griffith,
in
the
is
it
one
from
the
do not
from the
eagle,
vulture
all,
not
could
earliest
exist
in
African
which
(sacred
is
in
bird
goddess
the
of
termed
sparroa--hawk
the
above
at
or,
the
all,
143
should
('which
ibis, offer
be
types which
no way characteristic
arc in
least,
ART.
of Asia.
" It is the
dift'erent
which
fox
the
Asia
in
the
e\'en
among
Icukoryx,
presents
others.
we
we come to
species known
If
find
fish
more
is
0/i:v
these
all
the
it
elephant, which
many
and various
told that
"among others
gazelles
unknown
is
am
(I
Natur-
ally the
number
of the
many
animals
here
attribute to
animal
appearing
that which we
in
above
call
air,
water a
the
graphic
seeing
in
him
into
s\-mbol
the
If
it
the
ver}'
Egypt."
mud
the
it
to
an ins taut or
for
to
become,
to
Basing
his
argument
partly
on
these
considerations
and
we
shall
conclusion
that
speak presently,
F.
balls,
creation,
for
his
perpetual
of
of symbolizing an instant,
expression
iiiiiiutc'^
to
How-
received.
M.
Zaborowski came
to
pp. 409-411.
in
me
the
r Anthropo/ogic,
i.v.
1898,
be a confusion, which I
See Erma.v,
the present time.
appears to
tc
p. 17.
PRIMITIVE ART
144
the
writing should
of hicrogU'[)hic
origin
EGYPT.
I\
reality
be sought
extremely
attractive,
in
At
and
conchisions
these
sight
first
seems
it
arc
evoKe the
to
ratic^nal
Von
to
being
Bissing,
effected
M. Zaborowski appear
more
me
This
e\'olution,
absolutcl}'
On
correct.
it
according
deductions
the
Eg}-pt,
question, however,
the
closely into
be
to
in
from
hierogl\'phs
classical
of
looking
to be a certainty.
The
inscriptions of the
first
The concordance
Empire, as
of his
Dr.
has
Petrie
excavations
the
in
kings
the
Osiris
at
hope
could
present
We may
not
is
discovery of some
relics
There
is
sign
south;^
Lower Egypt,*
Libyan
origin,
an)'
hierogl\-phs
ask, however,
graffiti,
and
lead
to
the
alread}'
representing
plant
the
is
that
whether there
we have
pottery marks
hieroglyphs.
"
of those
The
discovering
of
results
Abydos, leaves
little
at
of the
Ancient
the
established
tenicnos of
of
the
of
the
crown of
the
as
sign of the
pottery marks.'^
This could
onl)-
have
become
hieroglyphic
the
pp. 3-21
die
''
HorKsdiencr."
Petrie, A'aqada,
It),
pi. Hi.
11).
pi.
"'
liii.
pi. Hi.
74.
75.
1
17-122
Diospolis, pi.
.x.'^i.
145
population.
seems
also
It
possible
to
recognize
the
sign
gave of
some
it
12).^
is
is
it,-
not
is
it
scription
discovered
in
the
tomb
dynasty,
where also
it
has
so
of
King Den
the
of
infirst
far
faint,
believe, until
evidence
fresh
obtained,
is
42
^\
Fig.
we cannot
Hieroglyphic
112.
(?)
-^^^tDl
'r^i
assert
possession
Were they
of
the
greatest
perceive the
characters.^
discovered
of
among
the
later
discoveries
has
One
been to
of their
precisely
is
these
characters
it
that
is
have
been
deal.
Petrie, Diospolis,
gypte,
-
surprises
possibility
It
we must now
'
in
Petrie, Saqada,
pi.
lii.
p.
78 et
Capart, Note
sicr la decapitation
en
scq.
i.
pi.
.x.
11,
102.
10
146
found
number
certain
"
he states that
marks
of
geometrical
of
alphabetical series
in
and
forms,
any
like
definite
sequence to suggest
new
supplied
the
tombs
royal
Evans among
Mr.
of
researches
in
Cretan
the
Abydos
of
have
and the
question,
and
pictographs
way
The examination
our subject, and
would lead us
question
indications,
far
from
works where
to
he
find
will
of this
identical
At the
first
dynasty a
series of
with
is
Creto-Aegean
the
potter)'
marks
discovered
in
Egypt
linear alphabets
Kahun and
at
in
in
first
table
drawn up by Petrie^
Petrie, Naqada,
'
some marks
in
i.
MacIver
p. 44, pi.
&
Pre-Phoeiiicia7i
Scnpt froJH
liii.
et seq.
is
examined,
Diospolis, pi.
it
is
seen that
See also
x.xi.-xxiii.
pi. xvii.
Crete, in the
pp.
12-154
1S90.
Sayce,
i.
BouDARD,
the
which
It
signs
differ seriously
must,
ha\e
been
the
course
first,
of ages.
system
and
modifications
in
probability be
which are
still
the Touaregs.
.. i..
employed
The
series,
present
rarely
all
147
in
the
conclusion
that
may
It
of
signs,
113).
which
signs
underwent
even
with
and with
and
variants
therefore,
the
in
ART.
few
some
tifiiiagJi,
that
may
be
148
Here
is
letters
What
is
due
really
of Phoenician influence.
rise
the
to
alphabets)
N =
50,
numerical
for
100,
purposes,
500,
A=
as
use of them
M.
in
5,
10,
force
Phoenicians
countries
all
traded.
except
on
E =
i,
etc.
Phoenician
others,
all
Revue
do not think
arc]ieologiqtie-
contested
arguments have
his
possible for
it
in
no
any one
to
of
Dr.
fact
is
Petrie's
table
standing."
left
seems
It
signs
linear
are
we must
If
known
these
in
after
remains
primitive
have
failed
Weill,
who,
question, do not
tables
'
seem
manner as to render
to compare them
Up
to
thirty) discovered
the
present time
on
prehistoric
think,
number of
Spain.
in
recover
to
so strange a
in
thousands of years,
several
existence which
in
Mediterranean world
possible,
of
commencement
the
Of
alphabeti-
"
it
the presence of
it is
"
it
me
to
to
me
has
in
have
remains, and
not
any way
only
the criticisms
side
of the
have touched
Petrie's
faced
to
left
on
we
that
and deductions.
Weill,
R.,
La
i.
pr 32.
i.
pp. 213-232.
ART.
149
"
Now, how can we explain the fact that these " alphabetiform
signs are found in Egypt at the prehistoric age, and under the
I
think there
first, the twelfth, and the eighteenth dynasties?
considered.
At these
which
should
be
hypotheses
are two
Egypt
periods
different
may
the
Egyptians
the
else
this
system
We
We
resemblances
of
primitive
their
system
alphabetical
with
the
the
I
with
touch
in
or
originated,
do
think
not
appearance
history
to
it
these
of
contact
is
bold
too
marks
with
at
the
attribute
definitely
to
different
Egyptian
of
periods
the
type
special
the
at
this is
in
the
found
in
Spain and
and
in
attributed
Bosnia,
appearance
in
disappeared
at
of
pottery, with a
Hissarlik,
in
from
Egyptian
Egypt
nude
art
Crete
in
Egypt
is
it
during
figures of
since
whitish
this
(Knossos),
evidently an
the
incised
specimens
Sardinia,
importation.^
black
the
incisions
paste
the
must be
twelfth
and
primitive
Again,
one
is
easily
found
in the vases
in
the royal tombs, and in the temple of Osiris; during the twelfth
dynasty, in the fact that at Knossos there are Egyptian remains of
that period, and perhaps also in the appearance of
'
M.AcIvER
Ahns
&
"
pan graves."
in ArcJucologv
The description of these will be found in Petrie, Diospolis, pp. 45-49 ^he
term employed by Petne, "pan graves," is merely an abbreviation of " pan-shaped
'<
graves.''
PRIMITIX'E
1^0
The presence
the
end of
of these graves
route
the
EGYPT.
IN
in
ART
is
the
direction
dynasty by these
Foreign relations,
so evident.^
.M.SGO.
i_%_a^^^^r.';
'''
R T.IL.35.
Fig.
with
especially
114.
the
I.MPUESsiON's
Mycensean
point
civilization,
dynasty, that
we have already
it
pointed out
is
were
useless
the
MacIver
&
Mace,
/oc. cit.
so
to
numerous
insist
on
Libyan influence
to
in
Eg}'pt,
must,
it
think, be
Mace
"
rejected,
ART.
He
the
for
reasons
pan graves,"
"
dynasty
"
alphabetiform
in
151
completely absent
must apologize
nature of which
primitive writings,
to
refer to
the
am fully
may be
inscriptions,
Some
present
We
art.-
MacIver
&
permitted
closing
in
Mace,
thus return
loc. cit. p.
chapter
at
the
disappear with
onl}- to
to
and animals
them completely with the
our subject,
wish specially
this
of personages
to connect
as
unsubstantial
representations
archaic a style
primitive
As
aware.
considerable rapidity.
of the
reflections,
cylinders,
earliest period of
of so
these
for
from which
(Fig.
in
114).
69.
ii.
pi.
X.
to
De Morgan,
Petrie, Abydos,
xiv. 101-104.
i.
pi.
Ii.
Rcchcrches,
No.
Max MOller,
1 1
ii.
p.
Royal
i6g,
fig.
To}?ibs,
i.
560,
pi.
Hellenic Studies,
xvii. 1897, p.
362
ct seq.
p.
from Egypt,
tische Litteratiirzeitiing,
and
xix. 8,
Dennis,
170,
ii.
fig.
pi. xiii.
561.
95
210, 211.
of
CHAPTER
IV.
WE
most
same time
the
most
and
difficult,
and
enable
perhaps,
will,
us
some
decide
to
uncertainty.
in
left
One
at
our
of
part
interesting,
the
study.
numerous,
which
points
our greatest
of
here
me
to
advisable
importance to
for
this
which can be
remains
the chapter
for
those
great
too
attach
objects
only
classified
an inscription or royal
to
and to reserve
Egyptian
not
present
the
distinction,
name.
nucleus, round which the various objects which are closely allied
to
To
begin
with,
we
consider
will
As
flints
have
which
example
early as 1890 an
is
inclined to assign
it
to
the twelfth
me
dynasty
to consider
been
Professor
^
;
it
but the
rather as
several
Collection,
University College,
a snake
London, there
from
Koptos,
Petrie, Kahun, Gurob and Hazuara, London, 1890, p. 30 and pi. viii. 22
Ten Years' Digging in Egypt, 2nd ed. London, 1893, p. 127; Prehistoric
Egyptian Figures, in t^Ian, 1892, No. 14, p. 17 and pi. B, 20.
1
dog
The
Berlin
represented
(?),
Museum
153
flight^
in
(Fig-
form of an antelope
{bubaiis), a
i^S)in
the
a most striking
Museum
there
(No. 30,41
1),
an unpublished specimen
is
115. Worked
Fig.
In the
MacGregor
Collection,
form of a
in
bull's head'^^
Form of
Fli.nts in
form of an antelope
in
Ani.-\ials.
Tamworth, there
is
/;/
situ
among
'
Schweinfurth,
Umschau,
(?),
vii.
1903,
G.,
pp.
i&w specimens
a large specimen
(No. 32,124).
loc. cit. p.
Osiris at
17, pi. B,
Ab\-dos.^
17-iq.
provcnent dc I'Egypie,
in the Rcviie
de
V Ecolc
i.
pi.
:c.',
and
p. 12.
in
Man,
Abydos^
154
testily to
working (Fig.
known
in
Fig.
16.
Worked
in
remarkable dexterity
Ii5)-
other countries
in
flint
pieces
been discovered
ha\-e
Flint
in
Form of an Antelope
(BUBALIS).
Berlin Museum.-
My
Royal
colleague,
Museums
forms.
Some show
of a boat
of animals,
others
more
the outline
the
profiles
or less deter-
was
neolithic age.
of extremely fine work, the contour being retouched with extraordinary delicacy.
Other similar pieces have been discovered in the valleys of the Ohio and
See Wilson, Th.,
Mississippi, one representing a bird, another a serpent.
Classification des pointcs de fieches, des pointcs des laiiccs, et des coiiteaux de
pierre, in the Compte rendu dit Congres intcniaiional d'antliropologic et
d'arcJieologie pi'ehistoriqiies,
pp. 320-322,
and
fig.
twelfth
session,
at
Paris,
in
1900,
Paris,
1903,
14.
Reproduction alter Die L'?nscliaif. Ubersicht iiber Fortschritte und Bewegungen auf dem Gesamtgebiet der Wissenschaft, Technick, Litteratur und
Kunst. Francfurt a/Main, H. Bechhold, Verlag.
-
at
earliest
various materials
and
pottery,
lead.
remind
will
men
which
of
given earlier
there
is
The
rare
been
further.
men
of
somewhat
are
one
not
Petrie
human
the
no need to speak
statuettes
the
have
illustrations
in
in
carved on the
form
b\'
in
represented standing
seen
be
,
Fig.
be
is
human
(Fig.
that of the
we examined
representations
chapter
the
in
the
that
said
^,
Berlin IMuseum.-
caretullv marked.^
is
may
it
to
of the karnata,
,
the beard
general,
In
them are
of
indications
distinct
or sheath
another appears to
On most
be seated.
are
figures
Se\-eral
dates).
relating
decorative
to
in
art
119).
Another
Gebel
statuette,
discovered
pottery,
Tarif,
el
is
in
more
yellowish
necropolis
the
in
interesting.
of
It
Worked
Flint
arms
Form of a Wild
Barbary Sheep.
IN
hanging
already
the
the nose
Berlin Museum.-'
down
face
body.
the
formed, and
better
is
Here
well indicated.'*
'
pi. v.
U96;
Two
vi.
19,
similar pieces
lb.
De Morgan,
pi. v.
loc. cit.
i.
p.
151,
fig.
373
ii.
fig.
ill, p. 54.
i=;6
figure
and
Fig.
the
its
side,
marble
idol
found at Amorgos.
"Though
119.
differing,"
Aegean
Islands
yet
general
in
it
shape
its
bent
knees
shows a remarkable
;
while
in
its
and
arms
held
close
to
resemblance to them
in
recurved
flat-topped
head
it
157
M.
III).
In
the
excavations
several figures of
type
Mr.
Maclver discovered
of the same
specimens
the
as
Amrah
El
at
men
found
at
by the
19).
Museum,^ and
Berlin
the
in
without
legs,
University
London.
College,
one
history unknown,
its
men
Figures of
the mass
in
and
polis,
These
pieces.
tunately
in
to
before
see,
effort
realize
are
bad
is
unfor-
condition,
necessary
what
in
they were
We
mutilation.
their
can
figures, clothed
in
preceding
the
ivories
rather
and a serious
order
at the
advance on
real
its
was
in a loin-cloth held
attached
the
The
karjiata.
120.
Ivory Figures of Men
discovered at hierakonpolis.
Fig.
beard,
when represented,
is
enclosed
in
short,
it
frequent
appears
type
that
the
In
most
Oxford.
119,
120,
and
121).
OuiBELL, Hierakonpolis,
egyptie7t7ies
i.
de I'cpoque archaique,
ii.,
in the
and pp.
8,
11.
6, 7.
Naville, Figurines
1^8
From an examination
statuettes,
of the
whom we
head
ivor\-
Dr.
considers
race, anterior
that
to
they represent
the
I2i)
(Fig.
which
is
especially characteristic.^
121.
another head of a
these
man we
see
.\t
Hier.^konpolis.
kind of high-pointed
found
all
individuals
Fig.
On
Petrie
primitive
in the
MacGregor Collection
pi. v.
There are
HierakonpolLs.
Early Egypt,
pi. xviii. 6.
in
i\\e.
159
casque, suggestive of the white crown' (Figs. 121 and liz), and
the
in
same head-dress
is
This
is
may
entirely
rely
on
his
judgment
i6o
shows
power
apart from
with
dealing
of
work
the later
all
in
which
individuality
stands
its
(F'g-
on
to
ma\'
It
the
more
122}.
seem
and
head,
the
preceding
as
perpendicularly
size.
Kingdom"^
The
unsuspected,
quite
is
be
abnormal
of
not a trace of a
more so that
ears, the
No.
14).
Female
statuettes are
far
begin
to
by
body
appearance,
two
of
to
however,
setting
extraordinary
illustrations
It is necessary,
which
of
we
have
already
given
(Fig. 6).
These
ment of
principally
fat,
thighs (steatopygy).
found
among
Petrie, Abydos,
lb.
is
the
known
in
by an exaggerated develop-
Hottentots, and
the
a representation
It
in
it
has
el
is
frequently
and xiii.
Mexican statue in the Ethnographical
Museum, Berlin, shows a similar deformity.
See Woekman, Geschichte
der Kunst aller Zeiten und Volker, i. Leipzic, 1900, fig. p. 88. Pliny, Natural
" The island of the Fanesii, in which the inhabitants,
History, iv. 27, 5
who are naked, completely cover themselves with their ears, which are of
excessive size.'' Male, E., L'ari religeux du xiii'. siecle en France, Paris, 1902,
" Men with ears as large as winnowing fans."
p. "]"] (the Portal of V^zelay)
Delafosse, M., Sur des traces probables de ci^iilisation egyptienne et d'hommes
de race blanche a la cote d'ivoirc, in l' Anthropologic, xi. 19C0, p. 679, " Ces
fils du Ciel avaient la peau blanche
leurs oreilles etaient si grandes qu'ils
s'en cachaient leur visage a la vue d'un homme de la terre."
P. 684, " Tous
ceux qui en ont vu ou en ont entendu parler disent que, pour ne pas etre
reconniis, ils prenaient leurs oreilles avec les mains et les ramenaient sur
leur visage."
Information contributed by MM. Bayet, Macoir, M. Hebert,
and F. d4 Zeltner.
ii.
pi.
ii.
17-19,
iii.
p. 24, pi.
and
p.
ii.
24.
3,
standing
either
positions,
i6i
or
seated.'
The specimens
in
two
in
the
ford,
and
show
still
(Figs.
paint
black
Museum
only complete
know
We
Berlin
possesses a seated
the
figure,
one
123,
The
125).
124,
of
traces
of (Fig. 125).
here encounter an
problem
important
con-
of
migrations
peoples.
Should
Egyptian
statuettes
these
be
presence
Hottentot
Egypt
race in prehistoric
Fouquet
Dr.
after
the
writes,
examination
of
discovered
in
the
bones
the
tombs
At
"
South
for
men,
the
women,
the
for
72,
"Ji
13
Ji,
of
Bushmen
Kaffirs
(72,
Naqada
^
les peitples
2
The
54).
itself
1878,
dc la
discovery
of steatopygous
ii.
terre, pp.
Petrie, Aaqada,
10,
pi. vi.
made by
statuettes
1-4
73.
Flinders
suggested
p. 34.
pi.
123.
the
(72, 42)
Petxij. Naqada,
and Cairo,
Fig.
Hottentots,
the
le
to
Petrie
Haute ^gypte,
Paris
1.
p.
at
him the
34
II
ART
PRIiMITIVE
l62
same
IN EGYPT.
idea,
final
analysis.
It
is
into
France, and
it
is
Egypt."
writes
way
of
all
penetrated
race
this
returned by
they
possible that
by
have adopted on
to
it
is
first
glance to be extraordinary
identical
those
'
"
covery of
Fig.
is
in
Egypt,
124.
Ashmolean Museum.
among
in Africa,
the dwellers in
in
on
The
insistence
Pyrenean
the
with
Piette pointed
peculiarities
which
in the Bulletui
figures,
palaeolithic
les
which M.
ii.
p. 378.
et les decouvertcs
de
M. Ed.
Piette,
did
163
not
at
succeed
first
in
fixing
attention
was
it
step in advance
dcs
Inscriptions,
the
great
November
similarity
that
23rd,
at the
1894,
M. Maspero recognized
between the
exists
great
legless
figures
of
Fig.
125.
Steatopygous Figure
Berlin
M. Boule,
way
may
in
in Cl.\y (complete).
Museum.
"
in
the
same
The comparison
cannot
resist
finding
received the
Mas
d'Azil,
and
Naqada and
Ballas."
'
r Anthropologic
xi.
1900, p. 759.
164
doubts,
NotwithstandiriL^ Boule's
resemblance
is
figures in the
and
Illyria,
without
not
French caves/
it
We
foundation.
Thrace
in
at Butmir, Cucuteni,
Sereth, in
Poland,'^ in
Greece,'*
Crete.''
Egypt
in
this
analogous
find
figures,
The
bulky proportions.''
be quoted
can
paintings
of this type in
where the
decorated
(Fig.
with
There
5;.
clay, ivory,
and
summarily indicated.
are
legs
specimen that
best
figure
reproduced
alread}'
are statuettes
lead,
the
is
means of a nip
at other
ii.
29-1
ix.
not a trace
is
p. 34,
5 1.
figs.
dcconvcrte dans
polog/e,
there
Petrie, Naqada,
Jine
times
of them.
'
to project.
indicated
in the clay,
ic?ie
i.
ii.
von Malta,
Akadcmie der ^V'iss.,
CI., .\xi. Bd., iii. Abth. Mu.nchen, 1901, pp. 699-703, and
pi. X. 2, xi.
and 2. Review by Arthur Evans, in Man,
Mayr, Die
in
tiie
vo7geschichtliclicn Denkmiila-
Abhandliuigcn der
k.
bayer.
i.
Fig 126.
Clay
Fe.male Figure.
University Col'ege,
London.
(separate reprint, p.
of our Fig. 123.
Perrot
&
in
Chipiez,
43,
reproduces
fig.
2 of pi.
'
pi.
fig. 3, p.
fig.
Reinach,
figure
and
figs.
La
S.,
sculpture en
94 and 95
from Poland with those
greco-romai7ics,
I'antiquitc',
fig.
La
vi..
Grece
p. 741.
its
Place in the
History of Early Aegean Culture, in Ma.t, 1901, No. 146, pp. 184-186, and fig.
They appear again in Egypt in the eighteenth dynasty. See MacIver & Mace,
pi.
pi. xi.x.
*
iv.
D8.
1901,
of
hands
the
of
body
the
clasped
are
(Fig.
specimen which
Museum
as
to
hide
There
is
also
126).
No.
paste,
London, where
College,
though
almost perfect at
is
vegetable
in
University
at
165
the
lower
part
Berlin
the
(Fig.
14 167
127).
the thighs
edge
be covered with a
there
when joined^
(Fig.
specimen
a similar
University
tomb B
10
arms
There
11).
Petrie
The excavations
examples,
(sequence date
the
lower
the
at
No.
128,
the
in
D.
Round
Collection,
College,
with
curved
a belt
is
of the
part
veil.
at
the legs
is
The lower
black.
appears to
face
is
at Diospolis
small
carved-
carefully
from
notably,
a
34),
figure
(Fig.
128,
loi).
In
same
the
necropolis,
tomb
in
S;^
hair
at
least
legs
and
(Fig.
^
128,
D.
B80
in
the
same
the
indicated
=*
The arms
are
rudimentary
.
Aegean
still
fashion
represented
as
worked
already
statuette,
where
detail,
in
are
female
light
more
the
in
III-!
Islands.-*
'
also
figures
the
-J^
of
c
Fig.
127.
r-
Fe.m.\le
mous.
objects.
P-
lix.
11
'
Petrie, Diospolis,
lb. pi.
vi.
pi. v.
83, p. 32.
Diospolis,
p.
26.
Now
533
p.
33.
pi.
at
v.
tiie
loi,
Ashand
66
Fig.
128.
Female Figures
in
position
body
of
arms.
the
sometimes
only
the
right
arm
on
the
breast
have
others
pendant,
is
One
left
folded
167
two
with
Fig.
locks
129.
some, on
hanging
on
carved,
and
lower
the
series
framing
the
part
of holes,
of
arranged
sometimes
the
arms
the
placed
on the
body.
of the
contrary, wear
the
over
the
in
front
MacGregor
shoulders,
the
down
the
has
figure
one hand
hair
down
while
Collection.
On some
face.
the
body
is
fan-shape.
inlaid
with
later
figures
the\'
were
ar^^'
The
round
specimens
'y
e\-es
the
rendered
are
bone beads
hair
b\-
sometimes
(Figs.
128
129).
Some
means
of
of these
which
to
stands,
similar
to
University College,
i.
128
is
a reproduction.
of
68
some of
those of
the
to consider.
The
woman
which
British
Museum
standing, wrapped
leaving
fringed,
is
the
uncovered
breast
left
whose body
child,
upper edge of
cloak, the
large
in
is
The
in
her
'fig-
of
t\"pe
carrying
ijO).
also occurs
child
in
the Berlin
Museum
(No.
14,441;
tremely
rough
style
ex-
of
work
of
130-
At
the
her
woman
the
an ivory figure
(Fig.
on
wc
find
figures,
and
Hierakonpolis
same female
examples described
preceding
the
in
which
lines,
are
of
130.-F1GCREOFAW0M.AN carkving
Fig
the
Hntibh ^,
Museum.
,,
,_
fact,
progress
rise
There
dynastx-.
^
first
the
made
is,
of
in
between
one group and the next, and although the pose and the arrange-
ment of the
artist
has
completely
absent
examples, a
I
hair
fair
same, one
ma\' be the
feeling
in
for
the
the
earlier
number of
is
individuality of the
Like
figures.
type which
the
is
preceding
all
I
these carvings.
They
have mentioned.
present
In Figs.
132
and 133 are reppodiictions of the best ivories found at Hierakonpolis, and
now at the Ashmolean Museum. O.xford.
wish
I
however,
to
cloaks which
two small
^
Budge,
For
tlie
draw attention
we have already
statuettes,
to
the
figures
dealt with,
on bases,- identical
and
in
wrapped
also to
st\-le
in
with an ivory
large
remark on
i.
pi. ix. x.
statuette
carved
of children
tionality^ (Fig.
The
in
konpolis
carved
one
of
and
free
from
figures
conven2).
at
with
we had
met with
the
pre\-iously
from Hiera-
a figure
chrysocolla.'"
in
two
Abydos,
ivory
women were
of
shows
which
carvings"^ (Fig
found,
strong
Hicrakonpolis
the
to
affinity
style,
Abx'dos,
at
These are
other
contributed
attitude- which
at
1902-3
mouth, a traditional
finger in the
Also,
of
children,
of
statuettes
excellent
excavations
have
Abx'dos
car\-ings
winter
Egyptian dynast}'.
first
in
132,
same
the
durinc^
169
Ab
I-8.
5^
while
Ancient Empire.'
st\ie of the
list
There are
specimens
in
reproduced
to
dressing (Fig.
Finall}',
illustrate
to
Fig. 131.
terminate
of female figures,
IvoKv Figure
of
.\
Woman
CARRYING A ChiLD.
list
Berlin
in lapis-lazuli,
Museum.
discovered at Hicrakonpolis.
ii.
pi.
ii.
lb.
QuiBELL, Hicrakonpolis,
ii.
pi.
ii.
7,
8;
Petrie, Abydos,
female figures found
this
we must mention
an interesting statuette
The
hair-
15).
pi.
ii.
in
i,
and
j).
23.
18.
ill.
i.
pi. .xviii. 4.
and
tiie
ii.
p.
24.
The same
pi.
170
PRIMITIVE ART
IX
EGYPT.
'-
171
.r
PRIMITIVE ART
1/2
IN EGYPT.
recall to
134).
and female
which
specimens
curious
at once elicited a
figures of
"
in
suggest
have been
and these
Ptah
male
class of
malformations
tomical
Some
figures,
embryo" of
rickets.
published,
the historic
ivory in
in
age.'^
the Petrie
We
shall
they were
temples (Fig.
We
FjG.
134.
Figure
SM.A.LL
i.v
Lapis-
from
lazuli
must
tombs and
the
135).
squatting or
in
This
positions
is
either
men
represented
There
with
it
regard
to
is
point, in
this
1891
in
what
Ashmolean
Museum.
is
stated
to
an
the
in
have been
ii. p. 38.
QuiBELi., HierakonpoUs, i. pi. xviii. 3, and p. 7
N.AViLLE, Figitrines egyptienncs de iepoque arcfmu/iie, ii., in the Reciieil ch
'
travaux
7-elatifs
1900,
pi. 5.
pi. xi.
and
X.
deposited
for
statuettes
possible.
HlERAKONPOLIS.
and
figures,
Budge,
xviii.
in the
Verhandlmtgen
der
berl.
egyptiemies ct assyriciiiics. ii. 18S0, pp. 129-133, and plate (reproduction from the
Dr. Eifer,
Bulletins de la ^ociete d\mthropologic de Paris, 1878, p. 296).
LAchondrflf>lasie, in the Correspondant medical, vi. 120, September 15th, 1899.
SCULPTURE
x*\ND
The main
found at Thebes.
specimens
132,
No.
Fig.
same
give
ivories
There
is
in
i.
pi. xi.
the
3.
to
be noticed at
dynasty,
the
where scenes
.xii.
3, xxii.
(Fi&-
figure
first
Petrie. Abydos,
2,
lb.
xxi.
all
this
examples of these
Objects of
QuiBELL, Hierakonpolis,
pi.
In
but
Collection.
a small
also
i.
drawn
H)- Objects of
glazed pottery, were found at Hierakonpolis
'
several
head.'''
the
135.
type, but in
top of the
disappeared,
in
MacGregor
and Abydos.-
lies
tightly
19J.
The Hierakonpolis
captives, the
the
crouching position.
thong has
leather
this
his
in
/5
object
interest of this
well
the
PAINTING.
in
ii.
Man,
pi. v. 37,
and
p. 25.
1902, No. 14 p.
17, pi.
B,
1.
1/4
we
shall
consider farther
Finally
we
At Naqada,
will deal
tomb (No.
in
placed
ivory statuettes
the
upright,
on
tomb, several
the
of
side
east
row of four
They represented
centimetres apart.
to
difficult
is
by beads
of
these
The eyes
on the head.
are indicated
(Fig.
119, No.
at
University
is
London, and
also
One
7).
College,
head
the
of
at the
Berlin
to
must
be
included
statuettes, although
Figure of a Woman
STANDING IN A LaRGE |aR.
Fjg.
136.
in
this
they
list
are
Some
of
of
of these
of a
S3,
woman
8,
and
standing
One
ii).
in
is
the figure
The
feet.
left
hand
is
upon her
it
hip,
some-
and with
have reserved
Petrie, Naqada,
'
date 38
is
given.
pi.
for
li.x.
this
7,
and
Diospolis, p. 26,
human form
natiofial
gravurc a
la pointt\ Paris,
in the Zeitschrift
''
new
fur
fig.
p.
in the ZeitscJ'rLft,
xxxv. t^q/,
by M. Naville
The
first
to
as
Fig.
137.
Vases
in
of hard
Oni
i.i
a kneeling
p'-esents
and the
fine
woman, holding
collection of Mr.
in
her hand an
stone
Form of Women.
MacGregor.
1/5
(]
1/6
number of European
prehistoric
The other
sculptures.^
is
to
be
part
two
female
of
terracotta
and
Petrie,
M.
figure.-
figures
in
do not hesitate
Naville
With Erman
Museum.
them to
Athens
the
the eighteenth
to attribute
dynasty.'^
As regards
M. Naville
the
preceding ones,
and
work,
ceramic
have
am
inclined
which
art
difficult)'
at the
believing
in
connect
to
produced
artists
valuable.
Of
classif\'ing
them according
these
we
will
human
at
Hicrakonpolis,
Sometimes
at times, in
'
Reinach,
in
is
it
La
137).
strange to
is
They carved
materials
in
a great
hard and
both
to their species.
in
almost
glazed
in
There
is
the excava-
all
and
Diospolis,
sometimes
It
of
with
Abydo.s,
clay,^
pottery
earlier (P"ig.
figures.
school
the
in
variety of
be Egyptian
to
incised
extremely numerous.
it
with
it
black
the
we have spoken
woman, bought by
same time as the two
standing
the
of
figure
at
Gebelein
at
potter)','
figure
and
a
of
also,
hippo-
l8-20,
13,
pi. i.-iii.
Naville, ib. .x.xi. 1899, pp. 212-216, pi. ii. iii. These vases may be compared
with those found at Abydos.
See G.\rstang, El Arabali, pi. xix. K 178.
MacIver & Mace, El A7?irali and Abydos, pi. xlviii.
and notice of J. L.
^
Myres,
pi.
225.
35
Von
iigyplisclie
Aftirah
*
pp. 72-75.
Petrie, Diospolis,
liii.
fur
!b.
i:prache,
and Abydos,
xxxvi.
Museum
124,
and
fig.
ztt Gise, in
the ZcitsdiHfi
MacIver
&
Mace, El
pi. ix. 5.
QuiBELL, Hierakofipolis,
Oxford).
1S98, p.
i.
x.
Pe.'rje, Abydos,
ii.
i.
pi. xviii.
Ca'.cic":
QuTBELL
&
Green, Hierakonpolis,
ii.
pl. Ixiv.
5,
and
p.
50,
tomb 153
which
museum
merits
Athens, where
at
Collection.
It
carved
is
extremely polished.
block
the head
Fig.
13S.
special
The
forms
it
in
attention
black
beast
is
part
belongs
it
of
177
the
and white
Di Demetrio
granite,
and
is
Figures of Hippopotami
the
to
in Clay,
The
detail.
whole
effect
is
heavy and
without
character.
to
curious
this
(Ethnograpiiical
thickset,
Professor
piece, does
but nevertheless
not
hesitate
to
attribute
PiTi^E, Abydos,
it
is
not
attention
to
it
ii.
pi. x.
the
226,
12
178
Naqada period'
(Fig.
and
139).
impression
this
is
confirmed by
by Dr.
The
type
lion
specially
is
in
and
ivory,
low,
and
the
that
they
formed
Fig.
Ouibell
show
over
Hippopotamus
139.
in
University
London.
College,
These
Ballas
the
movement
'
iii.
lions
lions
down,
It
the
head
considered
is
in
to regular
and
but
which
Nagada
Z.u
They
is
of the head
Wiedemann,
pieces
Ballas.
excavation.
earliest
lying
back.
the
game.^
of a
part
The
tomb at
in
animal
the
twisted
tail
Petrie at Koptos."
interesting.
Periodc^
is
in
found
in
in
two
almost
of
all
scientific
similar to
them
the later
Petrie, Koptos,
pi. v.'5,
and
p. 7
Oxford).
'
Petrie, Naqada,
pi. vii.
Qj^^,
P'- 'x-
^'-,
16
17,
and pp.
The
limestone.-
with
Menes,
crystal, of
179
is
royal
has
disengaged
scarcely
tomb
from
is
block of
two
yielded
the
figures of lions
one of rock
crude work, recalling the earlier pieces^; the other of
140.
Fig.
ivory,
which
in
the
sculptor
has
Petrie, Naqada,
lb.,\A.
\x.
pi. Ix.
endeavoured
to
render
the
and mane.^
24-26.
23.
pom
Egypt
stpwrately,
p.
in the writer's
5,
fig. 5/^,
and
collection,
p. 10).
in
There
is
ArchcEologia,
Ivi.
1899 (published
another specimen in the MacGregor
PRIMITIVE ART
i8o
The
ivory
discovered
lions
EGYPT.
IN
one
in
of
the
tombs
private
ment
spots
with
in
On
form.
Mesopotamia
he also
This
eyes.
peculiarity
points out
that the
position
t
Fig.
141.
identical
those
with
peculiarity
to
The
carvings.^
of
is
prehistoric
two
that
Amelineau,
pi.
the
of
tail
be observed
excavations
that
of the
Figures of Lions.
in
of
in
Small
met
not
is
observed
frequently
is
xxxi.
vi. 3, 4,
in
is
final
relief clearly
141).
in
lion in
and
lines
The
same
ivory,- and
the
tombs
at
also a head
p. 23.
1895-6,
Compte rendu
There
is
an
of special
is
h'nes
example of
larger
This
interest.
i8r
size
which
in
this
peculiarity
by
which reproduces the principal characteristics
of the small figures (Fig. 142).
One would gladlv assign it to
is
Petrie at Koptos,
Fig.
142.
the age of Zer, and this date would equally apply to the
hippopotamus at 'the museum at Athens. These specimens are,
however,
not
sufficiently
abundant
to
enable
with
us
to
307,
fix
Petrie, Koptos,
pi. v. 5,
and
p. 7.
f)l.
.^lii.
p.
i82
Randolph
the
In
South Kensington
Berens
Museum,
now deposited
Collection,
two large
there are
an art
far
think, to the
the
in
black
bear witness to
first
temple
d}'nasty.
of
Osiris
at
143.
in
the
Fig.
lions
They
at
of excellent workmanship.
them
to a
Two
the
intend thus to
artist
animals?
'
Petrie,
thinites
in
Abydos,
ii.
pi.
iii.
that
indicate
p.
inlaid
24.
of
collars.
them
Did
Capart,
Aiitiquitcs de
I'epoqne
the
p.
24.
Lionesses
26 and 28.
Eye
at Hierakonpolis
remarkable figure of a
opportunity to discuss
antiquities.
we must
To
lion
in
led
which we
shall
have
in
notice an
the discovery of a
to
terracotta,
183
example
of figures
of
lions,
in
from Abydos.^
Figures of dogs are
by glazed pottery
later
the
more archaic
type,
Fig.
and the
They must
numerous.
less
into
144.
be divided
represented
and Abydos,-
Figures of Dogs.
suggest a resemblance
earliest sovereigns of
to
the
the
first
lion
figures
dynasty^
of the
(Fig.
143)-
time of the
These dogs
144).
i.
i84
to be distinguished
a kind of
head much
ears, the
like
our modern
build, with
foxhound, and
with a coat either black and white, or white and reddish brown.It
is
to
now
in
this
represented
the
rough fragments
in
Fig.
145.
clay,
dogs.'*
They
with
are
specially
European
examples of
figures
''
(Fig.
ii.
pi.
all
the
this species
Petrie, Abydos,
Fig.
interesting
ii.
13.
Quibell, Hierakonpolis,
i.
pi.
.xi.\-.
6,
and
68 of this book.
a la chasse et a la giierre,
in
les
the
I'
Academie des
i.
fig.
366, p. 125.
11-14,
and
p. 522.
The
figure,
bildendeti
Hierakonpolis,
Ixiii. 7,
Kunst
appears
i?n
to
Eiiropa^ pi xv.
me
to
rep.-c.";';nt
i8s
The most
curious
pieces
By
only
monkey.
Fig.
remarks that
Petrie
Found
being
its
he says,
"
preserved.
been kept,"
this
clearly indi-
"
in
the
to
flint,
head of
likeness
146.
is
rese.mble Baboons.
The
great
natural
flint
seems
baboon.
No
other
have
to
and [another]
found
the whole temple area, and these must have been brought
mile or more
As they were
we know,
it
placed with
the
to
sacred
animals,
and
perhaps
venerated
any
before
Moldavie du nord,
et
in the
pp. 299-307
and
pi.
ii.
17,
session,
at
Paris,
in
1889,
Paris,
1891,
i86
artificial
with which we
From
the
The
figure.-
species of
there
monkey
this
subject
another very
is
here represented
is
seated
extremely numerous,
knees.
deal later.
will
c}'nocephalus,
on
not insist on
will
temple of Hierakonpolis
the
rough stone
the
We
point,
always copied from the same type, sometimes summarily, sometimes worked with
which
and a regard
observation
careful
One group
quite remarkable.^
is
We
must
inspired
monkey who
one
artist
tenderly in her
its
Or,
there
again,
ground.
In
this
of a
baboon
rendered with
walking,
much
where
spirit^ (Fig-
in
to
base.''
the
gait
ape seated,
the
is
example the
last
natural
of
remarkable
to
holds
artist
at
turning
in
is
primitive
the
represent a
detail
monkey which
degree.
for
There
in
is
also a figure
been
has
a perfectly
seized
and
HZ)-
now
pottery,
have
formed
in
the
part
Ashmolean
a more
of
finished
in
glazed pottery.^
Petrif, Abydos,
OuiBELL
ii.
pi.
i.v.
190-196, p. 27.
&
i.
i.
i.
pi. xviii.
(stone).
pi. iii. 16, and p. 24 (ivory).
and p. 25 (glazed pottery).
Greex, Hierakonpolis, ii. pi. Ixii. i, and
'
Petrie, Abydos,
lb.
'
Quibell
ii.
pi.
i.
&
vii.
ii.
86,
p. 49.
Ktr.S3.
Fig.
147.
Figures of Monkeys.
187
i88
Representations
use
in
the
in
of
Maclver
sometimes grouped
frequently
Diospolis and
that
it
is
are
148.
difficult
was
already
proved
by the
Most
mud, and so
unbaked
of
Occa-
preserve them.^
to
At
found
Abydos other
Fig.
as
were
in
one or two
calves
Amrah.
at El
extremely
sionally
and
cows,
cemeteries,
prehistoric
of Mr.
discoveries
bulls,
where
Two
in
feet
bound
We
pottery
pieces one
calf lying
in
rapidly
&
Mace^,
pass
in
El Amrah
Prehistoric Cemetery at
El Amrah
pi. ix.
in
1-3,
Egypt
50.
Iri.,' J.0-42,
together.^
will
MacIver
MacIvek,
represent
and
p.
26
pottery).
flat
Petrie^
dial, similar
to
189
pig^ (Fig. 148), the jackal,- the antelope,^ the bear,^ the hare/* and,
camel, which up to the present has been considered
finally, of the
Two
camels'
konpolis,
the
lower
t^.^
in
terracotta,
lip
period.''
leaves
where
no doubt
the
as
characteristic
to
its
Hiera-
movement
identity
(Fig.
of
149).
190
M.
of
Zippelius,
it
appears
that
was
it
same
the
with
the
horse.^
mencement of
the primitive
period.
the
is
were mummified,
in
the
position
so
feet,
though
as
found on
often
it
Egyptian
monuments,
fair
The
Abydos.''
body, as
feet
occasionally
are
figure found
the limestone
in
been
the
&
QuiBELL
Gree.v, Hierakonpolis,
head of an
the
the
in
pi.
li.
time
the
at
this
indicate
did
artist
l.xii.
2,
to
judge
to
Does
age.'
in
attributed, even
considered as
dynasties,
first
very remote
under
Koptos, now
at
Medum,
at
back
modified during
little
folded
and
p.
49,
where
it
to
is
pp.
-
tlie
133-135. 142-144,
Petrie,
Naqada,
with the
Oxford,
ass.
pi.
149-151-
Ix.
14,
15,
18-20,
is
and
at
p.
46 (Ashmolean Museum,
London).
University College,
Diospolis, p. 26.
^
QuiBELL, Hierakonpolis^
lb.,
xxiii.
\.
pi.
xxi.
14,
xxii.
i.
pi. xlvi. 7,
14,
15.
u.
Quibell
&
Green, Hic7-akonpolis,
ii.
pi.
(quartz)
198
pi. ix.
(?),
pottery).
known"
(1892).
be
in
small
way
the admirable
from
figure
191
which shows
Hierakonpolis,^
in
which
unique,
is
pottery
(Fig.
of a
pelican,
perhaps a turkey,
or
in
glazed
50).
tomb
In the great
at
Z?.
Fig.
150.
Figures
of Birds
and of Griffins.
examples
several
supply the
lines
details.^
Another
in
fish
Hierakonpolis.^
also
QuiBELL, Hie7'akonpolis,
pi.
\.
.xviii.
the surface to
(schist),
p.
contributed
fish,^'
and from
(Ashmolean Museum,
ii.
p.
name
QuiBELL, Hierakonpolis,
'
De Morgan,
Rccherches
les
of
Khufu
pi. xxi.
i.
stir
origines de
les
incised.
15, xxii.
origines,
16,
V^gypte d'apres
''
I.
p. 8.
figs.
701-713,
and
p.
193.
."
and
ii.
reprint, p. 28).
pi. xix,
XX.
7,
21.
i.
and
p. 8.
19^
Abydos come
the excavations at
figures of crocodiles
glazed
in
pottery.^
found
large
in
made
numbers
Figures
of
They
period.^
Abydos," both
serpentine,
(Fig.
151).
are
found,
frogs
stone and
animal
University
at
which
in
Egyptians
in
fair
suspension,
We
will,
figures
th''^
these
of
the
supposition
in
figures
Chapter
III.
for
used as
several
that
Amulets of
fish, birds,
Dtospolis,
scorpions,
p. 26, tigures a
crocodile
52.
Petrie, Dtospolis,
QuiBELL, Hierakonpolis,
and
p. 27,
pierced
religious purpose.
74-76, and p. 25
pi. vi.
are
they were
that
\.
by the
now admit
sequence date
be
S, sga or
'^^^^
represented
still
may
This
similar
150).
animal
body of the
the
or
'-^,
tt
dynasty was
of animal
therefore,
in serpentine,
primitive
bands.
gold
admitting
We
amulets.
the
at
Naqada.'
at
London
College,
the twelfth
number
schist palettes
haematite,
discovered
animal
crystal,
in
is
rock
commencing
we must mention
In conclusion,
specimen
they were
in
materials
various
in
pi. iv.
pi.
i.
xxii.
xviii.
(serpentine), 16 (crystal), 22
4 (glazed pottery);
ii.
pi. xxiii.
xix. 5
(glazed beads)
xxxii. (haematite).
*
Petrie, Naqada,
QuiBELL, Hicrako7ipolis,
Petrie, Abydos, ii. pi.
xi.
pi. Iviii.
University
Diospolis,
i.
p.
il, 14.
vi.
College,
in
the
Randolph Berens
Collection, deposited at
^
Lectures historiques
Maspero.
fig.
67.
among
193
the
antiquities of classical
will
Egypt.
As we
bulls'
bull's
heads
head.
Fig.
151.
at
on
xAbydos,
which the
and
a bull.
continues
degraded.
It
use
in
begins
till
left
at
no doubt that
late.
early,
have continued,
as
must be
it
had disappeared
to
and
College, London.
this,
have lasted on as
front
flat
copied from
the form
in
"
it
is
it
earlier,
is
very
found
in
may even
bull's
head
we
find
w$ll-made
bull's
head amulets
194
about
of carnelian at
the
dwindhng
gradually
the
in
fifth
Dr.
size."
in
the
of
close
prehistoric
and
and continues
"
Looking
head
amulets
large
bronze
hang
up
Majorca
1897,
buildings
{Rcviie
in
archcologiqiie,
Gold
bull's
head
in
Cyprus
Mykenae, and
at
present
are
hung on houses
and
Malta,
in
to
found
amulets
and
and
heads
bulls'
138).
bull's
Spain,
in
on
this
pan graves,"
"
the
to
dynasties,
compares with
Petrie
fact
and
[era],
sixth
trees
fruit
and Algiers,
Sicily
in
to avert the
evil eye.
The whole
bucrania
is
opened
subject of
by
these
152.
Ivory.
Berlin
ivory
Museum.
very
Museum
clearly that
'
it
is
Petrie, Diospolis,
in
ii.
pi.
xiv.
Negadah,
On
intended for a
and
281,
in
p.
14,
p.
26
p.
30.
17,
Naqada,
B,
pi.
pi. Iviii.
8-16;
shows
14,964)
152).
i.
pi.
H.
4,
5,
and
p.
in
Abydos,
Schaefer, Xene
(No.
head (Fig.
bull's
specimen
fine
Wiedemann, Zu
fig.
6,
p.
23;
aus
180.
rendu de
a M. G. Maspero siir trots
petites trouvailles egyptologiques, in the Recueil de travaux relatifs a la philologie
et a Varcheologie cgyptiennes et assyriennes, .\i. 1889, p. 98. Lefebure, Lcs Huttes
de Cham, in the Museon, xvii. 1898, p. 350 et sec/. Rites cgyptietis : Construction
et protectioji des edifices {Publications de rEcole des lettrcs d' Alger : Bulletin de
correspondance africaiiie), Paris, 1890, p. 20 et seq.
Naville, The Festival
Hall of Osorkon //. in the great temple of Bubastis, London, 1892, pi. i.v. 9, and
Daressy, Catalogue general des antiquites cgyptiennes du Musee du Caire
p. 21.
Ostraca, pi. v. No. 25,019 (revers), and p. 5. Maspero, La Pyramide du roi Ounas,
in the Recueil de travaux relatifs d la philologie et d Varcheologie egypticnnes et
assyriennes, iv. 1883, p. 48, line 4^3 and the variants in La Pyratnide du roi Teti,
ib. V. 1884, p. 29, line 242.
Capart, La fete de frapper les Anou, in the Revue de
in
Hierakonpolis,
i.
ib. col.
331.
ii.
Golem ischeff,
l.ettre
xliii.
4, 5).
bull's
to note the
sufficient
Mykenean ornament,
general aspect to a
analogy^ (Fig.
195
resemblance
to render
in
their
interesting
it
153).
to
Fig.
two
bulls,
there
is
back
to
153.
back
as
scarcely an important
M.
Salomon
Reinach
remarks,
not possess
'
Perrot
&
Chipiez,
Histoire
fig.
de Pari datis
pp. 113-115,
V atiUqtiitc
vi.,
La
Grece
223, p. 546.
Ics itifiiiences greco-rontai7,.es
196
European
figures,
suspended^ (Fig.
In certain
tombs of the
One
tusks.
is
Fig.
154).
always
solid,
is
between the
the other
hollow.
They
are
154.
end
for
a groove and
suspension
ring.
In
sometimes
this
in
at
point,-'
and pierced
two
eyes,
in
the
at
is
and
lines
in
some
Proceedings of
tlie
Petrie, Diospolis,
pi. vii. 2,
and
p.
48.
p.
21.
MacIver
&
and
this
human
is
the most
head,
by beads.
197
Occasionally, also,
worked with
On
care.
is
The
Fig.
155.
Magical Instru.ments
is
(?)
difficult to
i.\
determine.
Ivory.
medicine man.
Hilton Price,
dgyptische Sprache,
and
Enrt,
35
I'-uo objects
.v.vxv'i.
in
horns,
from
1899, p. 47
Dynastic Antiquities
natives
and
fig.
from Egypt
2,
and
the
fig.
ivriter's
i).
collection,
in
198
for
toil
In
the
can gain
sorcerers
work
in
large
number
their
to
their
Congo
them
souls,
to
to
make them
human
possession of
sell
own country
certain
enclose
them
in
procured
When
manner.
this
in
one
he
frequently searches
The
man whose
over
soul
slavery
to
is
die
will
thus
given
rapidly
or
in-
stantaneously.-
belief the
Werner
old
this
in British
woman
Central Africa.
An
3 inches
in
groove by which
it
could be suspended.
Magical Instrument
MADE OF Horn, from Katanga.
Fig. 156.
to
the
by
this
woman
ivories,
her
life,
was called
or her soul.
Egyptian
of
tried
in
vain
to
buy
it
it
her.^'
instrument
is
made
of horn
now
it
by long use
London.
2nd. ed.
iii.
p. 407,
note
4.
21.
i.
as well as
at University College,
'
in
it,
p. 279.
number of
years.
199
cla\-
157).
of
Certain
We
an
the
prehistoric
figures
representing
by
times
at
Professor
intended
to
rowers.^
small
Petrie,
clay
these
represent
Fig.
on
fashion
The
figures-
(Fig.
or
pap\Ti
of wood, but
boats built
tightly
bound
i.\
shows
in alabaster,
this
method of
Similar
'
boats
According
those
to
not
of
period
in
in
use
Egypt.^
in
the
excavations
at
fiir iigypl'schc
'
made
such as were
together,
were
they
O.xford.
p. 48.
-
represented
specimen
that
in
human
small
also
15^).
show
paintings
Ashmolean Museum,
reeds
with
crew was
Models of Boats
157.
edge
the
Sprache,
x.x.xiv.
p.
479
et seq.
fig.
200
They
The shape
of one of these
very great
again,
A
us an
more
clay
idea
importance.
in
We
of
shall
157).
The
is
of
it
detail.
the
habitations
of the
at
El
Amrah,
gives
tomb discovered
model of a
at
Diospolis
contained
fragments of
fortified
201
men
looking
We
the
to
chapter
in
the
159.
and we should
round,
drawing and
primitive
Fig.
omit
now completed
have
carved
pieces
must,
principal
to
study
however, not
We
painting.
proceed
ornamental
handles of knives,
pottery and stone.
art
low
in
reliefs
on fragments of
We
shall
see
in
on
relief
the
furniture,
the
described
slate
in
the
palettes,
on
and on vases
in
Mace, El Amrah mtd Abydos, pi. x. 1-3, and p. 42. See, on the Iiouses of the
The Sources and Groivtii of Architecivre, in the Journal
of the Royal Institute of British Architects, third seriei', viii. 1901, pp. 341-343,
and figs. 1-4.
Petrie, Diospolis, pi. vi. B 83, and p. 32 ('Aslimolean Museum, O.xford).
primitive age, Petrie,
'
202
this art
and that
period,
The
already
it
known
decoration,
upon the
to
In
Upon
the
Fig.
it
of drawings, the
classes
in
personal
chapter
this
rocks
have
palettes,
slate
pottery.
examine two
We
us.
on the
prehistoric
engraved on
to
the
tomb discovered by
from Hierakonpolis.
far
of
rocks
i6o.
Clay
the
Arabian
and
Libyan
mountains
in
and boats
in
Wiedemann, Lcs
la qucstio7i de I'origine
otigtnes de VEgypte,
du
ii.
peiiple egypticn, in
p.
222,
and note
quoted
De Morgan,
i,
a Varcheologie cgyptiennes et assyrie?ines, xiii. 1890, pi. iv. 17, pi. vii. 62.
Petrie, Ten Years'' Digging, 1881-91, London, 2 id ed. 1893, p. 75, fig. 57:
"To judge by the weathering of the rock, it seems probable that they were
begun here long before any of the monuments of Egypt that we know. The
usual figures are of men, horses, and boats, but tliere are also camels, ostriches,
and elephants to be seen."
203
primitive age.
These
drawings are frequently mixed with representations accompanied
by hieroglyphic
however,
some
in
those
there
no
is
more recent
of
possible
M. Legrain
at Gebel-Hetematt,-
Silsileh noticed
by Dr.
between the
date.^
some
Some
me
which appear to
graffiti,
in
at
belong
to
Their analogy
particularly remarkable.
is
may
quote
copied by
graffiti
Petrie.'
some
In
must
with
extremely
is
it
doubt.
as
cases
and
primitive graffiti
cases,
and
inscriptions,
establish
to
difficult
be taken
in
conjunction with
M.
theory of
the
Zippelius,
to
One
of
these
apparently
seems
to
merits
harpoon
special
into
notice.
an animal's
already fixed in
that
graffiti
thrusting
of an
it.
In this representation
ivory tablet
discovered
in
the
another
see an
man
hide,
is
which
harpoon
analogy with
Wady Hammamat,
In
Nile
has
Valley with
noted
several
graffiti
the great
the coast of
the
which
Red
also
Sea,
seem
to
the
M. Golenischeff
belong to the
The
the
patina
Tierhilder
ah
Kieselartefakte,
in
204
^
^in^
//////
,r-A^
,,
,j
I?)
'^J^
f?i^^j^/fr
^w
Fig.
The
i6 I. -Graffiti
from
thf.
!-^>
Oran.
from the south of the province of
three figures at the bottom are
man
We
lassoing an ostrich.
and
it
also
mention a boat
is
it
must
Ancient Empire.^
a large
conclusion,
In
etc.-
we must mention
the
is
also
furnished
animals,
ships,
of El
graffiti
Kab,
an exact counterpart of
of the
those
205
shall
presently-
consider.^
It
is
among
found
been
among
widely from
peoples differing
and even
prehistoric graves."
each other
the French
in
and those
in
The comparison,
Oran here the identity is almost absolute.
vases (Fig. in),
on
the
engraved
designs
when extended to the
is exceedingly striking, and we find here a new proof of the close
;
"
to
"
of hieroglyphic writing.'^
graffiti
What
we
GoLEMSCHEFF,
'
Iiiscriptio)is
(ill
Ouady
Hatnfnaifiaf, in the
Mcmoires dc
1-3, pi.
hi
Egypt:
Prehistoric
Rock
Drazulngs,
in the
Grosse,
lb.
p.
See,
la
1887,
-xiii.
Antiquities
ii.
among
Comptc rendu
pi.
iii.
others, L. Capit.\.\, L.
viii.
the
Graphic,
and
fig.
V Anthropologic,
in
&
d'ethnographle,
in
and
fig.
p.
155
ou de
"
la
PRIMITIVE ART
2o6
how
EGYPT.
IN
such an explanation.
for
The
graffiti,
may
probably date
pottery.
that
It
is,
should
vv-e
discovered
in
the
in
In the course
neighbourhood reported
living in the
that, at
tomb
prehistoric
workman
painting.
date
least,
it
sequence
to
62,.'
render
pillagers, to
tomb, approximately at
the
two or three
pillaged
it
mud
mortar,
millimetres
The
thick.
walls were
over
finally
longest, has
The lower
condition.^'
of about 27 centimetres.
the scenes
The
by a
decoration
its
in
fairly
good
from
and we cannot be
pillagers,
His work
primitive
various
in
artist,
sometimes effaced
on
which
it,
sufficiently
which he brought
ground,
damaged by
difficult,
the
retained
places was
rendered
&
OuiBELL
lb.
'
ii.
p.
54
and
in
once
Mr. Green
difficult
in
red,
by
had
Green, Hierakonpolis,
;
more
he
to
grateful
and by
ii.
p.
20 et
After
figure.
Green came
to
an
the very
any
artist
definite order
room
207
to place
We
will
and which
of the space,
part
The
terracotta models
difference
that
we
more of the
no
see
parallel
lines
At
constructions
serve
hinder cabin
to
is
In
two
the centre
On one
cabins.
notice
slight
drawings the
the
of
This
also
is
boats a
man
seated,
is
from
start
bows we
cast a shade
as
which
the
working a long
ending
in
relating to boats,
we
oar,
Basing
and which,
his
think,
is
refuted
by
successive discoveries.
of a
indications
that
the
straight
can
be
rampart
observed
;
in
this
row indicates
the
shorter
that the
the
lines,
the
gap which
approach
to
the
in reality small
to the rampart."
ix.
1S98, p. 35.
in
I'
Anthropologic,
20S
his conclusions to
so-called
some
sign
^^^
(I
with
represent,
vessels
less
the
in
dexterity
all
represents
Fig.
The
buildings.
fortified
the
drawing
the
lines
are
of
part
two
in
The curve
^>,
"
extent.
it
the
would
intended for a
162.
are accounted for quite naturalh', and also the standard bearing
the
emblem
it is
very desirable
To
is
one
important to note.
fact
It
is
the
general
-'
Kdin or Tell
LoRET,
Le
mound,
mot
(1
Compare
hillock.
"^ o
'^^
P^^ns,
1902,
p.
7. E.xtract from
x.
Y\.
18,
where
above and
found
are
that,
209
below these
so-called
ostriches
vessels,
fish
and
On
point
this
is
it
lines, if
of the
boats
are
in fact, are
P.mntings
163.
hull,
Fig.
refer
to
our
Figs.
by hippopotami,
surrounded
"and the
vertical or
The oarsmen,
said,
necessary to
oblique
line
only
part."
not represented
in
is
sailor
in
Even
was inclined
An
argument of
far
Petrie,
where
tions,
to consider
it
is
to represent a ship.
of Seti
I.,
at
at that date
them rather as
greater importance
these
same
impossible
to
lines
in
is
the
prow
'
De
by Dr.
Egyptian representa-
Abydos, there
rises well
in
supplied
is
a very careful
Kunst,
M. de Morgan
fishing tackle.^
SeeSxEiNDORFF, Etne
drawing of the
is
very high,
ies origines,
ii.
is
p. 91.
14
2IO
with
actually
decorated
we
find
of
series
lines
It
a curious
is
those
recalling
fact
that
the
that
sacred bark has three oars with broad blades, acting as rudder,
such as
is
The
where the
later date,
As
lines
we speak
to the
is
in
the
bows,
the\-
shade the
seated.*
boat,
the
or
tribe,
the
port
of
Petrie,
sailing.'
this
in
Standards
Fig. 164.
lost
in
the
Red Sea
o.\
when exposed
in
the
market-place
at
The trapped
animals are gazelles of various kinds (Fig. 165), and this drawing
recalls the decoration
of a cup discovered
by Mr. Maclver
at
1
Petrie, Archceo logical Notes, in Cal'lfield, The Te?nple of the Kings at
Abydos, London, 1902, pp. 15, 16, and pi. vi.
3
^
origines,
ii.
figs.
p.
71 et seq.,
is
i.
where
De Morgan,
Rccherches sur
El
in
(?).
left,
Another personage
is
the
to
various
of
antelopes
on,
birds,
one
possibly
recognize equidas
be perfectly
in
in
man
would
it
the
be
Farther
rash
to
are scattered
bustard.
On
brandishing a ckib
drawing a bow.
which
kinds,
Museum, Oxford.^
University
the
wall,
21
It
very tempting to
is
and to do so w^ould
made.
On
Fig.
one of the boats, above the stern cabin, there are two
165.
G.\ZELLES
caught
ix
Representations.
(?)
sketched
small
of dancing.
The most
line
left
we
see a
man
his
'
mace.
whom
This
is
is
tied
On
the
preparing to smite on
he
is
an
important
wall.
xv. 17.
representation,
212
enemy.
whom
of
is
In
front
holds
in
his
his
age
in the historic
the attribute of divinities and of the king, and which does not
appear
in
any other
man
We
feet.
engraved on
the
group a
religious
It
(?)
group consisting
ivories
to a strange
is
discovered
especially
scene,
in
to avoid
difficult
temple
the
of
recognizing
in
it
an
then, a
by a
in
lasso
to
be
we
right,
see
(the
dismembering with
his
hands
tied,
Abydos,-
at
and
then
means of the
the
dismemberment
am much
is
''
(Fig.
It
inclined
to
recognize
work
lasso, as Seti
in
I
is
the
animal
of the
to
difficult
man who
it
depicted
I.
is
pillar
put forward
in
identify
sacrificing.
fjl,
which
a former
164).
in the
3.
scene of dismemberment
this
(Fig. 26),
We
men
of
figures
sceptre
{})
find
walking,
two groups
a reproduction
out,
the
Both carry a
progressed.
we
of combatants, of which
213
of painting
style
staff
curved at
having already
as follows.
pounded charcoal.
to be
All
probably
exception
is
a boat
which
stern,
was drawn
many
pounded
with
in
first
red
ochre
instances overlapped
this
by a blue-black spot on
we attempt
to
this."
of
hunting
comparatively low
outline.
in
recapitulate, in
scenes,
in
The
put.
granular
been
If
The
painted blue-black.
is
had
malachite,
of
we should say
graffiti,
navigation,
We
and
that they
possibly,
as
at
We may
why
ask
the
primitive
similar character.
Egyptian inscribed
such
ware vases?
Was
The
has
question
important
a propos
primitive
evidence
interest
pdnturcs
this
wc
artistic
et
Egyptian culture, we
on
if
recently
imperative
in
article
lies
he obeying an
and perhaps
subjecl,
linger over
'
OuiBELL
lb. p. 21.
l:i
&
it
for a short
it
will
magic
du reuuc?
The
not
time.
GRt:.N, Hierakonpolis,
ii.
pi. Ixxix.
an
et la
contributes
believe,
craving?
part, in
invaluable
be without
214
M. Salomon
Reinach
thus
To
"
begin with,
have established
what has long since been observed, that designs borrowed from
also what
the animal world are by far the most numerous
;
me
appears to
and fishermen
these
and
for food
may
be
tribes of hunters
These un-
be classed as undesirable.
tiger,
by
may
be new, that
to
tribe,
such as the
lion
etc.
is
painting,
fix
visual
their
companions admiration
their
did not
in sculpture,
leisure, or to
memories
in
The
dexterity.
their
for
from
order to gain
severe
choice which presided over their artistic activity implies for this
same
activity
some object
alleged up to the
it.
painting
or
present.
than
less trite
any
no matter what,
silhouette,
familiar
French scholar
established
simple
and of
and
all
recalls the
logical
ideas serve
The
manipulations.
the
as
first
that
is
its
contact, but
first
case
we have
of
all
" like
if
imitative
have
produces
in
"
still
the
like,
things
ceased to be
the contact
magic
very
ceremonies,
two
magic,
In
basis
so,
persisted."
second, sym-
pathetic magic.
which
is
sympathetic magic
imitated,
;
perhaps
at
times
independently of
i.
p. 9,
2nd
is
always
When we
existence
into
we
that
believe
view
of
or
with
dealing
are
upon
magic,
imitative
man
sentation
owing
entirely
is
it
nothing of the
is
the
to
fact
One
with
which
is
taken
that
into
account
figure."
reflection
in
while
for
the repre-
represented,
mirror or
is
forbidding
the
in
water.
is
is
if
representation
this
widespread
human
In fact,
sort.
actually
this belief
the
his
mentality.
we
it,
primitive
there
eas\',
act
to
not
is
primitive
of
animal
that
regarded
as
we
case
In the
215
effigy, a fear
in
of religion
have
painting or sculpture of
far
my
being unable
to lay before
like,
or
of
the
of multiplying the
of
caverns,
" It is
species.
procuring
the expression
practices having for their sole object the supply of daily food."
An
interesting
confirmation
method of viewing
of this
'
the
tribes
Australia"
of Central
'
'
species,
p. 260.
-
Fr.azer,
loc. cit.
i.
p.
les
is
the totem
influences grcrorotnaines,
295-297.
3 vols
2i6
of the
tribe.
let
their
impregnated with
well
When
it.
own
soil is
represent
that
men
the
of the
come
clan
It is
the
bird's
round
this
to
eggs
figure
chorus,
in
we have an
image
drawings.
of the
incontestable
Sometimes these
figures
are
painted
in places
which are
of Central Australia."
the troglodytes
for
with
but,
is
M. Reinach,
Certainly," says
of
the
" it
reindeer
age totem
those
more reasonable
at
among
the
agricultural
Now
the
representation in
for
the
that
Egyptians,
permit us to maintain or to
^
Reinach,
loc. cit. p.
with
studied
the
in
upset this
the
of
have
to that of the
we have
or
clearly
primitive
tribes
Gaul
was similar
the
it
Do
time
present
people of
manifestations
identical
among hunting
than
to postulate
cults
attempt at explanation,
all
France.
of to-day
historic
would be rash
numerous
artistic
preceding pages,
theory?
Can we, on
262.
&
Spencer
Reinach,
loc. cit. p.
263.
The
Eg\'pt
to the
Egyptians
primitive
of the
condition was
patina which
As we have
" will
remote age
The
themselves to
possession
in
fresh
of a
religious object,
It
flotilla
tribes
Upper
to
their
Aruntas"?
attri-
of
and
tions.
whether
prove
with a numerous
clearly
to the
testifies
buted.
217
possibly to
also
for fishing,
nomad
localities
flotilla.
or even
hunters
in
the
the tribe
suppl>-
for warlike
could
Nile Valley,
if
expedi-
transport
easily
they were
in
magical ceremonies.^
the
I'Anthropologie,
xiii.
article
1902, p. 788.
above them, a fact which is scarcely explained by any other interpretation which
has been adopted on this subject." Review of Weigher, Der Seelejivogel in der
alte7t Litteratur tmd Kunst, L.&i'psic, 1902, in ih.e: Revue Archcologique, 1903,11.
It must be remembered that the bark of the god Sokaris, already
pp. 378-9.
mentioned, is ornamented at the prow with bird figures. I think that when
ostriches and gazelles are placed above as well as below the boats, it is because
the artist has distributed his smaller figures in the vacant spaces after drawing
the principal ones. On the subject of the part played by ostrich eggs, I will add
to what 1 have stated in the chapter on personal adornment that Wilkinson
infers that they were suspended in the temples of the Egyptians as they still
are in the churches of the Copts.
betweeii ancient nations ,^f the East and West, in the Proceedings
of Biblica. Arclur.ology, xiv. 189 1-2, p. 6.
of the Society
2i8
religion.'
It
cult in the
assembled
in
certain
localities
to
the
certain localities,
in
relate
ually
The
it
to .suppose that,
pcrmi.s.sible
is
the tribes
stances,
comprehensible why
easily
all
the walls of
If
made
representa-
who
tomb
would have
of the
living,
in
his
The tombs
the representation
for
were, therefore,
provisions,
his
find,
and
necessary
sides
and
this
with
painted
are
of scenes
drawn on the
we
that
is
it
for
and
boats
have
reason
the dead.
that
The
animals.
already
for
They
many
plants
mentioned, are
vases
that
aloes,
we
which
are cultivated in
confirm
the
religious
reproduce, as
'
in the
paintings
edifices, p.
86 ^/
sc(i.
&
Spencer
herodatits,
Gillex,
ii.
60.
cult.^
On
the subject of
tlie
p.
253 et
saclilicken
seq.
am
LLi
appearance of
loc. cit. passim.
tiie
Inde.x,
"Pole."
See Spencer
&
Gille.x,
219
doubt
is
but
arc
things
that
navigation
of
seems
Here,
where
They
representations.
the deceased
for
occur repeatedly.
still
it
changed.
httle
walls
the
these scenes
On
In Egypt it
As we have
M. Salomon Reinach.
that
are
represented.
may
this
lion, jackal,
is
figures
griffin
one.
be
justified in
supposing
that, in addition to
animal
cults.
The monuments
of ancient
Egypt
example, as the
afford sufficient
Egyptian history
^
;
in
in
hippopotamus,
god Sebek
the
in
in
have been raised as to its authenticity, I have not dared to make use of it as
a proof. See Budge, A History of Egypt, ii., Egypt under the Greal Pyramid
Builders, fig. p. 5, Britisli Museum, No. 35,700.
"
220
Sekhmet
god Mentu,
in the ape,-
The
etc.
god Atum
or the
in
in the jackal,
developments
but
see in
divinities
cult.
If
were possible
it
me
for
to
practised
these
and
on which
existence
desirable.
the
of
Thus
the
it
boats
of
how
it
entire
tribe
well-being
among
Models
clear
it
Reinach
frequently occur
Egyptian
in
tombs of
of
to
persistence
of
Wives
custom.
this
their
bed,-^
representations
similar
recalls
as
sentations on the
The
religious
next
world.'^
The
On
to
and
Pharaonic times.
amuse
here,
indicate
figures of captives,
difficult
the
deceased,
the
the
again,
texts
would be more
of
repre-
this view.
importance of dwarfs
in
the
to
explain
if
also
the
foundation
Lefebure,
rites
of
Kiies egyptietts
The
animals.
'
*
ii.
pp. 429-443.
in
the Etudes de
221
come
not
did
our
to
presence.^
It
house,
Egyptians
not
surprising that
dead
the
succeed in entirely
Theban tomb
primitive
the
many
contribute so
say of
primitive
all
tomb, between
the
The tomb
difference.
temple
the
their
temples
objects similar
to
temple, and
the
be no essential
to
of
of the
for
guardians
as
representations on a
Abydos
of Hicrakonpolis and
sacrificed
The
aid
nations
of
the
the
is
is
Unfortunately
we can only
The
results of
that of radical
sculptures and
our investigations
differences
paintings
in this
of Pharaonic times.
The
following
monuments,
show
will
this
manner
we can
that
the
in
that
if
but the
same manner
follow
it
primitive
the
to
the style
step
art
by
Pharaonic
earliest
was effected
transformation
transformed,
introduced,
devoted
chapter,
step.
in
so gradual a
New
elements were
as that in which
MTo-nseur],
E.,
Folklore,
ii.
fasc.
iii.
iv.
1893,
p.
177,
also
a la
"
les
in
the
fasc.
3,
pp. 435-468.
222
CHAPTER
V.
DURING
on the
site
of the temple
human
statues
We
any metal
possible to
we have seen
assign them
owing
that,
The
characteristic
Min.
The
by a
slight
attitude
gro(;ve in
front
the
position
is
to
hold
Min
it
in
first
in
the
Egyptians to the
god
to
project
arm
right
a whip,
the
joined,
and behind
of the
of being raised
fist
and
period
personage standing
assigned by the
discoveries,
150).
indicated.
body
represent
statues
three
to recent
their
remains, extending
The
and a
lions,
tool.
the
three
of
size,
life
bird,
chisel or of
is
considerably
over
but
differs
little
from
is
from
that
;
of
instead
side.
whip
itself.
a piece of
falls
down
the
right
side,
broadening
Petrie, Koptos,
to
p. 7.
the
base (Fig.
166).
this
end
there
arc
various
indicated
designs,
by
223
outlines
at
rendering embroidery.
In
the
first
statue
166.
Fig.
the
designs
are
stag's
head fixed on
Ashmolean Museum,
O.Ktbrd.
below
On
this are
the
two saws of
poles,
the
saw-fish
of
the
Red
Sea,
ptv=;roceras
and,
shells,
fiually,
two
with
224
the
which
sign
Min, and
the god
reproduction (Fig.
On
used
the
of
EI
at
62,).
poles with
name
writing the
for
recalHng
discovered
palette
on was
later
Min emblem
are
The two
more complex.
worked with a
case
knotted pole
two
is
is
a drawing of an ostrich.
pteroceras
large
elephant, a hyaena
(?),
whose
hammered.
In addition, there
indefinite
feet
figure,
then
an
167).
decorated
the
an
shells,
We
of being
instead
flint-knife
pottery,
where we
placed on
are
feet
find
On
We
the
primitive
a fragment
of
remains,
may
say, in
those
who wish
Red
With
statues,
age
is
who
Petrie, Kopios,
it is
pi.
iii.
much
Judging from
8, 9.
7, 8.
It
The head
shows
'
\\.\\
on the
that the
ib. pi. v.
their style
Petrie,
See Petrie,
the borders of
Sea.-
to
to
argument
ed.
in
Aegypiiaca, Festschrift
Fig
225
(i
and
2)
Cairo
Museum
(3
and
4).
IS
226
them
Hierakonpolis an
At
statue
archaic
Koptos was
man
the
a large cloak,
which reaches
figure
left
side.
to
According to
town.
standing, the
The
leg slightly
left
the
breast,
tionately long,
from
those
to
horizontally on
laid
similar
been
ancient
advanced.
work of
as the earliest
arm
left
is
dispropor-
arm,,
clothing consists of
to
the
As
in the
hold a sceptre or
Museum, Oxford,
woman
(Fig.
The
staff,-
hand
original,
is
pierced horizontally to
now
in
Ashmolean
the
i68).
at
various
in
These objects
consist
fragments
relief
Museum,
of
animals
insisted
on the resemblance
of slate
custodian
of
palettes,
sculptured
are
style
of Chaldean
very
in
Louvre
of the
between
these
M. Maspero
art.
and
his
successors).
to
offered
Finally, Professor
to
Egypt
the
as
presents
kings
of
Steindorff, in the
the
conclusion,
them
the
article
after
Society of Arts,
-
eighteenth dynasty.
'
in
227
polis
was
at
this
time
Ouibell
that
furthermore,
on one
characters
royal
Fig.
68.
them
of
name.
discovered
was
inscribed
Unfortunateh',
.\t
Hierakon-
at
They were
class.
complete, and
hieroglyphic
in
name does
the
not
Hierakonpolis.
known
at
the
sur
still
is
to
lists
divided
It
it.-
is,
les origines,
in
from
etc.,
5th ed.
1903,
7-9.
iii.,
in
etc., .x.xv.
228
who
Nar-Mer
called
is
He
history.
among them
polis,
with an instance of
use to
become
common
in
low
relief,
ex-votos.^
doubt as
all
interesting pieces, as
it
would be necessary
solution
of which
difficult
questions,
the
pages
nor can
^;
history of primitive
of these objects.-^
would
occupy many
facts relating to
the
illustrations
of them, and
notice
extremely
to raise
list
style,
we should
place
first
on
Steindorff.'
It
known
to us
Capart, La fete de frapper les Anon, loc. cit. xliii. 1901, pp. 251, 252.
Naville, Les plus miciens momi?nents cgyptiens, iii. loc. cit. p. 223.
' Legge, The Carued Slates from Hierakonpolis and elsezvherc, in the Pro1
ceedings of the Society of Biblical ArchcBology, x.xii. 1900, 125-39, ^^i'^ "'"^ plates;
New Carved Slate
Attother Carved Slate, ib. pp. 270, 271, with one plate;
Steindorff, Eine neue Art agyptischer
loc. cit. xxvi. 262, 263, with one plate.
J.
L. M[yres],
group.
publics
pi. XI.
par V Academic
schiste, in (he
&
pp. 14-19.
<
Steindorff,
124.
one of which
already on
is
This
^^,
the bird
is
rekhyt,
a vase
in
Steindorff, with
exist
229
Hierakonpolis,
(Fig. Ti).
Professor
resemblances which
in
Fig.
169.
others
at
the
British
Museum belong
together,
is
and
left
To
the right
The type
inscriptions et belles
lettres,
is
y^
and pp.
62, 63.
230
The working
of the palette.
mane
of the
kings of the
dynasty (Fig.
first
141).
The
ostrich feathers
their
in
hair.
of prehistoric times.
If
it
several years
we should
put forward
figures inscribed
in this palette
on
have one
emblem
of which an
the
primitive
is
fixed, recalling
age (Fig.
The
164).
figures of animals,
similar
In
is
other
this
the
constitute
palette,
essential
the
also,
part
of the
appears
central
cavity
piece.
to
long necks,
and which we
shall
scenes
real
various
There
same mixture of
The
in
is
the
the hunting
1 One
of the British Museum fragments is figured, with reference to the
shape of the bow, in Schurtz, Urgeschichte der Kultur, Leipsic, 19CO, p. 345,
with the astounding description, " Assyrische Jagdszene."
dii Musee
2 Capart, Melanges,
2, Remarque sur line des palettes archa'iqiies
Budge, A
Brita7t7iiqiie, in the Recueil de travatix, etc. xxii. 1900, pp. 108-uo.
History of Egypt, ii. 1902, p. 1 1, where the author is not acquainted with
Max Muller, W., Nachtrag ztc Louvre, O, in the
the preceding work.
Orientalistische Litteraticrzeitimg
3
OuiBELL
ou Chaldee,
& Green,
loc. cit.
1899,
iii.
Heuzey, .gypte
ii. pi. xxviii. and p. 41.
and pp. 66, 67. A fragment of the lower
the MacGregor Collection at Tamworth.
Hierakotipolis,
is
pi.
in
of p. 66,
iX
-^^
Fig.
231
232
(Figs.
Captain
jackals,
Flower, identifies
dogs,
a leopard,
Fig.
171.
gazelles,
antelopes,
and two
fantastic creatures.
One
of these
is
griffin
on
its
hind
feet,
the
its
back
(?),
girdle,
walking
appears
a zoological
of animals,
point
(?).
of view
some of them
Fig.
172.
233
presented
of species
in
by these representations
which
at the
present
day
Egypt.
M.
'
Bcnedite
has
Society
of Arts,
published a palette
recently acquired
by
234
him
is
in
in
Egypt
closely
the
for the
allied
figures
to
Louvre Museum
(Figs.
It
small
the
of animals
Fig.
Louvre Museum.
the
object,
four jackals
the
two
first
this difference,
but with
(?)
instead
Here appears
giraffes
facing
palm
tree.
We
shall
find
this
for
namely,
motive
brilliantly
at the British
If
235
Museum and
we attempt
at Oxford.^
Fig.
Louvre Museum.
"As
to
puhlicz par
pi. xi.
^
V Academie
Legge.
Heczey,
See
p.
the
ornamentation, we shall
the style,
schiste,
is
it
in the
64.
in
every respect
Momunents
228, note 2.
loc. cit. p.
in
x.
1903,
et
pp.
Memoires
105-122,
236
such as
we have
but
full
the
human
figures,
but also
in
first,
a realism which
salient
muscles, not
monuments
figures
the
of
the Egyptian
Pyramid
Fig.
175.
crude
only
in
is
tim.es,
style,
as
and
if
it
exists
Nothing
early on
of
its
origin,
to Chaldaea, or Assyria, or
is
it
small
fragment
included in this
cavity there
is
at
the
same category
British
;
Museum
it."
should
also
be
is
two preceding
pieces.
Instead,
the
rows
palette,
the
in
are bulls
first
This decoration
rams.^
in
the
in
the
recalls
in
figures
into
in
"
these
duced
in Fig. 109.
Below the
with
on the
the regular
-
With
ivories
repro-
176.
Cairo
identical
three
the third,
of animals
Fig.
237
Museum.
which appear
those
in
the
hieroglyphs of the
The
'
strongest
Durst
&
proof
that
Gaillard, Studlcn
Petrie, Naqada,
Lepsius, Denknuilcr,
p. 51.
ii.
7.
the
iiber die
x.xiv.
Cairo
fragment
should
be
1902, p. 46.
238
attributed
to
Pharaonic
is
Egypt,
in
the
notwithstanding
The animals a
with pictography.
treated
its
analo^-ies
on the second
writing, combined, it is true,
representations
lion,
a scorpion,
and a hawk
Ashmolean Museum
Fig.
is
177.
Ashmolean Museum,
human
arm,
seize
the captives.^
O.xford.
The
at
British
Museum.
On
of which
palette
;
the
largest
of this group
are
is
two
eating the
this
piece
is
giraffes,
leaves.
admirably described
Lepsius, Dcnkmdler,
iii.
74^/.
M.
Benedite.
the
palette.
simplicity
Finally,
of
in
detail
this
Seeking
by the
affected
fragment
its
it
at
in
a
top
the
the midst
remainder of the
impossible
is
by the
"form
sa}'s,
fruit
239
not
to
be
tree,
Fig.
17S.
fresh
Above
the
to tear out a
tself to
piece.
being seized,
The
is
inert
The
lion
bears
240
16
241
J43
a
resemblance
forehead
(Fig.
141).
wrapped
in
large
Fig.
we
figures
the
to
Above
have
described,
previously
scene of carnage,
person
Fragment of Slate
Palette (Recto).
181.
Louvre Museum.
small
a
ivory
prisoner,
heavy stone
The
statuette of
whose
(?)
is
arms
Abydos
(Fig.
122),
hung round
his
while
back,
to
180).
engraved
on a fragment of
palette
from
the
Louvre.
Five
ensigns
a hun:ian
in
an actual
hand grasping
pictographic
constitutes
trampling a
the
a strong cord.
as
inscription,
upper
part
man under
of the
is
also
palette
and about
his feet,
Fig.
1S2.
This
the
is,
243
in reality,
which
scene
vigorously
bull
him with
to transfix
Fragment of Slate
Palette (Verso).
Louvre Museum.
his horns.
This, as Schaefer
was the
first
to recognize,
Steindorkf, Eine
?teue
Art
iigyptischer Kunst,
enemy.'
"
'
Code
loc. cit. p,
of
is
already
his enemies.^
131,
note
Hammurabi, the
i.
Mr.
king, in
who overthrows
the
244
Fig.
183.
(Recto).
Fig.
84.
(Verso).
245
246
The type
of the vanquished
enemy should be
On
suspended.
which the
kaTnata
is
scene
is
is
occupied, as
the
in
second
Cairo
fragment, by crenellated
towns.
hieroglyphic signs give the names of cities (Figs. i8r and 182).
Fig.
185.
The symbol
occurs
palette
discovered at
walls of a town.
discussions
raises
refer
'
loc.
to special
They
will
cit.
See
appendix,
in
Hierakonpolis,
his
of
extreme complexity,
works published on
this
for
which we must
subject.^
We
observe,
xxv.
1903,
pp.
223-225.
Weill,
R.,
247
an
says M.
identity,"
186.
Such
Fig.
''
effect
Ashmolean Museum,
O.xford.
Hieraconpolis et
pp. 119-121.
'
Egyptian
in
art.
It
is
named
les
Anou,
which
is
figured
de frapper
s^dja,
248
of chance.
by very
only be explained
can
It
and the
close
Egyptian
earliest
relations
civilization.
one admits
if
that
earliest dynasties,
of Africa
lations
elements
the
This fact
taken form.
conforming
of
an
which had
art
is
not only
also to
the laws
that
to
On this
by the human race" (Figs. 183 and 1S4
we find a use of hieroglyphs similar to those of d)'nastic
followed
palette
already
itself,
in
to
of history and
Nile
On
king,
group
singular
head, a bunch
of
papyrus
composed
sculptured,
is
stems,
this
to
and a
is
it
of
by the
human
Opinions are
bird.
intended
to
that
signify
the
six
thousand
foes,
or
also
of the north.
There
is
fragment
small
the
in
Louvre Collection,
Beyrout
at
by Ary Renan.
We
Fgyptian
art,
details
by the
Fharaonic monuments.
stand alone
in
this
series
The
to primitive
are allied
are characteristic
ivories of Hierakonpolis
suppl\-ing a convincing
mind
in
no
earliest of this
and
of
and Abydos
satisfactory succession,
is
185).
what extent
to
There
We
that
must
before
''
the conclusion
at
Capart,
id. p.
Lettre de
third series,
ix.
Egyptian
of
these
that
art
palettes
and
archaeology,
belonged
to
the
256.
M. Ary Renan a M.
1887, pp. 37, 38, with
G. Perrot,
fig.
in
prehistoric period.
that
we
to
the
owing
possess,
Hierakonpoh's
a
discoveries,
palette
name of an
king, we are
bearing the
Egyptian
to recognize
forced
we
witli
Pharaonic monu-
actual
The
ments.
one
that
confronted
are
hesitation
pronouncing
feels in
judgment on these
appears
palettes
to
be
the
that
there
any
given
Egypt
of
slate
me
to
proof
best
was
not
at
moment
in
a sudden
direction
change
artistic
in
We
conceptions.
have
remark
this,
return
to
have
will
when
we
it
formulate
to
to
and we
our
conclusions.
deposited
temple
mace
of
the
in
head
the
of
colossal
size,
in
low
of
the
Several
relief.
on
this
still
be
personages
palette
may
recognized
the
servant
the
identity
249
250
whom
of
The
standards.
not
are
writers
on
reliefs
and
agreed,'
this
men
the
carrying
the
i86 and
(Figs.
mace,-'
the
who
king,
seated
is
crescent-shaped
three
objects
We
represent.
these
"
It
must be content
crescents
"
occur
in
to
are
what they
to say
difficult
is
observe that in
to
When
represented.
in
the
texts
of certain
titles
officials^
The remains
who has
the nam.e of a
king
any
Among
certainty.''
mace
second
of a
opening
of
dyke
On
we here
In
'
lower
the
Can
angle
bear
type
perfect
other scenes
more
of
at
the
there
those of the
iii.
may
loc.
be
primitive
remains
the
right
be the
this
cit.
.x.w.
are
1903,
pp. 223-225.
Fouc-vRT,
archeologique, 1902,
ii.
Lepsius, Denkmliler, ii. 129. Newberry, Beni Hasan,"\. pi. xxxv. p. 41.
ScHiAPARELLi, Museo archeologico di Firenze, Atitichita egizie, i. pp. 266, 267,
*
369, 468.
*
Fouc.^rt,
took
Ma?tual of Egyptian
chapter, p.
des edifices,
353,
note.
p. 32.
Aegyptologie,
p.
425.
place
at
the
Archeology,
Lefebure,
foundation of
5th
ed.
p. 133,
and
230-241.
to,
temples.
See Maspero,
supplementary
London,
Rites egypt-iens
Mariette, Dendcrah,
the Coinptes
10.
9,
ground,'' 'which
in
1902,
Construction et protection
i.
pi.
20.
Brugsch, Die
of a
distinguishable
construction
vaulted
palette
slate
similar
251
to
that
reproduced on Fig.
170.
in
palanquins, as on the
Fig.
88.
is
too
much
design.^
differ
in
Egyptian
theless, to scenes
It
same with
the
is
discovered
classical
which reappear
in
the
royal
monuments, introduce
at
us,
never-
subsequent periods.
numerous
fairly
series
These
tombs of Abydos.
objects
of
arc
small
in
The
igo).
the king
whom
Menes, the
first
'
was discovered
in
the
tomb of
King of
the
first
QuiBtLL, Hicrakonpolis,
i.
dynasty,
pi. .x.xvi. a,
according
and
p. 8.
to
the
2^2
Fig.
189 Detail
Mace-head
of the Principal Scene on the Great
OF AN Unidentified King.
P-
7,
P'ale.
are divided
Fig.
right
'
190.
is
into four
The
superposed registers.
In
the
first
curious
representation
of a
primitive
the
at
Specimens
253
in
temple, above
aticiens
monuments
egypiiens,
i.,
loc
cit.
xxi.
1899,
08-1 12;
iii.
ib.
xxv.
903,
254
two boats.
a sacred
mace of Nar-Mer
scene
of the
Vaphio
next
the
similar
bird,
to
register
is
another
the temple
before
is
bull
hastening
to the
In
goblets.
are
registers
On
we
Hesepui),
The king
is
which access
afforded by a ladder.
is
crescents,"
platform,
to
seated
in
performing a dance.-
fragment of a plaque
duration
of
with the
name
the staff
the
we
find
Sinai.
in
An
Egypt.'"
Here we
Anubis or Apuat.*
closely to
of
history
the
first
we
feel that
representations
the classical
on
place
ivory plaque
in
rocks at
the
the
MacGregor
Wady
Maghara,
in
name
of
ii.
Petrie,
ib.
i.
MoRET,
A.,
Du
pi. xi.
14
pi.
ii.,
\\\.a,
loc. cit.
xv. 16,
x.
and
pp. 21,
51.
and pp.
fig.
86, p.
262
Budge, wiio regards the seated figure as Osiris, draws from it curious
conclusions.
See Budge, The Book of" the Dead {Books on Egypt and Chaldca),
London, 1901, i. pp. xxxiv.-x.xxvii. A History of Egypt, i. p. 194-19S.
Dr.
i.
pi. x.
'"
Finally
representing
bringing
Fig.
captives,
tribute
and
191.
palette of
note, as
are
various
other
and
possibly
the
vanquished,
their
conqueror.^
rendering
Small Plaque
the
homage
to
in
the
slate
also
fragments
there
servants,
190
Fig.
255
British
representation
Museum
of the
is
personage
important to
in
the
long
name of tliis king and also tlie position that he occupies in the dynasties
he reads Khesket, and considers he is not earlier than the second dynasty. See
Naville, Lcs plus anciens 77tonumcnts egyptietis, iii., loc. cit. x.w. 1903, pp. 219, 220.
Petrie, Royal Tombs, ii. p. \\\.a, i, 2, and iv. 4-6, 11, 12, and pp. 21, 22.
A fragment which fits on to that published by Petrie, pi. iv. il, was discovered
See Ameli.neau, Lcs nouvcllcs fouilles d'Abydos, 1S95-6,
earlier by Amelineau.
Compte re7idu In cxtenso, Paris, 1899, pi. xlii. and p. 307, where the fragment is
of the
'
xli.
It is
now
in the
Brussels
Museum.
256
The
which we notice
hair
on Fragment
on
Fig.
men
is
of our figure
is
seen also
of the
hill
Dorkhan and
Gebel Ataka).'
An
object
which
is
1902-3.
It
is
bearing in low
a small plaque or
relief a
and
pi. xix.
figure
in
the
13, 15.
tile
of a
Abydos during
of green glazed
man
walking,
his
An
hand.
staff in his
left
unoccupied
writes thus on
The
dynastic
to the
From
races.
it
in
figure
people,
prehistoric
the
we must
inscription
of the
signs
'
for
attribute
him
Egypt.
He
in
Hemen."
the town of
in
made
Anu
if
is
fortress of the
Petrie
quite plain
votive offering.
of the
in
the subject
is
o/
The reading
of
is
of which
it
The extreme
composed.-
is
relief
on
it
objects,
some specimens^
(Fig. 192).
in a
the hieroglyphs
in
The
artist
are
Empire.
who
copies
variants of the
same
of hieroglyphs of the
will strongly
emphasize
d}-iiasty,
this fact.
The
contrast
striking
is
stelai
when
of the
first
dynasty, which have not at any age been surpassed for dignity
and
beaut}-.*
It
was evidently
between
may
'
It
Petrie, Abydos,
was
ii.
pi.
at this
i.
v. 33,
p. 25.
d' Abydos,
i.
frontispiece
1895-6, p.
ii.
pi.
xxxi.
ii.
pi. xxvii.-.xxx. a.
Amelineau, Les
nouvelles foiiilles
xlii.
17
PRIMITIVK ART I\
258
declared
first
to impress
itself in
it
was possible
it
Long
kingdom.
1':GYPT.
stelae,
name
The same
of Pcrscu,
and
name which
dynasties
fifth
rivalry
Fig.
193.
between the
brtL.A.
occurs
on
(Fig. 193).
in
the
case
of
Pharaonic art
official
of Heke.nen.
and
that
of
statuary, at
vations
Two
at
private
least
statues were
found
be
the
in
The exca-
dynasties.
this.
somewhat strange
also
first
ground, and of a
it
is
type.
now
Of
these
one only
Cairo Museum.
at the
die
ma\'
individuals,
dcr
nocli
lehenden
ll'iistcii-Stiimme
211
dcr
altiigyptiscJicn
De Rouge,
les
of
ii.
S3.
aux
six
MARIETTE^
hair cut
his
the
hair
short
beard
259
This
resembles,
as
which narrow
.strips
Fig.
The
194.
Limestone
.Statue of
.\
the
Liby.\.\.
Cairo Museum.
legs,
a costume which
on the
bas-reliefs of the
is
Ancient Empire.-'
Professor Schweinfurth
'
xliii.
In OuiBELL, HlerakonpoUs, i. p. 6.
Capart, La fete de frappc^- les Anon,
1901, p. 255.
in
the
Revue de
PRIMITIVE ART
26o
development of the
lips.^
From
IX EGYPT.
Dr. Petrie considers that the type presents elements other than
194).-
is
scholar
definitely
The short
come from
"
recognizes
the
Negro
while
195.
long
the
Head of a Libyan
i.\
from
He
and well-formed
Limestone.
0.\ford.
be distinguished.
face
The eyes
"'
Ashmolcan Museum,
obviously
type.
Fig.
in
Negro-Libyan
half
tical
195),
mi.xed
the
Dr.
Petrie
who was
records
that
absolutely iden-
origin.'
A
'
'
first
of
these
the
on
to
the
this subject
third
which
workmanship," he
.says,
Fig.
may
to
has
i)
which
'SI.
Maspero
196.
archaic, but
still
Cairo
archaic.
(No.
261
Museum.
differences in technique
and
in
st\'le
in
262
Fig. 197.
Turin Museum.
Fig.
26^
264
the
...
court.
any object
is
from whence
it
when the
time
preceded
royalty did
cities
not yet
if
for
b\-
example
Pharoah
the
and
inferiority that
statue
the
is
they are
by Besh,
much
does not so
that
it
is
Memphite nome
fact
that
as
It
it
is
between these
and the
in the
impossible better
rival arts
art
is
it
skill
art,
of the
the
similar
of
in
who
artists
(Fig. 196).
that
of
existed
the masters,
adopt Schweinfurth's
at
was not
commencement
the
of the
transformed except
radicall)*
in
ruler.
Quite
where he explains
its
recentlx-. Professor
(Hoflcunst),
Spiegelberg of
successive developments
lies
remote antiquity
the art
art, to
Our
population, and
Egyptian occupation,
rise
peasant
tJie
The peasant
expression.
of the primitive
to
the official
importance
indicate
Khasakhmui,
latter objects.
its
"
el-
comparing
in
to
the
perhaps
Kom
or at
of
bas-reliefs
older than
far
be
those discovered in
Thinis-Abydos
executed
carefully
and
dynast}',
not, therefore,
would be a mistake,
it
or
One must
there.
monuments
its
frequented
Ahmar,
reside
the
localit}- at
it,
astonished
In
it
between
profane
art
art,
by the constant
of the
and
(ProfankunstJ
'
pi.
i.
.xiii.
p.
sitr
13.
Ics
The
statue
origincs,
is
ii.
figured on
pi.
iv.
and
pp.^253. 254.
-
Spiegelberg,
Leipzic, 1903.
by the popular
GescJdchte
dcr
name
" artistic
works created
Fig.
199.
Statue of Nesa,
in
the Louvre.
ART
PRIMITIX'K
266
EGYPT
I\
London,
Turin,
Berlin,
Naples, and
of the
give
\\*e
Figs.
the
master-
realistic
and
fifth
specimens
of
b\-
dynasties.^
them
in
197 to 199.
There
is
mentioned,
found
human
the
tended
to
captive
crushed
h a
now seen
in-
represent
weight of the
We
Here
head.
evidentl}'
artist
at
decorated
Hierakonpolis,
with a
door
stone
socket
or
sill
to
fourth
various
Brussels,
Le^'den.,
These lead us on
Paris.
gradual gradations
pieces
museums Bologna,
European
various
in
this
book.
b\'
a
the
door.'-'
\-
the
sculptui-e of the
Fig.
St.atue of
2CO.
Ashmolean Museum,
O.xford.
official
d\'nasties
first
Kh.\3AKH.MLI.
of
tion
works of
art.
Up
the
to
know
are
only
two
specimens.
sufficient,
the
'
C.\P.ART,
Anzciger,
that
difference
them
between
Steindorff,
by
are
however, to show
wide
existed
us
They
to
Recucil
Uebcr
in the
lie
Fig. 201.
and
ninnu))icnts
cgyptiens,
iigyptiscJic
a7-cliiiisclie
Statue
notice
Statiicn,
in
of plates
the
OuiBELL, Hierakonpolis,
i.
pi.
iii.
and
p.
ii.
p. 36.
ii.
and
iii.
Archiiologisc/ier
of Kh.xsakhmui.
I/istititt, \iii.
267
the
were discovered at
statues
of a
in
king
who appears
carving in
the
Hierakonpolis, and
to
have
reigned
we
These two
relief.
name
bear the
the
Two
of
these
small seated
statues.
as
massive
statuary
part
of
Ancient Empire.
The
first
statue,
body
and
the
ably
limestone,
the
head,
young,
expressive,
and
The
serious.
part
the other
body
Kh.^sakhmui.
melancholy,
which
statue,
is
draped
in
garment
vvidel}'
open
arm
is
the
with
unconventional
represent
thrown
in
the
The
singularly
the
The
rests
the head
is
on
the
designs engraved
routing
On
on
which cover
hand
right
is
The
flowing
and
attitude
Museum, Oxford.
of
remark-
is
is
the
in
the
of
the
missing
is
of
Asliniolean
be
to
early
broken,
Fig. 202.
fragile,
somewhat
statues, of strange
workmanship, so delicate
almost
".
of multitudes
unexpected
with
and
and
the
figures
varied
point,
which
men
over-
positions.
The
of
M.VSPERO, Guide to tlic Cairo Museum, English ed. 1904, p. 244. Naville,
Les plus ana'cns monuiiieiits cgypliens, iii. loc. cit. .\.\v. 1903, pp. 237-239, " of the
third dynasty."
PET-tiE, history of Egypt,
5th ed. 1903, pp. 27, 27*, 28, 28*
'
i.
29,
who
distinguishes two kings, the eighth and ninth of the second dynasty.
OuiBELL, Hierakonpolis,
the middle of the second
i.
"
p. 5
"After
tlie first
i6S
numbers of the
tablets,
and
slain
front
in
cartouche of the
that the eye
is
the
of
feet
the
Horus Khasakhmui."
painted with
statue
car, a fashion
theory
to
make
the
appearance
These
of
now
traces
on
stone,
the
fact
at
discovery,
the
only
left
few
of the
surface
may
which
be
by examining the
ascertained
molean Museum.
able
until
photograph taken
time
have
I-'igs.
some
dynasty.-
lines,
the
the
which, according
published
its
sixth
painted
in
the
\-cars
not
is
continuing to the
of colour
lines
there
been remarked
has
It
'
an
that
at the
It
is
Ashprob-
study
attentive
konpolis
light
would
throw
on the question
age
of
the
fourth
the
royal
fresh
of the
statues
dynasty
of
the
at
Fig.
20
Pottery Figure of
A Lion.
We
'
animals
of
by several scholars.
in
the
primitive
period,
i(/)2,
PP- 752-755^
(igyptisclie
1-18.
270
Beside
sented.
given on Fig.
the
it
hesitation
figures of the
at
Ramasseum,
and
the
who
those
Better
figures
lion
?vlr.
attribute
any
than
this
The
Abydos."-
at
between
Ouibell
Hierakonpolis
the
the Cairo
at
dynasty.'
fourth
the
at
precedes
same
in
any serious
to be assigned without
which
period
the
to
Fragments of
it
The circumstances
red potter}-.
in
is
Hierakonpolis yielded a
excavations at
145, the
which
an illustration of which
ivory dog,
fine
statue
lion
Fig.
description,
203
which
to
the
support of
archaic
enable
will
this
in
the
piece of
fine
period.-'
reader
work has
been executed.
We
primitive
fourth
Egyptians
to
from
in
contemporary
those
Before attempting
dynasty.
movement
in
the
from
examine
some idea of
primitive Egypt dancing, music, and
we should
the arts of
with
draw conclusions
to
which separates
period
the
briefly
least
at
poetry.
here
discovered
this
chapter
cannot
resist
the pleasure
during
the
winter
902-3
at
Abydos, and
an
article
published
in
'
(Fig. 204).
1901
"
As M. Maspero
Barely
six years
wrote, in
ago Egyptian
QuiBELL
col.
Tlie
fig. 6,
their
built.
The
between
bulk
dynasties
ma\'
the
now be
regarded
271
made
in
.
which we
The
with
pick of
certainty
as
the
result
a world,
of
the
rccentes, in
Ics dccoitvertcs
CHAPTER
VI.
ourselves
have found a
magical.
arts of
same
us to the
result.
to
We
must not
complete
and
instances.
t)-pical
An
old historian of
Madagascar informs us
that, "
night
own
houses.
and neither
dance,
to
.
While the
women and
cease
and
will
it
painting,
movement dancing,
the
men
decoration,
utilitarian
study of the
leads
lie
girls
down nor
Similarly,
The
knives,
sticks
with
Throwing the
off the
dancers flourished
hooked
ends
sticks forward
repeatedly
backward
and
forward.
The
stick
with
The women
i.
for
hooked
the latter
enemies' countr}-."'
this
p. 31.
which there
in
"
You cannot
not dancing.
is
/J
mystery
This much
men know,
all
that most people say of the revcalers of the mysteries that they
'
"
'
(i^op-y^eladaL
:.
own
the
So
his
"appalling revelations."
that,
men
the initiated
We
know
of that dance
these things."^
give
musical
rhythm
in
Some
instruments.
to the
wood
etc.,
a buzzing
or
a hissing, in
we
must quote
bow,
the
all,
the
"
the
^vra
As an
are intended
to
Another characteristic
the
'
chief
accompanied on
drive
is
"
or
"
away
is
and
Schwirrholz,"
Occasionally
so wide.'
the sistrum
is
b\'
instance of
Kaffirs
the
during
spirits
evil
one of these.
his
expeditions
band of
New
York, and
by
Bombay,
-
is
fact
of
bull-roarer
the instruments
Speaking
produce
to
struck in cadence,
of hands. ^
to
tambourines,
intended
of these are
1899, p. 272.
Mary
H., Travels in
ll'est
Africa, London,
1900, p. 331^
Leipzic,
and
ed.
1S99.
figs.
70,
71,
pp.
250 251,
135, p, 495-
* Frazer,
The Golden Bough, iii. p. 424, note.
Lang, loc. cit. p. 272.
Cook, A. B., Les Galets pcints du Mas d^Azil, in VAntln-opologie, xiv. 1903,
ScHURTZ, Urgeschichte der Kiiltur, Leipsic, 1900, p. 50 et seq.
pp. 657-659.
and
p. 512.
i3
274
"
musicians.
rings,
Each performer,
bangs, or rattles on
his
own
short air which forms the dominant note in this direful din."
Fetish
men
There
is
acquired
use in
The
magical purposes.
arts
in
we meet with
what
is
no doubt
to
their
utilitarian
rhay not be
in
possible
to
determine
precisely
is
to
duced on Fig.
The
her head.
the
in
and
although
origin,
tiieir
it
addition
5,
pieces of
first
the
Tukh
to refer
statuette repro-
women
same position
panied by
may mention
wood together
a species
dance by clapping
Two
At
funerals
the
dancing
to
Professor
of the
Ancient Empire, we
162;.
shall at
and
if,
with
the tombs
in
this
The
custom
terracotta
figures discovered
in
to
M.
Collignon.-^
fasc.
-
i.
Congovol.
i.
Erm.-\n,
Life
always present
deceased."
^
dit
iii.),
p.
'
Dancers were almost
245 ct seq.
is, the feast held in honour of the
that
P. 246.
CoLLiGNO.x,
Revue des
Ancient Egypt,
Feast of Eternity
in
at the
De
Vorigi7ic
du
the
earliest
monuments
of
275
Egypt we have
They are
Pharaonic
maces
on the Hierakonpolis
and
1S6 to 188;
(Figs.
190), to
Without waiting
the
in
two
bas-reliefs
these
of
Pharaonic
of
representations
Egypt,
should
it
for
me
that
hold
our
a series of
men
to
moment
dancing
funerary
of
appears
attention.
tomb of Anta,
In the
dancing, holding
their
205. D.\ncers
Fig.
gazelles'
in
in
Deshasheh,^ there
at
fro.m
Dr.
Petrie-
.\t
is
sticks,
which end
Desh.vsheh.
has
compared with
found
at
Fig.
fact
to this scene
The determination
of this
name
an
is
in
f-^
shown
is
composed of an arm
the head of a
in
furniture.
that the
-^''
holdino-
gazelle.
We
and
'
Petrie,
In OuiBELL, Hierakonpolis,
pp. 148,
1.
Desliaslicli, pi.
245.
xii.
i.
p. 8.
p. 7.
/.,
in tlie
Rccueil de iravaiix,
vii.
1SS6,
2/6
the
task
funerary dances
performing
of
The people
them.
Tuat are
of the
for
mythology
and
^
;
that
in
at
not
times
ancient
were
close
in
M. Lefebure,- several
to
migrations no
less
conclusion
to
have
to
be drawn
dead
of
the
Land
the
eighteenth dynasty
We
Manes.^
Isle
field
of reeds,
Double and
of the
been
perfectly with
fit
el
traces
left
etc.).
Deir
in
of the
is
According
Egypt.
with
appear
The
This
contact
tribes
continent.
as late as
portrayed
still
at
Bahari.^
'
,chelles
me faire lediteur
Baron du Gabe,
Maspero,
G.,
rattachc7it, in the
et
is
done
also
p. 2
" It is curious
if
277
Among
the
is
Upper Egypt.i
is
called
"
under
scene
simply a somewhat burlesque copy of the
vanquished
a
of
head
the
of the king raising his mace to strike
great palette of Xar-Mer.
barbarian, such as we observed on the
the
dance, says Professor Erman, is taken from
the
feet,"
and
The name
is
of this
which
is
on inscriptions accompanying
"
bound
nations
all
beneath his
ordinarily given
this scene, that
down
feet."
tomb
Hierakonpolis
of
162;,
(P"ig.
down
dy nasty
.-
Fig. 206.
We
to dances.
Under
Ancient
the
KONPOLIS.
Ashmolean Museum,
players
of castanette
Oxford.
vase.
on a prehistoric
Empire we
Steatite
observe
likewise
flutes
and
funerary or religious
harps as musical instruments presenting a
there was found
Hierakonpolis^
In the excavations at
character.
a
small
in reality
panto-
of theatrical representations.
germ
egyptiennc en
See Benedite, Un gucrrier lihyen, figurine
da
Musec
au
bronze incrusted-argent,conservee
^'^'^^V'^
'^"l^^T!!lTll
(Fondation
et Belles Lettres
Memoires publies par rAcademie des Inscriptions
mimes, the
2
Piot),
3
first
\lso later
ix.
1903, p. \zietsrq.
QuiBE^L
&
Gkee.v, Hierakonpolis,
...
li.
pi. xlviu./',
r
column.
left-hand
,
a hole
pierced
is
be
and a
harpist.^
funerary purpose
the
If
is
it
Greek islands
a flutist
may
This
flutist.
KGVPT.
IX
now broken
art
PRIMITIX'P:
278
On
Hasan
were
instruments
musical
of these
might be quoted
is
in
form
in the
of a door representing the entrance intended for the use of the soul,
various people are
pla\-
as an
bringing
offerings.
by women engaged
are occupied
accompaniment
performed
for
wom.an
cadence
is
shaking
away
the
may
evil spirits,
deceased.
It
it.
It
many
In
countries an
same character
The
presence of
in
a kind of
instrument
" bull-roarer,"
ethnologists term a
the
order
in
is
in
Egyptian apparatus.
as our
is
This
Two
in
is
honour of
in
registers
musical performance.
in a
This
is
of the
what English
is
and Germans a
"
Schwirrholz,"
The
"
Schwirrholz,"
Vart
&
Perrot
f?iyce}iiett,
Chipiez, Histoire
and
pp. 760-762,
lie
fig.
357, 358.
vi.,
La
Grece primitive,
griechischen Inseln,
Instituts,
130,
note
I.
''
Hinter
communicated by M.
J.
dem
de Mot.)
Here
ceremonies.
is
vii.
1904,
(Information
flutists
Beni Hasan,
pi. xii.
iv. pi. xvi. and p. 5.
ScHURTZ, Urgeschichtc der Kitltiir, Leipzic,
i.
'
1900, p. 50.
either
is
of
like
ornaments.
painted
means
shaped
which
it
or decorated ,\vith
fish,
string
fastened
is
whirled round
is
279
the
in
to
air,
the
engraved
end,
by
producing a
buzzing noise.
We
add
must
Fig.
object
the
that
thus
described
is
ne\-er
207.
The
tribes
natural in the
in
the
feasts
who
booming
for
the
use
it
it
consider there
prodiices,
dead, or
in
and
other
it
is
something super-
is
principalh' used
ceremonies
to
which
28o
am
at
much
very
Hasan
Heni
inclined
the instrament
see in
to
instrument analogous
musical
depicted
this
to
"
bull-
roarer."
W'e must also briefly notice the use of music, in general, for
accompanying and regulating work done in combination. At the
day
present
regulating the
to give a
in
reference
point
this
incantations
funerary songs
or
people,
primitive
of
habitually
characterized
The meaning
of these
is
various
nature to give
us
primitive people.
On
Empire there
several
are
inscribed
the
monuments
of the Ancient
onl}' slightly
from
would be
translated
Eg\'ptian songs.
origin to these
Maspero has
He
prayers and
with
what
Egyptian.
thus
writes
addressed to
of formulas
Many
of
and
serpent
the
terror
"The number of
venomous animals show
on the subject
them are
the
written
in
scorpion
inspired
the
understood, even
two Pepi.
'
aux
C APART,
For
J.,
my
part,
Sur deux
by the
I
scribes
under
xiii.
most
Bucher, Arbeit
the
livres
attcienties representations
in
Unas and
cuite,
pi. ix.
ritual,
Some
Mena.
to
281
of
from
the
Cometh
womb
forth
castrated!
calf.
of the
from
thee
may
serpent
Here
Fall, slave!'
We
earth
be judged
in
succession
"
have, therefore,
arrived at
the
down
lie
all
to
descendest,
that
is
artistic character.
conclusion
of our
stud}',
We
and
it
en
it.
cgyptieimes,
i.
{Bibliotheque
cgyptologiquc,
pyramides de
xii.
1885,
la
i.),
pp.
V' et de la
pp.
125,
126,
153,
VP
154.
La
religion
dynastic, in the
Revue
is
282
CHAPTER
VH.
CONCL US IONS.
draw general conclusions from the foregoing
to me that there are two different orders
attempting
IX study,
appears
to
it
of ideas
place,
we
find
From
coveries
at the
it
of Egyptian art as
origin
show that
the artistic
with those
manifestations
of other
the
commencement
Egypt
of primitive
nations
at
an equal stage
of civilization.
de I'Art, there
is
In
my
opinion
the
utilitarian
together
is
in
origin
of those
from
their
most
This
Egypt
enter on the
domain of
or
until
in
historical
But
special conclusions,
rather
affords us
rudimentary form,
we
purpose
utilitarian
with a religious,
In this respect
we can
which we group
manifestations,
" resthetic.''
at
this
most
beliefs,
times
point
to be exhibited methodically.
At the beginning of this book we showed that at the commencement of the fourth dynasty Egypt had already developed
Another
fact
which
struck
us
forcibly
all
was the
COXCLUSIOXS.
extreme realism of the
face
us
Egypt with
into
"
which brought
face with
to
283
alternative
this
was imported
either art
all
"
was the
previous
of several
slow and
of a
result
come
to
our
aid.
Is
petent pens
give
The
but
categorical
am
certainly
will
appears to
us to
to
left
if
In the
We
shall
many
references,
commencement
the
mind
the
at
it
will
probably
civilization
graphical
the
meantime,
ever arrived at
is
it
of the Eg}"ptians,
on
decide
more com-
wc should await
question,
this
the solution
that
discoveries
me
it
answers to
result of excavations
else
the
that
is
it
or
progressive
Here
centuries.
life
should
like
of art in Egypt, as
present time.
sketch
to
it
numerous
the
biblio-
problem of
do not attempt
to
conceal
the
earliest
very
inhabitants
Nile,
we
shall
at
the
multitude of contradictions.
or, rather,
by the
allu\-ial
nomadic huntsmen.
The
flints
was
filled
inhabited by tribes of
tools
have
We
is
also
ma\"
possible
well
that
284
composed
towards
black
of
Libyan
were settled on
to
these
neolithic
brilliant
At
in detail
analogies which
this
the historic
us,
it
the
of
came
from
from the
we have had
this book.
occasion
to
insist
on the
Egyptian
earliest
earliest
borders
times
different
from
back
creep
"
themselves
perhaps
They would
west or south-west."
is
Mediterranean
the
who
and
continent,
Southern Europe.
It
by the
south
the
antiquity
races,
civilization
Many
period.
of Egypt,
Under the
another country.
An
as
the Nile.
The
far
frequently find
tells
as
we
earliest dynasties
cataract of
first
in
civilization,
Greek
traditions,
referring
to
the
of
relations
it
at
fre-
The
times,
when
This fact
is
intercourse so
between the Egyptian primitive civilizaand the Aegean civilization. The relations between these
frequently established
tion
p. 19.
Nile
1904,
CONXLUSIONS.
by
Pharaohs
the
which confirm
facts
dynast}',
Evans has
Mr.
occur frequently.
twelfth
the
until
285
noticed
have studied
If
we
follow
"
the
alphabetiform
Egypt of the
marks which we
in
"
earlier chapter.
as
we have
by Dr.
originated
as
an
in
Petrie,
brilliant archaeologist, in
hitherto
we
done
the
are forced
sequence dates
agree with that
to
civilization
not seem
to
We
see
in
me
be any difficulty
to
in
There does
accounting
for
this.
it
numerous
Crete
in
this theory.^
Were
which
tion
many
continued
infiltra-
Did
these
same group of
These
am, however,
race,
are questions
did
nations, or
disposed
we
possess.
to
believe
Egypt by
different
publication that
the
texts
have occupied
later.
It
religious
is
vvas
of a
Egypt
in
which,
have
invasions
frequent
in
E. de Rouge,
said
another
in
that there
are in
great
probably to
conceptions
Heliopolis,
believe, with
traces
routes.
been separated
the
called
tribe
that
had
according to
for
their
attribute
centre
tradition
the
related
those
town of
by
Pliny,"
dieser
ein richtiger
Stamm
zu verstehen
Kern zu Grunde
liegen,
und
PRmiTIVE ART
286
It
probably also to
is
decadence
in
prehistoric
period should
invasion
this
primitive
the
IX EGYPT.
followed
their footsteps
we have seen
that there
Egypt
analogies
between
vinced certain
and
nothing;
is
was a
primitive
historical
in
we
have
On
Egypt.
that
the
contrary,
the}-
have con-
Pharaonic civilization
that the
that,
writers
the
times
several
Further than
P'gypt.
hiatus, a
Pharaonic
that
be attributed.
not,
Aiuc
of the
industries
is
only a
the
to
They are
and sweep away from
Egyptians.
a slow infiltration
periods of
It
its
clearly
is
the
of
At
appears
On
as
in
people,
Nile
possesses
of
at
Valle)-
Foreigners have
ha\'e
changed the
ne\'er
of
both
in
its
environments.
the
that
principle
this
to
regard
to
art
and
this
it
is
we have
there
is
their
shown
in
beliefs.
Egypt, and
also
Pharaonic
to
tlie
is
moment, however,
several occasions
the private
higher civilization
of a
result
and funerary
a given
it is
of the
soil
power
irresistibly influenced
primitive
religious
invaders,
Egyptians were
Pharaonic
history.
its
Egyptian population
transformed
the
of
attributed
not the
strange
invasions
of development.
the
of
of groups of people
a population
into
phenomenon should be
this
character
actual
that
the
primitive
style of the
and profane
art.
it
suddenly made
CON'CLUSIONS.
appearance thoroughly formed.
its
to an official
In
these
cannot
intervene.
enter
and
anthropology
completel)'
con-
into
complicated
comparative
the
of writing,
pages
final
where
without,
attached
style
official
controversy,
This
complicated system
this
country from
the
we may
this
and
religion,
2S7
from Yemen,
Asia, perhaps
philology
apparently
^vith
between the
more
One
in
not
of c\'linders, wh'ch
use
especially, the
quickly
did
earliest
fact
is
disappeared
very clear
fairly
the Semites
pass direct
were
the>'
The
the African
map
fauna and
the
of
tion
character
represented
flora
which
of
The two
coasts
of the
Red
hieroglyphs,
the
in
striking.
is
of Africa
Nile.
by the examina-
been obtained
glance at the
a time have
for
the
valley
of the
Sea,
Any
in their productions.
at
occupy a
first
regions
the
languages,
and
which exists
affinity
One
country
they had
the
part
tribes leaving
of these
as
differing
abandoned.
the customs
Yemen would
little
as
on the
situated
regions,
country,
foreign
Heuzey,
See
mentaircs
V l^gypte
not
did
land
apri-s
L.,
follow
it
it
Construction
dccouvcrtcs dc
primitive, in the
The Egyptians,
they called
les
the
close
this
from
population,
study of the
Ethiopia shows
of
naturally
possible
Land
"
antcricurc
M. dc
Sarzec,
Revue d'assyriologic
Note contributed
writing the
in
to
name
of
with
the
appears
classical period
ct
by Mr. Otford.
of the
Our-Xhia,
viii.,
Gods," and
notes
coinplc-
Coniparaisons avcc
d'archcologic oricniulc,
v.
2,
288
from
derived
the origin of a
it
ancient divinities.
with
relations
pacific
represented on
are
race
mixed
as
is
The
of an
inhabitants
its
type, beard,
tions
when
the
most
of their
times maintained
all
and
country,
this
superior race
the
number
certain
tomb
the
in
earliest
furnished
is
a representation
b\'
son
of a
Cheops
of
of
list
the fifth
of
the temples,
to
gifts
from Punt.
B\'
was
it
Upper Nubia,
necessary
necessary,
first
of
all,
regions of
desert
the
at
present da\'.
Nile by
Red Sea
reach the
to
Wady Hammamat,
Koptos
the
from easy.
far
from
the
to the river.
Now
traverse
to
By water it was
means of one of
was the
to
is
be attributed
route
to
is
to
the dynastic
hordes of
human
race
the
beings attempting
which induces
me
represent
to
statues of Min.
the
tumultuous
arrival
return
Semites had
for a
moment
made
long
to
invasion
this consideration
It is
in
To
This
It
Egypt
of
stay
on
African
soil
before
Somalis,
reveal
by the
the
history
the
infiltration.
dis-
There,
and the
The
invaders brought
'
with
Lepsius, Denkmiiler,
ii.
23.
illus-
CONCLUSIONS.
They
by them.
2S9
also
brought rehgious
the
the
religion
official
Egypt
of
epoch.
the autochthones, so
in
the
find
ex-
and of which
wc have
the
at
from those of
far,
was concerned
kings
of
basis
Egyptian
ritual
constituted
is
the
in
and
s}-stem of art
that
and with
we
funerary
beliefs
which contrasts
art,
which
is
to
how
of later times.
in
hieratic
and
this
fixed.
ritual
This
is
find
the
official
What was
art,
The answer
we have already
is
indicated,
duality
reminded us
We
of
in
of which
art
and inspired
to this question
us to
needless for
insist
Professor
so clear a
influence the
it
The meeting
and
forms of
more
is
dynasty the
We
Empire
private
its
can understand
at the
art
is
com-
still
so
in
and
its
naturalistic,
decadence."
Leipsic,
et
seij.).
19
290
us
to
birth
of centuries,
influences
was
only to
object
their
nature with
represent
development
full
"
Like acts on
When
reaches
it
survive
religious
in
The
fidelity.
may
be found
in
like."
the art
is
express
of this
virtue
possible
serve
object
in
to
foreign
the principal
art,
all
was intended
it
by
extent affected
This
?).
utilitarian
small
Anu
(Aegean and
of which was
vcr\-
in
Egypt
it
is
still
completely elude
conceptions of advanced
serves
us.
to
development, which
The
upon each
we
official
struggles
in
and the
these various
between
art,
official
The
religion,
story of the
to the
earliest
do not attempt
to conceal
the fact
which
in
reality
are
may
moment
arise,
b\'
them
to
in
crowds,
and
have hesitated
hope
materials
a
present
to
in
if
have indulged
for
an architect of eenius.
utilized
NDEX
PAGE
Aahmes
Abadiych
Abydos
27
27, 12S
5, 12 1,
38, 42, 49, 57, 58, 68
.
6,
19,
no,
100, loi,
32
Aniorgos
Amulets
Ancient Empire
.156
2,
56, 58,
Abyssiniaiis
.162,
Accessories of dancing
...
Administration
Aegean
and
civilization
Islands
period
Aegco-Crctan
(See Greek.)
Aftica.
.
art
Aha-Menes
.
Alawanyel/
2 84,
290
212
fantastic
indeterminate
,,
pet
19S
,,
sacred
-134
,,
30.
Aloes
Alphabet, Libyan
116, 119,
Creto Aegean
287
155
210
194
60
145
A?nerica
.....
Amen'ean,
South,
of
European parentage
49, 50, 51
.129
no
236
n7
153
Apu at
or
13,46, 285
Argar
Arms of
j-
chairs
Art
decorative
,,
,,
official
260
,,
of
Negro291
movement
64
1S5
136
65
59 et seq., 138
258, 264, 287, 289
154
154
220, 254
Architecture
Archa7igel
285
23c
Anubis
primitive
Anu
Apes
Arab
,,
185
132, 136,
(Bubalis)
21S
no, 140
220
275
147
146
Phoenician origin
IV
182
216
Anta
linear,
Amenophis
Ansai7'iyeh
149
6,
209
82,
....
Anklets
,,
234
Alligator
102
,,
....
....
....
....
edible
14
Amelineau
Animals, aquatic
,,
99,
27S
146,
M. 5-
152,
domestic
,,
Aleutians
Alexandria
Algeria
142,
41,
Menes).
(see
Islands
.164
Animals 5, 21,
no, n2, n7,
275
282
165
4,
288
156,
Agathodemon
Alabaster
I,
....
.
British Central
,,
Andaman
"
Amon-Ra
16,
272
9.
et seq.
292
Index.
h\DEX.
Bricks
British
Must
Brocatel
Bronze
293
INDEX.
J94
....
Colour
PAGE
213
60
26, 27,
Colionbia
PAGE
Decoration, geometrical
Combatants
the vases
magic
,,
Copts
Cords
Corpse
,,
"2 et seq.,
155
,,
translormatioii of an
41, 66,
1
45
217
40, 52,
63 64, Oi
239
218
Cow
188
Crescent
Crete
254
149, 164, 285
.146,
Crew
82,
11
112,
1,
117,
Cross-lined pottery
219
(See Pottery.)
159
267, 277
of
Lower Egypt
144
164, 1S5
I, 282
....
CucutcHi
Cult
,,
animal
Dcir-cI-Bnhari
De Loii
De Morgan
....
207, 209,
De Mot
.
Cylinders
Cynocephalus
(See Apes.)
Cyprus
59
Den Setui
sepui
Semti,
or
De Rouge
He-
or
....
.....
Dancers, male
female
,,
Dancing
17,
,,
45
42
,,
hammered
247
,,
natural
186
,,
phitomorphic
,,
skeuomorphic
119,
69
48
274
211, 218, 254, 270
.
.....
......
Danga Bohr
Davis
Decorated pottery
(See Pottery.)
Decoration
,,
140
60, 66, 112
50,
138
....
.
59,
113,
136
textile
,,
62, 74,
16,
59 et seq.
139
59
98
62, 138
zoomorphic
De Villenoisy
59- 74,
267
214
162
De Zelltner
i6o, 189
Di Dehetrio
Diiika
177
121
96
Diorite
DiospoUs
94,
131-
Discs
Divinities,
ubis,
.
223
108, 126
50
74
,,
.....
285
Dcshashch
58, 275
Designs
202
anthropomorphic
59
engraved on the vases 133
geometric 48,
194
284
Cyrenaica
DalicJiour
.210
De.niker
,,
36,
217
278
floral
276
154, 185
8,
5,
219, 220
CUMONT
Dagger
et seq.
.111
.172
.160
of the ear
,,
,,
(See Ceremonies.)
Curls
Deformity, anatomical
Denderah
199
122
174,
Crocodile 70,
,,
>,
64
26,
90, 91
Deer
243
;,
contracted
object by
74
.120
198
12,
64
^13
half white
Congo
Copper
35.
(See Warriors.)
Combs
et seq.
form of a cord on
in
,,
British
,,
60
I;
i.
176
188, 201
157.
34. 35. 91
Egyptian (see
205
Amon, An-
INDEX.
^95
PACiE
Neith,
Nekhbet,
Osiris, Ptah, Sebek, Selkit,
Mut.
Sokaris,
Taurt,
Erm.vn
Thuerisi.
Dogs 95, 102,
Door
....
53,
sill
,,
bull
,,
...
.
266
94, 95
195 et seq.
28
...
......
.
Dynasty
secj.,
176,
hair
I.
5,
108,
88, 96,
[72 et
Dyeing the
Dyke
or socket
Double hammer
Duck
Dwarf
Thot,
146,
149, 168,
220
35,
36
250
57,
S5
169,
173
Dynasty
II.
III.
IV.
5,
4,
I,
5,
25S,
5,
255, 267
18,
25,
28,
42, 93
Dynasty V.
VI.
Ensigns of vessels
Equidce
(See Ass, Horse.
Es(/iti//uiiix
Ethiopia
European
Ev.\.NS
52,
Evolution of Clothing
Ex-votos
.
Fan
69
160
Faniliam
69
Feathers
39. 40,
bull's leg
serpent's head
,,
,,
serpent's neck
146,
XIX
55
226
......
14:
....
68,
88,
94,
105,
.....
El Bershch
El Kab ox El Qab
Elephant
88,
Embroidery.
Enemy, vanquished
223,
212, 246,
Festival of eternity
Heb-Sed
Fetish
,,
religious
,,
man
214
192
230
247
247
274
-54
90
134. 185
Fetishism
Field of battle
and neck
149
276
Emblems
134
,,
i8,
form
97,
135
(See Ostrich.)
Feet of furniture,
Feline animals
268
150
El Ahaiwah
El Amrah 7,
long neck
XXII
Eagle
52
,,
....
196
....228
96,
287
156,285
146,
,,
149,
..
184,
Eancsii
XVIII.
,,
21, 23
284
Dynasty XIII.
145,
XII.
.....
.
230
.211
figures
88, 210,
274
220
239
154
296
INDEX.
297
PAGE
PAt.E
Hebert
Heb-Sed
Hedgehog
71,
Hekenen
Hekit.
Hcliopolis
Hemen
Ibe.K
^54
Ibis
in
Idols,
258
219
2S6
Illyria.
^57
Henna.
Herliaceous fibre
Hel'ZEY
226.
Hierako)ipolis
94, 99,
160
loi,
6,
8,
136,
134,
:35.
47
247
72, 90, 91
56,
54,
36
139,
157,
160
185, 186
143
from
stone,
Islands
63,
Hieroglyplis, primitive
60, 65
Hilton Price
Hippopotamus
'35
(See Eyes,
inlaid.)
112, 12S,
"O,
78,
pictographic
248
.....
179- 195
103,
III,
Hissarlik
Hoe
Holmes
Horn
149
238
Horse
ivory
,,
of music
Houses
5.
in relief
13, 192, 210,
Hyksos
....
Jackal
143,
1S9,
149
Jczus
69
on vases
214,
193,
117
Kaffirs
219
Kalnin
229,
247
1S4
Kano
Karia
49
13.
iu8,
121,
45
116
-73
152
40
146
Karnak
54, 217, 229,
283
Karnata
143, 214,
224
Kataiiifii
230
-54
232
Kabylcs
275
27
24S
Jequier
Jewellery
135
184, 185
121
incised
of Apis
133,
loi,
Jackal, fantastic
,,
,,
83, 95,
164, 165
1-4. >25
,,
Huntsmen
Hyena
154
68
200, 221
drawn reversed
female, nude
lion
203
,,
56, 57,
160, 161
,,
2l5
215,
Ivory box
Hunting
71
Irkutsk
Ivory
278
Isles
190, 202,
figures,
Intichiuma
Greek
Horus
Human
196 et seq.
Hottcntols
Intaglios of the
143
198
60
(See Equidae.)
Hosi
(?)
256
136
100,
32,
,,
102,
54
^57
,,
26
Inlaying
257, 287
14::
Initiation
142 et seq.
280
164
206
276
172,
6,
Incantations
Greek
the
Hieroglyphs
232
54, 55.
Khasakhmui
"9.
155.
70
246
198
105,
264 267
seq.
29S
INDEX.
PAGE
Khebs-to
Khesket
250
255
INDEX.
299
PAGE
Mantle
52, 55,
56 et
l63,
sec].,
Murtar.
H4
Mountains
Mourners
193
106
Miiiiicli
(See Cloak.)
Marble
blue.
,,
Margone
Mariette
"
Marks,
=.4. 17
alphabetilurm
,,
family
,,
geometric
"
146
31
pottery 33,
146
144 et
133,
set].,
203, 206
property
,,
,,
tribal
Marseilles
Mas
210
-54
d'Azil
Maspero
Maxycs
Media
.
Mcdinct-Habii
Mcditcrra}ica}i
Mcdum
4,
.....
.
2, 3, 4,
48
264
224,
274
Mena
ig, 88,
18,
179, 182
Meri-Neith
Mesopotamia
180,
Mutilation
T" et seq.
:74.
119,274
143
34
Muzzle
181, 242
Mycenae
6,
.....
MVRES
Mysteries
40
273
254
226
39, 88,
222
144,
16,
136,
Mincopies
.
154
Moba
55
of ostrich eggs
39
(See Fortified enclosure, Houses.)
.
Nekhbet
Nesa
l^'^,
28.39
.
Nile
52
285
276
Nobadae
Nofrit
North- Africa
NiDnidians
Nymphuea
.
of Tuat
Ochre, yellow
red
Okkord
.
Oil
Okapi
254
98,
Niam-Niam
Ohio
144
248
31,
Net
,.
49
257
260
47,
'
Neith
Oasis
219
207,
Nei^'-o-Libyan
54
160
14
.
jVegroid
Oars
et seq.
:8,
Navigation
Necklaces
29
226, 242
6
266
5,
Noubkhas
47.
Naples
Nubia
Nubian
Mexican statue
Models
27
220
30, 31
Mersekha
Mississipi
17,
281
Mentu
.5,
Nar-Mer
Min
220
284
I go
Metal
32
217
Naga-ed-Dcr
.110
.270
40,
civilization
,,
Mestem
274, 275
Musicians
Mut
224
126, 131,
5,
ol priestess
280
210
276
or
2 17,
Menes
Music
....
.....
et seq.,
Mummy
206
163
17,
4,
Mast
Mastabas
Mats
Memphis
Men 26,
PAGE
242
142,
.
120, 207,
276
142
2og
284
276
21, 206, 213, 216
21, 48, 206, 213
243. 287
150, 276,
.
Oran, South
39
290
42
2S8
28
3-
154
27
112
205. 283
300
INDEX.
?02
PAGE
Sardinia
....
Sayce
Scarabaeus
Signature
203
Signs,
143
95 et seq., 136, 212, 213, 226
Sceptre
SCH.-\EFER
254
264
Sistrum
Sketch
Skin or liide
-i/j.
278
112,
122,
132, 143
280
115
134
Sebek
219
Sedja
247
220
Sekhmet
Selkit
219
287
Semites
28
108, 144
193, 196, 28 5
164
122,
Servants
Sethe
Seti
or
Sheath
144
209
for projecting
body
51
Sag
of the
102
31,
Seto-n K.-\rr
Sga
67, 71
-125
....
interlaced
on vase
(see
192
Karnata).
Sheep, long-horned
Sheikh el Baled
117
....
.24,
45, 49. 11
39 47, 49. 223
glazed pottery
47
Shell
Shells
in
,,
,,
,,
metal
overlapping
47
98
Shepherd
Sheschonk
Ships
88,
69
Shields
Sicilv
226
Sheyk HamddeJi
I
145
12,
Serpents
Sinews of animals
Sea
Scfeth
121
[20
11,
Seciuence dates
Sepa
une.xplained
Simplification
Seats
resembling S, N, Z,
,,
Sinai
,,
243
278
100,
tifinagh
203
60, 124
Scliwirrhnlz
.Scorpion
Libyan and
Silsileh
SciIWEI.NFURril
139
147
132
267
SCHURTZ
Scribe
149
15,
,,
206
55.
panther
203
55,
56
194
(See Bucrania.)
Slate 49,
Slaves
]]
et seq
226, 228 et
138,
seq.,
267
18,
54
190
Sneferu
Sokaris
Sokar-khabiu
210,
.
Soldiers
217
28
40
(See Warriors.)
Soiiialiland
Song
Songs
115. 162
17
2 So,
281
Sorcerer
197,
Soi/dan
105,
198
106
Sojc/iag
Soul
South Kensington
Spain
39,
Sparrow-hawk
SpENXER & GiLLEN
Spiegelberg
.
197,
177, 182
190, 192
185,
194
143
curved at top
Stake
Standard-bearers.
Standards
88,
(See Ensigns.)
Standards, animated
.
Star
216
289
114, 115
....
....
,,
215,
264,
41, 50. 71
Staff or stick
Stag
69
278
146, 148
Spirals
Spoons
Stacquez
52
257
213, 275
223, 232
223
259
230, 254
250,
08,
190,
55. 56,
121
Statues
120, 207,
210
,,
archaic
194
,,
royal
47
5,
32,
88,
.
258 et seq.
222 et seq,
266 et seq.
INDEX.
30:
PAGE
Steatite
Steatopygy
Steixdorff
Stela
Stones 49,
76,
91,
TJiebcs
274
Thinis
277
(See Abydos.)
Thiti
57
56,
8,
hard.
Thot
155, 176
...
sandstone
Stone-working
....
....
....
....
Stool
Stoppers
Strabo
Straw
Studs
,,
Tliracc
163
53
147
105
Tiger
214
47 et seq.
45. -10
Tiles
115
106,
57.
5^
285
21
...
origin
286
91
of divinity
,,
of the king
,,
religious
246
212
62.73
135
Timiliu
(See Libyans.)
Togo
Tombs.
55
206
(See Graves.)
ToRR
207. 217
Torres Straits
Tortoise
Totem
Totemism.
Touaregs
45- 14;
Toupis
Table of offerings
270
Towers
Trap in shape of a wheel
Tablet, ivory
203
216
Taboo
Tails of animals
,230
54,
Tambourine
273
Tatooing
^o et seq.
among
the Greeks
34
164
Malta
at
decorative
et seq.
pre-Mycena:an Greece
in
Tchoiikiclils
16,
255
Tripoli
Tuat
275, 276
2 et seq.,
Tusks
14
Uazu
Unas
3i
40
214, 216
Tunis
Turin
Turkey or pelican
70
224
15
Tribute
;o et seq.
Taurt
207
Tribal marks
Tiikh
276
28
Triangles
Troglodites
220
.210
medical
religious
Teeth
Trees
65
208, 215
114
Sy7ia
65
shell
31
15,
....
Symmetry
32
219
Tifinagh
Symbol
III
Thueris
96
34i 35
Syenite
Suez
Sulphide of antimony
47
220
94
50,
Sun worship,
of leather
Thothmes
et seq.,
264
264
27
Thongs
96
soft
,,
,,
53, 173,
3"
35.
.
274
40
266
191
48, 198
.
29
280
Tehuti-hetep
48
26
Unger
17
Tel-el- A mama
V-
Unguents
49
Temples
Tendons
Terracotta
(See Pottery.)
Tettiges
221,253, 254
48
274
Urine
UrcBus.
Uzait.
36
143
25.85
29
INDEX.
304
PAGE
PACE
Vaphio goblets
Vases, ivory
,,
-54
War
loi
Warriors
loS, 14.9
Water
151
black-topped I22etseq.
,,
,,
with
122
design in relief
et seq.
,,
,,
cross-lined
,,
,,
decorated
108, 140
Il3etseq.
202, 206,
,,
stones
108,
115
[4,
of fantastic forms
,,
,,
126
et seq.
.126
,,
,,
rough faced
140,
,,
stone
96
251
Vt'ihiaks
14,
sailing
(See Bark,
250
20S
Women
^1 J
V/adhnir
154
Volossovo
154
129
108,
112,
128,
2,
I I
7.8
17,
217
200
214
34
2
21,
56,
37, 3S,
57,
119,
39.
40. 45,
51
127,
160
121,
162, 175,
135- 139
4. 54,
sonorous
273
144
(See Castanettes.)
"Worshippers of Horus
Writing
[5,
66, 142
88,
142 et
Egyptian
hieroglyph
Vibration
74,
17, 32,
Wood
Flotilla.)
Von BissiNG
52
21
Wolters
164
213
206
Window
seq.,
Vaulting
222
55
140,
.
Wiedem.ann
Wigs
Wilkin
Wilkinson
et
fantastic forms
....
....
clay
198
paint
,,
97
loietseq.
cylindrical
,,
Vessel
White
267
Whip
seq.,
,,
148, 254,
Siiifuji
et
,,
Vegetable paste
Western
et seq., 201
,,
Veil
206
230
66
....
....
Wolf
108 et seq.
polished)
Weill
Werner, Alice
Wliite\va.sli
hard
of
tion
.....
...
of state
,,
274
in imita-
11
II
.120
.Ill
ripples
,,
99
54. 55-
Weapons
206
14.0,
217
.
I.
85,
4,
seq.,
primitive
,,
(See
Hieroglyphs,
282
288
^S'
Inscriptions,
142, 144
Votive objects
66, 90 et
seq
Yellow
27,
Ycmoi
129, 14
j-
Z.XBOROWSKI
Wady-el-Sheikh
51
Zer
Hammamat
203, 288
Zigzag
Masarah
212, 254
Zippelius
Pnnled and
boHiui by Hazell,
Watson
li'
144-
205
206
287
>2,
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