- 117 METALLURGICAL COKE MAIUUFACTORING MTEOD

BY BENDING RAW BRIQUET!FE

HFroshi Joh and Shim Ida
Technical Research Institute of Y a w a t a Iron and Steel Works,
Y a w a t a Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., Yawata Japan

1. I n t r o d u c t i o n
For making m e t a l l u r g i c a l coke high caking c o a l i s g e n e r a l l y
blended w i t h c o a l charge a t high r a t i o .
Many an investigation.; 1) have h i t h e r t o been made w i t h an intent i o n of saving high caklng c o a l without degrading the q u a l i t y of coke
produced.
The methods attempted i n Japan are as follows:(1) Coke breeze blending method. 2)
A small q u a n t i t y of coke breeze, pulverized under about 0.012" i s
blended with the c o a l char e.
( 2 ) C o a l i t e blending method. 33
C o a l i t e pulverized under some 0.012'' i s blended with the c o a l
charge.
(3) Bo-iun Tan method. 4)
Low grade c o a l with high v o l a t i l e matter i s swelled w i t h o i l i n
low temperature.
(1) and (2) were applied t o p r a c t i c a l operation for some period,
b u t a t present they have been stopped using for economical reasons.
There i s no prospect of (3) being used Fn p r a c t i c a l operation,
notwithstanding i t was an e x c e l l e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n . Formerly, we intended t o manufacture for many years m e t a l l u r g i c a l coke d i r e c t l y from
low or non-caking c o a l w i t h high v o l a t i l e matter, using t h e s e c o a l s as
main raw material.
A t the f i r s t s t a g e i t was c l a r i f i e d t h a t coking property of these
low grade c o a l s was much improved by b r i q u e t t i n g under comparatively
low pressure (2845-35551biin2). Based on t h i s f a c t we could produce
good m e t a l l u r g i c a l b r i q u e t t e coke ( s i z e : 1.6511 x l.b5I1 x 1 . 1 8 I t ,
strength: s t a b i l i t y f a c t o r = 40-45 $, hardness f a c t o r = 72-74 $1 by
carbonizing r a w b r i q u e t t e a t high temperature, when t i i n , raw b r i q u e t t e
w a s made from the mixture of low caking c o a l and non-caking c o a l
reasonably blended as main raw material. The r e s u l t was a l r e a d y
published. 5 ) . In this method the most important p o i n t i s t o keep the
q u a n t i t y of caking c o n s t i t u e n t s of raw b r i q u e t t e w i t h i n c o n s t a n t
limits. It i s impossible however t o use the o r d i n a r y h o r i z o n t a l
chamber oven, due t o b r i q u e t t e coke (pillowshaped) of the product.
M i t h t h e o b j e c t of solving t h i s p r o b l e s we planned t o carbonize
the mixture of raw b r i q u e t t e and t h e c o a l charge in h o r i z o n t a l chaaber
oven, by blending raw b r i q u e t t e with the c o a l charge i n coke p l a n t .
I t i s d e s i r a b l e i n this case t h a t the c o a l charge and raw b r i q u e t t e
should m e l t each other during carbonization and good lump coke be
produced a s the r e s u l t .
we should l i k e t o c a l l this method l'lYetallurgical coke manufact u r i n g method by blending raw briquette."
The p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s i n the process of study, and n o t y e t
in the s t a g e of discussing i t s economical value.
Next, mention i s going t o be made of the main p a i n t s of this
method, as it seems t o c o n t a i n some t e c h n i c a l l y i n t e r e s t i n g probless.
2. C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of r a w coal:

ProxLnrate
Analysis
Fuel
S
A.
B.M.
FoCo Ratio ($1
~mericanCoal vith
medium V.H.
.5.02 23.n
Bmarican C o a l vim

lou Q.M.

icpashu Coal

6.70 16.56

Index of

.pnan=tY of

ButtonCakhg Conlo.
stltnants*6)

3 . u 0.68

8.0

76-74 L.64 0.70

6.0

($1
90.5
83.6

71.87

(C.1.)

( l o w caking coal.)
w
s
h
u Coal B
( l o w caking c o a l )

40.56 52.55

1 3 0 0.61

3-5

80.1

b2.N 51.92

1.22 0.69

5.0

88 e 9

Pitch

65.60 33.90

0.521 0.b2

88 .a

The mixture of h i g h caldng c o a l and l a w caking coal, prepared so

as to contain 40-60 $ high caking coal in It i s adopted as base coal,
with which is blended raw briquette and the flnal mixture i s the coal
charge. Table 2 shows blending rados and characteristics of two
kinds of base coal and raw briquette. And the size of raw briquette
1si4/5" (length) x 6/5" (breadth) x 13/25" (height) t h i s has bean made
specially smaller so that raw briquette may mix weI!l with base coal.

After 9g of dried coke breeze (48-65 mesh) is.mixed wit$. Ig. af

dried coal ((65 mesh), the mixture I s carbonized a t 17k2W7.Op.. foT
minutes. Coke produced I s sorted oat by screens of 35 mesh and
ne&.
Supposing Ag is the quantity of coke over 3 m e s h and Bg
assed 35 mesh but n o t through z.8 mesh screent
the quantity of coke
index (C.i.7 can be obtained by the folloving f o r d s
the
z 100 ($1
C.I. = A+B
10

&

- u9.-

,The b r i q u e t t e was manufactured in a p i l o t p l a n t w i t h capacity of

tiday.

Blending Iiatio of Base

Coal and R a w
que t te

Base Coal Raw Briquette

70
70

70

c 1/41!

30
30
30

< 118I!
< 1/161!

Strength of Coke ($)

Crushing
Strength
3tr eng th**'Stabilit y ; Xar dness
/Factor
Factor

91.8
92.6
92.7

53 *o

67.8

52.6

70.3
70.4

53.1

4. Bulk d e n s i t y of the mixture of base c o a l and b r i q u e t t e :

I n v e s t i g a t i n g the bulk d e n s i t y on the mixture of base c o a l and

b r i q u e t t e , i t was c l a r i f i e d as shown i n Chart 1 t h a t the bulk d e n s i t y
was developed w i t h the i n c r e a s e of blending r a t i o of b r i q u e t t e w i t h
t h e base coal, and reached max. value, and then g o t down.
( Chart 1

It i s expected froin the above-mentioned r e s u l t t h a t the q u a n t i t y

of c o a l charge per chamber i n c r e a s e s by blending b r i q u e t t e w i t h c o a l
charge i n practical. coke oven.

5 . Coke manufacture by a 500 l b . t e s t i n g coke oven:

Coke manufacture was c a r r i e d o u t in a 500 l b . t e s t i n g coke oven,

blending b r i q u e t t e w i t h No.1 and No.2 base c o a l i n various r a t i o s
under conditions t h a t one charge i s 660 l b . , f l u e temp. of coke oven
2102-21560~, and carbonization time 17 hr s
me crushing s t r e n g t h of coke produced i s promoted a l i t t l e ,
compared w i t h the use of base c o a l only a s shown in Table 4 in case of
blending b r i q u e t t e .
Besides, hardness f a c t o r i n c r e a s e s and r e a c t i v i t y 7) becomes
saaller
From these f a c t s , i t i s c l e a r t h a t the q u a l i t y of coke i s improved by blending b r i q u e t t e . lureover, it i s favourable that the s i z e of
coke has become smaller by t h i s blending.

+* J I S K. 2151-1957

3n.m (959" x length 59") r o t a t e s i n 15 r.p.m. f o r 2 min. p u t t i n g

22 lb. of lump coke (>2!!) in i t . Coke i s sieved using various
screens. E s p e c i a l l y 19/32" index i s important and the crushing
s t r e n g t h i s g e n e r a l l y i n d i c a t e d by this index.
Generally speaking, the range of crushing s t r e n g t h f o r metallurg i c a l coke i s 91-93 $.

I20

-a

c
m
p1

-9
v)

ai

Y
Lo

-a

121-_

As a n a t u r a l r e s u l t the blending r a t i o of high caking c o a l in t h e

t o t a l c o a l charge has decreased, i n proportion t o t h e augmentation of
b r i q u e t t e blended. For example, the using r a t e of high caking c o a l
h a s been 30 $ as shown in the No.(4> i n which b r i q u e t t e was blended a t
a r a t e of 30 $.
It i s recognized from the r e s u l t s t h a t high caking c o a l is a b l e
t o be saved t o some e x t e n t . Moreover, the prototype of b r i q u e t t e was
n o t observed i n lump coke on the occasion of blending b r i q u e t t e under
30 f , due t o the p e r f e c t melting of b r i q u e t t e - a n d base c o a l during
carbonization.

6 . Swelling pressure test:

Swelling pressure t e s t was examined f o r the purpose of comparing
the r e s u l t on the two kinds of samples i . e . mixture, blended b r i q u e t t e
w i t h base c o a l a t the r a t e of 30 $ and c o a l charge (blending r a t i o :
high caking c o a l 50 $, Kyushu c o a l 50 $, Yawata Iron & S t e e l Works i n
August, 1958).
Swelling pressure was measured i n Kopper's movable coke oven 81
under conditions t h a t f l u e teznp. i s 21920F, carbonization time 16 hrs.,
and one charge 660 lb. Swelling pressure of mixture, blended b r i q u e t t e was a l i t t l e smller t h a n i n the case of ordinary c o a l charge,
a s seen in Chart 2.

7. Other tests:

F i r s t l y , q u a l i t y segregation of coke in a chamber of coke oven

was studied on t h e mixture (blending r a t i o : base c o a l '70 3, b r i q u e t t e
30 51, in the case of coke making by bleniing b r i q u e t t e with base coal.
It was explained a s the r e s u l t that t h e r e was no p a r t i c u l a r f e a r of
q u a l i t y s e g r i g a t i o n of coke, by mi;xing base c o a l and b r i q u e t t e .
Secondly, w e t e s t e d the by-product on t h e nixture, i n comparison
With t h e case of the base c o a l only and i t was a s c e r t a i n e d t h a t y i e l d
of t a r , l i g h t o i l in gas and g a s has been improved s l i g h t l y in t h e
c a s e of blending b r i q u e t t e , exceptipg that t h e y i e l d of ammonium sulfa t e decreases.

8. a'iummary:

Several experimsnts were c a r r i e d o u t t o e s t a b l i s h the mnufacturing process of m e t a l l u r g i c a l coke i n which while t h e b l e n d b g r a t i o

of the high caking c o a l with the t o t a l charge i s smaller than i n ordinary case, the q u a l i t y of coke obtained should be n o t i n f e r i o r t o the
ordinary b l a s t furnace coke. ?or t h i s purpose, the raw b r i q u e t t e s
a a d e / f r o n low caking c o a l as min raw c o a l were b l a d e d w i t h t h e base
c o a l which was a l n o s t the same in blending rati:, of h i g h caking c o a l
a s the c o a l charge in ordinary coke p l a n t .
The f o l l o w h g r e s u l t s were obtained.
(1)It was a s c e r t a i n e 3 t h a t the proper s i z e of raw c o a l s f o r b r i q u e t t e t o be blended witin the base c o a l was under 1/81'. Die blanling
r a t i o s of the base c o a l an3 the b r i q u e t t e a r e a s follows:
Base c o a l (high caking.40 $1
i4edium v o l a t i l e American c o a l
40 /;
Kyushu c o a l A
50 d
II

Briquette (high caking c o a l 10 $1

Kyushu c o a l A
It
I3
Low v o l a t i l e American c o a l
P i t c h ( a s binder)

10

/;

72
10 ;o
10 $

;i

-122-

(2) The bulk d e n s i t y of c o a l charge (base c o a l f b r i q u e t t e ) increased,

by blending the b r i q u e t t e w i t h the base c o a l .
(31 The q u a l i t i e s of coke produced i n 500 lb. t e s t coke oven by carbonizing the mixture, blsnded b r i q u e t t e s a t the r a t e of 5-50 ;;
w i t h the base c o a l , wera generally ilnproved by blending b r i q u e t t e
i n other words the crushing strength an3 hardness f a c t o r were
increased and, moreover, the mean s i z e and r e a c t i v i t y decreased.
Thus, i t i s p o s s i b l e for u s t o f o r e s e e t h a t t h e saving of high
caking coal can be c a r r i e d out by blending b r i q u e t t e with the
base c o a l .
(4) In the case of blending b r i q u e t t e w i t h the base c o a l i t wqs cons i 3 e r e d t h a t the upper l i m i t of the blending r a t i o of the b r i q u e t t e was about 30 $, froln the observation of lump coke q u a l i t y
and the s e c u r i t y of pushing of coke f r o m a chaaiber in coke oven
(5) It was a t t e s t e d by the experinent by 500 l b . Kopper's movable
w a l l oven t h a t , when the b r i q u e t t e was blended with the base c o a l
a t the r a t e of 30 2, t h e expansion pressure & r i n g carbonization
were in the limits of s a f e t y .
( 6 ) f i e segregation of coke q u a l i t y has no trouble i n t h e blending of
b r i q u e t t e under above mentioned l i m i t s and the y i e l d of by-product i s r a t h e r favourable by blending b r i q u e t t e w i t h the base
coal.

References

1) m i o n v i l l e process

16 143-9 (1954)
ivIinchin, i b i d , 16 167-171 (1954)
D r y - k a r g ing process
R. Cheradam, loc. c i t .
Iy. Perch and C.C. Russell, Blast Furnace and S t e e l P l a n t , 42,
591-7 (1959)
Stamping process
R . Cheradam, . loc. c i t
X . S . P a t e l , Chem. mg,. Process, 2, 195-200 (1956)
Sovaco process (L.-B. process)
C. AbraDiski, Brennstoff-Chem. 2, 1 (1953)
&. B u r s t l e i n , Chal. e t I n d u s t r . ,
354 (1955);
GlGAsauf, 91 606 (1956)
Coke breeze blending rnethocl
H . Joh, J. Fuel SOC. Japan, 26, 98-106 (1947)
S. Tanaka, Coke S e r i e s (ed. by Fuel SOC. Japan) 1,51-4, (1950)
C o a l i t e method
K. LYaeda, ibid., 24-32, (195:)
T. Inahara, ibid., 36-42 (19>0)
T. Onoda, Tetsu To Bagane, 2,1-7 (1951)
Bojun Tan Xethod
T. Saheki an3 S. ibtsuzawa, J. Fuel SOC. Japan, 28, 232-250 (1949)
Y. Yoshida e t a l , Coke S e r i e s (ed. by f i e 1 SOC. Japan), k, 200212 (1953)
H. J o h and S. Ida, Tetsu To Hagane, 42, 226-8, 910-2 (1956); 41,
1024-6 (1957); Jap. P a t . ~ 0 . 2 2 3 7 7 6 7
H. Joh and S. Ida, Coke S e r i e s (ed. by - e l SOC. Japan), 4, 28-9
(1953 1
H. J o h and S. Ida, i b i d . , 60-80 (1953)
H.H. Lowry, "Chemistry of Coal U t i l i z a t i o n " ,
274-5 (1947)
H.2. Jackmann, I l l i n o i s S t a t e Geological Survey, Circular 246,
R. Cheradam, Coke and Gas,

L.T.

d,

2)

3)

4)

5)
6)
7)
8)

r,

(19581

i
I

I23

20

5lendngRat;o of

2.5

SampLe A

Sdmpfe

: CaaL Chatge in

% : nat

shown in

60

40

2
/UO

80

6hyueffe. (%I

Coke Plant.

Ah.4, J i b ( e 4 .

2.0-

__-----a

-,------

Chart 2

Comparison

of

SweC1;of

Pkw~re.