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NEBOSH International General Certificate (IGC)

in

Occupational Safety and Health


Revision Workshops Day 2

Mr. Bernard Colgan


B.A. (Soc Sci) A.D. (Hlth Policy) RN, RM, Dip WHS, Cert 1V TAE, HRIS

Integrated Safety Solution Pte Ltd

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Housekeeping and Safety


WELCOME
Attendance Sheets

Training facilities

Key Objectives

Alarm System and Muster point

Roles

Safety Share

Assessment
Evaluations

Ablutions

Right of review

Refreshments / Breaks

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Code of conduct

www.safetyiss.com

Exam question focus


1. Explain the risk factors and appropriate
controls for:
violence at work
substance misuse;
safe movement of people
safe construction and demolition work
safe work at height
excavations

Mobile phones
Laptops Emails etc.
Computer Access
Privacy
Questions

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www.safetyiss.com

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Exam question focus

List common workplace health, welfare & environment requirements

Minimum Standards

1. Outline common health, welfare and work


environment requirements in the workplace

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Exposure to extremes of temperature

Exposure to extremes of temperature

Describe some of the health issues associated


with working in extreme environments?
Hot environments:

Cold environments:

Dehydration
Muscle cramps
Heat stress

Lethargy
Headaches
Fainting

Control Measures

Hypothermia
Lethargy
Frostbite
Slip hazards
Freeze burns injuries

Heat exhaustion
Heat stroke
Burns, cancer, etc.

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Hot environments:

Cold environments:

Ventilation

Insulate/shield heat sources


Provide cool refuges

Prevent or protect from draughts


Shield/lag cold surfaces

Drinking water
Frequent breaks

PPE - insulating
Provide warm refuges

Job rotation
Appropriate clothing

Frequent breaks
Job rotation

Access to warm food and drinks

Treat icy floors

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Violence in the workplace

Lighting Minimum Standards

Define work-related violence: Any incident in which a


person is abused, threatened or assaulted in circumstances
relating to their work

Minimum levels achieved (Lux)


Natural light is best
Lighting adjusted to the level of detail required
Local lighting may be necessary
No reflections or glare
No creation of shadows
No flickering
Suitable for the environment, e.g. flame proof
Emergency lighting should be provided

What is the difference between violence and aggression?


Aggression:
Feelings of anger or antipathy
resulting in hostile or violent
behaviour; readiness to attack
or confront.

Workplace violence:
An act of aggression, physical
assault, or threatening behavior
that occurs in a work setting
and causes physical or
emotional harm to customers,
coworkers, or managers.
Broad definitions of workplace
violence also often include acts
of sabotage on work-site
property.

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Violence in the workplace

List some of the control measures that will reduce the


incidence of workplace violence.

What occupations are most at risk of violence and why?

Central Office

Cash handling

Hospital A&E staff

Lone working

Police

Representing authority

Social workers

Wearing a uniform

Bus and taxi drivers

Dealing with people under stress

Firefighters and paramedics

Dealing with people under the


influence of alcohol or drugs

Traffic wardens

Railway staff

Censuring or saying "no"

Estate agents

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Conducting home visits:

No work in high risk areas


Incident records
Vetting customers
Visit-logging
Pre- and post-visit
communications
Training
Communication
No visits after dark
Not carrying cash or valuables

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List some of the control measures that might reduce the


incidence and effects of drugs and alcohol in the workplace.

Substance Misuse at Work


Outline some of the main symptoms that would indicate an employee
may be affected by alcohol and drugs of abuse?
How would these affect the workplace?

Drugs and alcohol policy:

General symptoms:
Late attendance
Increased absenteeism
Poor work quality
Reduced output
Dishonesty
Theft
Mood swings
Poor relationships

Effects on safety performance:


Sensory impairment
Skewed perception
Impaired motor control
Fatigue and drowsiness
Increased risk for:
Driving
Operating machinery
Making decisions

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Present for work fit for duty!


No alcohol at work or during working hours
Statutory legal requirements
Non-statutory requirements set by the employer
Random drugs and alcohol testing
Access for workers to rehabilitation and treatment
Disciplinary procedures
Information, instruction and training of managers,
supervisors and workers

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Identify some of the major hazards that involve the


movement of people within the workplace.

Hazards involving the movement of people


Describe the difference (and provide an example)
between a slip hazard and a trip hazard.

Slips, trips and falls on the same level


Falls from height
Collision with moving vehicles
Striking by moving, flying or falling
objects
Striking against fixed or stationary
objects

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Zero tolerance and


prosecution
Security staff
CCTV
Security doors
Minimise queues and waiting
times
Training
Screens
Panic alarms
Pleasant environment

Slip hazard

A slip hazard is anything that causes a person to lose one's footing


and slide unintentionally for a short distance;
Example: Smooth floor / surface , Inherently slippery, wet,
Contamination on the floor or surface, Frost and ice

Trip hazard
A trip hazard is something that causes a person to catch one's foot on
and stumble or fall.
Example: Uneven or loose floor surfaces, Trailing cables, Objects left
on the floor.

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List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving the movement of people in the workplace.

Hazards involving the movement of people


1. Falls from height Hazards:

3. Flying objects

Working next to an unprotected edge

Ejected parts or materials

Management principles:
Eliminate the hazard

Working on fragile material above a drop Thrown objects


Using access equipment
Using ladders

4. Falling objects

Standing on objects to reach high levels

Loads falling from height

Risk assessment, considering:

Spills and contamination

Normal patterns of movement


Predictable/abnormal
movements

Environmental conditions

Objects projecting into a pedestrian


area, e.g. pallets into a walkway

Accident history

Maintenance and inspection

Adverse weather conditions

Narrow doorways

Maintenance requirements

Behavioural controls, e.g.


banning drinks

Effect of weather conditions

2. Vehicle Hazards

Unstable objects

Pedestrian walkways that require


pedestrians to walk in vehicle traffic
routes

5. Fixed or Stationary Objects

Exits that open onto vehicle traffic


routes

Number of people
Footwear
Wear and tear

Objects dislodged from height

Pedestrian crossing points

Create a safe place


Create a safe person

Slip-resistant surfaces will depend


upon the:

Low overhead services, etc.

Spillage and Drainage Control:

Drainage for:

Areas where people have to work


adjacent to moving vehicles

outdoor walkways
wet floors, e.g. showers

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List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving the movement of people in the workplace.

List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving the movement of people in the workplace.

Use of Signs and PPE:


Prohibit access
Warn of hazards
Make PPE mandatory
Indicate safe conditions

Designated Walkways
Essential in many workplaces
Ensures that:
Pedestrians stay within designated areas
Pedestrian areas are free of hazards

Designated by:

Information, instruction and training on:


Hazards
What is required of them
How they can apply it.
Supervision is essential
Ensures correct behaviour

Guardrails, kerbs, pavements, markings

Fencing and Guarding:


Guard rails:
pedestrian walkways
edge protection

Perimeter fencing, e.g. construction


sites
Temporary fencing around hazards

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List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving the movement of people in the workplace.

Sample Question focus

Maintenance of pedestrian routes:

1. What are the main hazards when carrying out

Floors and walkways cleaned


Spill procedure
Housekeeping
Repairs carried out
Emergency exits kept clear
Lighting
Noise levels minimised

construction?
2. Describe the steps in the hierarchy of control when
working at height?

Why??

3. List the main safety precautions when using ladders?


4. Explain what factors might contribute the collapse of an
independent tied scaffold?
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What are the main hazards involved on construction sites?


List some of the hazards that will reduce the incidence involving Construction
hazards workplaces.

Construction includes:
Building works
Renovations
Maintenance activities
Demolition work

Working at any height

Covered by ILO standards:

Main Construction Hazards


Working at height
Stacking of materials and
flammable substances
Storage of materials
Storage of flammable
substances
Machinery and vehicles
Site security
Electrical safety
Excavations
Worker s and Contractor skills
and competency.

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List the main hazards involved on construction sites?

where there is a risk of a fall liable to


cause personal injury:
Steel workers, scaffolders, roofers,
engineers, welders, maintenance
staff, painters, window cleaners

Main risks:
worker falling
object falling

Accidents:
death
neck or spinal injury
broken bones

Safety and Health in Construction


Convention 1988 (C167)
Safety and Health in Construction
Recommendation 1988 (R175)

Storage of Materials

Storage areas should be clearly


identified
Separate areas should be used
for separate items
Segregation of certain materials
and substances
Areas should be kept clean and
tidy and routinely inspected
Appropriate warning signs
should be displayed
Storage areas not used for other
work

Sloping roofs:
Pitch (camber) greater than 10
Injury made worse by
acceleration down roof

Falls from any height can


cause injury
Vertical distance is only one
factor
Falls less than 2 metres can
cause death or major injury!

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List the main hazards involved on construction sites?

List the main hazards involved on construction sites?

STACKING
Each stack should be of one
material only
Liquids, solids and gases in separate
A maximum stack height must
stores
be set
Oxygen stored separately
Stacks should be vertical
External stores away from buildings,
Pallets should be used to keep
drains or excavations
material off the ground
Internal stores constructed of fire Sufficient space must be
resistant materials and ventilated
allowed
Large stores should have 2 means of
around stacks for safe
escape
movement
Stores suitably signed
Stacks must be protected from
Hot works prohibited near storage area
being struck by plant

Machinery Hazards:

Vehicles Hazards:

Contact with moving parts

Overturning of vehicles

Ejection of materials

Collision with pedestrians

Noise and vibration

Collision with structures

Correctly rated electrical equipment

Fire-fighting equipment

Stores regularly inspected

STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE
SUBSTANCES

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Controls:

Controls:

Guarding

Site layout

Maintenance

Routes for pedestrians/vehicles

Proper use

Warning signs

Competent users

Maintenance, proper use

PPE

Competent drivers

Supervision

Movements supervised e.g.


banksman for reversing

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List the main hazards involved on construction sites?

Forklift Trucks

Cement Mixers

Collision with structures and


pedestrians
Obscured visibility especially
when reversing

Entanglement with rotating


drum, internal blades
Entrapment by belt drives
Dry cement dust and wet
cement burns
Exposure to fuel vapours
Noise and vibration
Overturning

Noise and vibration


Overturning

Dumper Trucks

List the main hazards involved on construction sites?

Site Security
Public taking short cuts
Public right of way
Thieves
Children

Collision with structures and


pedestrians
Overturning on slopes and
edge of excavations
Poorly maintained braking
systems
Unauthorised use
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Fragile roofs:

Roof structure not designed to


carry loads

Cement, asbestos, glass,


reinforced plastics, etc.

Signs

Roof ladders and crawling


boards

CCTV cameras and/or site


alarm
Secure all portable
equipment

Perimeter fence and signs

Remove ladders from


scaffolds

Secure gates

Secure all chemicals

Security staff

Secure all mobile plant

Good lighting

Cover or barrier off


excavations

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List the main hazards involved on construction sites?

Electrical Hazards
Contact with overhead
power lines
Contact with buried
services
Don't forget, direct contact
isn't necessary: electricity
can arc !

List the main hazards involved on construction sites?

Overhead Power Lines


Isolating the power supply
Using SSW and permit
systems
Sleeve low voltage power
lines
Using barriers, signage
and goal-posts
Using banksmen
Using non-conducting
equipment

Selecting Contractors
Factors to check:
Health and Safety Policy
Risk assessment
Qualifications of staff

Main Contractor:

Controls all activities


Sets site rules
Manages sub-contractors
Approves method statements
Agrees changes

Membership of professional
associations
Maintenance records
Previous clients
Accident history
Enforcement actions
Adequate resources

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List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving Construction hazards workplaces.

Risk Factors

Risk Prevention Hierarchy:

Control measures

Deterioration of materials
Unprotected edges
Unstable access equipment
Weather
Falling materials
crumbling brickwork, loose
tiles
bad storage of materials on
scaffolding
gaps in platform surfaces
open, unprotected edges
incorrect methods of getting
materials
to and from roof

will depend upon:


Nature and duration of task
Competence
Training
Planning and supervision
Suitability of equipment,
maintenance
Working platforms
PPE, e.g. harnesses and
helmets
Fall arrest systems
Weather
Health of workers
Compliance with regulations

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Avoid work at height

Prevent falls

Minimise the distance and


consequences

Minimise distance of fall by:

Providing fall arrest


equipment E.g. harness and

Avoidance of Work at Height


Modify the work process
E.g. work from ground level

Modifying a design
E.g. change design of structure
so that steel is erected at
ground level and craned into
place

May not be possible to achieve

lanyard

Minimise consequences of
fall by:
Providing a soft landing E.g.
safety nets, air bags, etc.
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List the main hazards involved on Demolition sites?


What controls can be put in place to mitigate the risks?

List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving Construction hazards workplaces.

Demolition includes:

Demolition Controls

Total destruction
Dismantling of structures

Prevention of Falling Materials

Hazards:

RRC Training

List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving Construction hazards workplaces.

Premature collapse
Work at height
Plant, vehicles, machinery
Live overheads
Buried services
Asbestos
Dust
Explosives
Biological hazards
Sharps
Manual handling

Choice of method to exclude


people
Structural surveys
Disconnection of services
Removal and disposal of
hazardous materials
Security for the site
Camping down to minimise
dust

Guardrails:
Fully enclose the
unprotected edge
Robust
Securely fixed
High enough
No large gaps

Construction Management

Providing a safe working


platform e.g. scaffold with
guardrails
Properly installed personnel
equipment e.g. rope access
equipment

Toe-boards
Toe-board fitted at edge
Brick-guards

Principal duty holders:


Client
Designer/architect
Main contractor
Sub-contractor
Co-ordinator (health and safety aspects)
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List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving Construction hazards workplaces.

Ladders - Short duration work


Hazards:

Falls from height:


Falling off the ladder
The ladder toppling sideways
The ladder base slipping out
from the wall

Objects falling from height

Contact with live overheads

List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving Construction hazards workplaces.

Stepladders
Intended for short duration,
light work
Precautions:
Daily inspections before
use
Fully open
Locking devices in place
Firm, level ground
Dont work off top 2
steps
Avoid over reaching
Avoid side-on working

Controls
Sited away from live overheads
Solid, flat base
Hands on stiles, never on rungs
Correct angle (1:4 rule 75o)
Top of the ladder against solid
support
Ladder secured at the top, or:
guy ropes attached or,
ladder should be footed
Top of the ladder should extend
above working platform
Only one person on ladder at any
one time
Nothing should be carried while
climbing
Wooden ladders should not be
painted

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List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving workplace Excavation hazards.

List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence
involving workplace Excavation hazards.

Hazards of Excavations

Preventing people from falling:

Barriers and toeboards

Good lighting and signs

Crossing points

Access ladders

Ladders to extend 5
rungs above edge of
excavation

Preventing material and vehicles from


falling in:

Prevent striking buried services


Plans of the area
Detection equipment, e.g.

Collapse
Striking buried services
People falling in
Objects falling in:
vehicles
spoil
adjacent structures

Flooding
Hazardous substances
gases and vapours
contaminated ground

Precautions:
Preventing people from falling:
Barriers and toe boards
Good lighting and signs
Crossing points
Access ladders
Ladders to extend 5 rungs above edge of
excavation
Preventing material / vehicles from falling in:
Spoil heaps away from excavation
Barriers and signs
Stop-barriers (especially for reversing
vehicles)
Minimise vehicles close to unsupported
excavations
Hard hats, steel toe caps

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metal detectors
cable detectors
ground radar

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Battering

Shoring

Hand digging
Identification, support
where necessary
Mechanical digging

Spoil heaps away from


excavation
Barriers and signs
Stop-barriers (especially for
reversing vehicles)
Minimise vehicles close to
unsupported excavations
Hard hats, steel toe caps

Inspection by a competent person:

Before every work shift

After any accidental fall of material

After any event likely to affect


strength and stability

Basic Components of
Independent Tied Scaffolds

Precautions
Prevention of Collapse

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Trestles and Staging Platforms


Ensure trestles are:
Large enough to allow
passage of
equipment/materials
Free from trip hazards and
gaps
Fitted with toe boards and
handrails
Kept clean and tidy
Not overloaded
Erected on firm, level
ground

Trench box

Standards

Uprights or vertical tubes

Ledgers
Transoms

Horizontal tubes

Bracing

Diagonal tubes

Base plates

Underneath the standards

Sole boards

Timber under base plates

Work platform

Fully boarded

Guardrails

Enclose work platform

Toe-boards

provide lip to platform

Short horizontal tubes spanning


across ledgers

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Independent Tied Scaffold

Independent Tied Scaffold

Side view

Front view
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List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the
incidence of injury involving Scaffolds.

Scaffold Ties

Key Scaffold Hazards

Through tie Scaffold tube

Reveal tie

Suggest reasons why a scaffold may collapse

Scaffold tube is
coupled to a
reveal pin
wedged tightly
across an
opening

Overloaded work
platform
Soft ground
Scaffold not tied in
Insufficient bracing
Standards not upright
Standards bent or
damaged

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High winds
Incorrect couplers
Scaffold struck by mobile
plant
Scaffold erected by
incompetent workers
Scaffold not inspected prior
to use

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List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the
incidence of injury involving Scaffolds.

List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the
incidence of injury involving Mobile Tower Scaffolds.

Inspection

Hazards:

Controls:

Often a legal requirement to inspect

Falls from the work


platform
Objects falling
Collapse of the structure
Overturn (toppling)
Unintended movement of
the wheels
Contact with live
overheads

When first erected


After substantial alterations
After incident affecting stability
Such as?

Periodically

Points to consider:

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Falls from scaffold during erection


Falls from work platform
Falling objects
Collapse

extends into
the building
through the
opening

Condition of tubes (especially standards)

Tying and bracing


Condition of the work platform
Edge protection
Ground conditions
Safe access
Safe working load

Guardrails
Not overloaded
Wheels locked
Firm, level ground
People, materials off mobile
tower when moved
Avoid overheads
Outriggers used
No climbing outside of
tower
Training

RRC Training

List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the
incidence of injury involving Mobile Elevated Work Platforms.

Hazards:

Precautions:

Falls
Objects falling
Collapse
Overturn (toppling)
Contact with live
overheads
Unauthorised use

List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the
incidence of injury involving Working at height.

Edge Protection Systems

Firm, stable ground


Clearance of obstructions
and overheads
Barriers to exclude
vehicles, etc.
Guardrails
Controls inside the cradle
Not driven with the cradle
raised
Not be overloaded
Inspected
Trained, authorised staff

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Barrier fixed to existing structure


Temporary often constructed of scaffold
Can be a permanent solution
Must be robust enough to withstand person falling
against it

Head Protection - Working at height:


Mandatory wearing of hard hats
Do not protect against all falling objects
Additional control measure
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Emergency Rescue

Training

Reasonably foreseeable events


Simple:

Training depends upon nature of work


To include:

e.g. putting up a ladder

Awareness of hazards, e.g. fragile


materials

Mechanical access:

Additional training for some equipment

e.g. mobile elevating work platform (MEWP)

Erecting/modifying scaffold
Driving MEWPS

Trained operatives

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Managing Work-Related Driving Risk

NEBOSH International General Certificate in


Occupational Safety and Health

Manage driving like any other hazard

Transport Hazards and Risk Control

Explain the main hazards and control measures


for the safe movement of vehicles in the
workplace
Outline factors associated with the long distance
truck driver that increase the risk of an incident
and the control measures to reduce work-related
driving risks
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Policy
Responsibility
Organisation
Systems
Monitoring

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List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the
incidence of injury involving hazards in vehicle operations.

List some of the factors that will need to be consider when you need to
consider carrying out a risk assessment for work-related driving tasks

Main Hazards arise from:

Risk Assessment

Loss of control due to mechanical or


environmental reasons
Overturning laterally or longitudinally
Collisions with other vehicles
Collisions with pedestrians and fixed objects
Driver error may cause or compound each of
Factors
that can cause loss of control:
these hazards
Driver error,
e.g. driving too fast
Driver
fatigue
Environmental
conditions, e.g. mud on the
Vehicle
Maintenance
road
Mechanical failure, e.g. brakes fail

1. Identify the hazards


journey
vehicle
driver

2. Identify who may be harmed


3. Evaluate the risks
Eliminate the need to travel
Travel by a safer means
If road travel, take sensible
precautions

skid
collision
overturn of the vehicle

4. Record the findings


5. Review
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List some of the hazards and control measures that will reduce the
incidence of injury involving hazards in vehicle operations.

List some of the control measures that will reduce the incidence of
injury involving Vehicle Operations in the workplace.

Non-Movement Hazards Control Strategies


Loading

Eliminate the hazard

e.g. manual and mechanical


Unloading

Create a safe place


Create a safe person

e.g. tipping operations, etc.


Securing

Risk Assessment:

e.g. to sheet a lorry


Coupling

identify the hazards

e.g. attaching trailers


Maintenance work

evaluate the risk

identify the groups at risk


record and implement

e.g. working at height

review

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RRC Training

Describe the factors that minimise the risk of the


likelihood of being involved in a road traffic accident?

Drivers should be competent, trained and healthy to drive.

The driver should be:

The Driver
Competency

Competent to drive the vehicle


Medically fit to drive
Provided with specific
information, instruction
and training
Supervised

Pre-journey checks

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Vehicle-free zones
Pedestrian-free zones
Traffic route layout
Segregation
Marked walkways
Separate access points
Good visibility
High-visibility clothing
Signage
Maintained roads/pathways
Avoid gradients

Tyre pressure
Parking brakes and servicing
Steering
Fuel, oil and water systems leak
free
Batteries and chargers
Lifting and tilting
systems/hydraulics
Audible warning, Lights,
Mirrors

Suggest some workplace controls to reduce the risk of accidents.

The vehicle
Suitable for their intended use
Suitable for the environment and
conditions
Maintained in safe working order
Only driven by suitably trained,
qualified staff
Inspected routinely before use
Fitted (if necessary) with:
Seat for the driver (and any
passengers)

Training

Seat belt
Roll bar or roll cage
Guard to protect the driver in the
event of falling objects
Horn
Audible reversing alarm
Beacon or flashing light

Drivers license checked


Experience and ability

Advanced or defensive driving


courses
Vehicle safety, pre use
inspection

Fitness and health

The Vehicle
Suitability

Minimum
requirements,
standards
Insurance and MOT if
private vehicles used

Condition
Maintained
Pre-use inspections
Defect reporting

medical examination
eyesight checks
drugs policy

RRC Training

10

List some of the hazards and risks that will contribute to an incident
involving forklift collisions.

When planning a journey what precautions could be taken to


reduce the risk of accidents?
Routes

Avoid hazards, e.g.


town centres
Select low risk roads,
e.g. motorways
Avoid roadworks

Avoid peak times

Avoid fatigue times,


e.g. 2-6 am, 2-4 pm

Flexible deadlines

Realistic, e.g. route,


weather, breaks
Rest breaks
Statutory requirements,
e.g. Lorry drivers (HGV)

Distance

Scheduling

Collisions can occur between the vehicle and:

Time

Use other transport


Not excessive

Factors that can increase the risk of forklift collisions:


Driving too fast
Inadequate lighting
Reversing without the help of a banksman
Blind spots, such as corners and entrances
Bad weather conditions (e.g. rain)
Obstructed visibility (e.g. overloaded forklift truck)
Poor design of pedestrian walkways and crossing points
Lack of vehicle maintenance
Fit for duty incl. Lack of quality sleep

Weather conditions

Reliable weather forecasts


No driving/additional
safety
advice in bad weather

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Other vehicles
Pedestrians
Fixed objects
Entrance and exit points of particular concern:
bottlenecking of vehicles
blind spots
change in lighting levels

RRC Training

List some of the hazards and control measures that will contribute
toward a forklift turnover incident.

FOCUS QUESTIONS
Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control

Factors that can cause a FLT to overturn:


Cornering whilst being driven too fast
Uneven loading of the forks
Driving over potholes
Driving with the load elevated,
especially cornering
Uneven tyre pressures
Driving across a slope (rather than
straight up/down the fall line)
Excessive braking
Collisions, especially with kerbs
RRC Training

Explain work processes and practices which may give rise to work-related upper
limb disorders (WRULDs) in a factory workplace and

Describe some of the appropriate control measures to minimise WURLDs.


Explain the hazards and control measures which should be considered when
assessing risks from manual handling activities

Explain the hazards, precautions and procedures to reduce the risk in the use of
lifting and moving equipment manual

Explain the hazards and the precautions and procedures to reduce the risk in the
use of lifting and moving equipment mechanical..
RRC Training

Explain work processes and practices which may give rise to work-

Focus Questions

related upper limb disorders (WURLDs) in a factory workplace

Risks

What control measures could you suggest to reduce


the risk of ergonomic injuries on a factory assembly

WURLDS handling small components

line?

Eye strain temporary fatigue

Back Pain sitting or standing in a fixed position

Fatigue and stress due to infrequent rests and a


demanding work schedule

What factors relating to the task increase the risk of


musculo-skeletal injuries?
Identify the general controls and more specific
controls needed.

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11

Identify some of the common Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)


injuries on a factory or manufacturing assembly line? (6)

Some of the common Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) injuries on a


factory assembly line?

Outline what control measures could you suggest to reduce the risk
of MSD injuries?
(6)

Explain what factors would need to be considered when carrying


out a manual handling risk assessment.
(8)
Use the following headings:
Task
Individual
Load
Environment

RRC Training

Task
Repetition
Force
Posture
Twisting
Rest
Environment
Lighting
Other environmental parameters
Equipment
Equipment design
Equipment adjustability
Adapt the workplace / task
Adapt workplace to the worker Not the
worker to the workplace!
Adapt the task - avoid or do it differently
review the tools / equipment used, the
workplace environment

RRC Training

What common injuries occur due to inappropriate


manual handling?

The task

Back injury
Tendon and ligament injuries
Muscle injuries
Hernias
WRULDs (Work-related-upper-limbdisorders)
Cuts, burns, dislocations and broken
bones

Height and weight of the load


Repetition of movement
High work rate
Distance
Awkward position

Rest breaks
Vertical distance
Lifting above shoulder height
Distance of load from body

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Stooping
Twisting

The Environment

The load

Weight
Size and bulk
Easy shape to lift?
Stability
Centre of gravity
Grip points/handles?
Is it hot, sharp, etc?

The Individual

Space restrictions
Floor condition
slippery?
uneven?
Changes in level
Light levels
Temperature
Humidity

Unusual ability required?


Significant risks to vulnerable people?
pregnant workers
workers with back pain

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Controls Modify
The Task:

Rest breaks or job


rotation
Eliminate stooping or
twisting
Table lift

The Load:

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Back injuries
sitting or standing in a fixed position
Back muscle strain
Ligament damage
Disc injury
Work-related Upper Limb Disorders
(WRULDs)
handling small components
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Tenosynovitis
Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
Vibration white finger
Eye strain
Temporary
Permanent industrial blindness
Fatigue and stress
due to infrequent rests and a
demanding work schedule

Smaller loads
Several workers
Stabilise loads
Mark centre of gravity
Attach handles

Factory Assembly Line- Specific Control measures

The Environment:

Automate

Rearrange workspace
Level floors
Additional lighting

Re-layout the workstation


Seating
Comfortable shoes and floor mats

The Individual:

Short, frequent breaks or job rotation

Match individual
capabilities to the activity

Appropriate lighting
Ergonomically designed hand tools

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12

Elimination

Minimising the Risks

Eliminate
Assess manual handling which remains
Use handling aids
Modify the:

task
load
environment

Match individual capabilities to the activity

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Automation
Mechanisation
Conveyor systems
Forklift trucks
Pallet trucks
Cranes
Hoists

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Describe safe manual handling Techniques when


lifting a heavy object.

Handling Aids

Before lifting

Trolleys
Barrel lifts
Gin wheels
Trucks
Hoists and lifts

Check the load

Plan the route of the carry


Establish a firm grip

The lift

Bend the knees and use the leg muscles to lift

Keep the back upright

Keep the load close to the body

Avoid twisting, over-reaching, jerking

Setting down

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Use the same principles as lifting


Maintain good balance

Set the load down and then adjust its position using body weight

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Manually Operated Handling


Equipment

Manually Operated Load Moving


Equipment

Caged Platform
Truck

Two-wheeled
Platform Truck

Includes trucks, trolleys and pallet trucks


Hazards:
Manual handling risks
Instability of the load
Moving up, down or across slopes
Poor parking
Other pedestrians may be struck
Trapped feet

Sack Truck

Pallet Truck
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13

Manually Operated Handling


Equipment

Patient Hoists

Controls:

Trained workers
only
Follow
manufacturers
recommendations
Avoid uneven
ground and slopes
Use ramps over
steps
Safe working load
Secure Load

Used for moving people

Use the brakes (if


fitted)
Care when moving or
lowering the load
Safe parking and
storage
Routine inspection
and maintenance
Safety shoes or boots

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Can me manual or powered


Can be mobile or fixed

Consider the environment


e.g. difficult to push
on carpeting

A ceiling mounted powered hoist


(Source:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg225.htm)

Inspection needed
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Other Patient Handling Equipment

General Requirements

Slidesheets

Suitable for the task and appropriately


rated
Equipment stable and secure
Visibly marked with SWL
Lifting operations planned and carried
out by competent persons
Equipment for lifting persons may
require additional inspections

Slide patient from trolley to be


Avoids lifting the person

Wheelchairs
Can be powered though most are pushed

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RRC Training

Forklift Trucks

Group Syndicate Exercise


What accidents could occur with the use
of a forklift truck?

Pedestrian Pallet
Stacker

Pedestrian
Counterbalanced Truck

Four-directional Truck

Reach Truck
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Side Loading Truck


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14

Forklift Truck Hazards

General FLT Precautions

Overturn of the truck


Fall of the load
Striking pedestrians
Fall or entrapment of
persons riding on forks
Fall from a loading dock

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Trained operators only


Routine visual inspections
Routine maintenance
Only lift people with correct working
platform
Load secure and stable
Dont exceed SWL
Speed limits followed
Travel with forks lowered
Clear line of vision

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Diesel-Powered Trucks

Battery-Powered Trucks
Risks:

Precautions:

Risks:

Explosion from hydrogen


gas whilst charging
Corrosive acid
Manual handling
Arcing, shock, burns or
fire
Environmental - battery
disposal
Silent running
Battery leads can
short

Charge batteries:

in well-ventilated areas
no ignition sources

Use PPE when handling


acid
Mechanise battery
handling
Electrical safety

Precautions:

Dermatitis from the


diesel

Slip hazards
Environmental pollution
from large spills
Toxic exhaust fumes
Bulk storage of diesel

Use in well-ventilated
areas
Spill kits
Use gloves when
handling diesel

insulated tools
gloves

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RRC Training

Liquid Petroleum Gas-Powered FLTs


Risks:

Explosion risk from


Liquid Petroleum
Gas (LPG)
Toxic exhaust
fumes
Manual handling
Storage of LPG
cylinders or bulk

Lifts and Hoists

Precautions:

Hazards:

Use in wellventilated areas


Mechanise LPG
cylinder handling
Store spare
cylinders in a:

secure
safe
well-ventilated
location

Falling objects
Being struck by the load
Entanglement in moving parts
Falls from height
Being struck while riding on
the platform of the lift by:
landing levels
parts of any enclosure
other projections

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15

Conveyors

Lifts and Hoists


Precautions:
Suitable for its intended use
Preventing people getting:
underneath the lift platform
access to an unprotected landing edge
struck by landing and obstructions when
being carried on the platform

Roller conveyor

Maximum safe working load


Safety devices, e.g. brakes working
Competent operators
Information, instruction and training
Routine maintenance
Routine inspection and thorough examination

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Belt conveyor
Screw conveyor
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Conveyors

Conveyors
Precautions:
Warnings to alert prior to moving
Guards on moving parts
Emergency stops
Guards beneath overhead conveyors to catch
falling objects
Barriers to exclude people
Information, instruction and training
No loose clothing/long hair/jewellery
Inspection and maintenance
Defect reporting system

Hazards:
In-running nips
Entanglement
Contact with moving parts

In-running nip
hazard

Entanglement hazard
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RRC Training

Cranes

Group Syndicate Exercise


What could go wrong with a crane and its
operation?
Try to explain why.

Tower Crane

Mobile Crane
Tower Crane

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Mobile Crane

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16

Mobile Cranes

Mobile Cranes

Hazards

Factors causing instability:

The crane collapsing or toppling over


The arm (jib or boom) striking structures
Falling load
The load striking objects or people
Contact with live overhead cables

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RRC Training

Mobile Cranes

Lifting Accessories

Precautions:
Use within the safe
lifting capacity
Careful siting
Maintenance and
examination
Trained and
competent operators
Lift to be planned
and supervised

Lifting accessories need to be inspected

Banksman
(signaller)
Safety devices
Check weather
Use outriggers
correctly
Never lift the load
over a person
PPE

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RRC Training

Statutory Examination of Lifting


Equipment

End of Section Quiz

Thorough examination:
Before it is used for the first time
Periodically
After an event that may have
affected its strength and stability

1. What are the general precautions


which should be taken when using
forklift trucks?
2. What are the specific risks associated
with the use of an LPG powered
forklift truck?
3. What are the main hazards and
precautions associated with the use of
conveyors?

Frequency of thorough examination:


Every 12 months - where not used to carry
people
Every 6 months - where used to carry people
Every 6 months - lifting accessories
By a competent engineer
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Overloading
Uneven or unstable ground
Not using outriggers
correctly
Use in high winds
Extending the jib or boom
too far
Structural failure

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17

FOCUS QUESTIONS

Types of Work Equipment

Outline general principles for selection, use and


maintenance for work equipment
Explain the hazards and controls for hand-held tools
Describe the main mechanical and non-mechanical
Hand held tools

hazards of machinery

Hand held
power tools

Mobile work
equipment

Describe the main control measures for reducing risk


from machinery hazards

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Machine
assembly

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Suitability

Restriction of Use

Work equipment should be carefully selected to


ensure it is appropriate for the:

Work Equipment use restricted to


trained and competent operators

Task
Environment

Highly specialised equipment


Range of hazards

Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 1992

Machine meets basic safety standards, e.g. BSEN


Is CE marked

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Maintenance of work equipment


restricted to trained and competent
persons
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Information, Instruction &


Training

Maintenance, Inspection &


Testing

Workers

Maintenance Conditions

low risk reading instructions


high risk formal training, check effectiveness

Planned preventive maintenance (PPM)


e.g. oil change
scheduled at regular intervals

Management of operators
Maintenance staff

specific information, instruction


and training
minimise risk
understand maintenance requirements

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Single machines

Condition-based maintenance
e.g. vehicle break pads
following routine inspection

Breakdown maintenance
emergency repairs

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18

Maintenance Risk

Maintenance Precautions
Safe system of work (see IGC Unit 1) to include:
Competent staff
Power sources isolated/locked off
Stored power released or secured or:
cover live parts with insulating material
use additional PPE
If dangerous moving parts are accessed:
run at very slow speed
fit purpose-made maintenance guards
Precautions for safe access
Use manual handling aids

Guards and enclosures removed


Safety devices removed or disabled
Power sources exposed
Stored power released, e.g.
compressed spring
Access awkward
Manual handling heavy parts
Additional hazards, e.g. power tools
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RRC Training

Statutory Inspections

Equipment Controls

Some equipment must be inspected by


law

Controls should be:

Lifting equipment
Pressure systems

Carried out by competent inspector


Often insurance company employee

Buttons
Pull cords

Frequency determined in law


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RRC Training

Environmental Factors

Operators
Operators should:

Equipment should be:


stable
controls appropriately marked
have appropriate warning signs

Lighting should be:


adequate
suitable (note "strobe" effect)
environmentally suitable

Space should be adequate


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Well designed, easy to use


Suitably located
Easily identifiable
In good working order
Compliant with relevant standards
Emergency stops:

Only operate equipment authorised to use


Follow instruction and training
Only use equipment for its intended purpose
Carry out safety checks before use
Not use equipment if it is unsafe
Report defects immediately
Not use equipment under the influence of
drugs or alcohol
Keep equipment clean and in safe order

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19

Hazards of Hand-Held Tools

End of Section Quiz

Tool may shatter


Handle may come loose
Tool may be blunt requiring
excessive force
Human error, e.g. hits thumb with
hammer
Misuse, e.g. wrong tool for job

1. Work equipment must be suitable


what should you consider when
deciding which equipment is
suitable?
2. What is an emergency stop? Where
should emergency stop controls be
located?

RRC Training

RRC Training

Precautions

Hand-Held Portable Power Tools

Tools suitable for the task


Information, instruction and training
Visual inspection of tools
Substandard tools maintained or
discarded
Maintenance of tools
Supervision of practices

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Higher risk because:

Forces are greater, meaning - potential for severe


injury
Hazards associated with power tools:
electricity
fuel
noise
vibration
dust
ejection of materials
trip hazards

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Controls for Safe Use of Power


Tools

Further Controls

Careful selection
task
environment

Instructions
manufacturer's instructions
in-house rules

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Tools used for intended purpose


Guards and safety devices in place
PPE used
Power cables controlled
Ejected parts controlled, e.g. secured work area
Control of:

Training and information, competence


Supervision
Routinely inspected
Regular maintenance

noise
dust
vibration
petrol
electrical equipment

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20

Mechanical and Non-Mechanical


Hazards

Focus Questions
1. What hazards can arise from the use of a hammer?

Mechanical hazards

2. Suggest controls to reduce the risk of injury when using

Contact with or being caught


up in moving parts

hammers.
3. What hazards can arise from the use of a portable mains
powered drill?

Non-Mechanical hazards

4. Suggest controls to reduce the risk of injury when using

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From power source or things


being emitted by the machine

drills.

RRC Training

Focus question

Outline the mechanical hazards which are associated


with machinery?

Outline the non-mechanical hazards which are


associated with machinery?

Crushing
Shearing
Cutting or severing
Entanglement
Drawing in or trapping
Impact
Stabbing or puncture
Friction or abrasion
High pressure fluid injection

Electricity
Noise
Vibration
Hazardous substances
Ionising radiation
Non-ionising radiation
Extreme temperatures
Ergonomics
Slips, trips and falls
Fire and explosion

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RRC Training

Two-Hand Controls

Non-Mechanical Controls
Machinery Guards
Fixed guards

Completely prevent access to dangerous parts of


machinery,

Used when it is not possible to prevent


access to dangerous parts

Adjustable guard

Set manually to a range of positions by


the operator

Self-adjusting guard

Usually spring-loaded to adjust itself to


the work piece

Requires no adjustment by the operator

Limitations

limitations: Are fixed in place, require a tool for


removal
Interlocked guards
Guard open:

Power to the machine is disabled when the


guard is open and it will not operate until the
guard is in place

Designed to protect the


operator's hands
controls should be more than a
hand span apart
must activate at the same time
(within 0.5s of each other)
releasing controls must stop the
machine immediately.
Limitations??

Adjustable/self-adjusting guards

Emergency Stop Controls


Should bring the machine to
a safe stop as quickly as
possible
Machine can only be
restarted using the reset
button
Release of the button should
not restart the machine
limitations
Characteristics of a Guard or Safety Device

Guard closed:
The guard is locked shut until the machine has
returned to a safe condition
The act of opening the guard stops the
dangerous parts of the machinery and
disables power
Limitations:

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Can bypass the system Person may gain


access by closing the guard around them
Needs rule to be enforced

Trip devices

Not a physical barrier

Use sensors to detect presence

Protective Appliances
Designed to keep operators
hands away from danger
Include:

of operator and stop the

machine

They include:

pressure mats

trip bars

photo-electric devices

Limitations??

Push-sticks
Jigs
Clamps

Suitable for intended purpose


Adequate strength
Meets relevant standards
Compatible with machine
operation
Not easy to defeat
Maintained, not rough or
sharp
Allow maintenance without
removal
Doesnt increase overall risk

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21

Group Syndicate Exercise

Specific Equipment

Chose one of the specific machines and


outline:
The hazards (mechanical and nonmechanical) and
Control measures

Office machinery:

Retail machinery:

Photocopier
Document shredder

Manufacturing
machinery:

Bench top grinder


Pedestal drill

Agricultural machinery:

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Compactor
Checkout conveyor
system

Construction
machinery:

Cement mixer
Bench mounted
circular saw

Cylinder mower
Strimmer
Chainsaw

RRC Training

ELECTRICAL SAFETY FOCUS QUESTIONS

The Hazards of Electricity

Electric shock

Outline the principles, hazards and risks associated with


the use of electricity in the workplace.

Heart fibrillation
Muscle Contraction

Burns

Outline the control measures that should be taken when


working with electrical systems or using electrical
equipment in normal workplace conditions

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Arcing

Fire and explosion


Secondary effects

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Electrical Shock
Current (Ma) flowing
through the body
0.5 - 2

2 - 10

10 - 60

60 +
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Severity of Shock Influenced By:

Effect

Voltage the higher the voltage, the greater the


current

Threshold of sensation
Tingling sensations
Muscle tremor
Pain
Muscle contractions
Unable to release grip
Unable to breathe

Ventricular fibrillation
Cardiac arrest
Extreme muscular
contractions
Burns

Duration the length of time that a person is


exposed
Current path the route that the electricity takes
through the body
Frequency of the AC current
Resistance skin condition, clothing, etc.
Contact surface area the more skin that is in
contact, the more severe the injury
Environmental factors metal surfaces, humidity,
etc.
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22

Electric Burns

Fire and Explosion

Direct contact
Current flowing through the body
Entry and exit point and internal

Causes
Electrical equipment may be faulty and
overheat
The system may be overloaded

Indirect contact
As result of arcing, fire or explosion following
an electrical accident

Equipment may be misused


A flammable atmosphere may be present
Electrical equipment may produce heat or
sparks as part of its normal operation
Poor internal connections

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RRC Training

Static Electricity

Arcing

Build-up of potential
difference (volts) between
surfaces

Ability of electricity to jump across an


air gap
Usually involves high voltage
Main hazards

Caused by friction

Electric shock
Burns (direct, indirect)
Damage to eyes from UV radiation emitted

Surfaces become
"charged"
Spark caused on contact
with earth
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RRC Training

Focus Question

Secondary Effects

Describe what type of incidents could


occur when using portable electrical
equipment?

Physical injury caused by an electrical


incident, such as:
Cuts
Bruises
Broken bones

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23

Describe what type of incidents could occur when


using portable electrical equipment?

Protection of Conductors

Accidents with Portable Electrical Equipment can be


due to:
Using unsuitable equipment
Using in damp conditions
Misuse
Physical abuse such as driving
over cables
Repairs carried out improperly
Continued use of faulty, defective equipment
Chemical/abrasion damage to the flex
Lack of inspection testing or maintenance
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Insulated to prevent contact with live


conductor:
Cable coverings unbroken
Equipment casing intact

Inspect to ensure protection is in place


Ensure electrical panels are locked

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Outline what factors you think should be considered when selecting


suitable electrical equipment for use on a construction site?

Focus question
Outline what factors you think should be
considered when selecting suitable electrical
equipment for use on a construction site?

Factors to be considered include:


Suitability for task
Capabilities not exceeded
(manufacturers guidelines)
Foreseeable types of damage
Environmental conditions
Weather, natural hazards, temperature, dirt
and contamination, corrosive chemicals, wet
conditions, flammable liquids and vapours

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Outline what Protective Systems you think should be considered when


selecting suitable electrical equipment for use in the workplace.

Fuses

Designed to protect the equipment not the people!

Fuses
Earthing
Isolation of supply
Reduced and low voltage systems
Residual Current Devices (RCDs)
Double insulation

Form a weak link in a circuit


Designed to overheat and melt if the current exceeds the
fuse rating
Rating should be above operating current required by
equipment but less than the current rating of the cable in
the circuit

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24

Circuit Breaker

Earthing

Protects equipment not


people

Outer metal casing


connected to earth by
wire

Electro-mechanical device
which does the same thing
as a fuse

Provides fault current


with a low resistance
path to earth

Rating should be above


operating current required
by the equipment but less
than the current rating of
the cable in the circuit

Electric shock should be


minor

Tamperproof
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RRC Training

Isolation and Lock-Off

Low Voltages

Deprives the circuit of


power

For hand tools, the 110 volt centre-tapped


(CTE) system is recommended

Ensures that it cannot be


re-energised by applying
some form of lock

System relies on the mid-point of the


reduced voltage transformer being
earthed

Should be clearly labelled

Maximum shock voltage is 55 volts, but


full 110 volt supply powers the equipment

Circuit should be tested

Systems reduced to 25 volts are often


used for lighting on construction sites

Often referred to as Lockoff/ Tag-out


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RRC Training

Residual Current Devices

Double Insulation

Designed to protect people!


Interrupt supply in event of a small leak
of current to earth
Very sensitive: 30 mA
Very fast: 30 ms
Compare current in live and neutral
Should be regularly tested

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Will usually blow the fuse

Live parts cannot be touched


2 layers of insulation
Either layer sufficient to provide
protection
Eliminates need for earth protection

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25

Competent Persons

Safe Systems of Work

Knowledge

Work dead whenever possible


Work on or near live electrical
equipment

Of electricity and electrical work

Ability

only under exceptional circumstances


and if controlled tightly

Understanding of the system, hazards and


precautions
Understanding of when it is safe/unsafe

Training
Experience
Experience of electrical work
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RRC Training

Working On a Dead System

Working On a Live System

Before working on a machine check the


following:

May be controlled by national laws

Isolation and lock-off


Warning signs
Prove test equipment
Prove dead
Prove test equipment again

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Safe system of work to include:


Permit-to-work
Competent person
Insulating PPE
Boots, gauntlets

Insulated tools
Designated work areas
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Overhead Power Lines

Buried Cables
May be struck during excavations
Can result in:

Usually uninsulated
Protect by:

Arcing, shock, burns, fire

Isolation
Safe systems of
work/permit-to-work
Barriers, signs, goal-posts
Banksmen
Non-conducting
equipment

Precautions
Check plans
Detection equipment
Expose by hand digging
Identify and label
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26

Group Syndicate Activity

Emergency Action

What action should be taken on finding


a person suspected to have suffered an
electric shock?

Dont touch the casualty


Call for help
Isolate from the power supply
Call for ambulance
Check for breathing
Recovery position if breathing
Start CPR if not breathing

Treat burns
Treat for physical shock
Ensure medical help is obtained
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RRC Training

Inspection and Maintenance

User Checks
Damage to cable sheath

Applies to:
Fixed wiring systems

Damage to plug

Portable electrical appliances

Flex fully insulated no kinks/splits


Inadequate joints

User checks

Unsecured sheath

Formal visual inspection

Wet or contaminated

Combined inspection and testing

Damage to casing of equipment


Burns/scorch marks

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Formal Visual Inspection

Combined Inspection and Test

User checks plus:

Often known as PAT testing


Visual inspection may fail to detect:

Remove plug cover and


check fuse

Loss of earth integrity


Deterioration of insulation

Check cord grip

Inspection and test is justified:

Check terminals are secure


and no signs of internal
damage

When suspect equipment is defective


After repair/modification
At appropriate intervals

Done by competent person


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27

How Often Should You Test?

Group Question

Frequency is determined by:


Legal standards and codes of practice

What are the advantages and limitations


of Portable Appliance Testing?

Type of equipment
Manufacturers recommendations
Initial integrity/soundness of the equipment
Age of the equipment
Working environment
Frequency and duration of use
Foreseeable abuse of the equipment
Effects of any modifications or repairs
Analysis of previous maintenance records
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RRC Training

Advantages and Limitations of


Portable Appliance Testing

Advantages and Limitations of


Portable Appliance Testing
Limitations:
Provides proof of safety at one moment in
time only
Does not ensure safe use or prevent
misuse
Items may be missed and then remain
untested
Can't be applied to all equipment (e.g.
computers)

Advantages:
Demonstrates legal compliance
Detects faults not visible to the eye
Allows early removal/repair of unsafe
equipment
Identifies trends or patterns of faults

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RRC Training

FIRE CONTROL AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

End of Section Quiz

FOCUS QUESTIONS
1. Outline what steps could be taken to control the presence

1. What are the advantages and


limitations of fuses?
2. What do we mean by the term
isolation?
3. Live working is only permitted under
certain circumstances what are
these? What controls are needed?
4. What things should be checked during
routine, visual, user inspections?
RRC Training

of flammable materials in the workplace?


2. Describe what controls should be implemented when
carrying out hot work?
3. Identify what controls might be implemented within a
building to control the spread of fire and smoke?
4. List who might require special consideration in a fire risk
assessment?
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28

FIRE CONTROL AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

What is Fire?
Definition: Fire is a rapid chemical process in
which oxygen combines with another
substance in the presence of a source of heat

Describe the principles of fire initiation, classification and spread

Outline the principles of fire risk assessment

This reaction is called combustion

Describe the basic principles of fire prevention and the prevention

During this reaction heat, flames and smoke


are produced

of fire spread in buildings

Identify the appropriate fire alarm system and fire-fighting

Classification of Fires

equipment for a simple workplace

Outline the factors which should be considered when


implementing a successful evacuation of a workplace in the event
of a fire

RRC Training

Class A

- solid materials

Class B

- liquids and liquefiable solids

Class C

- gases

Class D

- metals

Class F

- high temperature fat

RRC Training

Causes of Fires

Identify the key steps in conducting a Fire Risk


Assessment

Methods of Fire Spread

Electrical equipment

Direct burning

Deliberate ignition (arson)

Convection

Hot work
Smoking

inside
outside

Cooking appliances

Conduction

Heating appliances
Unsafe use & storage of
flammable liquids and gases

Radiation

Mechanical heat
Chemical reactions

Identify the fire hazards


Identify the people who might be
harmed

Consequences of Fires

Identify and implement the fire


precautions that are required

People killed and injured


Damage to buildings and
contents including smoke
damage

Record findings, plan and train

Environmental damage, e.g.


water run off

RRC Training

Review and revise as necessary


RRC Training

Inspection
Identify Fire Hazards

Walk around an area of the building, as


directed by your tutor, and identify sources
of:
Fuel
Ignition
Oxygen

Fuel sources
Heat/ignition sources
Oxygen sources

(consider all sources even if well controlled)

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29

Identify the Fire Hazards

Indentify Who May Be


Harmed

Fuels
paper

Suggest who should be considered in


the fire risk assessment for a sports
centre

packaging materials
furniture
highly flammable liquids and gases

Ignition sources
hot work

What group of people may need special


consideration in the risk assessment?

electrical equipment
portable heaters

Oxygen sources
oxygen cylinders
oxidising substances
RRC Training

RRC Training

Identify and Implement


Precautions

Indentify Who May Be


Harmed
People who are on the premises:

Fire prevention
Prevention of the spread of smoke and
flames
Fire detection and alarm
Fire-fighting equipment
Means of escape
Signs and notices
Lighting

Workers
Visitors/contractors/public
People in isolated locations

Special consideration to
vulnerable groups
Disabled/mobility impaired
Children/young persons
Visually or hearing impaired

RRC Training

RRC Training

Record Findings, Plan


and Train

Review

Record the significant findings


Develop emergency plans
Provide information and instruction
Train workers

Review and Revise


As necessary
Significant changes
Fire emergency

Periodically
To keep assessment up to date

RRC Training

RRC Training

30

Fire Prevention

Temporary Workplaces

Control flammable substances:

Fire safety applies to all workplaces

Solids, liquids, gases

Fire risk assessment also needed for


temporary workplaces
E.g. construction sites

Control ignition sources:


Systems of work, smoking, arson

Systems of work:
Hot processes
Machinery
Electrical equipment

Changes to workplace may require


review of fire risk assessment

RRC Training

E.g. extensions, changing internal layout


May also need approval from fire
authority

Good Housekeeping:
General tidiness
Waste control and disposal
RRC Training

Storage of Liquid Petroleum Gas

Control Flammable Materials


Eliminate use altogether

Should be stored outside

Substitute for lower risk

Storage area should be separate

Minimise quantities

Area should be secure, locked gate


Warning signs

Stock control, housekeeping, waste management

Safe use and storage in protected, dedicated


buildings

Ignition sources eliminated


Bottles chained upright
Separate from other buildings

RRC Training

RRC Training

Control Ignition Sources

Storage of Liquid Petroleum Gas


Empty bottles stored separately from
full ones

Electrical equipment
Hot work

Oxygen bottles should not be stored


with LPG

RRC Training

Smoking

Use minimum bottles required at


workplace

Cooking activities

Return to store immediately after use

Arson

Mechanical heat

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31

Systems of Work

Housekeeping

Typical hot work precautions:

Remove waste regularly

Flammable materials removed from the


area

Keep area tidy and return


flammable materials to the
correct storage area

Cover items that can't be removed


Sweep the floor
Damp down wooden floors

Fuel and ignition sources


separated

Provide fire extinguishers


Fire-watcher present in the area
Check area after work has finished

Maintain clear escape routes


RRC Training

RRC Training

Flammable Liquids

Safe Use of Flammable Liquids

Flammable liquids:

Use minimum quantities

Flash point 21oC - 55oC


Easily ignited with a heat source, e.g. a match
Maximum storage in work area: <250 litres

Clearly labelled
Suitable container

Highly flammable liquids:

Self closing lids if possible

Flash point 0oC - 21oC


Easy to ignite at room temperature
Maximum storage in work area: <50 litres storage

Metal catch trays


Keep away from heat

Extremely flammable liquids:

Provide ventilation

<0oC

Flash point
Very easy to ignite at room temperature

RRC Training

Always return to store


RRC Training

Structural Measures
to Prevent Fire Spread

Safe Storage of Flammable Liquids


Safe storage rules:
Store minimum
quantities
In a purpose-built
cabinet
Away from
ignition sources

Flammables cabinet
should:

Compartmentation:
Keeping fire IN or OUT of area of building

Be fire resistant

Creating enclosed/sealed boxes

Be lockable

Fire-resistant floors and walls

Have fire-resistant
hinges/fastenings

Fire-resistant doors(self-closing)

Automatic shutters for ventilation shafts

Intumescent sealants for gaps ('fire-stopping')

Clearly signed
Built in spill-tray

RRC Training

RRC Training

32

Common Building Materials

Fire Doors

Concrete Usually performs well in a fire

Able to withstand fire for a set time


Fitted with self-closing devices
Fitted with intumescent strip
Fitted with a cold smoke seal
Have vision panels of fire-resistant glass
Clearly labelled

Steel

Severely affected by high


temperatures

Brick

Usually very resistant

Timber

Thin timber will burn quite quickly;


thick timber will survive for longer

Surface treatment can affect fire performance,


e.g.
Encasing steel in concrete
Intumescent paint
Insulation
Wall coverings

RRC Training

RRC Training

Common Building Materials

Protecting Building Materials

Concrete

Steel:

usually fire resistant

Encased in concrete
Coated with intumescent (fire resistant)
foam or paint

Steel
severely affected by high
temperatures

Brick

Insulation:

very resistant to fire

Must be fire retardant

Timber

Wall coverings can be flammable

thin timbers burn, thick joists char


RRC Training

RRC Training

Electrical Equipment for Use in


Flammable Atmospheres:

Protection of Openings and Voids


Doors close major openings
Other penetrations through
compartments

Flammable gas/vapour/dust mixed


with air can be explosive
Electrical equipment can ignite the
mixture
National legislation controls use of
electrical equipment

Pipe penetrations
Gaps above ceilings
Air handling ducts
Lift shafts

Atex is EU legislation

Must be fire-stopped or blocked


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33

Electrical Equipment for Use in


Flammable Atmospheres:
Gases,
Vapours
Mists

End of Section Quiz


1. What steps could be taken to control
the presence of flammable materials
in the workplace?
2. What controls should be implemented
when carrying out hot work?
3. What controls might be implemented
within a building to control the spread
of fire and smoke?

Dust

Explosive atmosphere
Zone 0
present for long periods

Zone 20

Explosive atmosphere
likely to occur
occasionally

Zone 1

Zone 21

Explosive atmosphere
not likely to occur

Zone 3

Zone 23

RRC Training

RRC Training

Fire Detection

Fire Detection and Alarm Systems


The sophistication will depend on the
complexity of workplace
Simplest system

Smoke detectors
Detect small smoke particles
Two main types: ionising and optical

someone shouts "Fire!"

Can give rise to false alarms

Simple with more noise

Heat detectors

hand bell, whistle or air horn

Detect excess heat generated by a fire

Manually-operated fire alarm

Usually less sensitive and give later warning

manual call points

Two main types: rate of rise and fixed temperature

Automatic fire detection and alarm

May not detect fires that are giving off smoke but not
much heat

automatic detectors, manual call points, linked to


sounders/lights
RRC Training

RRC Training

Portable Fire Extinguishers


Extinguisher
Water

RRC Training

Class of Fire

MUST use the correct extinguisher on


the fire

Carbon dioxide

A and B

Foam

A and B

Dry powder

Limitation of Extinguishers

Water can boil, causing burning liquids to


explode in a fireball
Water conducts electricity so NEVER use
on electrical fires
Powder is effective but
may destroy electrical
equipment

All

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34

Siting of Extinguishers

Other Fire-Fighting Equipment

On fire exit routes

Fire blankets
physically smothers fires, e.g. fat fires in kitchens

Close to exit doors

Hose reels
used in large buildings for fire teams

Close to specific hazards

Sprinkler systems
sited in buildings and warehouses
automatically dowses the fire

Clearly visible and signed


Unobstructed access

RRC Training

RRC Training

Maintenance of Extinguishers

Training

Inspection

Theory training

Regular and frequent


Ensure they're in place
In good working order

Types of extinguisher
Hands-on experience
Records kept in line with local regulations

Maintenance
Usually once a year
Certificated engineer
Inspection, testing, dismantling
Records kept in Fire Log (subject to local regulations)
RRC Training

RRC Training

Group Syndicate Exercise

End of Section Quiz

Under your tutors direction, take a


tour of an area of the building you are
in
Note:

1. What are the different ways of


detecting fire and sounding the alarm?
2. Name the different types of fire
extinguisher and the class of fire they
can be used on.

Fire compartmentation, e.g. stairwells,


fire doors, etc.
Travel distances
Fire detection and alarms
Fire extinguishers, etc.
Emergency lighting, signage
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RRC Training

35

Fire Plan

Means of Escape

Should include:

Who is on premises
Action to be taken on discovering
fire
Means of escape
(shown on building plans)

Fire fighting equipment


Action to be taken after evacuation
Training
RRC Training

Available to every person in the workplace


No use of lifts
Must take staff to a place of safety
Two or more separate routes may be required
Travel distance should be short
Adequate width
Clearly signed
Appropriately lit
Emergency lighting
No obstructions

RRC Training

Stairs, Corridors and Doors

Travel Distances

Stairs and corridors:


Fire-resistant protection
Adequate width
Unobstructed
No storage of materials or equipment
Consider wheelchair users

Depends upon:

Number of people occupying a room


Fire risk:
e.g. low risk, low number - 1 exit up to 45m
distance
e.g. high risk, high number - several exits less
than 25m distance

Doors:
Easy to open
Adequate width
Open in direction of travel
Not locked

Final exit - place of total safety


Storey exit - protected stairway
Separate fire compartment - to a final exit

RRC Training

RRC Training

Emergency Lighting

Fire Exit and Direction Signs

At night or where there is no


natural light

Easy to understand
Clearly visible

To indicate escape routes

Sited correctly

To indicate call points and fire


fighting equipment

Meet local regulations/standards

Regular maintenance
Routine inspection/testing

RRC Training

RRC Training

36

Assembly Points

Evacuation Procedures

Safe distance from building

Emphasis is on personal safety:


Sound the alarm
Get out of the building
Stay out of the building!

Safe location
Further escape possible if
needed
Must not impede fire-fighters

More complex procedures needed for


some workplaces, e.g. hospitals

Clearly signed
'Refuges' for disabled workers
RRC Training

RRC Training

Evacuation of the Workplace

Fire Marshals
Check if alarm is "real"

Training

Check all areas are evacuated

Records kept

Assist disabled workers

Fire drills:
Usually once a year
Records kept

Ensure fire escape routes are kept clear


Ensure windows and doors are closed

Roll calls
Ensure all persons accounted for
May not be practical, e.g. supermarkets

Conduct roll call at assembly point


RRC Training

RRC Training

Training and Information

Provision for Infirm and Disabled

Training for staff

Staff with disabilities may need


personal evacuation plans

Who use portable extinguishers


Fire Marshalls
Assist disabled people
Members of the fire team

Assist with travel downstairs


Alert those with hearing impairment

Information:
Fire safety procedures

RRC Training

employees
contractors
visitors and the public

May need to consider temporary


disabilities, e.g. use of crutches
Consider also evacuation of
young/elderly
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37

Chemicals in the work place

End of Section Quiz


1. What general principles should be
applied when establishing means of
escape?
2. What is the purpose of emergency
lighting?
3. What might fire marshals do in the
event of an evacuation?

RRC Training

The physical form greatly affects the


hazard presented and the route of
entry into the body
Dust
Fume
Gas
Mist
Vapour
Liquids
RRC Training

Classification of Chemicals
Hazardous to Health

Biological Agents
Fungi

Physico-chemical

e.g. Farmers lung

e.g. highly flammable, explosive, oxidising

Bacteria

Toxicological

e.g. legionnaires disease, leptospirosis

e.g. toxic, carcinogenic

Viruses

Environmental

e.g. HIV, Hepatitis B

e.g. harmful to aquatic life

Prions
E.g. CJD
RRC Training

RRC Training

Classification of Chemicals
Hazardous to Health

Chemical Classifications
Toxic
Small doses cause death or serious illness

Toxic

Harmful (Xn)

Harmful
Larger doses cause death or serious illness

Corrosive
Carcinogenic

Destroys living tissue

Respiratory Sensitiser

Irritant
Inflames skin or mucous membranes
Irritant (Xi)
RRC Training

Corrosive
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38

Chemical Classifications

End of Section Quiz

Carcinogens

1. What are the different physical forms


of chemicals?
2. What are the different types of
biological agent?
3. What does toxic mean in relation to
chemicals?
4. What is a corrosive chemical?

Cause cancer

Respiratory sensitisers
Cause asthma, e.g. flour dust, isocyanates

Skin sensitisers
Cause allergic dermatitis, e.g. eopxy resin

Mutagens
Causes hereditary genetic mutation

Toxic for reproduction


Causes sterility or is harmful to unborn child
RRC Training

RRC Training

FOCUS QUESTIONS

Routes of Entry

List how can a chemical or biological


organism enter the body?

Inhalation

Which is the most harmful risk route of


entry and why?

Ingestion
Absorption through the skin
Injection through the skin

inhalable dust
respirable dust (<7microns)

needlestick
cuts and grazes
bites
RRC Training

RRC Training

Defence Mechanisms

Defence Mechanisms

RRC Training

Respiratory defences

Skin Defences

Waterproof barrier comprised of:

Sneezing & coughing


Nasal hair/mucous
Ciliary escalator
Macrophages
Inflammatory
response

Outer layer of dead cells (epidermis)


Sebum biocidal properties
Inflammatory response

RRC Training

39

Factors to Consider When Assessing


Health Risk

Sources of Information

Hazardous nature of substance


Potential ill-health effects
Physical forms
Routes of entry
Quantity
Concentration
Number of people
Frequency of exposure
Duration of exposure
Existing control measures

Product Labels

RRC Training

RRC Training

Safety Data Sheet Contents

Group Syndicate Exercise

1. Details of substance and


supplier
2. Composition of
substance
3. Hazard identification
4. First-aid measures
5. Fire-fighting measures
6. Accidental release
measures
7. Handling and storage
8. Exposure controls/PPE

Manufacturers Safety Data Sheets:


Outline the type of information you
would expect to see on a safety data
sheet for a domestic weedkiller in order
to assess the risks.

RRC Training

9. Physical/Chemical
properties
10. Stability and reactivity
11. Toxicological information
12. Ecological information
13. Disposal requirements
14. Transport information
15. Regulatory information
16. Other information

RRC Training

Occupational Exposure Limit


Documents

Limitations of Information

The maximum concentration of an airborne


substance, averaged over a reference period,
to which employees can be exposed by
inhalation
Legal limits differ around the world
UK has WELs, US has TLVs, EU has OELs
Substance

Carbon
Monoxide

RRC Training

Name of substance
Hazardous components
Risk phrases indicating danger
Precautions
Details of supplier
Manufacturers data sheets

Formula

CO

CAS
Number

630-08-0

LTEL (8-Hour TWA


Reference Period)

Information sources provide general


information only
Dont consider the specific conditions
of use
Individual susceptibility
Mixed exposures
Based on current knowledge

STEL (15-Minute
Reference Period)

ppm

mg/m 3

ppm

mg/m 3

30

35

200

232

RRC Training

40

Hazardous Substance Monitoring

Continuous Monitoring Devices

When:

Advantages

Failure or deterioration of
the controls can result in
serious health effects
To ensure a WEL is not
exceeded
To check effectiveness of
control measures
After any change occurs
which could effect control
RRC Training

Used for longer term monitoring


Can be very accurate

Disadvantages
Expensive
Provides average of results
Tampered with
RRC Training

Stain Tube Detection

Passive Samplers

No pumping mechanism
Long-term sampling
Gases and vapours
Sample diffused on to
absorbent surface
Laboratory analysis
Highly accurate
Can be used for personal
monitoring of TWA

Final concentration =
50 parts per million (ppm)

RRC Training

RRC Training

Dust Monitoring Equipment

Smoke Tubes/Sticks

RRC Training

Simple devices
Generate inert smoke
Visualise air currents
Assess effectiveness of extraction
systems

Worn by worker whilst working


Indicates personal exposure
Pre-weighed filter
Pumped air
Filter re-weighed
Gives average value over time

RRC Training

41

Dust Lamp (Tyndall Lamp)

Limitations of Monitoring

Strong beam of light


Highlights fine particles of dust
Used to determine efficiency of
exhaust ventilation

RRC Training

RRC Training

Workplace Exposure Limits (WELs)

End of Section Quiz

The maximum concentration of an airborne


substance averaged over a reference period, to
which employees may be exposed by
inhalation.
Legal status in national law

1. What are the four main routes of


entry chemicals can take into the
body?
2. How is the respiratory system
defended?
3. Name 3 different types of monitoring
equipment

RRC Training

Time period Combat ill-health effects of:


Short term exposure 15 minutes
limits (STEL)
Long term exposure
limits (LTEL)

8 hours

Acute effects
Very high exposure for a short
time
Chronic effects
Lower exposure over longer
period

RRC Training

Limitations of Exposure Limits

Limitations of Exposure Limits

Being below a limit does not


prove it is safe:

RRC Training

Accuracy of results
Variations in personal exposure
Absence of a standard
Other exposure routes

Organisation may not realise


that controls are no longer
effective and limits are not
adhered to
Monitoring equipment may
become inaccurate
Some limits are only
guidelines
Non-inhalation effects, e.g.
Dermatitis, arent considered

Only concerned with inhalation


No account of individual
sensitivity or susceptibility
Many developed on male
physiology
No account of synergistic or
combined effects
Invalid if normal environmental
conditions change
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42

International Variations

End of Section Quiz

UK

1. What are WELs?


2. What is the difference between:

Workplace Exposure Limits (WELs)


Published by HSE, full legal status

An 8hr TWA
A 15 minute STEL

USA
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
Published by American Conference of
Government Industrial Hygienists
Guidelines, no legal status

No global standard as yet


EU Indicative limit values
RRC Training

RRC Training

Prevention of Exposure

The Principles of Good Practice


1. Minimise emission, release and spread of
hazardous substances
2. Choose effective and reliable controls
3. Use control measures proportionate to the risk
4. Use PPE where control cannot be achieved by
other means
5. Implement personal hygiene and protection
regimes
6. Carry out health and medical surveillance
7. Check control measures regularly
8. Additional controls for carcinogens, asthmagens
or mutagens

Prevention of exposure is the best


If not possible to prevent exposure,
adequately control it
Ensure WELs are not exceeded

RRC Training

RRC Training

Group Syndicate Exercise

Common Methods of Control

A gardener is spraying a weed killer in a


domestic garden in windy conditions.
The gardener has no means of washing his
hands, etc. and the house owners have
children and a dog.
The weed killer is an organophosphate,
labelled toxic.
Using the hierarchy of control,
discuss how the risk may be
reduced.
RRC Training

Elimination or substitution
Process change
Reduce exposure times
Enclosure or segregation
Local Exhaust Ventilation
PPE
Personal hygiene and protection
Health Surveillance/monitoring

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43

Elimination and Substitution

Change the Process

eliminate process,

Do the job differently

e.g. outsource painting

E.g. applying solvent by brush rather than


spraying
Vacuuming rather than sweeping to keep
dust levels down

change work,
e.g. screw rather than glue

dispose of unwanted stock


substitute hazardous for nonhazardous,
e.g. irritant to non-hazardous floor
cleaner, or corrosive to irritant
RRC Training

RRC Training

Reduce Exposure Times

Enclosure or Segregation

Job rotation
Exclude non-essential personnel
Link to WELs

Enclosure
Totally enclose the substance
Prevent access to it

Segregation
Keep people away
Designated areas

RRC Training

RRC Training

Group Syndicate Exercise

Local Exhaust Ventilation

Discuss the reasons that the effectiveness


of LEV may be reduced

RRC Training

RRC Training

44

The Effectiveness of LEV

Inspection of LEV Systems

Poorly positioned intake hoods


Damaged ducts
Excessive amounts of
contamination
Ineffective fan
Blocked filters
Build up of contaminant in the
ducts
Sharp bends in ducts
Unauthorised additions to the
system
RRC Training

Routine visual inspection


Integrity checks, e.g. filters, contaminant
build up, etc.

Planned preventative maintenance


e.g. replacing filters, lubricating fan
bearings, etc.

Periodic testing
Ensure air velocities are adequate
RRC Training

Dilution Ventilation

Limitations of Dilution Ventilation


Not suitable for highly toxic substances
Compromised by sudden release of large quantities
of contaminant
Do not work well

Diluting the contaminant


Changes the air
Passive dilution - vents
Active dilution - powered fans
Used where:

for dust
where the contaminant is released at a point of source

Dead areas may exist

WEL is high
formation of gas or vapour is slow
operators are not close to contamination

Important to know whether contaminant is


lighter or heavier than air
RRC Training

RRC Training

Respiratory Protective Equipment


(RPE)

Filter Face-piece Respirators

Two types:
Respirators
filter contaminated air
Use and benefits Limitations
Cheap
Easy to use
Disposable

Breathing apparatus (BA)


oxygen depleted atmospheres
provide clean source of air
RRC Training

Low level of protection


Seal not effective
Uncomfortable

RRC Training

45

Half Mask or Ori-nasal Respirator

Powered Respirator
Use and benefits
Intermediate level of filtration
Air movement cools wearer
Air stream prevents inward leak

Use and benefits


Good level of filtration
Good fit
Easy to use

Limitations
Heavy to wear
No tight face seal
Limited battery life

Limitations
No built in eye protection
Negative pressure inside
face-piece
Uncomfortable

RRC Training

RRC Training

Fresh Air Hose BA

Compressed Air BA

Air demanded by user or


Pumped
Use and benefits

Limitations

Air from outside the work


room

Hose must be tethered

Supply not time restricted

Bends or kinks make breathing


difficult

Air under pressure


Use and benefits

Limitations

Supply of air is not time-restricted

Hose can be long, but


not endless

Positive pressure inside face-piece


Wearer not burdened with cylinder

User restricted by limited hose length

RRC Training

RRC Training

Self-contained BA

Group Discussion Point

Pressurised cylinder

Use and benefits

Limitations

Complete freedom of
movement

Supply is time-restricted

Selection of RPE
What factors do you think should be
taken into account when selecting RPE
for use by workers?

Positive pressure inside face- Equipment bulky and heavy


piece
More technical training required

RRC Training

RRC Training

46

RPE Information, Instruction and


Training

The Suitability of RPE


Factors to consider:

Users should understand:

Concentration of the contaminant and


its hazards
Physical form of the substance
Level of protection offered by the RPE
Presence or absence of oxygen
Duration of time that it must be worn
Compatibility with other items of PPE
Shape of the users face
Facial hair
Physical requirements of the job
Physical fitness of the wearer

RRC Training

How to fit the RPE


How to test it to ensure that it is
working effectively
The limitations of the item
Any cleaning requirements
Any maintenance requirements (e.g.
how to change filter)
RRC Training

Personal Hygiene

Other PPE
Hand protection

Hand-washing routines
Careful removal and disposal of PPE to
prevent cross-contamination to normal
clothes
Prohibition of eating, drinking and
smoking in work areas
Washing facilities
Changing facilities
Rest areas

gloves, gauntlets
chemicals, biological agents, infection
through cuts

Eye protection
spectacles, goggles,
visors

Body protection
overalls, aprons, whole body
protection
RRC Training

RRC Training

Vaccination

Health Surveillance

Against biological agents, e.g.

Health monitoring

Hepatitis B
Tetanus
Typhoid

signs of disease
symptoms of chronic conditions,
e.g. flour workers have lung function tests to
check for asthma

Worker consent required


Immunity not always achieved
False sense of security

Biological monitoring
checks for contaminants
within the body,
e.g. lead

Pre-employment screening
establishes a baseline
RRC Training

RRC Training

47

Control of Carcinogens, Mutagens and


Asthmagens

Group Syndicate Exercise

In addition to standard control measures:


Total enclosure of process or handling
systems
Prohibition of eating, drinking
and smoking
Regular cleaning
Warning signs
Safe storage, handling
and disposal

Consider the types of health surveillance


which may be required for the following
occupations:
Call centre operator
Chemical plant worker handling solvents
Tree surgeon exposed to wood dusts

RRC Training

RRC Training

Asbestos

Work with Asbestos


In general:

Use:

asbestos cement roofs


ceiling tiles
fire break walls
floor tiles
downpipes
pipe lagging
gaskets

RRC Training

Work must be notified to the enforcement agency


Work area sealed
PPE and RPE
Negative pressure ventilation system
with efficient filters
Asbestos waste
securely double bagged
labelled
disposed as hazardous waste

Dust levels monitored inside and outside sealed work


area
Worker exposure must not exceed control limit
Health surveillance provided

RRC Training

Blood Borne Viruses

Blood Borne Viruses

HIV/AIDS

Typical controls:

Hepatitis A

contracted orally by cross contamination


of faecal matter,
e.g. sewage workers

Hepatitis B
transmitted in body fluids, e.g. blood
health care workers, fire-fighters, police

PPE: gloves, eye protection


Disposal of material as clinical waste
Prevention of needlestick injuries
Decontamination and disinfection
Vaccination
Accident procedures, e.g. needlestick injuries

Symptoms
jaundice, liver damage
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Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Colourless, odourless gas

Typical controls:

By-product of combustion, e.g. poorly maintained


boilers
Inhalation hazard
Prevents red blood cells absorbing oxygen
Chemical asphyxiation
Low levels worsening headaches
High levels rapid unconsciousness
and death

RRC Training

Competent engineers for gas systems


Maintenance and testing of boilers and flues
Good ventilation
LEV for workshop vehicle exhausts
Siting of equipment containing combustion engines
CO alarms
Confined space entry controls

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Cement
Harmful effects:

Typical controls:

Eliminating or reducing
exposure
PPE gloves, dust
masks, eye protection
Removal of
contaminated clothing
Good hygiene and
washing skin on
contact

Irritation of the:
eyes
respiratory tract
skin

Allergic dermatitis and


corrosive burns to skin
on repeated/prolonged
contact

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Legionella Bacteria
Legionnaires disease

Water-loving soil bacteria


Inhalation hazard
Mists particularly high risk
Flu-like fever, pneumonia

Typical controls:

Enclosing water systems


Water treatment, e.g. chlorination
Hot water >60oC
Biocides (treatment chemicals)
Prevention of limescale
Routine cleaning of cooling towers
Water sampling and analysis

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Leptospira Bacteria

Silica

Infected urine from: rats, mice, cattle and horses


Contaminated water in contact with cuts, grazes, etc.
Dairy farmers, sewage workers, water sports instructors
Flu-like symptoms, jaundice, liver damage (Weils disease)

Component of rock
Quarries, pottery and construction industry
Inhalation hazard
Causes scar tissue to form in lungs

Typical controls:

RRC Training

Typical controls:

Preventing rat infestation good housekeeping, pest


control
Good personal hygiene
PPE, especially gloves
Covering cuts and grazes
Issuing at risk cards to workers

Alternative work methods


Dust suppression by water
LEV
RPE
Heath surveillance

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Wood Dust

End of Section Quiz

Inhalation hazard
Causes asthma
Hard woods can cause cancer

1. What diseases are caused by exposure


to asbestos?
2. What controls could be implemented
to reduce the risk of needlestick
injuries in the health service?
3. Which occupations could be at risk of
leptospirosis infections?

Typical controls:
LEV
Vacuuming rather than sweeping
RPE
Health surveillance

RRC Training

RRC Training

Waste

Duty of Care
Those who generate, handle, treat or
dispose of waste are under a duty of
care
Responsibility to ensure that it:

Waste is:
Something that is discarded or is going to be
discarded
General hierarchy of control

Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Recover energy
Responsible disposal

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Is managed legally
Does not escape
Is transferred to an authorised person
Is adequately described
Is accompanied by correct paperwork

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Hazardous Waste

Substances:

Group Syndicate Exercise

Products:

highly flammable
toxic

batteries
refrigerators

carcinogenic
corrosive

freezers
televisions

Consider the waste produced by your


companys service or process, or by a
hospital or factory
Discuss what are the main things that
can go wrong with the handling and
storage of waste
Suggest suitable control measures

fluorescent light tubes


computer monitors

Non-hazardous waste
Household waste, paper,
wood, biodegradable
materials
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Safe Handling and Storage

Safe Handling and Storage

Factors to consider solid wastes:

Factors to consider liquid wastes:

Containers located in bund, away from


walls
Bunds have 110% capacity of
largest container
Provision for rainwater
Transfer points, e.g. pumps bunded
Protect bund from damage
Bunds checked and maintained

The hazardous nature of the waste


Manual handling risks
Safe access to skips, bins, etc.
Dont store on unmade ground
Moving parts of compactors
Vehicle hazards, e.g. skip lorries
Security of the waste
Segregation
Documentation

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RRC Training

Spill Containment

End of Section Quiz

Whenever liquid wastes are present


Measures include:

1. What is the general hierarchy of


control for waste disposal?

Spill kits
Drain covers
Training

RRC Training

2. What controls should be implemented


to ensure the safe storage of liquid
waste?

RRC Training

FOCUS QUESTIONS
NEBOSH International General Certificate in
Occupational Safety and Health

Outline the health effects associated with exposure


to noise and appropriate control measures;

Unit IGC2

Outline the health effects associated with exposure


to vibration and appropriate control measures;

Element 8: Physical and


Psychological Health Hazards
and Risk Controls

Outline the health effects associated with heat,


ionising and non-ionising radiation and basic
protection techniques;
Outline the causes and effects of stress at work and
appropriate control measures.

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Noise

Group Syndicate Activity

Health effects:

Identify occupations at risk from noise


induced hearing loss and the potential
causes.

Temporary:
reduction in hearing
(temporary threshold shift)
ringing in ears

Permanent:
tinnitus
noise-induced hearing loss
(permanent threshold shift)
Physical damage to hearing mechanisms

Stress

Safety issues:

Inability to hear vehicles, warnings, conversations


Concentration problems

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RRC Training

Occupations at Risk

Terminology

Construction workers

Sound pressure level

Plant, machinery, e.g. concrete breakers

Uniformed services

expressed in decibels (dB)

Decibel (dB)

Small arms and artillery

sound pressure level, loudness

Entertainment sector workers

Frequency

Loud music

Manufacturing sector workers

pitch
human ear detects 20Hz to 20,000Hz

A-weighting

Industrial machinery

Call centre workers

noise measurement scale matching human hearing

C-weighting

Acoustic shock from headsets

noise measurement scale accurate for impulse noise

Daily Personal Noise Dose


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RRC Training

Decibel Levels
Measurement
in dB(A)
0

Noise Assessment

Sound

Simple sound meter

Faintest audible sounds

20-30
50-60
65-75

Quiet library
Conversation
Loud radio

90-100
140

Power drill
Jet aircraft on take-off at 25m

measures instant noise levels


simple surveys

Integrating sound level meter


measures noise over a period of time
used for all surveys

Dosimeters

The decibel scale is logarithmic


An increase of just 3 dB = a doubling of sound
RRC Training

worn by worker
personal noise exposure
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52

Noise Exposure Standards

Noise Exposure Standards

Subject to national law

European Standards (by way of example)

General agreement on daily personal noise dose of


85dB(A)

Lower Exposure Action Value: 80 dB(A)

Noise assessment
Information, instruction and
training
Provide hearing protection

Dose depends upon

Noise level in dB(A)

Duration of exposure

The daily personal noise exposure (LEP,d) is usually


measured over 8 hours

RRC Training

RRC Training

Noise Exposure Standards

Group Syndicate Exercise

Upper Exposure Action Value: 85 dB(A)

A noise survey has been carried


out and there are 2 work areas of
concern:
Machine shop - noise levels
83 dB(A) throughout the shift
Wood working area - noise
levels 87 dB(A) throughout the
shift

Noise assessment
Reduce noise exposure by engineering
means, SFRP

If noise is still above 85 dB(A)

Mandatory hearing protection zone


Information, instruction and training
Provide hearing protection and enforce use
Health surveillance

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RRC Training

Discuss the actions that would


could be taken in each area

Hearing Protection

Noise Exposure Control


Source

Receiver

Acoustic haven
Hearing protection

Eliminate
Substitute
Modify process
Damping
Silencing
Maintenance

Ear defenders or muffs

Pathway
Insulation
Isolation
Absorption
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Advantages

Limitations

Easy to supervise and


enforce use as visible
Less chance of ear
infections
Higher level of
protection possible
Can integrate with other PPE

Uncomfortable
Efficiency affected by long
hair, spectacles etc
Must inspected, cleaned and
maintained

Reusable

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Hearing Protection

Hearing Protection

Ear plugs
Advantages

Limitations

Cheap and easy to use

Difficult to see when fitted,


supervision and enforcement
difficult
Risk of infection if dirty or if
cross-contaminated when
inserted

Disposable

More comfortable, range


of designs
Do not interfere with
other PPE

Information, instruction, training


Safe storage
Cleaning
Maintenance
Replacement

Need to be correctly sized for


individual
Effectiveness decreases with
usage

RRC Training

RRC Training

Hearing Protection

Health Surveillance

Attenuation

Audiometry allows:

Information is required on the:

Identification of workers with


- pre-existing hearing damage
- new hearing damage

Noise in the workplace


from survey

Attenuation characteristics of the


hearing protection
from manufacturer

Removal/exclusion of such
workers from high noise areas
Investigation of noise controls
to rectify problems

Ear muffs give higher attenuation than ear


plugs
RRC Training

RRC Training

Effects of Exposure to Vibration

End of Section Quiz


1. What are the health effects of exposure
to high levels of noise?
2. There are 3 main ways of reducing noise
(fill in the blanks)

Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)

Reduce noise at ________________


Interrupt the __________from source to
receiver
Protect the ________ through engineering
controls or PPE

3. What types of PPE are available? What


are the pros and cons of each?
RRC Training

Vibration white finger (blanching)


Nerve damage
Muscle weakening
Joint damage

Typical vibration white finger


(Source: HSE Guidance)
(Reproduced under the terms of the Click-Use Licence)

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Effects of Exposure to Vibration

Group Syndicate Exercise


What occupations are most at risk of
exposure to vibration?

Whole-Body Vibration
Damage to spinal discs
Vertigo

How can you reduce the risks?


(Consider the use of a mechanical sander
at home)

RRC Training

Occupations:
dumper truck driving
aircraft cabin crew

RRC Training

Vibration Assessment

Vibration Exposure Standards


Standards vary according to national law

Vibration dose is
determined as a personal
exposure to vibration
averaged over 8hrs
Vibration dose determined
by:

At or above the Daily Exposure Action Value

Vibration risk assessment


Reduce exposure level
Training
Health surveillance

At or above the Daily Exposure Limit Value


(ELV)

vibration magnitude (ms-2 )


duration of exposure
(hours/mins)

Vibration risk assessment


Reduce exposure below the ELV

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RRC Training

Control of Vibration
Source:

Duration:

Eliminate
Substitute
Change work method
Maintenance

At or above the Exposure Action Value

Limit time
exposed
Job rotation

Pathway:

Person:

Isolate

Health Surveillance
Health surveillance allows:

Identification of workers with


-

PPE

pre-existing vibration damage


new vibration damage

Removal/exclusion of such
workers from vibration sources
Investigation of vibration sources
rectify problems

to
Reproduced under the terms of
the click-use licence

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End of Section Quiz

Radiation
Two types:

1. What are the symptoms of HAVs?


2. What two factors are considered
when calculating the dose of
vibration?

Ionising
higher energy
can change the structure of atoms

Non-ionising
lower energy
heating effects
does not change the structure of atoms

RRC Training

RRC Training

Types of Ionising Radiation

Alpha Particles

Can penetrate the body and cause


serious and permanent harm:

Weak penetrating power


Stopped by thin material, e.g. paper, skin
Health effects:

Alpha particles
Beta particles
X-Rays
Gamma rays
Neutrons

RRC Training

- outside body - not particularly hazardous


- inside body (ingestion/inhalation) - very
hazardous

Occupational uses:
- smoke detectors, medical labs

RRC Training

Beta Particles

X-Rays

Can penetrate skin and living tissue


Health effects:

Can be generated and switched off


High penetrating power
Health effects:

- inside and outside body hazardous

Occupational uses:
- sterilisation, thickness gauges

- inside and outside body - very hazardous

Occupational uses:
- medical radiography
- baggage security

RRC Training

scanners

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Gamma Rays

Neutrons

Very penetrating
Health effects:

Emitted by some radioactive sources


Very high penetration
Health effects:

- Inside and outside body - very hazardous

Occupational uses
- industrial radiography, e.g. pipelines

- outside body - very hazardous

Occupational uses
- nuclear power stations

RRC Training

RRC Training

Chronic Health Effects

Group Syndicate Exercise

Cancer
Genetic mutation
Birth defects

A pregnant lady is in need of an X-Ray for a


suspected broken bone
Discuss the control measures in the X-Ray
department of a hospital using:

The larger the dose, the greater the


risk
RRC Training

Time
Distance
Shielding

to structure your answer

RRC Training

Protection from Ionising Radiation

Protection from Ionising Radiation

Time:

Shielding

Minimise exposure
Dose proportionate to time
Half life

Distance:

Alpha, beta cant travel long distances


through air

Shielding:

RRC Training

Depends upon type of radiation


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Dose Limits

Radon Gas

International Commission on Radiological


Protection (ICRP)

Recommendations on exposure:

General public < 1mSv per year


Workers < 20mSv per year

Naturally occurring in Devon, Derbyshire, etc.


Radioactive gas
Alpha particles
Health effects:
- outside body - not particularly hazardous
- inside body (ingestion/inhalation) - hazardous

Measured with a Geiger


counter
Translated into legal limits in
most countries
RRC Training

RRC Training

Radon Gas

Group Syndicate Exercise

Where naturally occurring levels are high:

You are going on holiday to a hot country


with long hours of sunshine
Discuss how you will protect yourself
from sunburn from the UV light using:
Time
Distance
Shielding
to structure your answer

- outside - low concern


- inside - poorly ventilated workplaces, e.g.
basements can be a significant risk

Control of risk above the action level:


- Radiation Protection Supervisor
- positive pressure air fans
- radon sumps and extraction systems

RRC Training

RRC Training

Protection from Non-Ionising


Radiation

Non-Ionising Radiation
Types

Sources

Health Effects

Ultra-violet
(UV)

Sunlight
Arc welding

Skin burns
Arc eye (photokeratitis)
Skin cancer

Visible light
Infra-red (IR)

lasers

Temporary blindness

Red hot steel


Glass manufacture

Redness and skin burns,


retinal burns, cataracts

Microwaves

Food preparation
Telecommunications

Radiowaves

Radio, TV
radar

Types

Protection

Ultra-violet (UV) Cover exposed skin


Protect eyes

Visible light,
lasers

Low class: avoid shining in eyes


High class: eye protection, shielding,
non reflective surfaces

Internal heating
Organ damage

Infra-red (IR)

Cover exposed skin


Protect eyes

Internal heating
Organ damage

Microwaves

Safe distance
Isolate and lock off

Radiowaves

Safe distance
Isolate and lock off

Arc Eye
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Health Surveillance

Health Surveillance

May be legally required by an approved


physician:

Types of examination include:

Before working as a classified worker


During periodic health reviews (medicals)
Special surveillance if dose limit is exceeded
After ceasing work as a classified worker

Skin checks
Respiratory checks
Exposure records
Sickness records

Special consideration for pregnant or


breastfeeding workers
RRC Training

RRC Training

End of Section Quiz

Stress

1. Identify the different types of ionising


radiation
2. Identify different sources of nonionising radiation
3. What are the health effects of
exposure to UV radiation?

RRC Training

Stress is:
An adverse reaction to excessive
pressure
Health effects:

RRC Training

Group Syndicate Exercise

Causes of Stress

Discuss what causes stress in your own


life or others you have known to be
stressed

RRC Training

psychological
physical
behavioural
serious ill-health if prolonged

Change
Demands
Control
Support
Relationship
Role

- uncertainty
- excessive
- weak
- poor
- difficult
- undefined

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Effects of Stress

Group Discussion Point

Psychological

Whilst having your lunch outside, a


tiger jumps out at you with a huge
ROAR!!

Low self-esteem
Depression

Heart rate
Blood pressure

Headache
Dizziness

Behavioural
Sleeplessness
Poor
concentration
Poor decisionmaking
Mood swings
Irritability
Alcohol
consumption
Drug misuse
Absence from
work

RRC Training

Prevention Strategies for Stress


Demand

- reasonable demands, sufficient


resources

Control

- given as much control as possible

End of Section Quiz


1. What is stress?
2. What are the three types of health
effect that can result due to stress?
3. What are the causes of workplace
stress?

- information, instruction, training,


additional support
Relationships - clear anti-harassment and bullying
policies
- clear job descriptions, responsibilities
Role
and authority
- planning and preparation for change,
Change
communication, timescales

Support

RRC Training

Sweating

Skin rashes
Muscle tension

What physical, psychological and


behavioural symptoms might you
experience at the time and also in the
days/weeks after?
RRC Training

Physical

Anxiety

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