ANSYS
Quick Start Guide
Yekaterinburg, 2002
Table of contents
4
1. HARMONIC ANALYSIS ........................................................ 5
1.1.Introduction ....................................................................................
5
1.2.Full method ................................................................................. 6
1.3.Truncated method .........................................................................
6
1.4.Superposition method mod ................................................................. 7
2. Solution of the problem of harmonic analysis .............................................
8
2.1 Application of loads and to obtain a decision ......................................... 9
2.2 Viewing results .....................................................................
16
2.3 .
16
2.4 Harmonic analysis of a simple system ................................................... 19
3. Truncated method ................................................................................. 24
3.1 Application of loads and getting truncated solutions .............................. 24
3.2 Viewing Results truncated solutions ...............................................
26
3.3 Expanding the solution .......................................................................... 26
3.3.1 Enhanced modes .............................................................................. 27
3.3.2. View Results expansion ..................................................... 29
4.Metod superposition modes ...................................................................... 30
4.1 Solution of the harmonic analysis method of the superposition modes ............ 31
4.2 Expanding the solution and view the results .......................................... 33
5. Harmonic analysis of prestressed structures ................ 33
6. Transient analysis ................................................34
6.1 .. 34
6.2 Preparation for the dynamic transient analysis .....
34
6.3. Three methods of solution ..........................................................................
35
6.3.1. Full method ................................................................................
35
6.3.2. Reduced method ..................................................................... 36
6.3.3. Superposition method mod ..................................................................
37
6.4 Dynamic analysis of transients comprehensive method ....................... 38
6.5 Main options .................................................................................
48
6.6 Options accounting nonlinearities .................................................................. 49
6.7 Output Control Options ...................................................................
49
6.8 Viewing results ........................................................................ 51
6.8.1 Using POST26 ....................................................................... 52
6.8.2 Use POST1 ......................................................................
53
6.9 Reduced transient dynamic analysis ..................
57
6.9.1 Viewing the results of the reduced solutions .................................... 63
6.9.2 Expanding the solution ..................................................................... 63
6.10 Example transient analysis ................................................
66
6.11 The method of superposition of modes in transient analysis ........................ 73
6.11.1 Preparation of modal solutions .......................................................... 73
6.11.2. Solution of the superposition modes ...................................................
74
6.12 Dynamic analysis of prestressed structures ............... 78
6.12.1 Dynamic analysis of prestressed structures
comprehensive method ...................................................................................
79
6.12.2 Dynamic analysis of prestressed structures
reduced by .......................................................................
79
6.12.3 Dynamic analysis of prestressed structures
by superposition of modes ....................................................................
80
7. Other features of the transient analysis ................................
80
7.1 Some guidance on the choice of the integration step ............................. 80
2
83
111
127
128
136
Foreword.
The contents of this book can be divided into two parts. The first part contains
instructions for harmonic analysis, dynamic analysis of transients, spectral analysis. It
details the features of these programs, the possible options of their application, are
some examples. For example, in the chapters on harmonic analysis and the analysis
of transients considered three possible methods: full, truncated (reduced) using the
main degrees of freedom, and the method of superposition of modes. The advantages
and disadvantages of each of these methods.
The second part is devoted to some theoretical illustrations issues discussed in
the first part. For example, the theoretical basis of the method of superposition of
modes (in Russian literature it is called the method of expansion in their own forms).
Briefly reviewed random fluctuations. Briefly reviewed univariate and multivariate
analysis, as well as issues of cross-correlation spectral densities. Of course, this
review is in no way claim to be complete and only serves as the first part.
1. HARMONIC ANALYSIS
1.1. Introduction
Cyclic load will result in a harmonic response of mechanical systems.
Harmonic analysis is used to find the steady response of linear systems loaded with
4
Easier to use because you do not have to worry about choosing the main
degrees of freedom, or their own forms;
It uses the full matrix, so that the approximation of the mass matrix is not
needed;
It allows you to use non symmetric matrices that are typical for some
applications, particularly for acoustic problems;
The disadvantage is that it does not allow for pre-loading. Another disadvantage of
this method is that it is relatively "expensive" compared with the other two methods.
1.3 Truncated method.
Truncated method allows you to reduce the size of the problem by using the
main degrees of freedom of the system matrices and acronyms. After calculating the
displacement degrees of freedom on the main solution can be extended to the
original, the full set of degrees of freedom. Advantages of this method:
It works faster and is less "expensive" than a complete method;
It takes into account the effect of the preload;
Disadvantages of this method:
In the first step we calculate only move along the main degrees of freedom.
The second step determines the complete displacement and stress;
Load elements (pressure, temperature) are not included;
All loads may be applied only to the principal degrees of freedom of the
user's choice. (This limits the use of solid-state load);
1.4 Superposition method mod.
The method of superposition of modes based on the summation of factors
eigenmodes of modal analysis. Its advantages are:
It is faster than the full and truncated methods for most tasks;
Load on the elements attached to the (previous) modal analysis can be
applied to harmonic analysis using the LVSCALE;
It allows you to "thicken" the decision to design ranges of natural
frequencies. This allows you to get a more accurate response curves;
Effects of preload can be addressed;
This method allows for the modal damping (as a function of frequency).
Disadvantages of the method:
Not specified zero displacement shall not apply;
Team
New Analysis
ANTYPE
Analysis Type:
Harmonic Response
ANTYPE
Method of solution
HR OPT
Output Format
HR OUT
LUMPM
EQSLV
.
Each of these options is discussed below.
Option New Analysis used if you need to attach the new harmonic force.
Option Harmonic Response determines the type of analysis-harmonic analysis.
Option method of solution allows you to select one of the following methods:
Complete Method (Fool method);
Truncated method (Reduced method);
The method of superposition of modes (Mode superposition method).
8
Option output format (Solution Listing Format) allows you to define how the
harmonic movement will be printed (Jobname. OUT). You can choose to output the
real and imaginary parts, or amplitude and phase angle.
Option form of the mass matrix (LUMPM).
This option is used by default or consistent mass matrix approximation lumped
(in this case the mass matrix is diagonal). We recommend this option to accept the
default for most applications. For some problems, using "thin" system, such as thin
beams or very thin shell approximation of the mass matrix using lumped masses often
leads to better results. Mass matrix approximation using concentrated masses requires
less time and memory solutions.
After filling in all the fields of the dialog "box" options harmonic analysis,
click on the "OK" button and a dialog will appear the second "box", where you
choose the method of solutions.
Option "A method of solving" [EQSLV]. You can choose the frontal method
(default), the method of Jacobi joined gradients (JCG), The method of incomplete
Cholesky connected gradients (ICCG). Frontal method is recommended for most
problems in mechanics.
3. The application loads the model.
Harmonic analysis by definition implies that the applied loads vary
sinusoidally in time. For a complete description of harmonic loads using three
parameters: amplitude, phase angle, the frequency range (Figure 2.1).
Fig. 2.1.
9
Amplitude - this is the maximum load value that can be selected by using the
commands shown in table 2.2.
Phase angle - is the measured time at which the load is delayed or ahead
relative to a given point in time. On the complex diagram (see Figure 2.1), this angle
is measured with respect to the real axis. The phase angle is only required if there are
multiple loads with different phases. For example, the unbalanced rotation of the
antenna shown in Fig. 2.2 would lead to vertical loads in four reference points with
different phase angles.
Fig.2.2
The phase angle can not be injected directly. For this it is necessary to
determine the real and imaginary component, and using the value VALUE1
VALUE2 in the appropriate command task load. Fig. 2.1 shows how to determine the
real and imaginary components.
Frequency range is a range of frequencies of the harmonic load. It is defined
later in the option of load steps with the command HARFRQ.
Note 1. Harmonic analysis of the reaction can not rely on the simultaneous
action of several forces having different frequency, for example from two machines
10
with different angular velocities, operating simultaneously. Although you can use to
account for POST1 joint action of these forces.
Table 2.2 shows the load applicable for static analysis. The exception is the
inertial loads, which you can attach to a solid model (points, lines, surfaces), or finiteelement model (nodes and elements).
Loads applied to harmonic analysis.
Table 2.2.
Type of load
Category
Fixation
Family
teams
D
Energy
Surface loads
SF
Bulk load
BF
Inertial loads
Temperature
(TEMP)
Wrap (FLUE)
Gravity, rotation,
etc.
Interface
Main Menu> Solution> Load-Apply>
Structural-Displasement
In the process of solving the problem of load can be applied, moved, printed,
or they can be produced mathematical operations. Table 2.3 shows the operations
team with loads for harmonic analysis.
Operations team with loads
Table 2.3
Objects
Solid
model or
CEM
2
Movemen
Solid
Type of
load
Appli
Destruction
Operations
Options
Point
DK
DKDELE
DKLIST
DTRAN
Solid
Line
DL
DLDELE
DLLIST
DTRAN
Solid
Surface
DA
DADELE
DALIST
DTRAN
cation
t
Movemen
t
Movemen
t
11
2
KEM
3
Nodes
4
D
5
DDELE
6
DLIST
7
DSCALE
Solid
KEM
Solid
Solid
KEM
Point
Nodes
Line
Surface
Nodes
FK
F
SFL
SFA
SF
FKDELE
FDELE
SFLDELE
SFADELE
SFDELE
FKLIST
FLIST
LSFLLIST
SFALIST
SFLIST
FTRAN
FSCALE
SFTRAN
SFTRAN
SFSCALE
Pressure
KEM
Elements
SFE
SFEDELE
SFELIST
SFSCALE
Temperat
ure, flow
around
Temperat
ure, flow
around
Temperat
ure, flow
around
Solid
Point
BFK
BFKDELE
BFKLIST
BFTRAN
8
DSYM
DCUM
FCUM
SFGRAD
SFGRAD
SFGRAD
SFCUM
SFGRAD
SFBEAM
SFFUN
SFCUM
-
Solid
Line
BFL
BFLDELE
BFLLIST
BFTRAN
Solid
Surface
BFA
BFADELE
BFALIST
BFTRAN
12
Print
Database and the resulting file
Extrapolation of the results
Team
Interface
Main options
NSUBST
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opt> Time /
Friquens> Freq & Substep
KBC
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opt> Time /
Friquens> Time & Time Step / Freq & Substep
Options dynamics
HARFRQ Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opt> Time /
Friquens> Freq & Substep
ALPHAD
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opt> Time /
BETAD
Friquens> Damping
DMPRAT
Options presentation of results
OUTPR
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opt> Output
Ctrls> Solu Printout
OUTRES Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opt> Output
Ctrls> DB / Result File
ERESX
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opt> Output
Ctrls> Integration Pt
Damping in the system must be carefully defined, otherwise can be infinite amplitude
at the resonance frequency. Frequency-dependent damping coefficients entered teams
ALPHAD (proportional to the mass matrix) and BETAD (Proportional to the
stiffness matrix),and frequency-independent damping coefficient by the command
DMPRAT.
RemarkIf damping is not defined in the direct method of harmonic analysis, the
program uses zero damping.
Options presentation of the results include the following:
Print Output [OUTPR] Use this option to include a variety of data results in the
output file (Jobname.OUT).
The database and the data in the result output file [OUTRES]. This option
controls the data in the output file (Jobname.RST).
Extrapolation of the results [ERESX]. Using this option allows you to view the
results on the elements of copying them to the nodes instead of extrapolating
(default).
5. Save a copy of the database in a file named. You can then re-ignite your model,
and introducing restarting ANSYS command RESUME.
Team SAVE. Interface: Utility Menu> File> Save as.
6. Running solutions. Team SOLVE. Interface Main Menu> Solution> Solve Current LS.
7. Repeat steps 3 to 6 for other additional loads and other frequency bands. If you
plan to pursue post-processing (POST26), the frequency ranges must not overlap
between load steps. Another method of increasing load steps is to maintain the
loading steps in the file, and then obtaining solutions using a macro.
8. Exit solutions.
2.2. View the results.
Harmonic analysis results are recorded in the results file Jobname.RST
They
consist of the following data, each of which depends on the frequency for which the
solution was obtained:
Direct data.
14
POST26 allows you to view the results in some points of the model in
some frequency bands.
Some typical operations postprocessors for harmonic analysis are given
To view the results in POST1 and POST26 database must contain the
same storage model for which the solution is obtained;
Using POST26
The result is a table of POST26. Each variable has its own reference
number, the first number is reserved for frequency.
1. Define variables using these options:
Teams:
NSOL to move nodes;
15
16
2. Draw a deformed state of the system, the contours of stresses, strains, etc. Or
vector [PLVEC]. For tabulated listing, use commands PRNSOL, PRESOLEtc.
Option of drawing strain state
Team PLDISP
Interface: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape
Drawing Paths option.
Teams: PLNSOL or PLESOL.
Interface: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot-Nodal
Solu or Element Solu.
Use the options to display the results, such as stress (SX, SY, SZ ....), deformation
(EPELX, EPELY, EPELZ ...) and displacement (UX, UY, UZ ...).
Option drawing vector.
Team PLVEC
Interface:
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Vector Plot-Predefined.
Option tabular listing.
Teams:
PRNSOL (Results of nodes)
PRESOL (Results of elements)
PRRSOL (Reaction)
NSORT, ESORT.
Interface Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Nodal Solution.
Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Element Solution.
Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Reaction Solution.
To sort the data before printing, use the command NSORT or ESORT.
POST1 postprocessor has many other functions, such as scaling results, the
conversion results in different coordinate systems, the combination of load cases, etc.
2.4.
17
In this simple problem, we define the harmonic response of two mass system.
We define the amplitude and phase angles Xi ifor each mass mi. The system is under
the action of a harmonic force F1 sin t ,
operating on the weight m1.
Properties of the materials for this
m1 m2 0.5ib sec2 / in
K1 K2 KC 200ib / in
The amplitude of force F1 200ib
The length of the springs is arbitrary and is used only to determine the
direction of deformation of the springs. Two main degrees of freedom defined by the
masses in the direction of the deformation of the springs. Selected frequency range
from zero to 7.5 Hz. Total accounted for 30 harmonics. Frequency step is 7.5/30 =
0.25 Hz
Entering a title problem.
1. Utility Menu> File> Change Title
2. Enter the text Harmonic Response of Two Mass Spring System and press
OK
Determining the types of elements.
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add / Edit / Delete.
2. Click Add. A dialog "box" type elements.
3. Read the list of items on the left side "box" and select Combination.
4. Click once on the right side of the box on Spring-damper 14."
5. Click APPLY.
18
14.By default, the node 2 is constructed. Click OK. Nodes 2 and 3 will appear
on the graphics window.
Constructing springs.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Click Apply.
7.
Selecting the type of analysis, the main degrees of freedom and load steps.
1. Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type-New Analys
2. Click on Harmonic and click OK.
3. Main Menu> Solution>Analysis Option
4. Click on Full, choosing solution method.
5. Click once on the "Amplitude + phase to select the output format.
6. Click OK on the dialog box Full Harmonic Analyze
7. Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opt>-Output Ctrls> SoluPrintout.
8. Click on Last substep Print frequencies click OK.
20
9. Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opt> Time / Friquens> Freq &
Substep
10. Enter 0 and 7.5 for the frequency range.
11.Enter 30 for the number of steps.
12.Click on Stepped
13.Click OK.
Determination of loads and boundary conditions.
1. Main Menu> Solution> Load-Apply> Structural-Displasement> On
Nodes
2. Press Pick All Select All"
3. Select UY.
4. Click OK.
5. Main Menu> Solution> Load-Apply> Structural-Displasement> On
Nodes
6. In the graphics window, click on the nodes 1 and 4.
7. Click OK.
8. In the dialog box, click on the UX and UY.
9. Click on OK.
10. Main Menu> Solution> Load-Apply> Structural-Force/Moment> On
Nodes
11. In the graphics window, click on the node 2.
12. Click OK.
13. In the dialog box, select the FX
14. Enter 200 for the real part and click OK.
Decision model.
1. Main Menu> Solution> Solve - Current LS.
2. See information in the status window and click Close.
3. Click OK.
4. When the solution is completed, a dialog box Solution is done" Click
Close.
21
22
Fig.2.2
3. Truncated method
Truncated method uses truncated matrix for the harmonic analysis. Solution of
the problem consists of the following steps:
1. Construction of the model;
2. Application of loads and getting truncated solutions;
3. View Results truncated solutions.
4. Expanding the solution
5. View Results expanded solutions.
The first step of course, is exactly the same as for the full model.
3.1.
23
5. Select option loads steps. They are the same as that for the full method,
except for commands OUTRES and ERESX. Team OUTPR controls the
printing resolution of the major nodal degrees of freedom. [OUTPR,
NSOL, ALL (or NONE)].
6. Save a copy of the database.
Utility Menu> File> Save as.
7. Run the solution
Main Menu> Solution> Solve - Current LS.
8. Repeat steps 4 through 7, with additional strength and frequency bands. If
you plan to use a temporary frequency postprocessor POST26, frequency
ranges must not overlap.
9. Close the menu SOLUTION.
3.2 View Results truncated solutions.
Results truncated harmonic analysis are recorded in a truncated file
movements Jobname. RFRQ. It consists of movements on the main degrees of
freedom, which have a harmonic character strength for each frequency for
which the solution was obtained. As a method for complete these movements
will be complex if it was determined damping, or if forces were applied in
more than one phase. You can see the movement on the main degrees of
24
Before defining variables for use POST26 team FILE to select the
data to be read from the file Jobname.RFRQ. For example, if
HARMONIC - name of the task team would be: FILE,
HARMONIC, RFRQ.
/ SOLU
Main Menu> Solution.
2. Please enable expansion solution and its options.
Options
Rasshienie On / Off
The number of solutions
to expand
Frequency range to
expand
Phase angle for expansion
Stress analysis on / off
Nodal solutions
Output Format
Teams
EXPASS
NUME XP
NUME XP
HREXP
NUME XP
EXPSOL
HROUT
Interface
Main Menu> Solution>Analys Type-Expansion Pass
Main Menu> Solution>Load Step Opt-Expansion
Pass>Range of Solu s
Main Menu> Solution>Load Step Opt-Expansion
Pass>Range of Solu s
Main Menu> Solution>Load Step Opt-Expansion
Pass>Range of Solu s
Main Menu> Solution>Load Step Opt-Expansion
Pass>Range of Solu s
Main Menu> Solution> Analys Opt
5.
Repeat steps 2,3 and 4 for additional solutions. Each expansion solution is
stored as a separate step load in the results file.
6.
Derived data:
Etc.
You can view them using POST1. If you've spent expansion solutions at
several frequencies, you can use POST26 to plot stress as a function of frequency.
The procedure for using POST1 or POST26 the same as that described for the
full method, except for one feature: if you want the phase angle [HREXP, angle],
The only one solution is possible for each frequency.
In this step, the program uses the mode shapes obtained from modal analysis.
File eigenmodes (Jobname. MOD) should be created and the database must contain
the same model that was conducted modal analysis. If the modal analysis method was
used subspace method or block, and thus the mass matrix used by default, ie, the
diagonal mass matrix, can be obtained by a complete file (Jobname. FULL).
1. Enter into solutions.
/ SOLU or Main Menu> Solution
2. Determine the type of analysis and its options. This is the same as described
for the full method, except for some differences.
Select the method of superposition of modes [HROPT].
Select the mods that you want to use to solve [HROPT]. This determines
the accuracy of the harmonic solutions. Typically, the number of the modes
should be chosen so that their frequency response was 50% greater than the
frequency range of applied forces.
Usually the decision "thickens" design around the natural frequencies
[HROUT] To obtain a more accurate response curve.
29
Expansion procedure solutions are the same as that described for the truncated
method. File Jobname. TRI required only if you used the method of disclosure of the
30
6. Transient analysis
6.1.
Introduction.
Transient analysis (sometimes called an analysis time) is used to find the
dynamic response of the system under the action of some of the load-dependent time.
You can use this type of analysis to determine the time dependence of the
displacements, strains, stresses and forces in the system as a response to some
combination of static, transient and harmonic forces. Calculation of the time scale
means that the effects of inertia and damping are important. If these effects are not
taken into account, it is sufficient static analysis.
The basic equation of motion is
M u Cu K u F (t ) ,
31
F (t ) Load vector.
At some given time t, this equation can be interpreted as a set of "static"
equilibrium equations considering inertia forces and damping forces. ANSYS uses
the Nyumarka procedure for time integration. Increment of time given time steps.
6.2.
dynamic transient analysis that you use for other types of finite element analysis.
Dynamic transient analysis is more time consuming than static analysis, and requires
large computer resources and very large your "engineering" of resources (eg, time
spent). You can save some of these resources performing some preliminary work for
the understanding of the physical nature of the problem. For example, you can:
1. Initially, the simplest problem to solve. Model consisting of beams, weights
and springs can give a good approximation to the true solution with
minimal time. This simple model can fully satisfy you in solving the
problem of finding the dynamic response of the system.
2. If you turn the system nonlinearity, first try to understand how these effects
influence the system under static load. In some cases, they do not make
sense to include in a dynamic analysis.
3. Try to understand the dynamics of the system. It is useful to carry out a
modal analysis to determine the natural frequencies and vibration modes.
This will help you to understand the response of the system under the action
of loads. In addition, knowledge of the natural frequencies will help you
determine the right size of time steps.
4. For nonlinear problems using technology subsystems (Substructuring) linear
part of the model to reduce solution time.
6.3. Three methods of solution.
There are three methods of solving the problem of dynamic transient
analysis: full, reduced and the method of superposition of modes. Program
32
It uses the full matrix so that the matrix mass of approximation is required.
It takes into account all types of loads: nodal forces are not zero
displacements (although this is not recommended), load elements (pressure
and temperature).
The main drawback of the method is that it requires more memory and more time
solving.
6.3.2. Reduced method.
Reduced method condenses the size of the problem by using the main
degrees of freedom and the reduced matrices. After calculating the displacement
along the main degrees of freedom, ANSYS solution extends to the full set of degrees
of freedom. Benefits reduced method:
It works faster and is less "expensive" method.
Disadvantages reduced method:
33
In the initial decision determined only move along the main degrees of
freedom. The second step, known as the expansion step is required for all
displacements, stresses, forces. Sometimes the expansion step is not
required.
Load elements (pressure, temperature) is not supported but allowed
acceleration.
All loads must be attached to the main degrees of freedom selected by the
user. This limits the use of solid loadings.
Time steps should be permanent, as the automatic determination of the steps
is not supported.
Allowed nonlinearity type contact conditions between nodes or gaps.
6.3.3. Superposition method mod.
In the method of superposition of modes summed coefficients of mode shapes
of modal analysis. This method is the only permissible method for the program
ANSYS / LINEAR PLUS. Its advantages are:
It works faster and is less "expensive" method and compared with the
reduced and full methods.
Load elements enclosed in modal analysis, can be applied by using the
LVSCALE.
This method supports the modal damping (damping ratio as a function of
the mode number).
Disadvantages of the method:
Time step size should be constant, as automatic selection step is not
supported.
Allowed nonlinearity type contact conditions between nodes or gaps.
It can not be used for a "floating" or not fixed system.
When you use the Power Dynamics, the initial conditions can not be preapplied loads or displacements.
Method does not support the use of non-zero displacement.
34
If you are interested in the effects of wave propagation, the partition should
be sufficient to represent the wave. Usually it takes about 20 elements per
wavelength along the direction of propagation.
Application of loads and to obtain a decision. In this step, you define the type of
analysis and its options, a load is applied, choose the option of load steps and initiate
the finite element solution.
1. Enter into the "solution" command / SOLU or via interface:
35
Team
New Analysis
ANTYPE
Analysis Type:
Transient Dynamic
ANTYPE
Method of solution
TR NOPT
LUMPM
NLGEOM
SSTIF
Options NewtonRaphson
NROPT
Solver
EQSLV
36
Force
Force
3
4
1
2
4
Time
Time
Figure 6.1
37
The first time step is typically used to set the initial conditions. Then you must
determine the load and load steps option for subsequent time steps. For each time
step, you need to determine the amount of load and the value of time, to determine
the load options, such as the jump or smooth increase of load, the use of automatic
step selection, etc. Then you have to write each time step in the file and solve all the
time steps together.
Accounting for initial conditions.
First time step in the applied load is used to set the initial conditions, ie, at t =
0. Dynamic transient analysis requires two sets of initial conditions (since the
equations of motion are second-order equations): initial move u 0 and the initial
velocity u 0 . If they are not specified, they are considered to be zero. Initial
acceleration u0 always taken to be zero, but you can choose nonzero initial
acceleration of the relevant application acceleration on a small time interval.
Zero initial displacement and zero initial velocity - This is the default initial
conditions, ie if u 0 u 0 0 you should not determine anything. You can attach the
load corresponding to the first "corner" curve "load-time" in the first time step.
Nonzero initial displacement and nonzero initial velocity you can enter these
initial conditions by using the IC or via:
Main Menu> Solution>-Loads Apply> Initial Condit `n> Define
Caution: You can not define the initial conditions are incompatible. For
example, you have identified an initial velocity in a single degree of freedom, and the
initial velocity in all other degrees of freedom equal to zero, which leads to conflict
of initial conditions. In most cases, the initial conditions are entered in all loose
degrees of freedom model. If these initial conditions are not the same for all degrees
of freedom, then you need to enter them as shown below. (See description of the
commands TIMIND andIC).
38
Table 6.2
Load transient analysis
Type of load
Category
Teams
Interface
Displacement (UX,
UY, UZ, ROTX,
ROTY, ROTZ
Forces, torques (FX,
FY, FZ, MX, MY,
MZ)
Fixing
Energy
Pressure (PRES)
Surface loads
SF
Temperature (TEMP)
Wrap (FLUE)
Bulk load
BF
Gravity, rotation
Inertial loads
Move
Energy
Pressure
Tvedotelnay
a or finite
element
model
2
Solid
Solid
Solid
Finite
element
Solid
Finite
element
Solid
Solid
Finite
element
Objects
Application
Removal
Operations
Options
3
Point
Line
Surface
Nodes
4
DK
DL
DA
D
5
DKDELE
DLDELE
DADELE
DDELE
6
DKLIST
DLLIST
DALIST
DLIST
7
DTRAN
DTRAN
DTRAN
DSCALE
Point
Nodes
FK
F
FKDELE
FDELE
FKLIST
FLIST
FTRAN
FSCALE
8
DSYM
DSUM
FSUM
Line
Surface
Nodes
SFL
SFA
SF
SFLDELE
SFADELE
SFDELE
SFLLIST
SFALIST
SFLIST
SFTRAN
SFTRAN
SFSCALE
Elements
SFE
SFEDELE
SFELIST
SFSCALE
Finite
element
SFGRAD
SFGRAD
SFGRAD
SFCUM
SFGRAD
SFBEAM
SFFUN
SFCUM
Continued tabl.6.3
1
Temperatur
e, Wrap
2
Solid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Finite
element
Finite
element
-
Inertia
3
Point
Line
Surface
Volumes
Nodes
4
BFK
BFL
BFA
BFV
BF
5
BFKDELE
BFLDELE
BFADELE
BFVDELE
BFDELE
6
BFKLIST
BFLLIST
BFALIST
BFVLIST
BFLIST
7
BFTRAN
BFTRAN
BFTRAN
BFTRAN
BFSCALE
8
BFSUM
Elements
BFE
BFEDELE
BFELIST
BFSCALE
BFSUM
ACEL
OMEGA
DOMEGA
CGLOC
CGOMGA
DCGOM
IRLF
Printing loads
Utility Menu> List> Loads>Load type
41
Possible options for dynamic load steps transient analysis are shown in Table 6.4.
Table 6.4
Option
Team
Time integration
effect
Transient
integration
parameters
Damping
TIMINT
TINTP
ALPHAD
BETAD
MP,
DAMP
Time
TIME
Hopping or smoothly
varying load
KBC
Main options
Main Menu> Solutions>-Loads Step OptTime/Frequens> Time & Time Step or Time & Substep
Main Menu> Solutions>-Loads Step OptTime/Frequens> Time & Time Step or Time & Substep
Option
compensation
prediction
Options research
lines
Criterion of "creep"
Options closure
solutions
Output to a printer
Database and the
resulting file
Extrapolation of the
results
NE QIT
CNVTOL
PRED
LNSRCH
CRPLIM
NCNV
ERSX
42
43
higher the accuracy. Recommendations on the choice of the time step size are given
later.
Automatic selection step [AUTOTS].
This option, known as the optimization of the time step in transient analysis,
increases or decreases the step size depending on the response of the system. For
most purposes, we recommend that you enable automatic selection of the upper and
lower limits of the step sizes. These limits are selected using commands DELTIM or
NSUBST. By default, this option is enabled, when the option SOLCONTROL.
6.6Accounting options nonlinearities.
Accounting options nonlinearities are used only if the system includes nonlinearity
(plasticity, contact elements, creep, etc.). These include:
The maximum number of iterations [NEQIT];
Accuracy convergence [CNVTOL];
Option correction prediction [PRED];
Option research line [LNSRCH];
Criterion creep [CRPLIM];
Option closure solutions [NCNV].
More information on the use of these options, see "Guidelines for nonlinear
problems."
6.7.
44
Attention: By default, only the last time step is written to the output file with the full
method of dynamic analysis. To record all the steps set FREQ field team OUTRES
position ALL. Maximum 1000 steps written to the output file by default. To
increase memory resources, use the command /CONFIG, NRES.
Sometimes the proper use of commands OUTRES or OUTPR may lead to some
difficulties.
Example load file is shown below.
TIME, ..... | Time end of the first load step
LOADS. .. | Meaning of load over time
KBC, | Continuous or intermittent load
LSWRITE | Write to the file load step
TIME, .... | Time end of the second load step
LOADS ... | load value at a time over
KBC, ... | Continuous or intermittent load
LSWRITE | Write to the file load step
TIME, ..... | Time end of the third load step
LOADS ... | load value at a time over
KBC | Continuous or intermittent load
LSWRITE | Write to the file load step
And so on
4. Save the configuration load each load step through the interface or the
command LSWRITE:
Main Menu> Solution> Write LS File.
Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each corner of the load-time curve. You may want to
have an extra load step, extending the last point on the curve over time to account for
the reaction system after the load.
5. Save a copy of the database in the task file. You can then restart ANSYS
and use the command RESUME.
Utility Menu> File> Save As
6. Run the task solution. Additional features of building and problem solving
with numerous steps loads (array method parameters) listed in section 3.10
procedures manual ANSYS.
Team LSSOLVE.
Interface: Main Menu> Solution> Solve-From Ls Files
7. Close the menu SOLUTION.
45
48
these errors, before drawing choose elements having the same material, the same
thickness of the shell, etc. Or use the Power Graphic team AVRES (Main Menu>
General Postproc> Options for Outp) to turn off the averaging.
Optional vector drawing.
Team PLVEC (vector drawing), PRVEC (print vectors).
Interface:
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Vector Plot-Predefined
Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Vector Data.
Vectors show (not to be confused with the vector modes) effective trajectory vector
quantities, such as translation, rotation and strain.
Print option tabulated.
Teams:
PRNSOL (Result of the decision in the nodes);
PRESOL (Result of an item)
PRRSOL (Reactions)
NSORT, ESORT
Interface:
Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results>solution option
Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Sorted Listing-Sort Nodes or Sort
Elems.
In POST1 provides many other functions: scaling results, the combination of load
cases, etc.
Below is an example of input and command tasks.
Construction of the model
/ FILNAM, .... | Name of the task
/ TITLE, .... | Title
/ PREP7 | Log in preprocessor
--------------- | Construction of the model
FINISH
Application of loads and to obtain a decision
/ SOLU | mode solutions
ANTYPE, TRANS | Transient analysis
TRNOPT, FULL | Complete Method
D, | Binding
50
F, | Force
SF,
ALPHAD, | Damping proportional to the masses
BETAD, | Damping proportional stiffness
KBC, | Continuous or intermittent load
TIME, | end time load step
AUTOTS, ON | Automatic selection of the time step
DELTIM, | the time step size
OUTRES, | Options resulting file
LSWRITE | Record of the first load step
----------------------------- | Loads, time, etc. for the second load step
LSWRITE | Record of the second load step
SAVE
LSSOLVE, 1,2 | Initialization solutions with multiple load steps
FINISH
View Results
/ POST26
SOLU,
NSOL, | Accumulation of results across nodes as variables
ESOL,,,, | Collect results on elements like variables
RFORCE | Accumulation reactions as variables
PLVAR, | Drawing graphs
PRVAR | Print variables
FINISH
/ POST1
SET, | read results in a database
PLDISP, | deformed state
PRRSOL, | Efforts reactions
PLNSOL, | Drawing nodal results
PRERR, | Estimated percentage of errors
.........
FINISH
You can include the effects of prestressing [PSTRES]. This file requires elements
from the previous static or transient analysis;
Restart not possible [ANTYPE].
3. Identify key degrees of freedom. It should mainly characterize the dynamic
behavior of the system. Reduced for transient analysis, the main degrees of
freedom necessary to choose where you want to define the conditions of the
gap, to contribute or not zero displacements. You can print selected major
degrees of freedom, or to destroy them.
Teams:
M
MGEN
TOTAL
MLIST
MDELE
Actions in the interface:
52
Terms gap similar to the element type is selected and the gap between the
surfaces between which is supposed to contact (impact) during the transition
process. ANSYS considers efforts in the gap, which develop when the gap is
closed using the equivalent nodal load vector. Some recommendations for
determining the conditions of the gap are given below.
Use sufficient conditions for obtaining a uniform distribution of contact
stress between the contacting surfaces.
53
Forces and non-zero displacement must be attached only to the main degrees of
freedom.
As mentioned for the full method, numerous steps load usually require the definition
of "load history" in transition analysis. The first step is used to establish initial
conditions. The second and subsequent load steps are used to enter values.
Set the initial conditions. Basic conditions may be set explicitly only for
displacements ( u 0 ), The initial velocity and acceleration must be zero.
(u 0 0, u0 0) . Movement can not be eliminated in the subsequent steps load,
nevertheless, they can not be used for determining the initial velocity. In the
reduced transient analysis of static solution is always considered as a
preliminary ruling used to determine u 0 .
Identify options load steps for the first step. The following options for the
first step (see Table. 6.5).
54
Table 6.5
Options for the first load step
Option
Team
Integration
options
Damping
TINTP
ALPHAD
BETAD
MP, DAMP
Main options
Step time
integration
DELTIM
OUTPR
Dynamic option.
The dynamic features include the following:
Integration parameters [TINTP].
This parameter controls the integration algorithm Nyumarka. The default method of
average acceleration.
Damping.
Damping is present in some form in most systems and must be considered in solving
the problem. You can choose four forms of damping in the reduced dynamic analysis:
Alpha (damping is proportional to the mass) [ALPHAD];
Beta (damping proportional to stiffness) [BETAD];
Damping-dependent material properties [MP, DAMP];
Damping element (e.g., element COMBIN7).
Main options
Integration step [DELTIM]
Integration step is assumed constant.
If you enter the TIME command for the first load step, it will be ignored. The first
solution is always static at T = 0.
Options control the output.
55
56
function of time. You can see the movement on the main degrees of freedom as a
function of time using the POST 26.
The procedure for using POST 26 is the same as described for the full method,
except for the following differences:
Before defining the variables in POST 26, use the command FILE
(Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Setting> File) To select the data to be
read from a file Jobname. RDSP. For example, if the name of the task TRANS, it will be a full team FILE FILE, TRANS, RDSP.
Team
Expansion
solution on / off
EXPASS
Non-extensible
solutions
NUMEXP
Expansion of a
unique solution
EXPSOL
Pass
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts-Expansion
Pass> Range Of Solus
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts-Expansion
Pass> Single Expand-By Time / Freq
The results of the extended solutions are written to the output file Jobname.
RST. They consist of the following data calculated for each time point, for which the
reduced solution.
Direct data;
Nodal displacements (UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ).
Derived data:
Voltage at the nodes and elements;
Deformation at the nodes and elements;
Forces in the elements;
Reaction forces at the nodes;
Etc.
You can view these results using POST1. If you got an extended
solution for multiple time points, you can use POST26 to plot stresses, deformations
or forces as a function of time. The procedure for using POST1 or POST26 the same
as for the full method.
6.10 Example transient analysis.
This example shows a transient analysis using the reduced method at a constant
force to the finite time of its rise. In this problem, a steel beam with a concentrated
mass is exposed to dynamic loading.
Steel beam length l supports a concentrated mass m. Acts on the beam dynamic
load F (t) c time ascending t r and a maximum value F1 . If the weight of the beam is
not taken into account to determine the time at which you want the maximum
displacement t max and the maximum displacement value y max . Still need to determine
the maximum stress in the beam.
The beam is used in this decision, and its area is taken as a unit. Full-time 0.1
allows weight to achieve maximum displacement. Home degree of freedom takes on
mass in the transverse direction. Static solution is obtained on the first load step. The
time of maximum response (0,092 s) was chosen to expand solutions.
Conditions of the problem
59
Step 3 Load
F (t)
l
Step 2 Load
l/2
20
Step 1 Load
F
(t)
0,075
0,092
t,
0.1 with
65
Methods of solving the problem may be the following: reduced, block, subspace,
or Power Dynamic (the other two methods and damped unbalanced do not apply
to the method of superposition of modes). You can use the Power Dynamic, only
if there is no initial static load (all loads are zero in the first step);
Disclose all the modes required for transient analysis;
Method for reduced disclosure events, including the main degrees of freedom of
the nodes in which the forces and conditions specified gap.
Enter fixing. These consolidation will be ignored if they are specified in the
transition analysis by superposition of modes instead of modal analysis.
If you must enter the load elements (pressure, temperature, acceleration, etc.) in a
transient dynamic analysis, you must determine their modal analysis. Load
ignored in modal analysis, but the load vector will be calculated and recorded in
the form file mode (Jobname. MODE). You can then use this load vector for the
transient analysis.
These models should not change between modal and transient analysis.
There is no need to disclose the method of superposition of fashion events. If you
want to view from the reduced form of fashion solutions, you have to open them.
6.11.2. The solution by superposition of modes.
In this step, the program uses the mode shapes obtained in the modal analysis. It must
be remembered that:
File mode shapes to be produced (Jobname. MODE).
The database must contain the same model for which the solution obtained modal
analysis.
1. Enter the command / SOLU or via interface: Main Menu> Solutions.
2. Determine the type of analysis and its options. This is the same as that described
for the full method, excluding the following features:
Select the method of superposition of modes [TRNOPT].
Determine the number of modes to be used in decision [TRNOPT]. This
determines the accuracy of the transient solutions. At a minimum, you must use all
the modes which, in your opinion, affect the dynamic response of the system. For
66
example, if you turn to the consideration of the high frequencies, the number of
modes must be taken into account include high fashion. By default, all modes
obtained in the modal analysis.
Nonlinear options [NLGEOM, SSTIF, NROPT] Are not considered.
Restart not possible [ANTYPE].
3. Define the conditions of the gap if necessary. They can only be defined between
the two major nodes or between the master node and the "ground."
Team GP . Interface: Main Menu> Solutions> Dynamic Gap Cond> Define
4. Attach the load to the model. The following load method of superposition of
modes:
Only possible forces and translational acceleration vector loads generated in the
modal analysis. Not zero displacements are ignored. For an application, use the
command load vector LVSCALE (Main Menu> Solutions> Loads - Apply>
Load Vector> For Mode Super).
If the mode shapes obtained from the reduced modal analysis, force may be
applied only to the main degrees of freedom.
Multiple load steps usually require the definition of "loading history" in
transition analysis. The first step load is used to determine the initial conditions, and
the second and subsequent steps are used for the analysis of transients.
Set the initial conditions. The initial conditions, which can be accurately set this
initial move. Static solution using the method of superposition of modes is
always considered as the first solution at a given load. If modal analysis program
was used POWER DYNAMICS, any load or displacement is not taken into
account, ie, in this case only accepted zero initial conditions.
Options load steps for the first step
Option
Team
Integration options
TINTP
Load Vector
LVSCALE
Damping
ALPHAD
BETAD
DMPRAT
MP, DAMP
Main options
Step time integration
DELTIM
OUTPR
Dynamic options
The dynamic features include the following:
Integration parameters [TINTP].
This parameter controls the integration algorithm Nyumarka. The default method of
average acceleration.
Load vector [LVSCALE]
This option allows you to apply the load vector, built in modal analysis. You can use
this application for the load vector on the load elements (pressure, temperature, etc.)
Damping.
Damping is present in some form in most systems and must be considered in solving
the problem. You can choose four forms of damping in the reduced dynamic analysis:
Alpha (damping is proportional to the mass) [ALPHAD];
Beta (damping proportional to stiffness) [BETAD];
Constant damping ratio [DMPRAT];
Damping-dependent material properties [MP, DAMP];
Modal damping [MDAMP];
Main options
Integration step [DELTIM]
Integration step is assumed constant. By default, the integration step is taken
equal to 1 / (20f), where f is the lowest frequency considered in the decision. Team
[DELTIM] Is seen only on the first load step, and is ignored in subsequent steps.
Options control the output.
68
2. Determine the curve of load versus time. The time step must be small
enough to pass a function of load. The trend seen in the reaction with
respect to some lag applied forces, especially after a sudden change in load,
as shown in the figure. Sudden change of load requires small time steps. In
this case it is recommended to take the time step is smaller than 1/180f.
72
Ris7.1
3. Determine the frequency of contact. In problems with contact elements
(impact) the time step should be considerably shorter than the interaction
between the two contacting surfaces. In other words, will attend apparent
losses of energy shot is perfectly elastic. Step integration may be
determined from the frequency of contact.
Integration step = 1/Nfc,
Where f c 1 2 k m
Here k gap stiffness, m the effective mass in the gap, N-number of points per
cycle. To minimize energy losses usually take N = 30. Make sure to take a
greater value if you want to find the acceleration. For the reduced method and
the method of superposition of modes N must be at least not less than 7.
You can use more than 30 steps per cycle during impact when the contact
between the contact and the mass much less than the total time and the transient
weight so that the effect of energy loss in the entire system can be small.
4. Determine the wave propagation. If you are interested in the effects of wave
propagation, the time step should be less time meme propagation through
the element.
5. Determine nonlinearity. For most nonlinear problems, the required time
step depends strongly on the type of nonlinearity. For example, the system
tends to increase the rigidity under load (e.g., a large problem when the
displacement of the flexural model to the membrane). This should be an
assessment of the highest frequency of the system.
After evaluating the time step using these recommendations, use the minimum
value for the calculation. Using the automatic time step will allow you to
entrust the problem of choosing the step program.
7.2 Automatic time step.
Automatic selection of the time step allows you to change the integration step,
based on the frequency response and nonlinear effects. The main benefit of this
program is that the total number of integration steps can be reduced. If present in the
73
problem of non-linearity, the use of automatic step has additional advantages. You
can activate the automatic selection of the step team AUTOTS.
Although the obvious advantage of the automatic step selection for all types of
analysis, there may be situations in which you may not be benefits from the use of
automated steps.
Tasks having only a localized dynamic behavior (such as turbine blades and hub
assembly), where part of the system containing the low-frequency energy, the
high frequency area may prevail.
Problems with permanent-magnet (for example, seismic load), wherein the time
step has a tendency to change continuously, as excited by different frequencies.
Problems with kinematic excitation (as solid), where the contribution of the
oscillations as a rigid body can dominate.
7.3 Damping.
Damping present in most systems must be within the dynamic analysis. In
ANSYS are used five types of damping:
Modal damping;
Damping elements.
When using ANSYS / Linear Plus is possible to use only a constant
damping ratio and modal damping. You can select more than one form of damping in
the model. The program will generate damping matrix [C], as the sum of the selected
forms of damping.
Table 7.1 lists the types of damping applicable to various kinds of
analysis.
Table 7.1
Type of analysis
Alpha and
Beta damping
[ALPHAD,
BETAD]
DampingConstant
Modal
dependent
damping ratio dlempfirovani
material
[DMPRAT]
e
properties
[MDAMP]
[MP, DAMP]
Damping
elements3
[COMBIN7
etc.]
74
No
Statics
No
No
No
No
Net5
Net5
Net5
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Harmonic
Full
Truncated
Super. Pos Mod
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes4
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Transition
Full
Reduced
Super. Pos Mod
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes4
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes1
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes1
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Spectral
SPRS
MPRS2
DDAM
PSD
Stability
Substructure
C M K
Teams and ALPHAD BETAD used to determine and as decimal numbers.
Values and Usually not known in advance, but they can be determined from the
modal damping ratios i . i -The ratio of actual damping to the critical damping of
75
the i-th individual fashion. If i - Own the angular frequency of the i-mode, the
and must satisfy the relation:
i 2 i i 2
In many practical cases, alpha damping (or mass damping) can be ignored (=
0). In these cases, you can identify of known values i and i as
2 i i .
frequency range. (Fig. 7.2). Thus, for a given and the frequency range of 1 to 2 Coefficients and can be determined from the system of two equations.
Figure 7.2
Alpha damping may lead to erroneous results if a large mass was artificially
introduced into the model. One common example is when a large mass of artificially
introduced into the base model to be able to input range acceleration. (You can use a
large range of mass to convert accelerations range forces). Damping coefficient
alpha, which is multiplied by the mass matrix will produce artificially inflated
damping force in such systems, which leads to errors in the input spectrum and
determining the reaction system.
Beta damping and damping material may lead to distorted results in the
nonlinear analysis. These damping coefficients are multiplied by the stiffness matrix,
which is constantly changing in nonlinear problems. The resulting change in damping
can sometimes be the opposite to the actual change in damping, which may distort the
76
physical nature of the problem. For example, it is known from experience that in
physical systems, which are softened during the plastic deformation, respectively,
typically in the development of improved damping plastic flow. The model ANSYS,
having beta damping will decrease damping the development of plastic deformation.
Damping-dependent material properties allows you to define as beta damping
properties of the material [MP, DAMP]. It should be noted that the spectral analysis
is introduced into a damping ratio depending on the material properties Instead .
Another note that for items in which there are several materials, such as SOLID46,
SOLID65, SHELL91, SHELL99, can be determined for the entire element rather
than for each element in the material. In this case, determined from the material
properties of elements using the MAT.
Constant damping ratio - The easiest way to determine the damping system. It
represents the ratio of actual damping to the critical value and is entered as a decimal
fraction team DMPRAT. This is only possible in the spectral analysis, harmonic
analysis and the method of superposition of modes in transient analysis.
Modal damping gives you an opportunity to enter a different attitude damping
for different modes of vibration. This is only possible for the spectral analysis method
and the method of superposition of modes in transient analysis.
Damping elements introduced elements with viscous damping, such as
COMBIN7, COMBIN14, COMBIN37, COMBIN40 etc.
8. Spectral analysis.
Spectral analysis - a solution to the problem using the results of modal analysis
to calculate the displacements and stresses in the model. It is mainly used instead of
timing analysis to determine the response at random loads or loads, time-dependent,
such as an earthquake or wind loads, the load from the sea waves, the impact of a jet
engine, etc.
Spectrum is a graph of the spectral magnitude as a function of frequency,
which determines the intensity and spectral composition of the dynamic loads. There
are three types of spectral analysis:
77
Response spectrum;
-The only response spectrum (SPRS)
Multiple-response spectrum (MPRS)
79
Teams
ANTYPE
SPOPT
Actions in java.lang.Object
Main Menu> Solutions> Analys Type> New
Analys
Main Menu> Solutions> Analys Type> New
Analys> Spectrum
Main Menu> Solutions> Analys Options
Analys Type:
Spectrum
Type
spectrum:
SPRS
The number of
modes for
solutions
ANTYPE
SPOPT
Accuracy of the solution depends strongly on the number of modes used: the
larger the number of modes, the higher the accuracy.
3. Identify options load steps. The following options for univariate spectral analysis.
Options load steps
Table 8.2
Option
Team
Type of response
spectrum
Exciting direction
Frequency
dependence of the
spectrum (the
spectral curve)
Beta (damping
proportional to
stiffness
Constant damping
ratio
Modal damping
Options range
SVTVP
Main Menu> Solutions> Load Step OptSpectrum> Single-point-Settings
SED
Main Menu> Solutions> Load Step OptSpectrum> Single-point-Settings
FREQ, SV
Main Menu> Solutions> Load Step OptSpectrum> Single-point-Freq Table / Spectr
Values
Damping (dynamic option)
BETAD
Main Menu> Solutions> Load Step Opt>
Time / Frequens> Damping
DMPRAT
MDAMP
Options range.
Options include the following range:
Type spectrum [SVTYP].
Type of spectrum can be displacement, velocity, acceleration, force or spectral
density. All spectra except forces represent a seismic spectra and act on the supports.
Range of forces applied to the support units not using the commands F or FK and
direction labels FX, FY, FZ. Spectral Density [SVTYP, 4] is converted into the
internal displacement and the spectrum bandwidth is limited.
Direction of the impact.
Spectral curve [FREQ, SV].
Teams FREQ, SV used for determining the spectral curve. You can define a family
of spectral curves, each curve for various damping ratio. Use the STAT command to
print the current values of the curves. Another team ROCK allows you to determine
the spectrum span.
Damping (dynamic option).
If you have selected more than one form of damping, ANSYS will calculate
the effective damping ratio at each frequency. Spectral value of the effective
damping ratio is then calculated by interpolation on the spectral curve. If damping is
not specified, will be used spectral curve with the highest damping.
81
82
3.
DSUM
Interface:
ACEL)
Note:
4. Run the solution.
If you choose to speed the reaction mode, the speed and voltage are combined
for each mode;
83
If you have chosen as the type of acceleration response, the acceleration voltage
and combined for each mode;
5. Get out of the processor.
8.5 View the results.
The results of spectral analysis of a file written in Jobname. MCOM in the
form of instructions postprocessor POST1. These commands are calculated limit of
the reaction system, a combination of maximum modal responses in some form (in
accordance with the selected method). Limit reactions consist of limiting movements
(or velocity or acceleration), and if placed in the output file at step disclosure events,
limiting stress, deformation and reaction forces.
You can use the general postprocessor POST1 to view the results.
Note: If you want to directly combine operating voltage (S1, S2, S3, SEQV,
SI) of the resulting file, enter the following command SUMTYPE, PRIN before
reading file Jobname. MCOM.
1. Read commands from the file Jobname. MCOM.
Team /INPUT, for example, / INPUT, FILE, MCOM.
Interface: Utility Menu> File> Read Input From
2. See the results.
Option: show strain state.
Team PLDISP.
Interface: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape.
Option viewing results in outline form.
Teams PLNSOL or PLESOL.
Interface: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot>
Nodal Solu or Element Solu.
Option viewing results in vector form.
Team PLVEC
Interface: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Vector Plot>
Predefined
Option tabular listing.
84
Moving, in
0.1
0.44
800
0.44
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
6. Click OK.
7. Utility Menu> PlotCtrl> Numbering. Dialog box numbering.
8. Click on the "keypoint numbering on
9. Click OK.
10. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling-Create> Line> Straight Line. Peak
open menu
11. Click on point 1, then point 2. There will be a straight line between two points.
12. Click OK.
Installation of partitions.
1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing-Size Cntrls> Global - Size. Dialog box
appears.
2. Enter 40 as the number of divisions and then click OK.
3. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing-Mesh> Lines
4. Click ALL.
Setting the boundary conditions.
1. Main Menu> Solutions> Loads-Apply> Structural-Displacement> On Nodes
2. In the graphics window, click on the node at the left end of the beam.
3. Click OK.
4. Click on UY.
5. Click OK.
6. Repeat steps 1-3 and select a node on the right end of the beam.
7. In the box click on UX and now UX and UY are highlighted.
8. Click OK.
Determining the type of analysis and options.
1. Main Menu> Solutions> Analys Type> New Analys
2. Select "Modal and click OK. Dialog box appears.
3. Main Menu> Solutions> Analys Options Dialog box modal analysis.
4. Select the default "Subspace as a method of disclosure events.
5. Enter 10 as the number of modes and press OK.
6. Click on the disclosure of events [MXPAND] and select NO.
87
3. select the option of load steps. The following options are available:
Spectrum Data
Type spectral density.
The spectral density can be defined as the displacement, velocity, force,
pressure, acceleration. It will be either base excitation, or excitation nodes in steps 4
and 5. If a spectral density in the form of pressure, the pressure must be defined in the
modal analysis.
Team: PSDUNIT.
Main Menu> Solution> Spectrum>-PSD-Setting.
Table spectral density versus frequency.
Teams: PSDFRQ, PSDVAL.
Interface: Main Menu> Solution> Spectrum>-PSD-PSD vs Freq.
In step 6 describes how to apply an additional excitation of the spectral density.
Damping (dynamic option).
The following forms of damping ALPHAD,BETAD,MDAMP.
Alpha damping proportional to the mass matrix.
Team ALPHAD.
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts-Time/Frequenc> Damping.
Beta damping proportional to the stiffness matrix.
Team BETAD.
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts-Time/Frequenc> Damping.
Constant damping ratio.
Team DMPRAT.
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts-Time/Frequenc> Damping.
Frequency-dependent damping ratio.
Team MDAMP.
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts-Time/Frequenc> Damping.
4. Attach the excitement of the power spectral density of the selected nodes.
Use a value of 1.0 to indicate the points where the excitation is applied. A
value of 0.0 may be used to remove the specification. Exciting direction is
92
selected using tags UX, UY, UZ team D (at the base excitation) and labels
FX, FY, FZ F command at excitation nodes. When excited nodes value
greater than 1.0 may be used for the scale factor of participation. For the
spectral density in the form of pressure necessary to move the load vector of
modal analysis [LVSCALE]. You can apply base excitation only those
nodes that were enshrined in the modal analysis.
Teams D or DK, DL, DA to excite the base.
F or FK excitation nodes. LVSCALE dTo pressure.
Interface: Main Menu> Solution>-Loads-Apply> Spectrum>-BasePSD
Excit-On Nodes.
5. Calculate the participation factor for the excitation spectral density. Use
field TBLNO (Table number) which is the spectral density of the table will
be applied and field Ecxit for to indicate whether excited or base unit.
Team PFACT.
Interface: Main Menu> Solution>-Load Step Opts - Spectrum>-PSDCalculate PF
6. If you need to make some impact in the form of spectral densities for the
same model, repeat steps 3, 4, 5 for each additional spectral density. Then
decide if it is necessary degree of correlation between the excitations, using
the following commands:
COVAL for mutual spectral density;
QDVAL for quadratic spectral values;
PSDSPL for spatial relationships;
PSDWAV relations for the propagation of the wave.
Interface: Main Menu> Solution>-Load Step Opts - Spectrum>-PSDCorrelation
When you use the command PSDSPL or PSDWAV accordingly you should
use SPATIAL or WAVE in the team PFACT.
7. Selecting control output parameters.
93
Once the team PSDRES provides right control output and record the resulting
file. May be performed for calculating three types: displacement, velocity,
acceleration. Each of them may be defined relative to the chassis or completely.
Team PSDRES.
Interface: Main Menu> Solution>-Load Step Opts - Spectrum>-PSD-Calc
Controls.
Table 8.3 shows the possible configuration solutions.
Table 8.3
Decision
Displacement (DISP tag team
PSDRES)
Speed (label VELO team
PSDRES)
Acceleration (ACEL tag team
PSDRES)
Options
Displacement, stress, strain,
force
Speed speed voltage, etc.
Form
Relative, absolute, or both
Field SIGNIF and COMODE often used to reduce the number of modes. If you
want to try this option to print the modal covariance matrix for the initial
receipt of the relative combination of modes.
4. Run the solution.
Main Menu> Solution> Solve-Current LS.
5.Vyydite mode solutions.
2
Base Excitation
3
4
5
Substep
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
1
1
Comments
Opened fashion 1
Opened Fashion 2
Opened fashion 3
Single static solution for PSD table 1
Single static solution for PSD table 2
1 sigma movement
1 sigma speed
1 sigma acceleration
96
You can calculate the covariance between the two variables recorded in the
output file (displacements, velocities, accelerations), if there are files Jobname. RST
and Jobname. PSD.
1. Log in postprocessor POST26.
Team / POST26
Interface: Main Menu> TimeHist PostPro
2. Define the variables that contain information of interest to you.
Main Menu> TimeHist PostPro> Define Variables.
3. Calculate the contribution of each component (relative to the absolute
reaction) and save them in a selected variable. Team PLVAR can be used
for drawing modal contributions (relative to the reaction), and mixed
pseudostatical part in the covariance function.
Team CVAR.
Main Menu> TimeHist PostPro> Calc Covarince.
4. Preparation of covariance.
Team * GET, NameVAR1, n, EXTREM, CVAR.
Interface: Utility Menu> Parameters> Get Scalar Data
8.8
The procedure to determine multiple response spectrum is the same as that for
random vibration with the following differences:
Select MPRS instead of as a type of PSD spectrum in the team [SPOPT];
Table spectral density versus frequency spectrum is represented as a table
of values as a function of frequency;
You can choose some degree of correlation between the spectra, or consider
them to be uncorrelated;
Determined only by the relative performance (relative to the base
excitation), the absolute values are not defined.
Supports all methods of combining modes except PSDCOM.
97
The analysis results are recorded plural spectral analysis file Jobname.
MCOM in the form of instructions postprocessor POST1. Provides
commands calculate the limiting reactions of the combination of maximum
modal responses. Limit reactions consist of limiting displacement limit
stresses, deformations and limit the forces of reaction.
Modal analysis is used to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes
design. It is assumed that the free undamped oscillations occur:
(9.1)
Note that the stiffness matrix [K] May include the effect of pre-loading.
For a linear system free vibrations are harmonic:
(9.2)
t time.
Thus, the matrix equation (9.1) takes the following form:
(9.3)
98
This equation has a solution, apart from the trivial {}i {0} only if the determinant
of the system (i2 [M] [K]) is zero, i.e.:
i2 [M] [K] 0
(9.4)
The last equation is the task of the eigenvalues. Solution of equation (4), if n - order
of the matrix is the characteristic polynomial nSecond order, which has n roots:
12 , 22 ... 2n Wherein n number of degrees of freedom. These roots are the
Values of natural circular frequency () and natural frequencies (f) are related
as follows:
fi
where
i
2
(9.5)
{}i [M ]{}i 1
(9.6)
that is
{} [M ]{} {I}
99
In another case, the eigenvector {}i normalized such that the largest of its
components is equal to one. Orthogonality condition waveforms can be explained as
the vanishing of the inertial forces iSecond waveform on the displacements kThe
second waveform.
When using the condensation frequency (reduction degree of freedom) n
eigenvectors can then be deployed on the stage of "extension" to the full set of
degrees of freedom modal design:
{s }i [K ss ]1[K sm ]{ }i
where
(9.7)
Superposition method uses data about the modes of natural frequencies and
mode shapes obtained through modal analysis, to assess the dynamic response of
structures from non-stationary or stationary harmonic disturbances.
The equations of motion can be expressed in the following form:
(10.1)
(10.2)
{u} {i }yi
(10.3)
i 1
where
Note that equation (10.3) preclude the use of a non-zero input displacement after yi
not determine directly, but through {u}. The inverse relationship exists (Eq. (3.10))
for the case where all the offsets are known, but not when only a few are known.
Substituting equation (10.3) to (10.1), we obtain:
101
i 1
i 1
i 1
(10.4)
i 1
i 1
i 1
{ j} [M]{i } 0 i j
{ j} [K ]{i } 0 i j
(10.8)
(10.10)
V. Factor yj :
102
(10.11)
{ j} [M ]{ j} M j 2j 1
(10.12)
and
1
Mj
(10.13)
C j 2 j K jM j
(10.14)
Of Tsi (68)
where
and
j (K j M j )
where
103
{ j} [C]{ j} 2 j
1
2 j j
K jM j
Mj
(10.16)
C. Factor yj
From equation (10.3), that is, from (i2 [M] [K]){}i {0}
[K ]{ j} 2j [M]{ j}
(10.17)
(10.18)
{}j [K ]{ j} 2j
(10.19)
(10.20)
represents the right-hand side of equation (10.9). Substitute equation (10.10), (10.16),
(10.19) and (10.20) into (10.9), and we obtain the equation of motion for the modal
coordinates:
yj 2 j j yj 2j y j f j
(10.21)
expensive matrix algebra was made in the proper solver and long transients to be
analyzed can in principal inexpensive coordinates using equation (10.21). In
harmonic analysis, the frequency can be scanned faster than the method of reduced
harmonic response. Yi values converted back to geometric displacement {u}
(response of the system to the load), using equation (10.3). That is, the individual
modal responses yi are superimposed on each other to get the actual response, hence
the name "the superposition of modes." If the modal analysis was performed using
the method of condensation (MODOPT, REDUC), The matrices and load vectors in
the above equations will contain the main (held) degrees of freedom (ie, {u}).
j 2 j j 2 mj
where
(10.22)
Two types of spectral analysis: deterministic method and the spectral response
of a non-deterministic method of random fluctuations. Allowed excitation in the
supports (e.g., seismic action) and agitation at points remote from the supports. There
are four types of spectral analysis:
105
Univariate spectral analysis involves the use of one and the same spectral
curve (for example, changes in the force depending on time) for all the excited pixels.
and the reference (free from bonds) nodes. You can define up to ten different input
spectra.
Orientation load
Load distribution
107
Speed, Acceleration,
Displacement
Input Type
Force
0 2 3.4
Damping
Damping is taken into account for each mode and defined as:
NMAT
i
2
m 1
NMAT
E ms
E
m 1
s
m
(11.1)
Note that depending on the material of the damping contribution is calculated in step
"expansion" (Recovery) modes, so that this contribution of the damping has been
turned back.
seismic);
i i F - Option is based on the perturbation force;
where
[M ] - Mass matrix.
{D}
D1a
where
D a2
D3a
. . .
(11.2)
Dx
Sx
B
Dy
Sy
Dz
Sz
B
109
where Sx, Sy, Sz - input values SEDX, SEDY andSEDZ, Respectively, for the team
SED
B (Sx ) 2 (Sy ) 2 (Sz ) 2
(11.3)
D y Sy R y
(11.4)
D z Sz R z
R is defined as:
R x C x rx
R y C y ry
R C r
z z z
(11.5)
where Cx, Cy, Cz - input values OMX,OMY and OMZRespectively in the team
ROCK;
Vector displacement, velocity and acceleration for each mode is calculated from the
eigenvector using the "modal factor":
{r}i im A i {}i
(11.6)
110
where
0 DISP
m 1 VELO
2 ACEL
label - three field teams in association modes (SRSS, CQC, GRP, DSUM,
NRLSUM);
i - Own the angular frequency;
Svi i
i
(11.7)
where Svi - spectral velocity for i-Th mode (found in the input velocity spectrum at
the frequency fi and effective damping ratio i );
fi - iTh natural frequency (number of cycles per unit time = i/ 2);
i - iTh en circular frequency (radians per unit time).
Sfi i
i2
(11.8)
where Sfi - spectral power for i-Th mode (input table is of amplitude frequency
multipliers fi and effective damping ratio i );
111
Ai
Sai i
i2
(11.9)
where Sai - spectral acceleration for i-Th mode (found in the input acceleration
spectrum at the frequency fi and effective damping ratio i );
(11.10)
where Sui - spectral relocation i-Th mode (found in the input spectrum at the
frequency fi movement and effective damping ratio i );
5. For SVTYP, 4 (power spectral density (PSD), read Vanmarke (34) in the
list of literature theoretical guidance)
Ai
i
i2
S Pi i
1 S P d
4 0
1
2
(11.11)
where Spi - power spectral density for i-Th mode (derived from the spectral density
of the input frequency fi and effective damping ratio i );
Li
Sp d Ssj f
(11.12)
j 1
When Svi, Sfi, Sai, Sui, or Spi required between the tabulated values of input
frequencies, logarithmic interpolation is performed.
Spectral values and modal coefficients are displayed in the table "RESPONSE
SPECTRUM CALCULATION SUMMARY" given input curve with the smallest
damping coefficient, without effective damping coefficient.
1. Fully correlated,
2. Uncorrelated, or
3. Partially correlated.
M u C
M u C
M ff
M
rf
fr
ff
rr
rf
K u F
K u 0 (12.1)
C fr u f K ff
C rr u r K rf
fr
rr
113
(12.2)
Pseudo-static displacement can be obtained from equation (12.1) except for the
first two terms in the left side of the equation and replacing the vector of unknown
displacements {uf} a vector of pseudo-static components of {us}
(12.3)
where
[ A ] [K ff ]1[K fr ] .
(12.4)
The second term on the right side of the above equation is equivalent to the
forces due to kinematic perturbations.
114
When using the method of superposition of modes of equation (10.3) can be written
again as:
(12.5)
The above equation unrelated to each other and can be written as n separate
equations:
(12.6)
where
115
Transfer functions for the type of system with one degree of freedom takes
different forms depending on the type of input PSD and the desired type of
response. Forms of transfer functions to move as output listed below for different
occasions.
1. At the entrance - force or acceleration:
(12.13)
2. At the entrance - move
(12.14)
116
(12.15)
(12.16)
where | | Re - denotes the real part of the argument;
2Si - Dispersion iTh pseudo-static displacement;
Cv (u Si , u di ) - Covariance between static and dynamic
movements
117
S d i ( ) ij jk R jk ( )
(12.17)
j 1 k 1
(12.18)
l 1 m 1
S sd i ( ) ij Ail Rij ( )
(12.19)
j 1 l 1
where R jk ( ), Rlm ( ), R jl ( ) - Modal PSD members who are inside the large
parentheses equations (12.10) to (12.12)
Solution in closed form is obtained for the piecewise linear PSD (PSD) in a
logarithmic scale on both axes, is used to calculate each of the integral in equation
(12.16) (Chen and Ali (193), and Harichandran (194)). Subsequently, the dispersion
becomes:
(12.20)
(12.21)
(12.22)
Modal covariance matrix
Q jk , Qlm and Q~ jl
equation (12.20) to (12.22) are the union of events for analysis of random vibrations.
Dispersion for voltages nodal forces or reactions may be calculated from
equations similar to (12.20) to (12.22). If it is desirable to obtain a dispersion of
voltage waveforms replace (ij) And static displacement ( Ai Ai ) Modal voltages
( ij ) And static voltages ( Ai ). Likewise, if a node is desired dispersion force
waveform and replacing static displacement modal nodal forces ( ij ) And static
118
S u ( ) 4 S u ( )
12.3 Not diagonal spectral terms for partially correlated input power
spectral density
For perturbations defined by more than one function of the power spectral
density (PSD), the cross terms that define the degree of correlation between the
different functions of the MTA is defined as:
S11 ( )
C12 ( ) iQ12 ( ) C13 ( ) iQ13 ( )
S ( ) C12 ( ) i Q12 ( )
S 22 ( )
C 23 ( ) i Q23 ( ) (12.25)
C13 ( ) i Q13 ( ) C 23 ( ) i Q23 ( )
S 33 ( )
where S nn ( ) -PSD spectra of the input that have relationships with each other;
C nm ( ) - Mutual spectral density, which constitute the real part of the cross-
members; Qnm ( ) - Components of the spectra, which represent the imaginary part of
the cross-members.
Mutual power spectral density function (PSD) is the coherence function:
2
nm
( )
where
Cnm ( ) i Qnm ( )
S nn ( ) S mm ( )
(12.26)
2
0 nm
( ) 1 .
Although the above example shows the cross-correlation of the input spectra
for 3, this matrix can range in size from 2 x 2 to 10 x 10 (I.e., the maximum number
of tables - 10).
119
For the special case in which all the cross terms are zero, the input spectra are
believed to uncorrelated. Note that the correlation between power and kinematic
perturbations are not allowed.
S ( ) S 0 ( )
1
a12
a12
1
(12.27)
RMAX D12
R
MIN
12
MAX
R
RMIN
MAX
1
D
12
12
MIN
where:
0D12 RMAX
120
S lm ( ) S 0 ( ) e i d lm
where: d lm
Dim V delay
V2
(12.28)
(Delay time).
B j j S j
where
(12.29)
frequency;
Modal coefficients together with the square root of the sum of squares (SRSS):
Ai B 2j1 B 2j 2 B 2j 3 ...
1
2
(12.30)
122