Statistics
Mode
Mean
x
= mean value
xi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3,
n = number of data values
(x
Median
Place data in ascending order.
If n is odd, median = central value
If n is even, median = mean of two central values
Standard Deviation
= standard deviation
xi = individual data value ( x1, x2, x3,
Range
Probability
Independent Events
P (A and B and C) = PAPBPC
Frequency
P (A or B) = PA + PB
P (A or B) = probability of either mutually exclusive
event A or B occurring in a trial
PA = probability of event A
xi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3,
n = number of data values
Conditional Probability
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Engineering Formulas
IED POE
DE
CEA
AE
BE
CIM EDD
Plane Geometry
Ellipse
Rectangle
2b
Circle
Perimeter = 2a + 2b
Area = ab
2a
Triangle
Parallelogram
h
Area = bh
a = b + c 2bccosA
2
2
2
b = a + c 2accosB
2
2
2
c = a + b 2abcosC
A
b
Regular Polygons
Right Triangle
2
Area = bh
c =a +b
n = number of sides
a
h
Trapezoid
Area = (a + b)h
h
h
b
h
Solid Geometry
Cube
Sphere
Volume = s
2
Surface Area = 6s
Volume
r
Surface Area = 4
Rectangular Prism
Cylinder
h
Volume = wdh
Surface Area = 2(wd + wh + dh)
Volume = r h
Surface Area = 2
r h+2
Irregular Prism
r
Volume = Ah
A = area of base
Pyramid
h
A = area of base
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Constants
2
Engineering Formulas
IED POE
DE
CEA
AE
BE
CIM EDD
Conversions
Mass
Force
Area
2
1 acre = 4047 m
2
= 43,560 ft
2
= 0.00156 mi
1 kg
= 2.205 lbm
1 slug = 32.2 lbm
1 ton = 2000 lbm
1N
1 kip
Energy
= 0.225 lbf
= 1,000 lbf
1J
= 0.239 cal
-4
= 9.48 x 10 Btu
= 0.7376 ftlbf
1kW h = 3,6000,000 J
Pressure
Length
1m
1 km
1 in.
1 mi
1 yd
1 atm
Volume
= 3.28 ft
= 0.621 mi
= 2.54 cm
= 5280 ft
= 3 ft
1L
1mL
= 0.264 gal
3
= 0.0353 ft
= 33.8 fl oz
3
= 1 cm = 1 cc
1psi
= 1.01325 bar
= 33.9 ft H2O
= 29.92 in. Hg
= 760 mm Hg
= 101,325 Pa
= 14.7 psi
= 2.31 ft of H2O
Defined Units
1J
1N
1 Pa
1V
1W
1W
1 Hz
1F
1H
Time
Temperature Change
1K
= 1 C
= 1.8 F
= 1.8 R
1d
1h
1 min
1 yr
= 24 h
= 60 min
= 60 s
= 365 d
Power
1W
= 3.412 Btu/h
= 0.00134 hp
= 14.34 cal/min
= 0.7376 ftlbf/s
= 1 Nm
= 1 kgm / s2
= 1 N / m2
=1W/A
=1J/s
=1V/A
= 1 s-1
= 1 As / V
= 1 Vs / V
SI Prefixes
Numbers Less Than One
Power of 10
Prefix
Abbreviation
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18
10-21
10-24
decicentimillimicronanopicofemtoattozeptoyocto-
Equations
d
c
m
n
p
f
a
z
y
Temperature
TK = TC + 273
TR = TF + 460
decahectokiloMegaGigaTeraPetaExaZettaYotta-
da
h
k
M
G
T
P
E
Z
Y
Force
F = ma
F = force
m = mass
a = acceleration
W = mg
W = VDw
V = volume
Dm = mass density
m = mass
Dw = weight density
g = acceleration due to gravity
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Engineering Formulas
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
MP = 0
IED POE
DE
CEA
AE
BE
CIM EDD
Equations (Continued)
Energy: Work
Electricity
Ohms Law
Fluid Mechanics
V = IR
P = IV
W = work
F = force
d = distance
RT (series) = R1 + R2+ + Rn
L
L
(Guy-L
Power
P1V1 = P2V2
P = power
E = energy
W = work
t = time
= torque
rpm = revolutions per minute
Efficiency
y
Pout = useful power output
Pin = total power input
B y L
Q = Av
IT = I1 + I2 + + In
or
A1v1 = A2v2
VT = V1 + V2 + + Vn
or
absolute pressure = gauge pressure
+ atmospheric pressure
P = absolute pressure
F = Force
A = Area
V = volume
T = absolute temperature
Q = flow rate
v = flow velocity
V = voltage
VT = total voltage
I = current
IT = total current
R = resistance
RT = total resistance
P = power
Thermodynamics
Mechanics
(where acceleration = 0)
Energy: Potential
(where acceleration = 0)
U = potential energy
m =mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height
L
L
A1v1 = A2v2
v = v0 + at
Energy: Kinetic
d = d0 + v0t + at
2
v = v0 + 2a(d d0)
K = kinetic energy
m = mass
v = velocity
Energy: Thermal
Q = thermal energy
m = mass
c = specific heat
T = change in temperature
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= dFsin
s = speed
v = velocity
a = acceleration
X = range
t = time
d = distance
g = acceleration due to gravity
d = distance
= angle
= torque
F = force
Engineering Formulas
-8
e = emissivity constant
T1, T2 = temperature at time 1, time 2
v = flow velocity
POE 4 DE 4
Section Properties
Moment of Inertia
Rectangle Centroid
h
x
xx
and y
and y
and y
Semi-circle Centroid
x x
y y
xi = x distance to centroid of shape i
yi = y distance to centroid of shape i
Ai = Area of shape i
x x
y y
Structural Analysis
Material Properties
Beam Formulas
Reaction
Stress (axial)
B
L
Moment
Deflection
= stress
F = axial force
A = cross-sectional area
B
L
Moment
Reaction
= strain
L0 = original length
= change in length
Moment
(between loads)
Deflection
( L L
Moment
E = modulus of elasticity
= stress
= strain
A = cross-sectional area
F = axial force
= deformation
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and
Deformation: Axial
= deformation
F = axial force
L0 = original length
A = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity
Engineering Formulas
) (at center)
Deflection
(at
(at center)
Reaction
Modulus of Elasticity
(at center)
Deflection
Reaction
Strain (axial)
Truss Analysis
2J = M + R
J = number of joints
M =number of members
R = number of reaction forces
POE 5 AE 4 CEA 4
Simple Machines
Inclined Plane
Mechanical Advantage (MA)
y (
)
Wedge
Lever
Screw
1st
Class
IMA =
Pitch =
2nd
Class
C = Circumference
r = radius
Pitch = distance between
threads
TPI = Threads Per Inch
3rd
Class
Compound Machines
MATOTAL = (MA1) (MA2) (MA3) . . .
Effort at Axle
(
Compound Gears
B
GRTOTAL = ( ) (
Effort at Wheel
Pulley Systems
IMA = Total number of strands of a single string
supporting the resistance
IMA =
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GR = Gear Ratio
in = Angular Velocity - driver
out = Angular Velocity - driven
Nin = Number of Teeth - driver
Nout = Number of Teeth - driven
din = Diameter - driver
dout = Diameter - driven
in = Torque - driver
out = Torque - driven
Engineering Formulas
POE 6
Structural Design
Steel Beam Design: Shear
Vn = 0.6FyAw
Mn = FyZx
Water Supply
Hazen-Williams Formula
L
hf = head loss due to friction (ft of H2O)
L = length of pipe (ft)
Q = water flow rate (gpm)
C = Hazen-Williams constant
d = diameter of pipe (in.)
Dynamic Head
PLTW, Inc.
Engineering Formulas
CEA 5
PLTW, Inc.
Engineering Formulas
CEA 6
Hazen-Williams Constants
y y
T = period
f = frequency
RA = resistance A
RB = resistance B
C = capacitance
Boolean Algebra
Boolean Theorems
Commutative Law
Consensus Theorems
X 0 = 0
XY = YX
X1 = X
X+Y = Y+X
X X =X
Associative Law
X(YZ) = (XY)Z
X+0=X
X + (Y + Z) = (X + Y) + Z
X+1=1
DeMorgans Theorems
X+X=X
Distributive Law
X(Y+Z) = XY + XZ
(X+Y)(W+Z) = XW+XZ+YW+YZ
fm = ftntN
Plunge Rate = fm
N = spindle speed (rpm)
CS = cutting speed (in./min)
d = diameter (in.)
fm = feed rate (in./min)
ft = feed (in./tooth)
nt = number of teeth
PLTW, Inc.
Engineering Formulas
DE 5
CIM 4
Aerospace Equations
Propulsion
(
Orbital Mechanics
)
Forces of Flight
L
L
CL = coefficient of lift
CD = coefficient of drag
L = lift
D = drag
A = wing area
density
Re = Reynolds number
v = velocity
l = length of fluid travel
= fluid viscosity
F = force
m = mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
M = moment
d = moment arm (distance from
datum perpendicular to F)
FN = net thrust
W = air mass flow
vo = flight velocity
vj = jet velocity
I = total impulse
Fave = average thrust force
t = change in time (thrust
duration)
Fnet = net force
Favg = average force
Fg = force of gravity
vf = final velocity
a = acceleration
t = change in time (thrust
duration)
= eccentricity
b = semi-minor axis
a =semi-major axis
T = orbital period
a = semi-major axis
gravitational parameter
F = force of gravity between two
bodies
G = universal gravitation constant
M =mass of central body
m = mass of orbiting object
r = distance between center of two
objects
Ber oullis L w
(
PS = static pressure
v = velocity
y
Atmosphere Parameters
K = kinetic energy
m =mass
v = velocity
U = gravitational potential energy
G = universal gravitation constant
M =mass of central body
m = mass of orbiting object
R = Distance center main body to
center of orbiting object
E = Total Energy of an orbit
PLTW, Inc.
Engineering Formulas
T = temperature
h = height
p = pressure
density
AE 5