Intro to cogP chapter 1

Donders- simple rt & choice rt. Our time to make decision is 1/10 second.
Ebbinghauss experiment about memory and forgetting. Memorize a lists of nonsense words and try to
recall them after a delay of time.( The relearning repetition the initial repetition)/the initial
repetition*100
Wundts introduce first laboratory experiment for psychology. Introduce structuralism which mean
that our consciousness consist of combination of the smallest elements that call sensation. Introspection
analysis, a technique which trained the participants to described their experiences and thought in
response to stimulus.
Jamess observation base on introspection
Watsons he rejects introspection as a method. The main topic of study is behavior not the mind. His
famous experiment is little albert experiments.(classical conditioning)
Ivan Pavlovs the man who introduce the classical conditioning. He experimented with is dog. At first,
the present of a food makes the dog salivate. Then, he presented the food with a sound of bell. This
procedure is repeated until only the sound of bell can make the dog salivate.
B.F. Skinners Introduce operant conditioning. It involves positive reinforcers and negative reinforcers.
The positive reinforcers such as food, or social approval. The negative reinforcers such as punishments
or social rejection. The presentation of positive enforcers strengthen the behavior and the presentation
of negative enforcers weakening the behavior.
Edward Chance Tolmans introduced cognitive map based on one of his experiments. He puts a rate in
a maze of 4 junction labelled a, b, c and d and let the rat roaming inside the maze. At first he put the rat
at point a, and a food at point b which is the right of point a. According to the behaviorists theory, the
rat will turn right which is true. But when the rat is put at the point c which is opposite of point a, the rat
turn left. The rat build a COGNITIVE map inside its mind.
Noam Chomskys He did not agree with skinners book that state that language learned by children
through operant conditioning. Chomskys said that it is actually by an inborn biological program.
Broadbent create a filter model of attention
McCarthy organizing a conference about artificial intelligence, He wondered whether the computer
can mimic the human intelligence.
Herb Simon and Alan Newell create a program called, logic theorists. The program able to create a
proofs of mathematical theorems that involves principles of logic too complex to described here.
Ulrich Neissers publish a textbook title cognitive psychology.(1967)
Georg Muller & Alfons Pilzaecker memory consolidation. An experiments about a person will
remembered bettet if there is a delay between two part of things that he needs to memorize. Sleep
group remember better than awake group. A person who sleep after remember something can recal it
easily than a person who is awake after remember something.

Hypothalamus involves in new memories. The new memories can be strengthen by sleeping.

Brain and Cognition

Our brain has neuron. The neuron send signal to each other. The man who found the neuron is Ramon y
Cajal, a Spanish physiologist.
Golgi strains Camillo golgi develop a straining tecqhnique that involve immersing a slice of brain tissue
inside a silver nitrate.
Edgar Adrian able to record electrical signal from a single sensory neurons. The action potential is the
same throughout the transmitting process from one neuron to another neuron. Experiment that shows
the intensity of the stimuli can be represented by the rate of nerve firing. The larger the stimuli, the
higher the rate of firing.

Localization of function specific functions are served by a specific areas of the brain. Most of the
cognitive functions are served by the cerebral cortex.
Frontal lobe response to all of the senses and is involves in higher cognitive functioning.
Occipital lobe primary receiving area for the senses of vision.
Parietal lobe skin senses(receptor, such as pressure, hot, cold)
Temporal lobe hearing. But some case, a person lower right of his temporal lobe had been damaged,
he cant recognized faces. This condition is call prosopagnosia.
Method-brain imaging

Position Emission Tomography(PET) introduced in 1970 by Hoffman. The blood flow will
increase in the area of activation of the cognition task. To measure the blood flow, a small dose
of radioactive tracer is injected into a blood stream(a very low dose, which are not harmful to a
person). The persons brain then scanned by the PET apparatus. Increases in activation indicates
by red and yellow colour. Decrease in activation indicates by blue and green. Researchers
develop a subtraction technique that can interpret the result of PET.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Its almost the same as PET, but it does not use
radioactive tracer. It measure aou blood flow through the ferrous(iron) in our blood. Our blood
contain ferrous molecule therefore it has a magnetic properties. If magnetic field is present, the
ferrous will line up like a tiny magnet. The haemoglobin molecule will lose oxygen in an areas
that high brain activity. This make the haemoglobin more magnetic and respond more strongly
to magnetic field.

1. Fusiform face area (FFA) fusiform gyrus underside of temporal lobe. Patients with
diagnosed with prosopagnosia usually this area is damaged. Its an area that respond to a
face.
2. Parahippocampal place area(PPA) is activated by picture representing indoor or
outdoor scenes
3. Extrastriate body area(EBA) is activated by pictures of bodies and part of bodies (but
not by face).
Modularity is often used to refer to localization. An module is an area specialized for a specific function.

Localization for language involve in frontal area and temporal area.

Paul broca found Brocas area in the frontal side of the brain. This site is specialized for language
production. A person which damaged brocas area will have brocas aphasia. Brocas aphasia is when a
person cannot produce word well. The word utter from their mouth are jumble and they are
stammering. Form problems involve difficulties in determining the relation between words in sentence.
Carl Wernicke Found Wernickes area at the temporal lobe. Damaged to this area will cause Wernicke
aphasia. Wernickes aphasia does not effect the word production but it affect the comprehension. A
person with wernickes aphasia can speak fluently but there are no meaning in their sentences. There
are no grammatical error in their speak but their sentences tend to incoherent. A person with
Wernickes aphasia not only produced meaningless speech but were unable to understand speech and
writing. Meaning problem.
(ERP) event-related potential