Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 13

CHAPTER 13
1.

The number of atoms in a mass m is given by

N = m/Mmatom.
Because the masses of the two rings are the same, for the ratio we have
NAu/NAg = MAg/MAu = 108/197 =
0.548.

2.

The number of atoms in a mass m is given by

N = m/Mmatom = (3.4 103 kg)/(63.5 u)(1.66 1027 kg/u) =

3.2 1022 atoms.

3.

(a) T(C) = (5/9)[T(F) 32] = (5/9)(68F 32) =

(b) T(F) = (9/5)T(C) + 32 = (9/5)(1800C) + 32 =

20C.
3272F.

4.

(a) T(F) = (9/5)T(C) + 32 = (9/5)( 15C) + 32 =

(b) T(C) = (5/9)[T(F) 32] = (5/9)( 15F 32) =

5F.
26C.

5.

T1(C) = (5/9)[T1(F) 32] = (5/9)(136F 32) =

T2(C) = (5/9)[T2(F) 32] = (5/9)( 129F 32) =

6.

Because the temperature and length are linearly related, we have

T/L = (100.0C 0.0C)/(22.85 cm 10.70 cm) = 8.23 C/cm.
(a) (T1 0.0C)/(16.70 cm 10.70 cm) = 8.23 C/cm, which gives T1 =
(b) (T2 0.0C)/(20.50 cm 10.70 cm) = 8.23 C/cm, which gives T2 =

58C;
89C.

49.4C.
80.7C.

7.

Because 0 in the original scale corresponds to 100C and 100 corresponds to 0C, the conversion
between the two scales is
[T(C) 0C]/(100C 0C) = (T 100)/(0 100), or
T = 100 T(C) = 100 35 =
65.

8.

We set T(F) = T(C) = T in the conversion between the temperature scales:

T(F) = (9/5)T(C) + 32
T = (9/5)T + 32, which gives T =
40F = 40C.

9.

If the slabs are in contact at 20C, at any temperature below this the expansion cracks will increase. Thus
the expansion from 20C to 50C must eliminate the cracks. Any higher temperature will cause stress in
the concrete. If the cracks have a width L, we have
L = L0 T = [12 106 (C)1](14 m)(50C 20C) = 5.9 103 m =
0.50 cm.

10. For the expansion L, we have

L = L0 T = [0.2 106 (C)1](2.0 m)(5.0C) =

2.0 106 m.

11. The unit for is (C)1. In British units it will be (F)1, so we have
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Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

B/ = (F)1/(C)1 = C/F =

5/9.

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Chapter 13

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Chapter 13

12. We can treat the change in diameter as a simple change in length, so we have
L = L0 T;
1.869 cm 1.871 cm = [12 106 (C)1](1.871 cm)(T 20C), which gives T =

69C.

13. For the expanded dimensions, we have

= (1 + T); w = w(1 + T).
Thus the change in area is
A = A A = w w = w(1 + T)2 w = w[2 T + ( T)2] = w T(2 + T).
Because T 2, we have
A = 2w T.

14. We consider a fixed mass of iron. The change in volume from the temperature change is
VT = V0 T.
The change in volume from the pressure change depends on the bulk modulus:
VP = (V0/B) P.
Because the density is mass/volume, for the fractional change in the density we have
/0
= [(1/V) (1/V0)]/(1/V0) = (V0 V)/V (V0 V)/V0 = V/V0
= T + P/B
= [35 106 (C)1](2000C 20C) + (5000 atm)(1.013 105 N/m2 atm)/(90 109 N/m2)
= 0.064 =
6.4%.

15. The contraction of the glass causes the enclosed volume to decrease as if it were glass. The volume of
water that can be added is
V = Vglass Vwater = V0glass T V0water T = V0(glass water)T
= (350 mL)[27 106 (C)1 210 106 (C)1](20C 100C) =
5.1 mL.

16. (a) The expansion of the container causes the enclosed volume to increase as if it were made of the
same material as the container. The volume of water that was lost is
V = Vwater Vcontainer = V0water T V0container T = V0(water container)T;
(0.35 g)/(0.98324 g/mL) = (65.50 mL)[210 106 (C)1 container](60C 20C), which gives
container =
74 106 (C)1.
(b) From Table 131,
aluminum
is the most likely material.

17. We find the change in volume from

V
= V0 T = 9r3 T
= 9(7.25 cm)3[1 106 (C)1](200C 30C) =

0.27 cm3.

18. We can treat the change in diameter as a simple change in length, so we have
D = D0(1 + T).
The two objects must reach the same diameter:
D = D0brass(1 + brass T) = D0iron(1 + iron T);
(8.753 cm){1 + [19 106 (C)1]}(T 20C) = (8.743 cm){1 + [12 106 (C)1]}(T 20C),
which gives
T=
1.4 102 C.
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Chapter 13

19. We assume that we can ignore the change in cross sectional area of the tube. The volume change of the
fluid is the increased volume in the column:
V = AL T = A L, or L = L T.
When we compare this to the expression for linear expansion,
L = L T,
we see that = .

20. (a) We consider a fixed mass of the substance. The change in volume from the temperature change is
V = V0 T.
Because the density is mass/volume, for the fractional change in the density we have
/ = [(1/V) (1/V0)]/(1/V0) = (V0 V)/V (V0 V)/V0 = V/V0 = T,
which we can write
= T.
(b) For the lead sphere we have
/ = [87 106 (C)1](40C 25C) =
0.0057 (0.57%).

21. For the expanded dimensions of the rectangular solid, we have

L = L0(1 + T); W = W0(1 + T); H = H0(1 + T).
Thus the change in volume is
V = V V0 = LWH L0W0H0
= L0(1 + T)W0(1 + T)H0(1 + T) L0W0H0 = L0W0H0(1 + T)3 L0W0H0
= L0W0H0[3 T + 3( T)2 + ( T)3] = L0W0H0 T[3 + 3( T) + ( T)2].
Because T 1, we have
V = 3V0 T.
When we compare this to the expression for volume expansion,
V = V0 T,
we see that = 3.

22. The increase in temperature will cause the length of the brass rod to increase. The period of the
pendulum depends on the length,
T = 2(L/g)1/2,
so the period will be greater. This means the pendulum will make fewer swings in a day, so the clock
will be slow and the clock will lose time.
We use TC for the temperature to distinguish it from the period.
For the length of the brass rod, we have
L = L0(1 + TC).
Thus the ratio of periods is
T/T0 = (L/L0)1/2 = (1 + TC)1/2.
Because TC is much less than 1, we have
T/T0 1 + ! TC , or T/T0 = ! TC.
The number of swings in a time t is N = t/T. For the same time t, the change in period will cause a
change in the number of swings:
N = (t/T) (t/T0) = t(T0 T)/TT0 t(T/T0)/T0 ,
because T T0. The time difference in one year is
t = T0 N = t(T/T0) = t(! TC)
= (1 yr)(3.16 107 s/yr) = 2.4 103 s =

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Chapter 13

23. We find the change in radius from

R = R T.
Because the bearings are frictionless, angular momentum will be conserved:
I11 = I22 , with I = !mR2 for a solid cylinder.
For the fractional change in the angular velocity, we have
/ = (2 1)/1 = [(I11/I2) 1]/1 = (I1 I2)/I2 .
Because the mass is constant, we have
/ = [R2 (R + R)2]/(R + R)2 = [2R R + (R)2]/(R + R)2 2R R /R2 = 2 R /R.
From the temperature change, we have
/ = 2 T = 2[25 106 (C)1](75.0C 20.0C) =
2.8 103 (0.28%).

24. The compressive strain must compensate for the thermal expansion. From the relation between stress
and strain, we have
Stress = E(Strain) = E T.
When we use the ultimate strength of concrete, we have
20 106 N/m2 = (20 109 N/m2)[12 106 (C)1](T 10.0C), which gives T =
93C.

25. The compressive strain must compensate for the thermal expansion. From the relation between stress
and strain, we have
Stress = E(Strain) = E T;
F/A = (70 109 N/m2)[25 106 (C)1](35C 15C) =
3.5 107 N/m2.

26. (a) The tensile strain must compensate for the thermal contraction. From the relation between
stress and strain, we have
Stress = E(Strain) = E T;
F/A = (200 109 N/m2)[12 106 (C)1]( 30C 30C) =
1.4 108 N/m2.
6
2
(b)
No,
because the ultimate strength of steel is 500 10 N/m = 5.0 108 N/m2.
(c) For concrete we have
F/A = (20 109 N/m2)[12 106 (C)1]( 30C 30C) =
1.4 107 N/m2.
6
2
Because the ultimate tensile strength of concrete is 2 10 N/m , it
will fracture.

27. (a) As the iron band expands, the inside diameter will increase as if it were iron. We can treat the
change in inside diameter as a simple change in length, so we have
D = D0(1 + T), or D D0 = D0 T;
134.122 cm 134.110 cm = (134.110 cm)[12 106 (C)1](T 20C), which gives T =
27C.
(b) We assume that the barrel is rigid. The tensile strain in the circumference of the band is
D/D0 = D/D0 ,
which is the thermal strain. The tensile strain must compensate for the thermal contraction.
From the relation between stress and strain, we have
Stress = E(Strain) = E T;
F/(0.089 m)(0.0065 m) = (100 109 N/m2)(134.122 cm 134.110 cm)/(134.110 cm),
which gives
F =
5.2 103 N.
28. (a) T(K) = T(C) + 273 = 86C + 273 =
359 K.
(b) T(C) = (5/9)[T(F) 32] = (5/9)(78F 32) = 26C.
T(K) = T(C) + 273 = 26C + 273 =
299 K.
(c) T(K) = T(C) + 273 = 100C + 273 =
173 K.
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Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

(d) T(K) = T(C) + 273 = 5500C + 273 =

5773 K.

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29. On the Celsius scale, absolute zero is
T(C) = T(K) 273.15 = 0 K 273.15 = 273.15C.
On the Fahrenheit scale, we have
T(F) = (9/5)T(C) + 32 = (9/5)( 273.15C) + 32 =

Chapter 13

459.7F.

30. (a) T1(K) = T1(C) + 273 = 4000C + 273 =

4273 K;
T2(K) = T2(C) + 273 = 15 106 C + 273 =
15 106 K.
(b) The difference in each case is 273, so we have
Earth: (273)(100)/(4273) =
6.4%;
Sun: (273)(100)/(15 106) =
0.0018%.

31. For the two states of the gas we can write

P1V1 = nRT1 and P2V2 = nRT2 , which can be combined to give
(P2/P1)(V2/V1) = T2/T1 ;
(4.00 atm/1.00 atm)(V2/3.00 m3) = (311 K/273 K), which gives V2 =

0.854 m3.

32. If we assume oxygen is an ideal gas, we have

PV = nRT = (m/M)RT;
(1.013 105 Pa)V = [m/(32 g/mol)(103 kg/g)](8.315 J/mol K)(273 K), which gives
m/V =
1.43 kg/m3.

33. The volume, temperature, and mass are constant. For the two states of the gas we can write
P1V = n1RT = (m/M1)RT, and P2V = n2RT = (m/M2)RT, which can be combined to give
P2/P1 = M1/M2 ;
P2/(3.65 atm) = (28 g/mol)/(44 g/mol), which gives P2 =
2.32 atm.

34. (a) For the ideal gas we have

PV = nRT = (m/M)RT;
(1.013 105 Pa)V = [(18.5 kg)(103 g/kg)/(28 g/mol)](8.314 J/mol K)(273 K),
which gives V =
14.8 m3.
(b) With the additional mass in the same volume, we have
PV = nRT = (m/M)RT;
P(14.8 m3) = [(18.5 kg + 15.0 kg)(103 g/kg)/(28 g/mol)](8.314 J/mol K)(273 K),
which gives P = 1.83 105 Pa =
1.81 atm.

35. (a) For the ideal gas we have

PV = nRT;
(1.000 atm + 0.350 atm)(1.013 105 Pa/atm)V = (25.50 mol)(8.314 J/mol K)(283 K),
which gives V =
0.439 m3.
(b) For the two states of the gas we can write
P1V1 = nRT1 and P2V2 = nRT2 , which can be combined to give
(P2/P1)(V2/V1) = T2/T1 ;
[(1.00 atm + 1.00 atm)/(1.00 atm + 0.350 atm)](1/2) = (T2/283 K),
63C.
which gives T2 = 210 K =
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Chapter 13

36. If we assume argon is an ideal gas, we have

PV = nRT = (m/M)RT;
P(50.0 103 m3) = [(105.0 kg)(103 g/kg)/(40 g/mol)](8.314 J/mol K)(293 K),
which gives P = 1.28 108 Pa =
1.26 103 atm.

37. The volume and pressure are constant. For the fractional change in the number of moles, we can write
n/n
= [(PV/RT2) (PV/RT1)]/(PV/RT1) = (T1 T2)/T2
= (288 K 311 K)/(311 K) =
0.074 (7.4%).

38. For the two states of the gas we can write

P1V1 = nRT1 and P2V2 = nRT2 , which can be combined to give
(P2/P1)(V2/V1) = T2/T1 ;
(P2/1.00 atm)(48.8 L/55.0 L) = (323.2 K/291.2 K), which gives P2 =

3.06 atm.

39. If we assume water vapor is an ideal gas, we have

PV = nRT = (m/M)RT;
(1.013 105 Pa)V = [m/(18 g/mol)(103 kg/g)](8.315 J/mol K)(373 K), which gives
m/V =
0.588 kg/m3.
This is less than the listed value of 0.598 kg/m3. We expect a difference because the tendency of steam to
form droplets indicates an attractive force, so
water vapor is not an ideal gas.

40. For the two states of the gas we can write

P1V1 = nRT1 and P2V2 = nRT2 , which can be combined to give
(P2/P1)(V2/V1) = T2/T1 ;
(0.70 atm/1.00 atm)(V2/V1) = (278.2 K/293.2 K), which gives V2/V1 =

1.4.

41. The pressure at the bottom of the lake is

Pbottom = Ptop + gh = 1.013 105 Pa + (1000 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)(43.5 m) = 5.28 105 Pa.
For the two states of the gas we can write
PbottomVbottom = nRTbottom , and PtopVtop = nRTtop , which can be combined to give
(Pbottom/Ptop)(Vbottom/Vtop) = Tbottom/Ttop ;
(5.28 105 Pa/1.013 105 Pa)(1.00 cm3/Vtop) = (278.7 K/294.2 K), which gives Vtop =

42. If we write the ideal gas law as PV = NkT, we have

N/V = P/kT = (1.013 105 Pa)/(1.38 1023 J/K)(273 K) =

5.50 cm3.

2.69 1025 molecules/m3.

43. We find the number of moles from

n = V/M = (1.000 g/cm3)(1.000 103 cm3)/(18 g/mol) =
55.6 mol.
For the number of molecules we have
N = nNA = (55.6 mol)(6.02 1023 molecules/mol) =
3.34 1025 molecules.
44. (a) We find the number of moles from
n = +V/M = +4R2d/M
= (1000 kg/m3)3(6.4 106 m)2(3 103 m)(103 g/kg)/(18 g/mol) =
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Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

(b) For the number of molecules we have
N = nNA = (6 1022 mol)(6.02 1023 molecules/mol) =

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Chapter 13

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Chapter 13

45. The volume and mass are constant. For the two states of the gas we can write
P1V1 = nRT1 , and P2V2 = nRT2 , which can be combined to give
P2/P1 = T2/T1 ;
(P2/1.00 atm) = (455 K/293 K), which gives P2 = 1.55 atm.
We find the length of a side of the box from
V = L3 ;
3.9 102 m3 = L3, which gives L = 0.339 m.
The net force is the same on each side of the box. Because there is atmospheric pressure outside the box,
the net force is
F = A P = L2(P2 P1) = (0.339 m)2(1.55 atm 1.00 atm)(1.013 105 Pa/atm) =
6.4 103 N.
Note that we have assumed no change in dimensions from the increased pressure.

46. We find the number of moles in one breath from

PV = nRT;
(1.013 105 Pa)(2.0 103 m3) = n(8.315 J/mol K)(300 K), which gives n = 8.02 102 mol.
For the number of molecules in one breath we have
N = nNA = (8.02 102 mol)(6.02 1023 molecules/mol) = 4.83 1022 molecules.
We assume that all of the molecules from the last breath that Einstein took are uniformly spread
throughout the atmosphere, so the fraction that are in one breath is given by V/Vatmosphere . We find the
number now in one breath from
N/N = V/Vatmosphere = V/4R2h;
N/(4.83 1022 molecules) = (2.0 103 m3)/4(6.4 106 m)2(10 103 m),
which gives N =
20 molecules.

47. The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:

!mvrms2 = 8kT, which gives
vrms = (3kT/m)1/2 = [3(1.38 1023 J/K)(6000 K)/(4 u)(1.66 1027 kg/u)]1/2 =

6.1 103 m/s.

48. (a) The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:

!mvrms2 = 8kT = 8(1.38 1023 J/K)(273 K) =
5.65 1021 J.
(b) For the total translational kinetic energy we have
KE = N(!mvrms2) = 8nNAkT
= 8(1.00 mol)(6.02 1023 molecules/mol)(1.38 1023 J/K)(293 K) =

3.65 103 J.

49. We find the rms speed from

vrms = [(v2)/N]1/2 = [(62 + 22 + 42 + 62 + 02 + 42 + 12 + 82 + 52 + 32 + 72 + 82)/12]1/2 =
Note that this is greater than the average speed of 4.5.

50. The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:

!mvrms2 = 8kT.
We form the ratio at the two temperatures:
(vrms2/vrms1)2 = T2/T1 ;
(2)2 = T2/273 K, which gives T2 = 1092 K =
819C.

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Chapter 13

51. The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:

!mvrms2 = 8kT.
We form the ratio at the two temperatures:
(vrms2/vrms1)2 = T2/T1 ;
(1.020)2 = T2/293.2 K, which gives T2 = 304.9 K =
31.7C.

52. The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:

!mvrms2 = 8kT.
We form the ratio at the two temperatures, and use the ideal gas law:
(vrms2/vrms1)2 = T2/T1 = P2V2/P1V1 = P2/P1 ;
(vrms2/vrms1)2 = 2, which gives vrms2/vrms1 =
2.

53. The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:

!mvrms2 = 8kT.
We form the ratio at the two temperatures, and use the ideal gas law:
(m2/m1)(vrms2/vrms1)2 = T2/T1 = 1, so we have
(vrms2/vrms1)2 = (m1/m2), or vrms2/vrms1 = (m1/m2)1/2.

54. (a) We find the rms speed from

vrms = (3kT/m)1/2 = [3(1.38 1023 J/K)(310 K)/(89 u)(1.66 1027 kg/u)]1/2 =
2.9 102 m/s.
(b) For the protein we have
vrms = (3kT/m)1/2 = [3(1.38 1023 J/K)(310 K)/(50,000 u)(1.66 1027 kg/u)]1/2
=
12 m/s.

55. The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:

!mvrms2 = 8kT, or kT/m = @vrms2.
With M the mass of the gas and m the mass of a molecule, we write the ideal gas law as
PV = NkT = (M/m)kT, or
P = (M/V)(kT/m) = (@vrms2) = @vrms2.

56. The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:

!mvrms2 = 8kT.
We form the ratio for the two masses:
(m235/m238)(vrms235/vrms238)2 = T2/T1 = 1, so we have
(vrms235/vrms238)2 = (m238/m235), or
vrms235/vrms238 = (m238/m235)1/2 = {[6(19 u) + 238 u]/[6(19 u) + 235 u]}1/2 =

57. (a) From Figure 1323 we see that at atmospheric pressure CO2 can exist as a
(b) From Figure 1323 we see that CO2 may be a liquid when
5.11 atm < P < 73 atm, and 56.6C < T < 31C.

58. From Figure 1323 we see that CO2 is a

vapor
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at 30 atm and 30C.

1.00429.

solid or vapor.

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59. (a) From Figure 1322 we see that the phase is
(b) From Figure 1322 we see that the phase is

Chapter 13

vapor.
solid.

60. The saturated vapor pressure at 25C is 23.8 torr.

At 50% humidity the partial vapor pressure is
P = 0.50Ps = 0.50(23.8 torr) = 11.9 torr.
This corresponds to a saturated vapor pressure between 10C and 15C. We assume a linear change
between values listed in Table 134 and use the values at 10C and 15C to find the dew point;
T = 10C + [(15C 10C)(11.9 torr 9.21 torr)/(12.8 torr 9.21 torr)] =
14C.

61. Water boils when the saturated vapor pressure equals the air pressure. From Table 134 we see that the
saturated vapor pressure at 90C is
7.01 104 Pa =
0.69 atm.

62. Water boils when the saturated vapor pressure equals the air pressure. From Table 134 we see that 0.85
atm = 8.6 104 Pa lies between 90C and 100C. We use the values at 90C and 100C to find the
temperature;
T = 90C + [(100C 90C)(8.6 104 Pa 7.0 104 Pa)/(10.1 104 Pa 7.0 104 Pa)] =
95C.

63. We find the saturated vapor pressure from

P = (RH)Ps ;
530 Pa = 0.40Ps , which gives Ps = 1325 Pa.
This saturated vapor pressure corresponds to a temperature between 10C and 15C. We use the values
at 10C and 15C to find the dew point;
T = 10C + [(15C 10C)(1.325 103 Pa 1.23 103 Pa)/(1.71 103 Pa 1.23 103 Pa)] =
11C.

64. Water boils when the saturated vapor pressure equals the air pressure. From Table 134 we see that the
saturated vapor pressure at 120C is
1.99 104 Pa =
1.96 atm.
65. From Table 134 we see that the saturated vapor pressure at 25C is 3.17 103 Pa. Water can evaporate
until the saturated vapor pressure is reached. The initial pressure is (relative humidity)(saturated vapor
pressure). Because the volume and temperature are constant, we use the ideal gas law to find the
number of moles that can evaporate:
n = P(V/RT) = (1 RH)PsV/RT
= (1 0.80)(3.17 103 Pa)(680 m3)/(8.315 J/mol K)(298 K) = 174 mol.
We find the mass from
m = M n = (18 g/mol)(174 mol) = 3.1 103 g =
3.1 kg.
66. From Table 134 we see that the saturated vapor pressure at 20C is 2.33 103 Pa. The vapor pressure is
(relative humidity)(saturated vapor pressure). Because the volume and temperature are constant, we use
the ideal gas law to find the number of moles that must be removed:
n = P(V/RT) = (RH2 RH1)PsV/RT
= (0.30 0.95)(2.33 103 Pa)(95 m2)(2.8 m)/(8.315 J/mol K)(293 K) = 165 mol.
We find the mass from
m = M n = (18 g/mol)(165 mol) = 3.0 103 g =
3.0 kg.
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Chapter 13

67. Because there is only steam in the autoclave, the saturated vapor pressure is the gauge pressure plus
atmospheric pressure:
1.0 atm + 1.0 atm = 2.0 atm = 2.03 105 Pa.
From Table 134 we see this saturated vapor pressure occurs at
120C.

68. Because the outside air is at the dew point, its vapor pressure is the saturated vapor pressure at 5C,
which is 872 Pa. We consider a constant mass of gas, that is a fixed number of moles, that moves from
outside to inside. Because the pressure is constant, we have
V2/T2 = V1/T1 .
The vapor pressure inside is
P2 = nRT2/V2 = nRT1/V1 = P1 = 872 Pa.
The saturated vapor pressure at 25C is 3170 Pa, so the relative humidity is
(872 Pa)/(3170 Pa) = 0.28 =
28%.

69. Because the air at the wet-bulb thermometer is at the dew point, the partial vapor pressure at 30C is the
saturated vapor pressure at 10C, which is 1230 Pa. The saturated vapor pressure at 30C is 4240 Pa, so
the relative humidity is
(1230 Pa)/(4240 Pa) = 0.29 =
29%.

70. From the result of Example 1319, we have

2
(2 .0 m ) 2
= 5.0 104 / s = 14 h .
t = C (x) = 1
C D
2 4.0 10 5 m 2/ s
Our experience is that the odor is detected much sooner than this, which means that convection is much
more important than diffusion.

71. From the result of Example 1319, we have

2
3 0.40 mol / m 3)/ 2 (15 10 6 m )2
=
0.28 s.
t = C (x) = (1.0 mol / m +
C D
(1.0 mol / m 3 0.40 mol / m 3) 95 10 11 m 2/ s
The diffusion speed is
v = x/t = (15 106 m)/(0.28 s) =
5.4 105 m/s.
We find the rms speed from
vrms = (3kT/m)1/2 = [3(1.38 1023 J/K)(293 K)/(75 u)(1.66 1027 kg/u)]1/2 =

3.1 102 m/s.

72. (a) From the ideal gas law, we have

C0 = n/V = P/RT = (0.21)(1.013 105 Pa)/(8.315 J/mol K)(293 K) = 8.7 mol/m3.
(b) The concentration change is
C = C0 !C0 = !C0 = !(8.7 mol/m3) = 4.35 mol/m3.
We find the diffusion rate from
J = DA C/x = (1 105 m2/s)(2 109 m2)(4.35 mol/m3)/(2 103 m) =
4 1011 mol/s.
(c) For the average concentration we have
Cav = !(C0 + !C0) = +C0 = 6.53 mol/m3.
We find the average time from
t = N/J = CavV/J = (6.53 mol/m3)(2 109 m2)(2 103 m)/(4 1011 mol/s) =
0.6 s.

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Chapter 13

73. (a) If we consider a cross-sectional area through which diffusion is taking place, the diffusion rate
will be proportional to have frequently a molecule, during its random motion, will strike the area.
This frequency is proportional to its average speed, for which we can use the rms speed. The
temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of a molecule:
!mvrms2 = 8kT, or vrms2 1/m.
Thus we have
J vrms 1/m.
(b) The molecular mass is proportional to the molecular weight, so the molecule with the lighter
mass, which is
nitrogen,
will diffuse faster.
For the ratio of diffusion rates, we have
JN/JO = (mO/mN)1/2 = (MO/MN)1/2 = (32/28)1/2 = 1.069, or
6.9%.

74. (a) The tape will expand, so the numbers will be beyond the true length, so it will read
low.
(b) The percentage error will be
(L/L)(100) = (L T/L)(100) = ( T)(100) = [12 106 (C)1](34C 20C)(100) =
0.017%.

75. Because we neglect the glass expansion, when the 300 mL cools to room temperature, the change in
volume of the water will be
V = V0 T = [210 106 (C)1](300 mL)(20C 80C) =
3.8 mL (1.3%).

76. For the two conditions of the gas in the cylinder, we can write
P1V = n1RT, and P2V = n2RT, which can be combined to give
P2/P1 = n2/n1 ;
(5 atm/28 atm) = n2/n1 , which gives n2/n1 =
0.18.

77. The ideal gas law is

PV = nRT = (m/M)RT,
where m is the mass and M is the molecular weight. We write this as
P = (m/V)RT/M = RT/M.
78. We use the ideal gas law:
PV = NkT;
(1.013 105 Pa)(5 m)(3 m)(2.5 m) = N(1.38 1023 J/K)(293 K),
which gives N =
9.4 1026 molecules.
We find the number of moles from
n = N/NA = (9.4 1026 molecules)/(6.02 1023 molecules/mol) =

1.6 103 mol.

79. We use the ideal gas law:

PV = NkT, or
N/V = P/kT = (1 1012 N/m2)/(1.38 1023 J/K)(273 K)(106 cm3/m3) =
80. The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:
!mvrms2 = 8kT, which gives
vrms = (3kT/m)1/2 = [3(1.38 1023 J/K)(2.7 K)/(1 u)(1.66 1027 kg/u)]1/2 =
We find the pressure from
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3 102 molecules/cm3.

2.6 102 m/s.

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

PV = NkT, or
P = (N/V)/kT = (1 atom/cm3)(106 cm3/m3)/(1.38 1023 J/K)(2.7 K) =

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Chapter 13

4 1017 N/m2.

Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 13

81. The pressure at a depth h is

P = P0 + gh = 1.013 105 Pa + (1000 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)(10 m) = 1.99 105 Pa.
For the two states of the gas we can write
PV = nRT, and P0V0 = nRT, which can be combined to give
P/P0 = V0/V;
(1.99 105 Pa/1.013 105 Pa) = (V0/5.5 L), which gives V0 =
11 L.
This doubling of the volume is definitely
not advisable.

82. (a) The volume of each gas is !Vtank. We use the ideal gas law:
PVO = NOkT;
(10 atm + 1 atm)(1.013 105 Pa/atm)!(3500 cm3)/(106 cm3/m3) = NO(1.38 1023 J/K)(293 K),
which gives
NO = 4.8 1023 molecules = NHe ,
because the mass is not in the ideal gas law.
(b) The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:
!mvrms2 = 8kT.
Because the gases are at the same temperature, the ratio of average kinetic energies is
1.
(c) We see that
(vrmsHe/vrmsO)2 = mO/mHe = (32 u)/(4 u), which gives vrmsHe/vrmsO =
2.8.

83. The rms speed is the speed of the nitrogen molecules, so we have
!mvrms2 = 8kT;
(28 u)(1.66 1027 kg/u)[(40,000 km/h)/(3.6 ks/h)]2 = 3(1.38 1023 J/K)T,
which gives T =
1.4 105 K.

84. For the two conditions of the gas in the cylinder, we can write
P1V = nRT1 , and P2V = nRT2 , which can be combined to give
P2/P1 = T2/T1 ;
P2/P1 = (633 K/393 K) =
1.61.
The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:
!mvrms2 = 8kT.
We form the ratio for the two temperatures:
(vrms2/vrms1)2 = T2/T1 = (633 K/393 K), which gives vrms2/vrms1 =

1.27.

85. (a) The ideal gas law is

PV = nRT = (m/M)RT;
(1.013 105 Pa)(770 m3) = [m/(29 g/mol)](8.315 J/mol K)(293 K),
which gives m = 9.2 105 g =
9.2 102 kg.
(b) At the lower temperature we have
(1.013 105 Pa)(770 m3) = [m/(29 g/mol)](8.315 J/mol K)(263 K),
which gives m = 1.03 106 g = 10.3 102 kg.
Thus the mass that has entered the house is 10.3 102 kg 9.2 102 kg =
1.1 102 kg.

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Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 13

86. (a) The ideal gas law is

PV = nRT.
At constant pressure we have
P V = nR T, or
V/V = T/T.
The thermal expansion is V/V = T, so we see that = 1/T.
At 293 K we have
= 1/293 K = 3.41 103 (C)1, which agrees with the value of 3400 106 (C)1 in Table 131.
(b) At constant temperature, when the pressure is changed we can write
P1V1 = nRT = P2V2 , or P2 = P1V1/V2 .
For the small fractional change in pressure, we have
P/P = (P2 P1)/P1 = [(P1V1/V2) P1]/P1 = (V1 V2)/V2 = V/V.
From the definition of the bulk modulus, we have
B = P/(V/V) = P/( P/P) = P.

87. The pressure on a small area of the surface can be considered to be due to the weight of the air column
above the area:
P = Mg/A.
When we consider the total surface of the Earth, we have
Mtotal = PAtotal/g = P4R2/g
= (1.013 105 Pa)4(6.37 106 m)2/(9.80 m/s2) = 5.27 1018 kg.
If we use the average mass of an air molecule, we find the number of molecules from
N = Mtotal/m = (5.27 1018 kg)/(28.8 u)(1.66 1027 kg) =
1.1 1044 molecules.

88. We use the ideal gas law to find the temperature:

PV = nRT;
(4.2 atm)(1.013 105 Pa/atm)(7.6 m3) = (1800 mol)(8.315 J/mol K)T,
which gives T = 216 K.
The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature:
!mvrms2 = 8kT, which gives
vrms = (3kT/m)1/2 = [3(1.38 1023 J/K)(216 K)/(28 u)(1.66 1027 kg/u)]1/2 =

437 m/s.

89. (a) The volume of the bulb is so much greater than the volume of mercury in the tube that we can
ignore any changes in the tube dimensions. The additional length of the mercury column in the tube
will be due to the increased expansion of the mercury in the bulb compared to the expansion of the
glass bulb. The volume of mercury that adds to the length in the tube is
V = Vmercury Vglass = V0mercury T V0glass T = V0(mercury glass)T
= (0.255 cm3)[180 106 (C)1 9 106 (C)1](33.0C 11.5C) = 9.43 104 cm3.
We find the additional length from
L = V/Atube = V/(d2 = 4(9.43 104 cm3)/(0.0140 cm)2 =
6.09 cm.
(b) If we combine the two expressions from part (a), we get
L = 4V0(mercury glass)T/d2.
L(d2 = V = V0(mercury glass)T, which gives

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Solutions to Physics: Principles with Applications, 5/E, Giancoli

Chapter 13

90. We find the molecular density from the ideal gas law:
PV = NkT, or
N/V = P/kT = (1.013 105 Pa)/(1.38 1023 J/K)(273 K)(106 cm3/m3) = 2.79 1019 molecules/cm3.
If we assume that each molecule occupies a cube of side a, we can find a, which is the average distance
between molecules, from the volume occupied by a molecule:
V/N = a3;
1/(2.79 1019 molecules/cm3) = a3, which gives a =
3.3 107 cm.

91. We find the total number of molecules from the total number of moles of water plus others:
N = {[(0.70)/(18 g/mol)] + [(0.30)/(105 g/mol)]}(2.0 1012 kg)(6.02 1023 molecules/mol)
= 4.7 1010 molecules.
Because each molecule has an average kinetic energy of 8kT, the total translational kinetic energy is
KE = 8NkT = 8(4.7 1010 molecules)(1.38 1023 J/K)(310 K) =
3.0 1010 J.

92. (a) If V0Fe is the volume of the iron and V0Hg is the volume of mercury that is displaced, the fraction
of the volume of the iron that is submerged is
f = V0Hg/V0Fe .
Each volume will increase as the temperature is raised, so the new fraction will be
f = V0Hg(1 + Hg T)/V0Fe(1 + Fe T) = f(1 + Hg T)/(1 + Fe T).
Because T 1, we use the approximation
1/(1 + Fe T) 1 Fe T, so we have
f = f (1 + Hg T)(1 Fe T) = f [1 + Hg T Fe T HgFe(T)2] , or
(f f )/f = Hg T Fe T HgFe(T)2.
The last term is the product of two small numbers, so it can be neglected and we have
f/f = Hg T Fe T = (Hg Fe)T.
Because Hg > Fe , the fraction that is submerged will increase, so the cube will float
lower.
(b) For the percent change in the fraction submerged, we have
(f/f )(100) = (Hg Fe)(T)(100)
= [180 106 (C)1 35 106 (C)1](25C 0C)(100) =
0.36%.

93. We treat the circumference of the band as a length, which will expand according to
2R = 2R0(1 + T), or
R R0 = R0 T = (6.37 106 m)[12 106 (C)1](30C 20C) =
7.6 102 m.

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