QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

ax 2 bx c a 0 will be a perfect
square.

1) Standard form of quadratic polynomial in

one real variable x is ax bx c a 0
2

c) If D 0 , then the roots of

ax 2 bx c 0 a 0 are real and

where a, b, c are real numbers.

distinct.

2) Standard form of quadratic equation in

one real variable x is ax bx c 0 a 0
2

d) Roots of ax 2 bx c 0 a 0 are real

where a, b, c are real numbers.

if and only if D 0 .

3) If is a root/solution of the equation

11) If we can resolve ax 2 bx c a 0 into a

ax bx c 0 a 0 , in other words if
2

product of two linear factors, say

satisfies ax bx c 0 a 0 , then
2

a1 x b1 a2 x b2 , then the roots of

ax 2 bx c 0 a 0 can be found by

a b c 0 is a true statement.

solving linear equations a1 x b1 0 and

4) Zeros of polynomial ax 2 bx c a 0 are

a2 x b2 0 for x.

nothing but the roots of quadratic

equation ax bx c 0 a 0 .
2

12) In the completion of square method we

express a part or whole of polynomial

5) A quadratic equation has at most (a

maximum) of two roots.

ax 2 bx c a 0 in the form m n or

m n

6) Let the roots of ax 2 bx c 0 a 0 be

denoted by , . Then the roots are,

and we then solve equation

ax 2 bx c 0 a 0 for x.

b b 2 4ac
b b 2 4 ac
and
2a
2a

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
1) A progression is a sequence which follows
certain pattern.

7) Roots of a quadratic equation may or may

not be real.
8)

2) Arithmetic progression (AP) is a sequence

in which every term except the first is
obtained by adding a fixed number to its
preceding term. These are some
important results on A.P.

4ac , denoted by or D is called

the discriminant of the quadratic

equation ax 2 bx c 0 a 0 .
9) Using discriminant of a quadratic
equation, we can find nature of its roots.

a) Standard form:

a, a d , a 2 d ,...., a n 1 d

10) Consider discriminant b 2 4ac D of

b) nth term or general term or last term:

quadratic equation ax 2 bx c 0 a 0

an l a n 1 d

a) If D 0 , then the roots of

c) Common difference:

ax 2 bx c 0 a 0 are imaginary

d an 1 an k 1

(not real).

n
2a n 1 d
2
n
n
a l a an
2
2

d) Sum to n terms: S n

b) If D 0 , then the roots of

ax 2 bx c 0 a 0 are real and

equal and each root is equal to

b
.
2a

e) an in terms of Sn :

In this case, polynomial

1

an S n S n 1

3) Some convenient ways of assuming the

terms in AP

6) Sum to n terms of certain APs

a) Sum of first n natural numbers

a) If n 3 , then a d , a, a d are the

(1, 2, 3, , n) is

n n 1

terms with a common difference d .

(1, 3, 5, , 2n 1 ) is n 2 .

with a

common difference 2d .

c) Sum of first n even natural numbers

(2, 4, 6, , 2n) is n n 1 .

c) If n 5 , then the terms may be

a 2d , a d , a, a d a 2d

with

ab
is
2
called the arithmetic mean (AM) of a and
a b
b such that a,
, b are in A.P.
2

7) Let a, b are two numbers. Then

a common difference d and so on.

4) Properties of AP
a) If a constant is added to or subtracted
from each term of an AP, then the
resulting sequence is also an AP with
the same common difference.

COORDINATE GEOMETRY
1) Coordinate/Cartesian Plane: The
Cartesian plane consists of two
perpendicular axes that cross at a central
point called the origin. Positions or
coordinates are determined according to
the east/west and north/south
displacements from the origin. The
east/west axis is called the x axis, and
the north/south axis is called the y axis.

b) If each term of a given AP is multiplied

by a constant k , then the resulting
sequence is also an AP with common
difference kd , where d is the common
difference of the given AP.
c) If each term of a given AP is divided by
a non-zero constant k , then the
resulting sequence is also an A.P with
common difference

2) A point in a co-ordinate plane is of the

d
, where d is the
k

form x, y . Here x is the distance of a

common difference of the given AP.

point from the y-axis and is called

x-coordinate or abscissa. Similarly y is
the distance of a point from the x-axis
and is called y-coordinate or ordinate.

d) In a finite AP the sum of the terms

equidistant from the beginning and
end is always same and is equal to the
sum of first and last term.
i.e.

b) Sum of first n odd natural numbers

b) If n 4 , then the terms may be

a 3d , a d a d , a 3d

3) General forms of some specific points in

the coordinate plane:

a1 an a2 an 1 a3 an 2 ...

a) A point on X-axis is of form a, 0 .

e) Three numbers a, b, c are in AP if and

only if 2b a c .

b) A point on Y-axis is of form 0, b .

f) If the terms of an A.P are chosen at

regular intervals, they form an AP.

c) A point in first quadrant is x, y ,

where x 0 , y 0 .

g) If the terms of an A.P whose common

difference is d are written in reverse
order then the common difference of
new A.P is d .

d) A point in second quadrant is x, y ,

where x 0 , y 0 .

5) Let there be n terms in an AP. Then kth

term from the end is same as n k 1

e) A point in third quadrant is x, y ,

th

where x 0 , y 0 .

term from the beginning.

2

7) Section Formulae

f) A point in fourth quadrant is x, y ,

a) Let AB be a line segment joining the

points A and B. Let M be the point on
the line segment such that
AM : MB m : n . Then we say that M
divides AB into two sections (parts) in
the ratio m : n .

where x 0 , y 0 .
4) Distance Formula
a) Distance between two points x1 , y1 ,

x2 , y2

is
2

x2 x1 y2 y1

x1 x2 y1 y2

or

b) Distance between a point x1 , y1 and

the origin is

b) Let us consider the line segment

x12 y12 .

joining the points P x1 , y1 , Q x2 , y2 .

5) Important hints for identifying the nature

of polygons

The point R which divides the join PQ

in the ratio m : n internally is

a) A triangle is equilateral if all of its

sides are equal.

mx2 nx1 my2 ny1

,

.
mn
mn

b) A triangle is isosceles if any two of its

sides are equal.
c) A triangle is a scalene triangle if no
two of its sides are equal.

c) The point R which divides the join PQ

d) A triangle is a right triangle if the

square of its largest side is equal to
the sum of the squares of remaining
two sides.

in the ratio 1:1 internally is

x1 x2 y1 y2
,

. Here R is called the

2
2
midpoint or the point of bisection

e) A triangle is an isosceles right triangle

if two of its sides are equal and the
square of the largest side is equal to
the sum of the squares of remaining
two sides.

(dividing into two equal parts) of PQ .

f) A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if
both the pairs of opposite sides are
equal.

d) The points R1 , R2 which divide the

join PQ in the ratio 1: 2 and 2 :1

x2 2 x1 y2 2 y1
,

3
3

2 x x1 2 y2 y1
,
and 2
. Here R1 , R2
3
3

g) A quadrilateral is a rectangle if both

the pairs of opposite sides are equal
and the diagonals are equal.

respectively are

h) A quadrilateral is a rhombus if all of

its sides are equal.
i)

are called the points of trisection

(dividing into 3 equal parts) of PQ .

A quadrilateral is a square if all of its

sides are equal and the diagonals are
equal.

6) Three points A, B, C are collinear if either

AB BC CA or BC CA AB or
CA AB BC .

8) Important Hints for problems based on

Section formulae:

APPLICATIONS OF
TRIGONOMETRY

a) The centroid of a triangle divides each

of its median in the ratio 2:1 from the
direction of vertex.

1) The position of observers eye is

considered as a point and is known as
point of observation.

b) The diagonals of a parallelogram

bisect each other. Meaning the
midpoint of both the diagonals is one
and the same.

2) The imaginary straight line connecting

the point of observation and the object is
said to be line of sight.
3) The angle between the horizontal line
drawn through the point of observation
and the line of sight is called the angle of
elevation, if the object is at a level higher
than the observers eye.

c) The centre of a circle is the midpoint

of its diameters.
d) The perpendicular from the centre to a
chord of a circle bisects the chord.
e) To find the ratio in which the given
point divides a given line segment, we
take the ratio of division as k :1 .
9) Area of a triangle whose vertices are

x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , x3 , y3
A

is

1
x1 y2 y3 x2 y3 y1 x3 y1 y2
2
1 x1 x2 x3 x1

2 y1

y2

y3

y1

Here we consider only numerical value

and neglect the negative sign if any.

4) The angle between the horizontal line

drawn through the point of observation and
the line of sight is called the angle of
depression, if the object is at a level lower
than the observers eye.

10) Important Hints:

a) Three points A, B, C are collinear if
the area of triangle ABC is zero.
b) A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if
the midpoints of its diagonals are
equal.
c) A quadrilateral is a rectangle if the
midpoints of its diagonals are equal
and the diagonals are equal.
d) A quadrilateral is a rhombus if the
midpoints of its diagonals are equal
and if any of its adjacent sides are
equal.
e) A quadrilateral is a square if the
midpoints of its diagonals are equal,
diagonals are equal and any of its
adjacent sides are equal.

h) Minor sector is
the region
bounded by
minor arc and
radii at its end
points.

CIRCLES (TANGENTS)
1) A circle is a locus of points in a plane
equidistant from a fixed point. Here, the
fixed distance is the radius ( r ) and fixed
point is the centre (O) of the circle.
2) Secant, tangent, and chord of a circle

4) Some important results on secant and

tangent of a circle

a) A line which intersects a circle in two

distinct points is called a secant.

a) At any point on a circle there can be

one and only one tangent.

b) A line which touches a circle in one

and only one point is called a tangent.

b) A circle can have infinitely many

tangents.

c) The line segment that connects any

two points on the outline of a circle is
called a chord.

c) No tangent is possible from a point

interior to the circle.
d) Utmost two tangents can be drawn
from a point exterior to the circle.
e) The point of intersection of tangent
and circle is called point of contact.
f) The tangent at
any point of a
circle is
perpendicular to the radius through
the point of contact.

3) Arc, segment and sector

a) An arc is a segment of outline of a
circle.
b) Two points on the outline of a circle
determine two arcs of the circle. The
smaller of them is called the minor arc
and the bigger one is called the major
arc.

g) The line containing the radius

through the point of contact is called
normal to the circle at the point.
h) Tangents drawn at the end points of a
diameter of a circle are parallel.

c) The region enclosed between an arc

and its corresponding chord, of a
circle is called a segment.
d) Major segment is the region bounded
by major arc and its corresponding
chord.
e) Minor
segment is
the region
bounded by
minor arc and its corresponding
chord.

i)

The perpendicular at the point of

contact to the tangent to a circle
passes through the centre.

j)

A line drawn through the end point of

a radius and perpendicular to it is a
tangent to the
circle.

k) The lengths of
the tangents
drawn from a point exterior to the
circle are equal in length. In the
figure, AB AC

f) The region enclosed between an arc

and radii at its end points, of a circle
is called a sector.

l)

g) Major sector is the region bounded by

major arc and radii at its end points.

Tangents drawn
from exterior point
to a circle subtend
equal angles at the centre.
In the figure, AOB AOC

m) Line joining
the centre of a
circle and the
point exterior
to the circle
from where tangents are drawn,
bisects the angle between the
tangents. In the fig., OAB OAC

n) Angle in the major segment is acute,

whereas
angle in
the minor
segment
is obtuse.
o) Angle in the semi-circle is a right
angle.

5) Some important results on arc, and chord

of a circle

b) Line passing through the centre of a

circle and midpoint of its chord is
perpendicular to the chord.

p) Angle subtended by major arc at the

centre is 180 , whereas the angle
subtended
by minor
arc at the
centre is
180 .

c) Perpendicular bisector of the chord of

a circle passes through the centre.

q) Angle subtended by semicircular arc

at the centre is 180 .

d) The perpendicular bisectors of two

non-parallel chords of a circle
intersect at the centre of the circle.

r) Angles in the same

segment of a circle
are equal.
In the
adjacent figure,
ACB ADB .

a) Line passing through the centre of a

circle and perpendicular to its chord
bisects the chord.

e) If two chords are equal, they are

equidistant from centre of the circle.

s) In equal circles (or in the same circle),

if two arcs subtend equal angles at
the corresponding centres (or center),
then the arcs are equal in length.

f) If two chords of a circle are equidistant

from the centre, they are equal.
g) Equal chords of a circle lie equidistant
from the centre.

t) In equal circles (or in the same circle),

if two arcs are equal, they subtend
equal angles at their corresponding
centres (or center).

h) Equal chords of a circle subtend equal

angles at the centre.
i)

j)

If two chords of a circle subtend equal

angles at the centre, then their
lengths are equal.

u) The angle subtended by an arc of a

circle at the centre is twice the angle it
subtends at any point on the
remaining circle.

In a circle (or in congruent circles)

equal arcs form equal chords.

k) Diameter is the longest chord of a

circle and it passes through the
centre. Length of diameter is twice
the length of radius, i.e. d 2r .
l)

Diameter divides a circle into two

equal segments called semi-circular
regions.

m) Chord other than the diameter divides

a circle into two unequal segmentsmajor segment and minor segment.

In the above figure,

AOB 2ACB 2ADB .

6) Cyclic Quadrilateral

3) Formulae related to a ring

a) If all the four

vertices of a
quadrilateral lie
on a circle, then the quadrilateral is
called cyclic quadrilateral.

a) Width of the
ring, w R r

b) In a cyclic quadrilateral any pair of

opposite angles is supplementary.

b) A R 2 r 2 R r R r

R r w

c) In a cyclic quadrilateral any of the

exterior angle is equal to its interior
opposite angle. DAB BCN

4) Formulae related to segments of a circle

AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES

1) Formulae related to circle
a) Diameter, d 2r
b) Circumference, C 2 r
c) Area, A r 2
a) Area of minor segment is 3 1 3

2) Formulae related to sector of a circle

a) Length of minor arc,

b) Area of major segment is 2 3

x
l1
2 r
360

SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES

b) Length of major arc,

l2

1) Formulae related to cuboid

360 x
2 r
360

a) Total number of faces 6

b) Number of lateral faces 4

c) Area of minor sector,

A1

c) Number of bases 2

x
1
r 2 l1r
360
2

d) Total number of
edges 12
e) Sum of lengths of
edges 4 l b h
f) Length of diagonal, d l 2 b 2 h 2

d) Area of major sector,

A2

360 x
1
r 2 l2 r
360
2

g) Perimeter of base, Pbase 2 l b

h) Area of base, Abase l b

e) Perimeter of minor sector, P1 l1 2 r

i)
f) Perimeter of major sector, P2 l2 2r

Lateral surface area, LSA

Pbase h 2h l b

g) Semi-circle is a sector whose sector

angle is equal to 180 .

j)

Total surface area, TSA

LSA 2 Abase 2 lb bh hl

h) Quadrant of a circle is a sector whose

sector angle is equal to 90 .

k) Volume, V Abase h l b h
7

2) Formulae related to cube

5) Formulae related to right circular cone

In the formulae related

to cuboid, replace l, b,

a) Slant height, l is given by the relation

l 2 h2 r 2

h with a to get the

formulae of cube.

b) Area of a base, Abase r 2

c) Curved surface area, CSA

3) Formulae related to right circular cylinder

rl

Let the radius of the circular bases be r

and the height of the cylinder is h. Then-

d) Total surface area, TSA

Abase CSA r 2 rl r r l

1
3

e) Volume, V r 2 h
6) Formulae related to frustum of a right
circular cone
a) Curved surface area,

a) Circumference of base, Cbase 2 r

CSA R r l

b) Area of a base, Abase r 2

b) Total surface area, TSA

c) Curved surface area, CSA

Cbase h 2 rh

R r l R 2 r 2

d) Total surface area, TSA

1
3

c) Volume, V h R 2 Rr r 2

=CSA 2 Abase
2 rh 2 r 2 2 r h r

7) Formulae related to sphere

e) Volume, V Abase h r 2 h

a) Surface area, SA

4 r 2

4) Formulae related to right circular hollow

cylinder

b) Volume, V

4 3
r
3

8) Formulae related to hemi-sphere

a) Curved surface area,
CSA 2 r 2
b) Total surface area, TSA 3 r 2
c) Volume, V
a) Area of a base (or circular ring),

Abase R r R r R r w

2 3
r
3

9) Formulae related to spherical shell

b) Curved surface area, CSA

2 R r h
c) Total surface area, TSA

2 R r h w
d) Volume, V Abase h R r wh

a) Volume, V

4
R3 r 3
3

10) Formulae related to hemi-spherical shell

9) Theoretical probability is referred to as

probability.
10) An event having only one outcome of the
experiment is called an elementary event.
11) The sum of the probabilities of all the
elementary events of an experiment is 1.

12) For an event E, P E 1 P E where E

a) Area of the base (ring), A R r w

and E are complementary events.

b) Surface area of outer hemisphere 2 R 2
c) Surface area of inner hemisphere 2 r

d) Total surface area, TSA 3R 2 r 2

e) Volume, V

13) Probability of an impossible event is zero.

14) Probability of a sure or certain event is 1.

IMPORTANT RESULTS

2
R3 r 3
3

PROBABILITY
1) An event for an experiment is the
collection of some outcomes of the
experiment.

a b

a 2 2ab b2 a b 4ab

2)

a b

a 2 2ab b 2 a b 4 ab

3) a 2 b 2 a b 2 ab a b 2ab

2) A trial is an action which results in one

or several outcomes.
3) The empirical (or experimental)
probability P(E) of an event E is given by

PE

1)

No.of trials in which E has happened

Total no. of trials

4)

a b a b

5)

a b a b

2 a2 b2

4ab

6) a 2 b 2 a b a b

4) The Probability of an event lies between 0

a 3 3ab a b b3

a3 3ab a b b3

a b

8)

a b

and 1 (inclusive of 0, 1), i.e. 0 P E 1

5) When we speak of a coin, we assume it to
be fair, that is, it is symmetrical so that
there is no reason for it to come down
more often on one side than the other.
We call this property of the coin as being
unbiased.

7)

9) a 3 b3 a b 3ab a b

a b a 2 ab b 2
3

10) a 3 b3 a b 3ab a b

6) The outcomes of an unbiased coin or dice

are assumed to be equally likely.

a b a 2 ab b 2

7) The theoretical probability (or classical

probability) of an event E, written as P(E),
is defined as

11) a b c a 2 b 2 c 2 2ab 2bc 2ca

PE

12) x a x b x 2 a b x ab

No.of outcomes favourable to E

No. of all possible outcomes of E

13) ab 0 a 0 or b 0
This rule is called Zero Product Rule

8) In theoretical probability we assume that

outcomes of an experiment are equally
likely.

14) A2 B 2 0

A 0 and B 0