10

C H A P T E R 1 0
Analytic Geometry in Three Dimensions

Section 10.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System . . . . . . . . 888
Section 10.2 Vectors in Space
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
Section 10.3 The Cross Product of Two Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905

Section 10.4 Lines and Planes in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912
Review Exercises
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919
Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927
C H A P T E R 1 0
Section 10.1
The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System
You should be able to plot points in the three-dimensional coordinate system.

The distance between the points x1, y1, z1 and x2, y2, z2 is
d x2 x12 y2 y12 z2 z12.
The midpoint of the line segment joining the points x1, y1, z1 and x2, y2, z2 is
x1 x2 y1 y2 z1 z2
,
,
.
2
2
2
The equation of the sphere with center h, k, j and radius r is
x h2 y k2 z j2 r 2.

You should be able to find the trace of a surface in space.
Vocabulary Check
1. three-dimensional
2. xy-plane, xz-plane, yz-plane
3. octants
4. Distance Formula
x1 x2 y1 y2 z1 z 2
,
,
2
2
2
6. sphere
7. surface, space
8. trace
1. A1, 4, 3, B1, 3, 2, C3, 0, 2
2. A6, 2, 3, B2, 1, 2 C2, 3, 0
3. A2, 1, 4, B3, 2, 0, C 2, 2, 3
4. A0, 5, 3, B5, 4, 2, C4, 1, 5
5.
(3, 2, 1)
5 4 3 2
1
y
1
2
3
4
5
x
888
2
3
7.
(4, 2, 2)
4
2 3
1
3 (2, 1, 3)
2
(1, 2, 1)
2
6.
(3, 0, 0)
4
x
y
2
1
2
3
5 4 3 2
(3, 1, 0)
4
x
y
2
1
2
3
5.
Section 10.1
8.
5
4
(4, 0, 4) 3
2
1
4 3
6
x
9.

z
10.
2
(3, 2, 5) 4
4
7 6 5
(5, 2, 2)
2 3
y
1 2 3
2
3
4
5
(0, 4, 3)
4
5
x
2
3
4
y
1
5 6
889
2
3
(5, 2, 2)
( 32 , 4,2(
5
6
11. x 3, y 3, z 4: 3, 3, 4
12. x 6, y 1, z 1 6, 1, 1
13. y z 0, x 10: 10, 0, 0
14. x 0, y 2, z 8 0, 2, 8
15. Octant IV
16. Octant VI
17. Octants I, II, III, IV

(above the xy-plane)
18. Octants III, IV, VII, or VIII
19. Octants II, IV, VI, VIII
20. Octants I, II, VII, or VIII
21. d 7 32 4 22 8 52
22. d 4 22 1 12 9 62
42 22 132
4 9
16 4 169
13
189
321 13.748
23. d 6 12 0 42 9 22
24. d 1 22 1 32 7 72
7 2 42 7 2
9 16
49 16 49
25
114
5
10.677
25. d 1 02 0 32 10 02
26. d 2 02 4 62 0 32
1 9 100
4 100 9
110 10.488
113
27. d1 0 02 0 42 2 02 20 25

d2 0 22 0 52 2 22 29
d3 2 02 5 42 2 02 3
d12 d 32 20 9 29 d 22
28. d1 2 22 1 52 2 02 56 214
d2 2 42 1 42 2 12 62
d3 4 22 4 52 1 02 6
d12 d 32 56 6 62 d22
890
Chapter 10
29. d1 2 02 2 02 1 02 9 3

d2 2 22 4 22 4 12 45 35
d3 2 02 4 02 4 02 36 6
d12 d32 9 36 45 d22
30. d1 1 12 3 02 1 12 9 3
d2 1 12 3 02 1 32 13
d3 1 12 0 02 3 12 2
d12 d32 9 4 13 d22
31. d1 5 12 1 32 2 22 16 4 16 36 6
d2 5 12 1 12 2 22 36 4 40 210
d3 1 12 1 32 2 22 4 16 16 36 6
d1 d3, Isosceles triangle
32. d1 7 52 1 32 3 42 4 4 1 9 3
d2 3 72 5 12 3 32 16 16 32 42
d3 3 52 5 32 3 42 4 4 1 9 3
d1 d3 3, Isosceles triangle
33. d1 8 42 1 12 2 22 36 6
d2 8 22 1 32 2 22 40 210
d3 4 22 1 32 2 22 36 6
Since d1 d3, the triangle is isosceles.
d2 3 32 0 62 0 32 45 35

d3 3 12 6 22 3 12 36 6
d12 d32 9 36 45 d22
Right triangle
35. Midpoint:
3 2 3, 62 4, 10 2 4 0, 1, 7
36. Midpoint:
12 3, 5 2 7, 32 1 1, 6, 2
37. Midpoint:
6 2 4, 22 2, 5 2 6 1, 0, 112
38. Midpoint:
32 6, 5 2 4, 5 2 8 92, 29, 132
39. Midpoint:
22 7, 8 2 4, 10 2 2 52, 2, 6
40. Midpoint:
9 2 9, 52 2, 1 2 4 9, 72, 32
41. x 32 y 22 z 42 16
42. x 32 y 42 z 32 4
34. d1 3 12 0 22 0 12 9 3
Section 10.1
43. x 12 y 22 z2 3
44. x2 y 12 z 32 5
45. x 02 y 42 z 32 32
46. x 22 y 12 z 82 36
x2 y 42 z 32 9
Diameter
5
2
47. Radius
48. Radius
x 32 y 72 z 52 52 25
49. Center:
30 00 06

3
,
,
, 0, 3
2
2
2
2

Radius:
3 32
Sphere:
x 2
50. Center:
0 02 0 32
2 1 2 4 2 6
1
,
,
, 1, 4
2
2
2
2

2 21
Sphere:
x 2
1
x 02 y 52 z 92 42 16
y 02 z 32
Radius:
94 9 454
45
4
2 12 2 42
y 12 z 42
94 9 4 614
61
4
25
25
51. x 2 5x 4 y 2 z 2 4
52. x 2 y 2 8y 16 z 2 16
x 2 y 2 z 2 254
5
Center: 2, 0, 0
5 2
Radius:
x 2 y 42 z2 16
Center: 0, 4, 0
5
2
Radius: 4
53. x2 4x 4 y2 2y 1 z2 4 1
x 22 y 12 z2 5
Center: 2, 1, 0
Radius: 5
54.
x
x

1
1
1
1 1 1
y2 y
z2 z

4
4
4
4 4 4
x 12 y 21 z 12 34

2
Center:
Radius:
12, 12, 12

3
Diameter
4
2
891
892
Chapter 10
55. x 2 4x 4 y 2 2y 1 z 2 6z 9 10 4 1 9
x 22 y 12 z 32 4

Center: 2, 1, 3
Radius: 2
56. x2 6x 9 y2 4y 4 z2 9 9 4
x 32 y 22 z2 4
Center: 3, 2, 0
Radius: 2
57. x2 4x 4 y2 z2 8z 16 19 4 16
x 22 y2 z 42 1
Center: 2, 0, 4
Radius: 1
58. x2 y2 8y 16 z2 6z 9 13 16 9
x2 y 42 z 32 12
Center: 0, 4, 3
Radius: 12 23
x 2 y 2 z 2 2x 23 y 8z 73
9
59.
x 2 2x 1 y 2 23 y
Center: 1, 13, 4
z 2 8z 16 739 1 19 16
2
x 12 y 13 z 42 9
1
9
5
x2 y2 z2 x 3y 2z 2
60.
x2 x 14 y2 3y 94 z2 2z 1 52 14 94 1
x 12 2 y 32 2 z 12 1
Center: 12, 32, 1
Radius: 1
61. 4x2 2x 1 4 y2 4y 4 4z2 4 16 1
x 12 y 22 z2
Center: 1, 2, 0
Radius:
21
21
4
Radius: 3
Section 10.1
62. 9x2 2x 1 9 y2 4y 4 9z2 6z 9 9 36 81 126

9x 12 9 y 22 9z 32 252
x 12 y 22 z 32 28 27 2

Center: 1, 2, 3
Radius: 27
9x 2 6x 9y 2 18y 9z 2 1
63.
x 2 23 x 19 y 2 2y 1 z 2 19 19 1
Center:
x 13 2 y 12 z 2 1
13, 1, 0
Radius: 1
1
33 1
y2 8y 16 z2 2z 1
16 1
4
4
4
64. x2 x
x 12
Center:
y 42 z 12 9
12, 4, 1
Radius: 3
65. xz-trace y 0: x 12 z2 36, Circle
66. yz-trace x 0: y 32 z2 25, Circle
(0, 3, 0)
(x 1) 2 + z 2 = 36
10
2
(1, 0, 0)
2
2
6
8
(y + 3) 2 + z 2 = 25
4
4
67. yz-trace x 0: y 32 z2 9 4 5,
68. xy-trace z 0: x 2 y 12 3, Circle

z
Circle
z
(y 3) 2 + z 2 = 5
4
(0, 1, 1)
(2, 3, 0)
x
4
x
4
6
y
6
y
x 2 + (y 1) 2 = 3
893
Chapter 10
894
69. x2 2x 1 y2 z2 4z 4 1 1 4
70. x2 y 2 4y 4 z2 6z 9 12 4 9
x 12 y 2 z 22 4
x2 y 22 z 32 25
12
y2 + (z 2)2 = 3
10
x 2 + (z 3)2 = 21
2
2
4
3
yz trace: x 0: y 2 z 22 3
8
10
xz trace: y 0: x2 z 32 21
72. x2 y2 6y z2 8z 16 21 16
71.
2
3
x
x2 y2 6y z 42 5
z1 4 5 x2 y2 6y
z2 4 5 x2 y2 6y
x
z
3
6
2
2
y
2
x
74.
4
3
1
1
3
x
1
1
1
2
5
7
75. The length of each side is 3.

Thus, x, y, z 3, 3, 3.
76. x 4, y 4, z 8, 4, 4, 8
77. d 165 r 165

2 82.5
x 2 y 2 z 2 165
2
78. (a) x 2 y 2 z 2 39632

(b) Assume the north and south poles are on the z-axis. Lines of longitude that run northsouth
are traces of planes containing the z-axis. These shapes are circles of radius 3963 miles.
(c) Latitudes are traces of planes perpendicular to the z-axis. These shapes are circles.
79. False. x is the directed distance from the yz-plane to P.
80. False. The trace could be a single point, or empty.
81. In the xy-plane, the z-coordinate is 0.

In the xz-plane, the y-coordinate is 0.
In the yz-plane, the x-coordinate is 0.
82. It is a plane.
73.
Section 10.1
83. The trace is a circle, or a single point.
85. xm
86. x2 2xm x1 25 3 7

y2 2ym y1 28 0 16
Similarly for y2 and z2,
z2 2zm z1 27 2 12
x2, y2, z2 2xm x1, 2ym y1, 2z m z1.
9
9
2
4
4
v 32
3
2
z 72
z
3 17
2
2
9
9
1
4
4
90. x 2 3x
49
49
19
4
4
88. z2 7z
17
4
v
x
7, 16, 12
17
3

2
2
v
13
4
13
3
x
2
2
3 13
x
2
2
z
91.
v 32 32
18
y2 y
y
x 52
x
5
4
5
5

2
2
x
x 54
10
4
x
10
1

2
2
94. v
1, 2,
5 5
2
2
5
25
25
92. x 2 x
4
2
16
16
1 9 1

4 4 4
y 12
25
25
5
4
4
7 5
5
2 2
4y 2 4y 9
89
16
89
5

4
4
x
5 89
4
4
1 10
2
2
Quadrant II
v 12 22 5
tan
32
125
4
89. x 2 5x
55
7

2
2
y
93. v 3i 3j, Quadrant IV
895
84. The trace will be a line in the xy-plane (unless the

plane is the xy-plane).
x2 x1
x2 2xm x1
2
87. v 2 3v
2
116.6
1
95. v 4i 5j, Quadrant I

v 16 25 41
tan
5
51.34
4
3
tan 1
3
45 or 315
96. v
10, 7,
Quadrant IV
v 100 49 149
tan
7
325.0
10
97. u v
4, 1

3, 5
98. u v
1, 0
43 15
20
7
2

2, 6
896
Chapter 10
99. a0 1, an an1 n2
a1 1 12 2
a2 2 22 6
a3 6 32 15
a4 15 42 31
1
First differences:
6
4
Second differences:
31
15
9
16
1
2
3
Neither model
100. a0 0, an an1 1
a1 0 1 1
a2 1 1 2
a3 3
a4 4
0
1
First differences:
1
Second differences:
4
1
1
Linear model
101. a1 1, an an1 3
a2 1 3 2
a3 2 3 5
a4 5 3 8
1
First differences:
Second differences:
11
6
14
Linear model
102. a1 4, an an1 2n
a2 4 22 0
a3 0 23 6
a4 6 24 14
a5 14 25 24
4
First differences:
Second differences:
Quadratic model
4
6
2
8
2
24
10
2
a5 8 3 11
Section 10.2
Vectors in Space
103. x 52 y 12 49
104. x 32 y 62 81
105. y 12 4px 4, p 3
106. x h2 4p y k, p 5, h, k 2, 5
y 12 43x 4
x 22 45 y 5
y 12 12x 4
x 22 20 y 5
107. a 3, b 2, center: 3, 3, horizontal major axis
108. Center: 0, 3
x 3
y 3

1
9
4
2
Vertical major axis length 9 a

c 3 b2 a2 c2
9
2
81
45
9
4
4
x 02 y 32

1
454
814
109. Center: 6, 0, horizontal transverse axis
110. Center: 3, 5, vertical transverse axis
a 2, c 6, b2 c2 a2 36 4 32
a 4, c 5, b2 c2 a2 25 16 9
x 62 y 2

1
4
32
y 52 x 32

1
16
9
Section 10.2
Vectors in Space
Vectors in space v v1, v2, v3 have many of the same properties as vectors in the plane.
The dot product of two vectors u u1, u2, u3 and v v1, v2, v3 in space is u v u1v1 u2v2 u3v3.
Two nonzero vectors u and v are said to be parallel if there is some scalar c such that u cv.
You should be able to use vectors to solve real life problems.
897
Vocabulary Check
1. zero
2. v v1i v2 j v3k
4. orthogonal
5. parallel
1. v 0 2, 3 0, 2 1 2, 3, 1
3. component form
2. (a) v 0 1, 4 2, 4 4
1, 6, 8
z
3
(b)
2
3
4
2
1
1
2
8
3 ( 2, 3, 1)
1
3
8 6 4
2
y
4
6
8
x
4
6
8
(1, 6, 8)
Chapter 10
898

4. (a) v 0 4, 2 2, 1 1 4, 0, 0
3. (a) v 1 1, 4 4, 0 4 0, 0, 4

(b)
(b)
2
4
2
3
4
x
6
5
4 (4, 0, 0)
2 3
3
4
3
2
1
3
2
3
4 3 2
4
2
3
(0, 0, 4)
y
2
5. (a) v 1 6, 1 4, 3 2
6. (a) v 0 7, 0 3, 2 5 7, 3, 3
7, 5, 5
(b) v 49 9 9 67
(b) v 7 2 52 5 2
(c) Unit vector:

67
1
7, 3, 3
7, 3, 3
67
67
49 25 25
99
311
(c)
11
1
v

7, 5, 5
7, 5, 5
33
v 311
7. (a) v 1 1, 4 2, 4 4 2, 2, 0

(b) v
22
22
02
8 22
(b) v 02 32 02 9 3
2 2
1
2, 2, 0
,
,0
2
2
2 2
(c) Unit vector:
9. (a)
8. (a) v 0 0, 2 1, 1 1 0, 3, 0
(c) Unit vector:
(b)
2, 2, 6
1
0, 3, 0 0, 1, 0
3
4
2 3
4
3
2
1, 1, 3
x
2
(c)
(d)
z
5
4
z
4
3 3 9
, ,
2 2 2
4
2 3
0, 0, 0
2
1
y
4 3 2
2
3
4
x
4 3 2
3
4
2
3
1
2
3
4
y
1
2
3
4 3 2
4 3 2
Section 10.2
10. v 1, 2, 2
(b) 2v 2, 4, 4
(a) v 1, 2, 2
z
4
4
2 3
4
2 3
1
1
y
6 5 4 3
1, 2, 2
4 3 2
5
5
(d) 2 v 2 , 5, 5
1
1
(c) 2 v 2, 1, 1
5 , 5, 5
2
1 , 1, 1
2
2
x
2, 4, 4
5
4
3
4
2 3
1
1
3 2
2
3
4
x
11. v 2i 2j k
(b) v 2i 2j k
(a) 2v 4i 4j 2k
z
4
2 3
2, 2, 1 3
4
2 3
4 3 2
3
4
4 3 2
3
2
3
4
5
4
2 3
0, 0, 0
1
y
4 3 2
2
3
4
5
(d) 0v 0
5
5
(c) 2 v 5i 5j 2 k
4, 4, 2
5, 5, 5
2
1
2
3
4
y
1
Vectors in Space
899
900
Chapter 10
12. v i 2j k
(b) 2v 2i 4j 2k
(a) 4v 4i 8j 4k
z
10
4
2 3
8
4 6
4, 8, 4
2
12
6 4
2
6
2
3
4
x
2, 4, 2
2
3
4
1
1
1
(c) 2v 2 i j 2k
(d) 0v 0
z
4
2
1
, 1, 1
2
2
4
2 3
2
y
1
2
x
2
0, 0, 0
4 3 2
y
1
13. z u 2v 1, 3, 2 21, 2, 2 3, 7, 6

14. z 71, 3, 2 1, 2, 2 15 5, 0, 5 7, 19, 13
1
1
15. 2z 4u w z 24u w 241, 3, 2 5, 0, 5
12, 6, 32
16. z u v 1, 3, 2 1, 2, 2 0, 1, 0

17. z 21, 3, 2 31, 2, 2 12 5, 0, 5 52, 12, 15
2
19. 4z 45, 0, 5 1, 3, 2 1, 2, 2 22, 5, 24
z
112, 54, 6
20. z w u 2v 5, 0, 5 1, 3, 2 21, 2, 2 4, 1, 3

21. v 7, 8, 7
22. v 22 02 52 4 25 29
49 64 49 162 92

23. v 12 22 42 21
24. v 12 02 32 10
25. v 22 42 12 21
26. v 12 32 12 11
18. z 35, 0, 5 21, 2, 2 1, 3, 2 12, 7, 9
Section 10.2
Vectors in Space
901
28. v 22 12 62 41
27. v 42 32 72

16 9 49 74
29.
v 1 1, 0 3, 1 4 0, 3, 5
30.
v 1 0, 2 1, 2 0 1, 3, 2
v 0 32 52 34
v 1 9 4 14
31. u 52 122 169 13
32. u 32 42 25 5
(a)
(b)
33. (a)
1
3
4
(a) 53i 4k 5 i 5 k
1
13 5i 12k
1
13
5i 12k
(b) 53i 4k 5 i 5 k

1
8, 3, 1
u

u
74
(b)
1
74
8i 3j k
34. (a)
74
74
8, 3, 1
(b)
u
3, 5, 10
1

3i 5j 10k
u
134
134
1
134
3i 5j 10k
74
1
8i 3j k
8, 3, 1
74
74
35. 6u 4v 61, 3, 4 45, 4.5, 6 6, 18, 24 20, 18, 24 26, 0, 48
5
5
36. 2u 2 v 21, 3, 4 2 5, 4.5, 6
212, 694, 7
37. u v 1, 3, 4 5, 4.5, 6 4, 7.5, 2

1
u v 42 7.52 22 2305
8.73
38.
39. u v 4, 4, 1

v
5, 4.5, 6
5, 4.5, 6
2
9
12

,
,
0.5547, 0.4992, 0.6656

v 25 20.25 36
13 513 513
5132
2, 5, 8
40. u v 34 110 61 28
8 20 8 4
41. u v 2, 5, 3
9, 3, 1
42. u v 06 34 62 0
18 15 3 0
43. cos
uv
8

124.45
u v 825
44. cos
uv
5

49.80

u v 106
45. cos
uv
120

109.92
u v 170073
46. cos
uv
100

65.47
u v 464125
47. 32 8, 4, 10 12, 6, 15 parallel
48. u v 2 3 5 10 0 and

u cv neither
49. u v 3 5 2 0 orthogonal
Chapter 10
902
50. 8u 8 1, 12, 1 8, 4, 8 v parallel

51. u cv
u
52. u cv
v 2 6 0
Neither parallel nor orthogonal

53. u
v 4 3 1 0
v40
Neither parallel nor orthogonal

54. u
Orthogonal
v 2 3 1 0
Orthogonal
55. v 7 5, 3 4, 1 1 2, 1, 2
56. v 4 2, 8 7, 1 4 2, 1, 3
u 4 7, 5 3, 3 1 3, 2, 4
u 0 4, 6 8, 7 1 4, 2, 6
Since u and v are not parallel, the points are not

collinear.
Since u 2v, the points are collinear.
57. v 1 1, 2 3, 5 2 2, 1, 3
58. v 1 0, 5 4, 6 4 1, 1, 2
u 3 1, 4 2, 1 5 4, 2, 6
u 2 1, 6 5, 7 6 1, 1, 1
Since u 2v, the points are collinear.
Since u and v are not parallel, the points are not

collinear.
59. The vector 1, 2, 0 joining 1, 2, 0 and 0, 0, 0 is

perpendicular to the vector 2, 1, 0 joining
2, 1, 0 and 0, 0, 0:
1, 2, 0
60. Consider the vector 3, 0, 0 joining 0, 0, 0 and

3, 0, 0 and the vector 1, 2, 3 joining 1, 2, 3
and 0, 0, 0:
2, 1, 0 2 2 0
3, 0, 0
The triangle is a right triangle.
1, 2, 3 3
< 0
The triangle has an obtuse angle.

Obtuse triangle
u 2, 4, 2
62. Consider the vector 3, 12, 5 joining 1, 5, 8

and 2, 7, 3, and the vector 5, 1, 9 joining
4, 6, 1 and 1, 5, 8:
5, 1, 9
v 3, 5, 4
3, 12, 5 48
w 1, 1, 2
The triangle has an obtuse angle.
v 34 > 0
u w 10 > 0
v w 16 > 0
Obtuse triangle
The triangle has three acute angles.

Acute triangle
63. v 2, 4, 7 q1 1, q2 5, q3 0
2 q1 1
4 q2 5
7 q3
q1 3
q2 1
q3 7
Terminal point is 3, 1, 7.
< 0
61. The three sides of the triangle are given by the

vectors:
Section 10.2
Vectors in Space
903
64. 4, 1, 1 x 6, y 4, z 3 x, y, z 10, 5, 2

65. v 4, 32, 14 q1 2, q2 1, q3 32
4 q1 2 q1 6
3
2
q2 1 q2 52
14 q3 32 q3 74
Terminal point: 6, 52, 74
66.
52, 12, 4 x 3, y 2, z 12
3 7
x, y, z 11
2 , 2, 2
67. cu ci 2cj 3ck

cu
c2
4c2
68. c u c u c 4 4 16 c 24 12

9c2
c 14 3
c
3
314
c

14
14
69. v q1, q2, q3
12
24
6
6
6 c 6
70. v lies in xz-plane y 0.

v 10sin 60, 0, cos 60 53, 0, 5, or
Since v lies in the yz-plane, q1 0. Since v makes

an angle of 45, q2 q3 . Finally, v 4 implies
that q22 q32 16. Thus, q2 q3 22
and v 0, 22, 22 , or q2 22 and
q3 22 and v 0, 22, 22 .
v 10sin 60, 0, cos 60 53, 0, 5
71. PQ1 0, 24, 1221

\
PQ2 123, 12, 1221

\
PQ3 123, 12, 1221

\
Let F1, F2, and F3 be the tension on each wire. Since F1 F2 F3,
there exists a constant c such that
F1 c 0, 24, 1221
F2 c 123, 12, 1221
F3 c 123, 12, 1221 .
The total force is 30k F1 F2 F3 the vertical k component satisfies
10 1221c c
5
621
Hence,
F1 0,
P = (0, 0, 12 21)
Q1 = (0, 24, 0)
20
, 10
21
Q2 20.8, 12, 0
40
Q3 20.8, 12, 0
30
3 1
Q3 = 24 2 , 2 , 0
10
10 10
F2
,
, 10
7 21
F
Q1 0, 24, 0
10
,
, 10
10
7 21
F1 F2 F3

10.91 pounds.
10
10
10
x
3 1
Q2 = 24 2 , 2 , 0
P 0, 0, 55
Chapter 10
904
72. AB 0, 70, 115, F1 C10, 70, 115

\
AC 60, 0, 115, F2 C260, 0, 115

\
AD 45, 65, 115, F3 C345, 65, 115

F1 F2 F3 0, 0, 500. Thus
60C2 45C3
65C3
70C1
115C1 115C2 115C3 500.

Solving this system yields C1
104
28
112
, C2
, C3
.
69
23
69
Thus,
F1
202.919 N
F2
157.909 N
F3
226.521 N.
73. True. cos 0 90
75. (a)
74. True
(b) w au bv a1, 1, 0 b0, 1, 1
0 a, a b, b a b 0
3
2
3
1
2
(d) w 1, 2, 3 a1, 1, 0 b0, 1, 1
1a
v
u
2
3
2ab
2
3
3b
(c) w 1, 2, 1 a1, 1, 0 b0, 1, 1
Impossible
1a
1b
Hence, a b 1.
76. This set is a sphere.
x x12 y y12 z z12 16
77. If u v < 0, then cos < 0 and the angle between

u and v is obtuse, 180 > > 90.
78. Let v v1, v2, v3 and u u1, u2, u3 .

su
Then tv tv1, tv2, tv3 ,

u tv u1 tv1, u2 tv2, u3 tv3, and
su tv su1 tv1, su2 tv2, su3 tv3.
The endpoints of these three vectors are collinear, as indicated in the figure.
So, the figure is a line.
su + tv
u
u + tv
v
tv
2ab
Section 10.3
79. (a) x t
The Cross Product of Two Vectors
80. (a) x t, y
y 3t 2
2
t
(b) x t 1, y
(b) x t 1
2
t1
y 3t 1 2 3t 1
82. (a) x t, y 4t 3
81. (a) x t
(b) x t 1, y 4t 13
y t2 8
(b) x t 1
y t 12 8 t 2 2t 7
Section 10.3
The cross product of two vectors u u1i u2 j u3k and v v1i v2 j v3k is given by
u v u2v3 u3v2i u1v3 u3v1j u1v2 u2v1k

i
u1
v1
j
u2
v2
k
u3 .
v3
The cross product satisfies the following algebraic properties.

(a) u v v u
(b) u v w u v u w
(c) cu v cu v u cv
(d) u 0 0 u 0
(e) u u 0
(f) u v w u v w
The following geometric properties of the cross product are valid, where is the angle between
the vectors u and v:
(a) u v is orthogonal to both u and v.
(b) u v u v sin
(c) u v 0 if and only if u and v are scalar multiples.
(d) u v is the area of the parallelogram having u and v as sides.
The absolute value of the triple scalar product is the volume of the parallelepiped having
u, v, and w as sides.

u1
v w v1
w1
u2
v2
w2
u3
v3
w3
Vocabulary Check
1. cross product
2. 0
3. u v sin
4. triple scalar product
905
Chapter 10

i
1. j i 0
1
j
1
0
k
0 k
0
i
2. k j 0
0
2
2
(0, 0, 1)
1
y
j
0
0
i
4. k i 0
1
k
0 j
1
j
0
0
k
1 j
0
2
2
(0, 1, 0)
(0, 1, 0)
1
2
2

i
3. i k 1
0
(1, 0, 0)
1
1
k
1 i
0
j
0
1

5. u
i
v 1
0
6. u
i
v 1
1
i
7. u v 3
0
j
1
1
k
0 i j k 1, 1, 1
1
j
1
0
k
0 i j k 1, 1, 1
1
j
2
1
k
5 3, 3, 3
1
u v u 3, 3, 3 3, 2, 5 0

u v v 3, 3, 3 0, 1, 1 0

i
8. u v 2
1
j
3
2
i
9. u v 10
7
k
1 i j k 1, 1, 1
1
j
0
0
k
6 0, 42, 0
0
u v u 0, 42, 0 10, 0, 6 0

u v v 0, 42, 0 7, 0, 0 0
i
10. u v 5
2
j
5
2
k
11 7, 37, 20
3
906

i
11. u v 6
1
j
2
3
i
12. u v 1
13. u
15. u
v
v
17. u v
1
2
i
2
1
1
4
1
2
34
23
j
0
1
i
21. u v 2
0
j
4
2
i
23. u v
1
4
i
25. u v 6
1
2
k
7
7
1 6 i 8 j
j
2
2
j
5
34
14. u
16. u
v
v
1
4
j
0
3
j
0
1

k
3 17i j 10k
2
i
20. u v 1
0
7i 13j 16k
k
52 32, 32, 32 32 i 32 j 32 k
j
4
3
i
0
1
k
1 7, 13, 16
2
3
2
34
i
19. u v 1
0

Section 10.3
k
6 18, 6, 0
1
18. u v
18i 6j

i
3
2
j
2
1
k
1 5i 8j k
2
2
5
35
14
1
2
1
5
2
3
j
0
1
3
11
19
20 i 50 j 4k
k
2
0 2j k
9
3
k
1 1, 2, 1
2

i 2j k
k
2 0 2i 1 0j 1 0k 2i j k
1
k
3 10, 2, 4
1
k
4 6i 15j 6k
1
k
1 0.25, 0.7, 2
2
10

i
4
1
j
2
5
i
24. u v
2
1
j
1
1
22. u v
i
26. u v 8
1
2
j
4
3
4
k
6 44, 34, 18
7
k
3 i 5j k
4
k
1
2 2 i 3j 8k
1
4
907
27.

i
uv 1
2
u
j
2
3
k
3 9, 6, 7
0
28.
v 166
166
Unit vector:
29.
166
u
9, 6, 7
j
1
1
k
0 i 3j 3k
1
30.
u
u
v
1

i 3j 3k
v
19
19
i
31. u v 3
j
2
34
1
2
19
32.
7602
36
33.
uv
k
1 2i 2j
1

u
u
v
1

2i 2j
v
22
i
2

i
35. u v 0
1
j
0
0
j
2
0
k
0 6i 3j 2k
3
u
u

v
6
3
2
i j k
v
7
7
7
Unit vector
34.
uv
1

70, 175, 392
u v 21249
1
3429
429
1287
10, 25, 56
10, 25, 56

i
uv 1
2
Unit vector
j
2
1
k
2 6i 6j 3k
2
uv
1
6i 6j 3k
u v 9
2
2
1
i j k
3
3
3
1
1
i
j
2
2
2
2, 7, 1
u v 36 36 9 9
u v 22
Unit vector
18
i
j
k
7 14
5 70i 175j 392k
14 28 15
71, 44, 25

j
1
1
6

i
uv 1
1
i
uv 1
1
2, 7, 1
189,189 21429
1
71, 44, 25
7602
7602
u v 702 1752 3922
w 712 442 252 7602
v 54 36
Unit vector
Consider the parallel vector 71, 44, 25 w.
Unit vector
k
3 2, 7, 1
2
1, 3, 3
k
71 11 5
5 , ,
20
5 4
1
10
j
1
0
u v 36 9 4 7
u v 19
Unit vector
Unit vector:

i
uv 3
0

i
uv 2
1
k
1 j
1
Area u v j 1 square unit

i
36. u v 1
1
j
2
0
k
2 2i j 2k
1
Area u v 2i j 2k

4 1 4 3 square units
Chapter 10
908
Section 10.3

i
37. u v 3
2
Area u
j
4
1
i
38. u v 2
1
k
6 26i 3j 11k
5
v 26 3 11
Area u
k
3 12, 6, 4
3
102 72
j
3
0
k
2 3, 6, 15
1
270 330 square units
41. (a) AB 3 2, 1 1, 2 4 1, 2, 2

is parallel to
Area AB
DC 0 1, 5 3, 6 8 1, 2, 2.

\
i
(b) AB AD
1
3
\
j
2
4
k
2 16, 2, 10
4
AD
162 22 102
AD 3, 4, 4 is parallel to BC 3, 4, 4.

(c) AB
82
Area u v 32 62 152
14 square units
k
2 8, 10, 7
4

i
40. u v 4
5
v 122 62 42
909
213 square units

j
2
2
j
3
2
Area u v
806 square units

i
39. u v 2
0
AD 1, 2, 2 3, 4, 4
360 610 square units
0 not a rectangle
\
42. (a) AB 1, 2, 3

\
CD 1, 2, 3

Opposites are parallel and same length. Thus, ABCD form a parallelogram.
\
(b) AB
i
AC 1
5
\
Area AB
\
(c) AB
j
2
4
k
3 10, 14, 6
1
AC 102 142 62 283 square units
AC 5 8 3 16 0
\
not a rectangle
43. u 1, 2, 3, v 3, 0, 0
i
uv
1
3
j
2
0
k
3 0, 9, 6
0
Area 12 u v 1281 36 3213
44. u 2 1, 0 4, 2 3 1, 4, 1

v 2 1, 2 4, 0 3 3, 6, 3
uv
Area
i
1
3
j
4
6
k
1 6, 6, 18
3
1
1
2
2 u v 2 6
1
2 396 311 square
62 182
units
Chapter 10
45. u 2 2, 2 3, 0 5 4, 5, 5
46. u 2 2, 4 4, 0 0 4, 8, 0
v 3 2, 0 3, 6 5 1, 3, 11
v 0 2, 0 4, 4 0 2, 4, 4
i
u v 4
1
i
u v 4
2
Area
j
5
3
1
2 u
k
5 40, 49, 17
11
v
1
2
2 40
492
Area
172
124290 square units

2
47. u v w 4
0

3
4
0
3
0
4
1
2 u v
1
2 1280
49. u v
2
w 1
4
3
1
3
50. u v
1
w 2
0
4
0
3
1
51. u v w 0
1
1
1
0
Volume u
Volume u v
54. u v
85 sq. units

0
3
0
1
0 6
1
7
4 10 12 412 0 76 6
6
0
1 112
1
3
3 19 19 39 9
3

w 9 9 cubic units
2
0
0
2
2 0 26 20 12
2
v w 12 cubic units
1
w 1
2
162
1
0 21 31 17 2
1
1
3
0
0
53. u v w 0
3
Volume u
1
2
2 32
v w 2 cubic units
1
52. u v w 0
3
k
0 32, 16, 0
4

2
48. u v w 0
0
216 316 30 16
j
8
4
Volume u v
2
2
0
1
2 12 21 4 1(0 4 16
1
w 16 cubic units
910
Section 10.3
\

0
2
5
0
3 421 84
3
12
u v
p
cos 40
2
15
20
25
30
35
5.75
7.66
9.58
11.49
13.41 15.32
40
i
PQ F 0
0
\
PQ
1
0
1
0
2 12 11 3
1
45
17.24

1
w 1
0
PQ 0.16k
58.
j
k
p
1
cos 40 2 sin 40
cos 40 i
2
0
p
(a) T p V F
(b)
Volume 3 cubic units
Volume 84 84 cubic units

i
57. V F 0
0
j
k
0
0.16 1603i
10003 1000
F 1603 ft-lb
PQ
F
60
0.16 ft
y
x
60. False. u v v
59. True. The cross product is defined for vectors in

three-dimensional space.
u
61. If u and v are orthogonal, then sin 1 and hence, u v u v sin u v.
62. u v
i
w u v1
w1
j
v2
w2
i
u1
v2w3 w2v3
k
v3 u v2w3 w2v3i v1w3 w1v3j v1w2 w1v2k
w3
j
u2
w1v3 v1w3
k
u3
v1w2 w1v2
u2v1w2 w1v2 u3w1v3 v1w3 i
u1v1w2 w1v2 u3v2w3 w2v3 j u1w1v3 v1w3 u2v2w3 w2v3 k

u2w2v1 u3w3v1 u2v2w1 u3v3w1 i
u1w1v2 u3w3v2 u1v1w2 u3v3w2 j u1w1v3 u2w2v3 u1v1w3 u2v2w3 k
u1w1 u2w2 u3w3v1i v2 j v3k u1v1 u2v2 u3v3w1i w2 j w3k
u1w1 u2w2 u3w3v u1v1 u2v2 u3v3w
u wv u vw
911
56. AB 1, 1, 0, AC 1, 0. 2, AD 0, 1, 1
55. u 4, 0, 0, v 0, 2, 3, w 0, 5, 3

4
u v w 0
0
Chapter 10
912
i
63. v w v1
w1
Hence,
j
v2
w2
k
v3 v2w3 w2v3i v1w3 w1v3j v1w2 v2w1k
w3
v w u1v2w3 w2v3 u2v1w3 w1v3 u3v1w2 v2w1
u2
v2
w2
i
64. u v cos
cos
j
sin
sin
u1
v1
w1

u3
v3 .
w3
y
k
0 cos sin sin cos k
0
Area of triangle formed by the unit vectors u and v is

1
2 baseheight
121 sin .
The area is also given by 12u v 12 cos sin sin cos
Notice that cos sin sin cos is negative.

Thus, sin sin cos cos sin .
65. cos 480 cos 120 12
68. cos 930 cos 210
69. sin
19
7
1
sin

6
6
2
7
15
tan
1
4
4
Section 10.4
3

72. tan
70. cos
3
17
5
cos

6
6
2
10
4
tan
3
3
3
Lines and Planes in Space
The parametric equations of the line in space parallel to the vector a, b, c and passing through the point
x1, y2, z3 are
x x1 at, y y1 bt, z z1 ct.
The standard equation of the plane in space containing the point x1, y1, z1 and having normal vector
a, b, c is
ax x1 b y y1 c z z1 0.
You should be able to find the angle between two planes by calculating the angle between their
normal vectors.
You should be able to sketch a plane in space.
The distance between a point Q and a plane having normal n is
PQ n
D projn PQ
\
n
where P is a point in the plane.
71. tan
67. sin 690 sin 330 12
66. tan 300 3
Section 10.4
913
Vocabulary Check
\
PQ
1. direction,
t
4. normal
2. parametric equations
3. symmetric equations
5. ax x1 b y y1 cz z1 0
1. x x1 at 0 t
2. x x1 at 3 3t
y y1 bt 0 2t
y y1 bt 5 7t
z z1 ct 0 3t
z z1 ct 1 10t
(a) Parametric equations: x t, y 2t, z 3t
(a) Parametric equations:
(b) Symmetric equations:
x 3 3t, y 5 7t, z 1 10t
x
y
z

1 2 3
x3 y5 z1

3
7
10
1
4
3. x x1 at 4 t, y y1 bt 1 t, z z1 ct 0 t
2
3
1
4
(a) Parametric equations: x 4 t, y 1 t, z t
2
3
Equivalently: x 4 3t, y 1 8t, z 6t
z
x4 y1

3
8
6
4. x x1 at 5 4t
5. x x1 at 2 2t,
y y1 bt 0 0t
y y1 bt 3 3t,
z z1 ct 10 3t
z z1 ct 5 t

x 5 4t, y 0, z 10 3t

x 2 2t, y 3 3t, z 5 t
(b)
x 5 z 10

,y0
4
3
Not possible
x2 y3

z5
2
3
7. v 1 2, 4 0, 3 2 1, 4, 5
6. v 3, 2, 1
(a) x 1 3t, y 2t, z 1 t
x1
y
z1

3
2
1
Point: 2, 0, 2
(a) x 2 t, y 4t, z 2 5t
(b)
8. v 8, 5, 12
x2
y
z2

1
4
5
9. v 1 3, 2 8, 16 15 4, 10, 1
Point: 2, 3, 0
Point: 3, 8, 15

x 2 8t, y 3 5t, z 12t
(a) x 3 4t, y 8 10t, z 15 t
x2 y3
z

8
5
12
(b)
x 3 y 8 z 15

4
10
1
Chapter 10
914
10. v 1 2, 5 3, 3 1 1, 8, 4
11. v 1 3, 1 1, 5 2 4, 0, 3
Point: 2, 3, 1
Point: 3, 1, 2
(a) x 2 t, y 3 8t, z 1 4t
(a) x 3 4t, y 1, z 2 3t
x2 y3 z1

1
8
4
(b)
x3 z2

, y1
4
3
(b)
Not possible
12. v 2 2, 1 1, 3 5 0, 2, 8
Point: 2, 1, 5
1 1
1
3 5 1
13. v 1 , 2, 0
, ,
2 2
2
2 2 2
or 3, 5, 1
(a) x 2, y 1 2t, z 5 8t
Point:
y1 z5
(b)

, x2
2
8
12, 2, 12
1
1
(a) x 3t, y 2 5t, z t
2
2
Not possible
(b)
x2
y2 z2

3
5
1
23, 5 32, 4 2
92, 132, 6, or 9, 13, 12
14. v 3
Point: 3, 5, 4

(a) Parametric equations: x 3 9t, y 5 13t, z 4 12t
16.
2
3
1
1
2
(0, 2, 1)
(5, 1, 5)
2
4
2
3
17. ax x1 b y y1 cz z1 0
18. ax x0 b y y0 cz z0 0
1x 2 0 y 1 0z 2 0
0x 1 0 y 0 1z 3 0
x20
z30
19. 2x 5 1 y 6 2z 3 0
20. 0x 0 3 y 0 5z 0 0
2x y 2z 10 0
3y 5z 0
21. n 1, 2, 1
22. n 1, 1, 2
1x 2 2 y 0 1z 0 0
1x 0 1 y 0 2z 6 0
x 2y z 2 0
x y 2z 12 0
15.
x3 y5 z4

9
13
12
Section 10.4
23. u 1 0, 2 0, 3 0 1, 2, 3
v 2 0, 3 0, 3 0 2, 3, 3
nuv
i
1
2
j
2
3
k
3 3, 9, 7
3
915
24. u 2, 6, 2 , v 3, 3, 0
i
uv
2
3
j
6
3
k
2 6, 6, 24
0
n 1, 1, 4
3x 0 9 y 0 7z 0 0
Plane: 1x 4 1 y 1 4z 3 0
3x 9y 7z 0
x y 4z 7 0
3x 9y 7z 0
25. u 3 2, 4 3, 2 2 1, 1, 4
v 1 2, 1 3, 0 2 1, 4, 2
nuv
i
1
1
j
1
4
k
4 18, 6, 3
2
18x 2 6 y 3 3z 2 0
26. u 4, 0, 2 , v 1, 2, 5

i
uv 4
1
j
0
2
k
2 4, 22, 8
5
n 2, 11, 4
Plane: 2x 1 11 y 1 4z 2 0

2x 11y 4z 5 0
18x 6y 3z 24 0
6x 2y z 8 0
27. n j: 0x 2 1 y 5 0z 3 0
y50
28. n 1, 0, 0 , normal to yz -plane

1x 1 0 y 2 0z 3 0
x10
29. 0 1, 2 2, 4 0 1, 4, 4 and

1, 0, 0 are parallel to the plane.

i
n 1
1
j
4
0
k
4 0, 4, 4
0
30. 4 1, 0 2, 1 4 3, 2, 5 and


i
n 3
0
j
2
1
k
5 5, 0, 3
0
0x 0 4 y 2 4z 4 0
5x 1 0 y 2 3z 4 0
4y 4z 8 0
5x 3z 17 0
yz20
31. 1 2, 1 2, 1 1 3, 1, 2 and
2, 3, 1 are parallel to plane.
i
n 3
2
j
1
3
k
2 7, 1, 11
1
32. 1 1, 2 1, 0 2 2, 3, 2 and


i
n 2
2
j
3
3
k
2 3, 6, 12
1
7x 2 1 y 2 11z 1 0
3x 1 6 y 2 12z 0 0
7x y 11z 5 0
3x 6y 12z 15 0
x 2y 4z 5 0
Chapter 10
916
33. v 0, 0, 1 and P 2, 3, 4
34. v 0, 1, 0 and P 4, 5, 2
35. v 3, 2, 1 and P 2, 3, 4
x2
x 4
x 2 3t
y3
y5t
y 3 2t
z4t
z2
z4t
36. v 1, 2, 1 and

P 4, 5, 2
37. v 2, 1, 3 and

P 5, 3, 4
38. v 5, 1, 0 and

P 1, 4, 3
x 4 t
x 5 2t
x 1 5t
y 5 2t
y 3 t
y4t
z2t
z 4 3t
z 3
39. v 1, 1, 1 and P 2, 1, 2
40. v 2, 2, 0 and P 6, 0, 8
x2t
x 6 2t
y1t
y 2t
z2t
z8
42. n1 3, 1, 4 , n2 9, 3, 12
41. n1 5, 3, 1 , n2 1, 4, 7

n1
n2 5 12 7 0; orthogonal
44. n1 1, 5, 1
43. n1 2, 0, 1 , n2 4, 1, 8

n1
n2 8 8 0;
3n1 9, 3, 12 n2 parallel planes
n2 5, 25, 5 5n1 parallel
orthogonal
45. (a) n1 3, 4, 5 , n2 1, 1, 1 ; normal vectors to planes
n1 n2 6

n1 n2
503
6

60.67
150
(b) 3x 4y 5z 6
Equation 1
xyz2
Equation 2
3 times Equation 2 added to Equation 1 gives

7y 8z 0
8
y z.
7
1
8
Substituting back into Equation 2, x 2 y z 2 z z 2 z.
7
7
Letting t z7, we obtain x 2 t, y 8t, z 7t.
46. (a) n1 1, 3, 1 , n2 2, 0, 5
cos

n1 n2
n1 n2
CONTINUED
7
1129
7

66.93
319
cos

Section 10.4
917
46. CONTINUED
1
(b) 2x 5z 3 0 x 5z 3
2
1
1
3
1
1
Then 3y x z 2 5z 3 z 2 z
y z .
2
2
2
2
6
5
3
1
1
Let z t. Parametric equations: x t , y t , z t
2
2
2
6
3
1
Or equivalently, let z 2t and you obtain x 5t , y t , z 2t.
2
6
47. (a) n1 1, 1, 1 , n2 2, 5, 1 ; normal vectors to planes
n1 n2 2
cos

n1 n2
330
xyz0
Equation 1
2x 5y z 1
Equation 2
(b)
2

77.83
90
2 times Equation 1 added to Equation 2 gives

7y z 1
z1
.
7
y
Substituting back into Equation 1, x z y z

Letting z t, x
z 1 6z 1 1

6z 1.
7
7
7 7
6t 1
t1
,y
. Equivalently, let y t, z 7t 1 and x 6t 1.
7
7
48. The planes are parallel because n1 2, 4, 2 is a multiple of n2 3, 6, 3 . The planes do not intersect.
49. x 2y 3z 6
z
6
5
4
3
(0, 3, 0)
4 5
2
2
2
3
(2, 0, 0)
(0, 0, 5)
2
3
3
4
5
4 (0, 2, 0)
6
5
2
1
2
z
1
2
2
2
(0, 3, 0)
4
(0, 0, 6)
y
x
6
7
(0, 5, 0) 6
54. x 3z 6
z
2
2
1
53. 3x 2y z 6
3
2
(4, 0, 0)
52. y z 5
y
x
4
3
2
(0, 0, 1)
(2, 0, 0)
(6, 0, 0)
6
5
4
3
(0, 4, 0)
(0, 0, 2)
51. x 2y 4
50. 2 x y 4z 4
(6, 0, 0)
4
6
(0, 0, 2)
918
Chapter 10
55.
PQ n
D
56. P 4, 0, 0 on plane, Q 3, 2, 1, n 1, 1, 2
n
PQ 1, 2, 1
P 1, 0, 0 on plane, Q 0, 0, 0,
PQ n 1
D

\
n 8, 4, 1 , PQ 1, 0, 0
n
1, 0, 0 8, 4, 1 8 8

D

64 16 1
81
6
6
1

6
6
PQ n
D
\
57.
58. P 6, 0, 0 on plane, Q 1, 2, 5,
n
PQ 7, 2, 5 , n 2, 3, 1
P 2, 0, 0 on plane, Q 4, 2, 2,
PQ n
3
D

\
n 2, 1, 1 , PQ 2, 2, 2
2, 2, 2 2, 1, 1

D
6
4
26

3
6
n
14
3
314

14
14
59. The normal vector to plane containing 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 12 and 10, 0, 0 is obtained as follows.
v1 2, 2, 12 , v2 10, 0, 0
i
v1 v2 2
10
j
2
0
k
12 0, 120, 20
0
n1 0, 6, 1
The normal vector to the plane containing 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 12 and 0, 10, 0 is obtained as follows.
u1 2, 2, 12 , u2 0, 10, 0
u1

i
u2 2
0
j
2
10
k
12 120, 0, 20
0
n2 6, 0, 1
cos

n1 n2 1

n1 n2
3737
1

88.45.
37
60. The plane containing P6, 0, 0, S0, 0, 0, T1, 1, 8 has normal vector
6, 0, 0
1, 1, 8
i
6
1
j
0
1
k
0 0, 48, 6 or n1 0, 8, 1 .
8
The plane containing P6, 0, 0, Q6, 6, 0, and R7, 7, 8 has normal vector
0, 6, 0

i
1, 1, 8 0
1
j
6
1
k
0 48, 0, 6 , or n2 8, 0, 1 .
8
The angle between two adjacent sides is given by

cos

n1 n2
n1 n2
1
6565
1

89.12.
65
The angle
between two adjacent sides is given by
Review Exercises for Chapter 10
919
62. True
61. False. They might be skew lines, such as:

L1: x t, y 0, z 0 (x-axis)
and L2: x 0, y t, z 1
63. The lines are parallel: 32 10, 18, 20 15, 27, 30
64. (a) Sphere: x 42 y 12 z 12 4
(b) Two planes parallel to given plane. Let Q x, y, z be a point on one of these planes, and pick P 0, 0, 10
on the given plane. By the distance formula,
PQ n x, y, z 10 4, 3, 1

\
2
n
26
226 4x 3y z 10
4x 3y z 10 226
(Two planes parallel to given plane)

66.
65. x2 y 2 102 100
3
y
tan 1 y x (line)
4
x
67. r 3 cos , r2 3r cos , x2 y2 3x

68. r
1
2r r cos 1 2x2 y2 x 1
2 cos
2x2 y2 x 1 4x 2 y 2 x 2 2x 1 3x 2 4y 2 2x 1
70. x2 y2 4x 0
69. r2 49
r2 4r cos 0
r7
r 4 cos 0 r 4 cos
71.
y5
2x y 1 0
72.
2r cos r sin 1
r sin 5
r2 cos sin 1
r 5 csc
r
1
sin 2 cos

z
1. (a) and (b)
2.
5 (0, 0, 5)
4
(3, 3, 0)
2 3
1
5 4
(5, 1, 2)
2
3
4
x
4
2 3
1
2
3
4
5
4 3 2
2
3
4
x
2
3
(2, 4, 3)
920
Chapter 10

4. y-axis x z 0
3. 5, 4, 0
0, 7, 0
5. d 5 42 2 02 1 72
6. d 2 12 3 32 4 02
1 4 36
9 36 16
41
61
7. d1 3 02 2 32 0 22 9 25 4 38

d2 0 02 5 32 3 22 4 25 29
d3 0 32 5 22 3 02 9 49 9 67
d12 d22 38 29 67 d32
8. d1 4 02 3 02 2 42 16 9 4 29
d2 4 42 5 32 5 22 4 9 13
d3 4 02 5 02 5 42 16 25 1 42
d 12 d 22 d 32 42
9. Midpoint:
22 2, 3 2 5, 2 22 0, 1, 0
10. Midpoint:
7 2 1, 1 2 1, 42 2 4, 0, 1
11. Midpoint:
10 2 8, 6 2 2, 122 6 1, 2, 9
12. Midpoint:
52 7, 32 9, 1 2 5 6, 6, 2
13. x 22 y 32 z 52 1
14. x 32 y 22 z 42 16
15. Radius: 6
16. Radius 15
2
x 2 y 42 z 12 225
4
17. x2 4x 4 y2 6y 9 z2 4 4 9
x 22 y 32 z2 9
Center: 2, 3, 0
Radius: 3
18. x2 10x 25 y2 6y 9 z2 4z 4 34 25 9 4
x 52 y 32 z 22 4

Center: 5, 3, 2
Radius: 2
x 12 y 52 z 22 36
19. (a) xz-trace y 0: x2 z2 7, circle
(b) yz-trace x 0: y 32 z2 16, circle
(y 3) 2 + z 2 = 16
x2 + z2 = 7
4
(0, 3, 0)
2
4
921
2
4
6
(0, 3, 0)
20. (a) xy-trace z 0: x 22 y 12 9, circle

z
(b) yz-trace x 0: 4 y 12 z2 9
y 12 z2 5, circle
(x + 2) 2 + (y 1) 2 = 9
z
(y 1) 2 + z 2 = 5
(2, 1, 0)
2
x
6
y
x
6
(2, 1, 0)
21. (a) v 3 2, 3 1, 0 4 1, 4, 4

(b) v 12 42 42 33
(c) Unit vector:
33
33
1, 4, 4
23. (a) v 3 7, 2 4, 10 3 10, 6, 7

(b) v 102 62 72 185
(c) Unit vector:
185
185
10, 6, 7
22. (a) v 3 2, 2 1, 3 2 5, 3, 1

(b) v 52 32 12 35
(c) Unit vector:
35
35
5, 3, 1
24. (a) v 5 0, 8 3, 6 1 5, 11, 7

(b) v 52 112 72 195
(c) Unit vector:
195
195
5, 11, 7
25. u v 10 46 35 9
26. u v 82 45 22 0
27. u v 21 10 11 1
28. u v 21 13 22 5
29. cos
uv
12 2 10

0
u v
4217

90
The vectors are orthogonal.
31. Since u v 0, the angle is 90.
30. cos
uv
20 5 45 70

1
u v
70
35014

180
The vectors are parallel.
32. cos
uv
12 5 2

u v
1145
15

47.61
1145
Chapter 10
922
33. u
v 71 24 35 0
34. 4u 44, 3, 6 16, 12, 24 v

Parallel
Orthogonal
36. u v 8, 5, 8
35. Since 23 39, 12, 21 26, 8, 14, the

vectors are parallel.
2, 4, 12
16 20 4 0
Orthogonal
37. First two points: u 3, 4, 1
38. First two points: 1, 5, 4
Last two points: v 0, 2, 6
Last two points: 2, 10, 8
Since u cv, the points are not collinear.
Since, 2, 10, 8 21, 5, 4, the three

points are collinear.
First and third points: 2, 1, 5
Since 4, 2, 10 22, 1, 5, the three

points are collinear.
Since 3, 1, 2 c3, 11, 2, the three points
are not collinear.
41. Let a, b, and c be the three force vectors determined by A0, 10, 10, B4, 6, 10, and C4, 6, 10.
a a
0, 10, 10

1
1
a 0,
,
2 2
102
b b
c c
4, 6, 10

2 3
5
b
,
,
152
38 38 38
4, 6, 10

2
3
5
c
,
,
152
38 38 38
Must have a b c 300k. Thus,
1
3
3
a
b
c 0
2
38
38
1
2
a
5
38
b
5
38
c 300.
From the first equation, b c. From the second equation,
From the third equation,
1
2
6
10
b 300
b
38
38
Finally, a 2
a 300
10
38
a
6
38
b.
b. Thus,
16
7538
b 300 and b c
115.58.
4
38
638 75 4 38 2252

1
2
2
159.10.
2
2
b
c 0
38
38
923
42. Let a, b, c be the three force vectors determined by A0, 10, 10, B4, 6, 10, and C4, 6, 10.
a a
b b
c c
0, 10, 10

1
1
a 0,
,
2 2
102
4, 6, 10

2 3
5
b
,
,
152
38 38 38
4, 6, 10

2
3
5
c
,
,
152
38 38 38
We must have a b c 200k. Thus,

2
38
1
2
1
2
a
a
3
38
5
38
b
b
b
2
38
3
38
5
38
c 0
c 0
c 200
Solving this system, a

106.1, b c 77.1. Thus, the tensions are 106.1, 77.1 and 77.1 pounds.
i
43. u v 2
1
j
8
1
k
2 10, 0, 10
1
i
j
u v 3
2
10 15
45.
j
15
3
k
5 15, 25, 105
0
k
5 71, 44, 25
2
u v 7602
Unit vector:
i
44. u v 10
5
1
71, 44, 25
7602

i
46. u v 0
1
j
0
0
k
4 4j unit vector: j 0, 1, 0
12
48. u 1, 0, 1, v 1, 0, 1,
Opposite sides parallel and equal length
First and third points: 2, 2, 0
Adjacent sides: u 1, 0, 1, w 0, 2, 0
i
3
2
j
2
2
k
3 6, 6, 10
0
Area 6, 6, 10

36 36 100
172
243 square units

i
u w 1
0
Area u
j
0
2
k
1 2, 0, 2
0
w 4 4 22 square units
Chapter 10
924
49. The parallelogram is determined by the three

vectors with initial point 0, 0, 0.
50. u 2, 0. 0, v 0, 4, 0, w 0, 0, 6

2
w 0
0
u 3, 0, 0, v 2, 0, 5, w 0, 5, 1
u v
3
u v w 2
0
Volume u v

0
0
5
0
5 75
1
0
4
0
0
0 48
6
w 48 cubic units
Volume 75 75 cubic units

51. v 9 3, 11 0, 6 2 6, 11, 4
52. v 9, 6, 2
Point: 3, 0, 2
Point: 1, 4, 3
(a) x 3 6t, y 11t, z 2 4t
(a) x 1 9t, y 4 6t, z 3 2t
(b)
x3
y
z2

6
11
4
(b)
x1 y4 z3

9
6
2
53. v 3 1, 6 3, 1 5 4, 3, 6, point: 1, 3, 5

(a) Parametric equations: x 1 4t, y 3 3t, z 5 6t
x1 y3 z5

4
3
6
55. Use 2v 4, 5, 2, point: 0, 0, 0.
54. (a) v 5, 20, 3
(a) Parametric equations: x 4t, y 5t, z 2t
x
y 10 z 3

5
20
3

57. u 5, 0, 2, v 2, 3, 8
56. (a) v 1, 1, 1

x 3 t, y 2 t, z 1 t
(b)
x
y
z

4 5 2

x3 y2 z1

or
1
1
1
i
u v 5
2
j
0
3
x3y2z1
n 2, 12, 5
k
2 6, 36, 15
8
ax x0 b y y0 cz z0 0

2x 0 12 y 0 5z 0 0
2x 12y 5z 0
58. u 5, 5, 2, v 3, 5, 2

i
nu v 5
3
j
5
5
k
2 0, 16, 40
2
Plane: 0x 1 16 y 3 40z 4 0

2 y 3 5z 4 0
2y 5z 14 0
59. n k, normal vector

Plane: 0x 5 0 y 3 1 z 2 0
z20
(b)
x 5t, y 10 20t, z 3 3t
60. n 1, 1, 2, point: 0, 0, 6

1x 0 1 y 0 2z 6 0
x y 2z 12 0
x y 2z 12 0
62. 5x y 5z 5
61. 3x 2y 3z 6
(0, 0, 2)
(0, 3, 0)
(0, 5, 0)
(2, 0, 0)
3
1
2
4
2
(1, 0, 0)
2
4
4
(0, 0, 1)
64. 4y 3z 12
63. 2x 3z 6
z
z
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
(0, 3, 0)
1
1
2
(0, 0, 2) 3
1
1
2
3
(3, 0, 0)
(0, 0, 4)
65. n 2, 20, 6, P 0, 0, 1 in plane, Q 2, 3, 10, PQ 2, 3, 9
PQ n 2
D
\
n
440
1
110
110
110
0.0953
PQ n
D
66.
n
Q 1, 2, 3, P 2, 0, 0 in plane, PQ 1, 2, 3, n 2, 1, 1

D
1, 2, 3 2, 1, 1

6
1
6
6
6
\
67. n 1, 10, 3, P 2, 0, 0 in plane, Q 0, 0, 0, PQ 2, 0, 0

PQ n
D

\
n
2
1 100 9
2
2110 110

0.191
110
55
110
PQ n
D
\
68.
n
Q 0, 0, 0, P 0, 0, 12 in plane, PQ 0, 0, 12, n 2, 3, 1

D
0, 0, 12 2, 3, 1

14
12
614

7
14
925
926
Chapter 10
69. False. a
b b a
71. u u 3, 2, 1
70. True. See page 761.
3, 2, 1
941

i
72. u v 3
2
j
2
4
k
1 10, 11, 8
3
i
u 2
3
j
4
2
k
3 10, 11, 8
1
14
u2
Thus, u v v
73. u v w 3, 2, 1
i
3
1

i
1, 2, 1 3
1
u v 10, 11, 8 (Exercise 72)

u w
j
2
2
u.
1, 2, 1 6
u v u w 11 5 6
74. u v w u
j
2
2
k
1 4, 4, 4
1
k
1 6, 7, 4
2
u v u w 10, 11, 8 6, 7, 4 4, 4, 4

u v w
j
u2
v2
k
u3 u2v3 u3v2 i u1v3 u3v1j u1v2 u2v1k
v3
76. See table on page 759.
77. The magnitude will increase by a factor of 4.
78. Form vectors for two sides and complete their cross product.
i
75. u v u1
v1
Practice Test for Chapter 10
Chapter 10
Practice Test
1. Find the lengths of the sides of the triangle with vertices 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 4, and 0, 2, 1.
Show that the triangle is a right triangle.
2. Find the standard form of the equation of a sphere having center 0, 4, 1 and radius 5.
3. Find the center and radius of the sphere x2 y2 z2 2x 4z 11 0.
4. Find the vector u 3v given u 1, 0, 1 and v 4, 3, 6.
1
5. Find the length of 2v if v 2, 4, 6.

6. Find the dot product of u 2, 1, 3 and v 1, 1, 2.
7. Determine whether u 1, 1, 1 and v 3, 3, 3 are orthogonal, parallel, or neither.
8. Find the cross product of u 1, 0, 2 and v 1, 1, 3. What is v u?
9. Use the triple scalar product to find the volume of the parallelepiped having adjacent edges u 1, 1, 1,
v 0, 1, 1, and w 1, 0, 4.
10. Find a set of parametric equations for the line through the points 0, 3, 3 and 2, 3, 4.
11. Find an equation of the plane passing through 1, 2, 3 and perpendicular to the vector n 1, 1, 0.
12. Find an equation of the plane passing through the three points A 0, 0, 0, B 1, 1, 1, and C 1, 2, 3.
13. Determine whether the planes x y z 12 and 3x 4y z 9 are parallel, orthogonal, or neither.
14. Find the distance between the point 1, 1, 1 and the plane x 2y z 6.
927

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C H A P T E R 1 0

Analytic Geometry in Three Dimensions

Section 10.3 The Cross Product of Two Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905

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Practice Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927

The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System

You should be able to plot points in the three-dimensional coordinate system.

x h2 y k2 z j2 r 2.

2. xy-plane, xz-plane, yz-plane

1. A1, 4, 3, B1, 3, 2, C3, 0, 2

2. A6, 2, 3, B2, 1, 2 C2, 3, 0

3. A2, 1, 4, B3, 2, 0, C 2, 2, 3

4. A0, 5, 3, B5, 4, 2, C4, 1, 5

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The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System

11. x 3, y 3, z 4: 3, 3, 4

12. x 6, y 1, z 1 6, 1, 1

13. y z 0, x 10: 10, 0, 0

17. Octants I, II, III, IV

18. Octants III, IV, VII, or VIII

19. Octants II, IV, VI, VIII

20. Octants I, II, VII, or VIII

21. d 7 32 4 22 8 52

22. d 4 22 1 12 9 62

24. d 1 22 1 32 7 72

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26. d 2 02 4 62 0 32

27. d1 0 02 0 42 2 02 20 25

Analytic Geometry in Three Dimensions

29. d1 2 02 2 02 1 02 9 3

d2 3 32 0 62 0 32 45 35

3 2 3, 62 4, 10 2 4 0, 1, 7

12 3, 5 2 7, 32 1 1, 6, 2

6 2 4, 22 2, 5 2 6 1, 0, 112

32 6, 5 2 4, 5 2 8 92, 29, 132

9 2 9, 52 2, 1 2 4 9, 72, 32

41. x 32 y 22 z 42 16

42. x 32 y 42 z 32 4

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34. d1 3 12 0 22 0 12 9 3

The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System

43. x 12 y 22 z2 3

44. x2 y 12 z 32 5

45. x 02 y 42 z 32 32

46. x 22 y 12 z 82 36

x 32 y 72 z 52 52 25

30 00 06

x 02 y 52 z 92 42 16

2 12 2 42

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x 12 y 21 z 12 34

12, 12, 12

Analytic Geometry in Three Dimensions

x 22 y 12 z 32 4

Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System

62. 9x2 2x 1 9 y2 4y 4 9z2 6z 9 9 36 81 126

x 12 y 22 z 32 28 27 2

66. yz-trace x 0: y 32 z2 25, Circle

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67. yz-trace x 0: y 32 z2 9 4 5,

68. xy-trace z 0: x 2 y 12 3, Circle

Analytic Geometry in Three Dimensions

69. x2 2x 1 y2 z2 4z 4 1 1 4

21. d 7 32 4 22 8 52

22. d 4 22 1 12 9 62

24. d 1 22 1 32 7 72

26. d 2 02 4 62 0 32

27. d1 0 02 0 42 2 02 20 25

29. d1 2 02 2 02 1 02 9 3

d2 3 32 0 62 0 32 45 35

34. d1 3 12 0 22 0 12 9 3

x 12 y 22 z 32 28 27 2

3. (a) v 1 1, 4 4, 0 4 0, 0, 4

5. (a) v 1 6, 1 4, 3 2

6. (a) v 0 7, 0 3, 2 5 7, 3, 3

(b) v 49 9 9 67

(b) v 7 2 52 5 2

7. (a) v 1 1, 4 2, 4 4 2, 2, 0

(b) v 02 32 02 9 3

8. (a) v 0 0, 2 1, 1 1 0, 3, 0

(a) v 1, 2, 2

13. z u 2v 1, 3, 2 21, 2, 2 3, 7, 6

16. z u v 1, 3, 2 1, 2, 2 0, 1, 0

112, 54, 6

20. z w u 2v 5, 0, 5 1, 3, 2 21, 2, 2 4, 1, 3

22. v 22 02 52 4 25 29

49 64 49 162 92

24. v 12 02 32 10

25. v 22 42 12 21

26. v 12 32 12 11

18. z 35, 0, 5 21, 2, 2 1, 3, 2 12, 7, 9

28. v 22 12 62 41

27. v 42 32 72

v 1 1, 0 3, 1 4 0, 3, 5

v 1 0, 2 1, 2 0 1, 3, 2

v 0 32 52 34

31. u 52 122 169 13

32. u 32 42 25 5

212, 694, 7

37. u v 1, 3, 4 5, 4.5, 6 4, 7.5, 2

39. u v 4, 4, 1

0.5547, 0.4992, 0.6656

2, 5, 8

47. 32 8, 4, 10 12, 6, 15 parallel

48. u v 2 3 5 10 0 and