Philippine-American War, 1899-1902 | by Arnaldo Dumindin

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Philippine-American War, 1899-1902

by Arnaldo Dumindin

Home
Background
Battle of Manila Bay
Emilio Aguinaldo
Returns
US Infantry To Manila
Philippine Independence
US Infantry Arrives
Mock Battle of Manila
Americans Occupy
Manila
Malolos Congress
Treaty of Paris
Benevolent Assimilation
The Philippine Republic
The Philippine Army
FIL-AM WAR BREAKS
OUT
War Escalates
US Ratifies Paris Treaty
Battle of San Roque
Battle of Caloocan
The War In The Visayas
Second Battle of Manila
Manila to Laguna de Bay
Advance To Malolos
Americans Capture
Malolos
Lawton's Lake
Expedition
Advance To San
Fernando
Advance To San Isidro
Filipinos Negotiate
Battles at San Fernando
Spanish Courts of Law
Spanish holdouts
Americans Take Antipolo
Luna Assassination
South of Manila
Campaign
"Ilustrados" Collaborate
Capture of Calamba
Battle of Angeles
Stalling Moro Resistance
The War Rages, 1899
Trapping Aguinaldo,
1899
Guerilla Warfare, 1899
Ilocos and Cagayan, 1899
Mabini is Captured, 1899
Gen. Lawton dies, 1899
The War in 1900-1901
Capture of Aguinaldo,
1901
Collapse, 1901
Balangiga Massacre, 1901
The Last Holdouts
Aguinaldo, 1902-1964

Dec. 10, 1898: Treaty of Paris

Oct. - Dec. 1898: The American Peace Commission at a conference in their councilroom at the Continental Hotel, Paris. LEFT TO RIGHT: Whitelaw Reid, Sen. George Gray,
John Moore (Secretary), Judge William R. Day, Sen. William P. Frye, and Sen. Cushman K.
Davis.
On Oct. 1, 1898, American and Spanish delegates opened discussions in Paris to end
the Spanish-American War. The American commission consisted of Judge William R.
Day, Sen. Cushman K. Davis, Sen. William P. Frye, Sen. George Gray, and Whitelaw Reid.
The Spanish commission included the Spanish diplomats Eugenio Montero Ros,
Buenaventura de Abarzuza, Jos de Garnica, Wenceslao Ramrez de Villa-Urrutia, and
Gen. Rafael Cerero, as well as a French diplomat, Jules Cambon.

The Times, Washington, D.C., issue of Oct. 2, 1898, Page 1

On the same day, at Washington, D.C., Philippine ambassador Felipe Agoncilloand his
secretary, Sixto Lopez, met with President William McKinley but his request that Filipinos
be represented at the Paris peace talks was rejected.

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2006

The White House Visitor Center, ca 1898

Filipino diplomats and leaders in Paris, 1898. SEATED, from left: F. de Almores, Felipe
Agoncillo, Pedro Roxas, and Antonino Vergel de Dios. STANDING, from left: B.
Villanueva, Antonio Roxas, E. Brias, and P.A. Roxas.
Agoncillo (LEFT) and
Felix Roxas (RIGHT)
went to Paris and tried
to represent the
Filipinos in the
negotiations, but they
were excluded from the
sessions as Aguinaldo's
declaration of Philippine
independence on June
12, 1898 was not
recognized by the family
of nations.
The snub irked Filipino leaders, whose troops effectively controlled the entire
archipelago except Muslim areas in Mindanao and the capital city of Manila.

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Tension and ill feelings were growing between American and Filipino troops in Manila
and the suburbs. In addition to Manila, Iloilo, the main port on the island of Panay, also
was a pressure point. The Revolutionary Government of the Visayas was proclaimed
there on Nov. 17, 1898, and an American force stood poised to capture the city. Upon
the announcement of the treaty, the radicals, Apolinario Mabini and General Antonio
Luna, prepared for war, and provisional articles were added to the constitution giving
President Aguinaldo dictatorial powers in times of emergency.

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Issue of Nov. 22, 1898

Issue of Dec. 3, 1898

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Philippine-American War, 1899-1902 | by Arnaldo Dumindin

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Dec. 10, 1898: Last joint session of the Treaty of Paris.Attendees(LEFT to RIGHT) are:
Senator William Frye, John Moore (Secretary), Senator George Gray, Senator Cushman
Davis, Judge William Day, Whitelaw Reid, General Rafael Cerero, Wenceslao Ramirez de
Villa-Urrutia, Jose de Garnica, Buenaventurade Abarzuza, Eugenio Montero Rios,Arthur
Ferguson (interpreter), and Emilio de Ojeda.
On December10the Treaty of Paris was signed, thus endingthe Spanish-American
War.Spain ceded the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico (Cuba was granted its
independence); in return, the US paidSpain the sum of US$20 million for the
Philippines.(The Philippine-American War, which broke out two months later, cost the
United States $200 million).

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Diego de los Ros, the last Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines. He became the
governor on Aug. 13, 1898, with the capital at Iloilo on Panay Island, after GovernorGeneral Fermin Jaudenes surrendered at Manila. His term ended on Dec. 10, 1898 when
the Treaty of Paris was signed.

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