Kinetics of Particles:

Newtons Second Law of Motion

Kinematics and Kinetics

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Kinematics is the study of the geometry of motion.

Kinematics is used to relate displacement, velocity,

acceleration, and time, without reference to the cause
of the motion.

Kinetics is the study of the relation existing between

the forces acting on a body, the mass of the body, and

the motion of the body. Kinetics is used to predict the
motion caused by given forces or to determine the
forces required to produce a given motion.
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Kinetics
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Particle Kinetics is concerned with concurrent

force systems

Rigid-body Kinetics involves non-concurrent

forces.

Newtons Law of Motion

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FIRST LAW if the resultant force acting on a particle is zero, the

particle will remain at rest (if originally at rest) or will move with
constant speed in a straight line (if originally in motion).
SECOND LAW if the resultant force acting on a particle is not
zero, the particle will have an acceleration proportional to the
magnitude of the resultant and in the direction of this resultant
force.
THIRD LAW the forces of action and reaction between bodies in
contact have the same magnitude, same line of action, and
opposite sense.

Newtons Second Law of Motion

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if the resultant force acting on a

particle is not zero, the particle
will have an acceleration
proportional to the magnitude of
the resultant and in the direction
of this resultant force.

if the particle is subjected

simultaneously to several forces:

acceleration must be evaluated

with respect to a Newtonian
frame of reference (one that is
not accelerating or rotating)
if force acting on particle is zero,
particle will not accelerate, i.e., it
will remain stationary or continue
on a straight line at constant
velocity.
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Linear momentum of a particle

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replacing the acceleration by the derivative of the velocity yields

dv
F = m
dt

d
dL
= (m v ) =
dt
dt

L = linear momentum of the particle

sum of the forces = rate of change of linear momentum
Linear Momentum Conservation Principle:
If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the linear momentum
of the particle remains constant in both magnitude and direction.

Equations of motion
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Newtons second law provides

Solution for particle motion is facilitated by resolving vector

equation into scalar component equations, e.g., for rectangular
components,

Motion of a projectile
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if the resistance of the air is neglected, the only force

acting on the projectile after it has been fired is its
weight W = -Wj
the equations defining the motion of the projectile are
therefore

the components of the acceleration of the projectile are

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Equations of motion
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For tangential and normal components,

F t = mat
dv
Ft = m
dt

F n = man
Fn = m

Dynamic Equilibrium
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Alternate expression of Newtons second law,

With the inclusion of the inertial vector, the system

of forces acting on the particle is equivalent to zero.
The particle is in dynamic equilibrium.
Methods developed for particles in static equilibrium
may be applied, e.g., coplanar forces may be
represented with a closed vector polygon.
Inertia vectors are often called inertial forces as they
measure the resistance that particles offer to changes
in motion, i.e., changes in speed or direction.

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Sample Problems

A 90.7 kg block rests on a horizontal plane. Find the

magnitude of the force P required to give the block an
acceleration of 3 m/s2 to the right. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between the block and plane is k = 0.25.
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Sample Problems

A 40-kg package is at rest on an incline when a force P is

applied to it. Determine the magnitude of P if 4 seconds is
required for the package to travel 10 m up the incline. The static
and kinetic coefficients of friction between the package and the
incline are 0.30 and 0.25, respectively.
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Motion of several particles

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Sample Problems

The two blocks shown start from rest. The horizontal

plane and the pulley are frictionless, and the pulley is
assumed to be of negligible mass. Determine the
acceleration of each block and the tension in the cord.

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Sample Problems

Two blocks shown are originally at rest. Neglecting the masses

of the pulleys and the effect of friction in the pulleys and
between the blocks and the incline, determine (a) the
acceleration of each block, (b) the tension in the cable.
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Sample Problems

The 12-lb block B starts from rest and slides on the 30-lb
wedge A, which is supported by a horizontal surface.
Neglecting friction, determine (a) the acceleration of the
wedge, and (b) the acceleration of the block relative to the
wedge.

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Sample Problems
(Simple Pendulum)

The bob of a 2-m pendulum describes an arc of a circle in a

vertical plane. If the tension in the cord is 2.5 times the weight of
the bob for the position shown, find the velocity and acceleration
of the bob in that position.
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Sample Problems
(Conical Pendulum)
The 0.5-kg flyballs of a centrifugal
governor revolve at a constant speed v
in the horizontal circle of 150-mm
radius shown. Neglecting the mass of
links AB, BC, AD and DE and requiring
that the links support only tensile
forces, determine the range of the
allowable values of v so that the
magnitudes of the forces in the links
do not exceed 75 N.

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Banking of Curves
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Curved bank reduces the chances that a vehicle

may slide off the highway as it goes around the
curve

On railway curves, the outer rail is elevated above

the inner rail to reduce (or eliminate) the flange
pressure between the wheel flanges and the rails
Curved bank also adds comfort to the passengers
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Banking of Curves
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The outer edge of the road is slightly higher than

the inner edge of the road for curved banks.
The difference between the elevations of the outer
and inner edges of a road or of the outer and inner
rails of a railroad is called superelevation.
The angle that the elevated road makes with the
horizontal is called the angle of banking,
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Case I:
Ideal Banking
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The car travels in a horizontal circular

path of radius .
The normal component
of the
acceleration is directed toward the
center of the path.
The magnitude of is

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Case II: Rounding the Curve with

Maximum Velocity, Friction Included
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Maximum velocity: any

velocity greater than the
rated velocity.
If v > vrated, then friction force
is exerted by the road on the
tires.
is applied away from
the center of curvature
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Case III: Rounding the Curve with

Minimum Velocity, Friction Included
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If v < vrated, then friction force

is needed to prevent sliding
down the plane or slipping.
is applied away from
the center of curvature
A velocity less than this velocity
will cause the car to slip, and
no amount of friction force can
keep the car on the road.
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Sample Problems
(Banking of Curves)

Determine the rated speed of a highway curve of radius =

400 ft banked through an angle = 18o. The rated speed of a
banked highway curve is the speed at which a car should
travel if no lateral friction force is to be exerted at its wheels.

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Sample Problems
(Banking of Curves)

A 2-lb sphere is at rest relative to a parabolic dish which

rotates at a constant rate about a vertical axis. Neglecting
friction and knowing that r = 3 ft, determine (a) the velocity v
of the sphere, (b) magnitude of the normal force exerted by
the sphere on the inclined surface of the dish.
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Translation-Analysis as a rigid body

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A rigid body is a system of particles in which all particles

remain at fixed distance from each other.
when every line in a rigid body remains parallel to its
initial position, the motion of the body is defined as
translation.
If a rigid body has translation, all particles of the body
have the same velocity and acceleration, which are the
same as the velocity and acceleration of the center of
mass.

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Translation-Analysis as a rigid body

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Some problems in rigid body translation can be

analyzed by the methods of particle dynamics where all
the applied forces are concurrent at the center of mass,
so that the resultant moment about the mass center is
identically zero and there is no tendency to cause
rotation.

Translation may either be rectilinear, where all points of

the body move on parallel straight lines, or curvilinear,
where the move on parallel curves.

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Translation-Analysis as a rigid body

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Rectilinear Translation.

Curvilinear Translation.

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Sample Problems
(Rectilinear Translation)
An automobile has a wheel base of 3 m with its center
of gravity located 1.5 meters ahead of the rear wheels
and 0.75 m. above the pavement. If
at the
tires and only the front wheel brakes are operating,
compute the minimum distance in which the
automobile may be brought to rest from a speed of
100 kph, assuming the drivers reaction time before
applying the brakes is 0.75 sec.

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Sample Problems
(Rectilinear Translation)
A bar AB is hinged at A and resting on the smooth
platform of a car at B. Find the horizontal force P
necessary to give the car an acceleration of 6 m/s2.
Bar AB has a mass of 15 kg while the 900 kg car has
a center of gravity at G. What is the resulting pressure
at B and the hinge reaction at A?

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