Sistem Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air

UKURAN UTAMA TURBIN AIR

Pertimbangan Pemilihan Turbin

Head efektif, Hn (m)

Debit air,Q (m3/s)
Putaran ,N (rpm)
Kecepatan spesifik, nQE

nQE =

n Q

(gH n )3 4

dengan :

n = kecepatan putar turbin (rps)

Q = debit aliran (m3/s)
g = percepatan gravitasi (m/s2)
Hn= Head efektif (m)
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Pemilihan jenis turbin

Pemilihan jenis turbin berdasarkan

kecepatan spesifik dan head efektif

Turbin Reaksi

Pemilihan jenis turbin berdasarkan

kecepatan spesifik

Pemilihan jenis turbin berdasarkan head

efektif

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Putaran sinkron Generator

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Putaran liar turbin

Efisiensi turbin air

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Efisiensi turbin

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Efisiensi Generator

1.0
Pelton
0.8
Efficiency

Crossflow

0.6
Kaplan

Francis

0.4

Propeller

0.2

0.0
0.0

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Flow rate as proportion of design flow rate

1.0

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Efisiensi PLTMH

Dimensi runner Turbin Pelton

D1

dengan : n = putaran turbin (rps)

njet = jumlah nozel
De = diameter nozel (m)
D1 = diameter rotor (m)
B2 = lebar mangkuk (m)
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Dimensi runner Turbin Francis

m
m

m; nQE > 0.164

D1 = D2

nQE < 0.164,

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Dimensi runner Turbin Kaplan

Penempatan turbin
m

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Agar tidak terjadi kavitasi, maka penempatan turbin paling tinggi

di atas muka tailrace adalah

Penempatan turbin reaksi harus memperhatikan kemungkinan

terjadinya kavitasi jika tekanan pada sisi keluar turbin mencapai
tekanan uapnya.
Kavitasi dikarakterisasi dengan bilangan Thoma yang
didefinisikan dengan persamaan :
NPSE
=
gH n
dengan :
Patm = tekanan atmosfer, Pa
Pv = tekanan uap, Pa
= massa jenis air, kg/m3
V = kecepatan air keluar m/s
G = percepatan gravitasi, m/s2
Hs = Suction Head, m

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Examples
Selecting a turbine to equip a 200-m net head scheme with a
nominal flow of 1.5 m3/sec. The powerhouse is located at an
altitude of 1000 m over the sea level.

Jika Hs positif, artinya penempatan turbin di atas tailrace, dan

jika Hs negatif, artinya penempatan turbin di bawah tailrace
Batas kavitasi :
Turbin Francis :

According to head and flow falls into the envelopes of a

Francis and a Pelton turbine. The turbine speed is given as a
function of nQE by equation :
r/s

Turbin Kaplan :
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If we select a one nozzle Pelton, the maximum value for nQE will
be 0.025. The corresponding rotational speed would be 6 t/s =
360 t/min.

The main Pelton dimensions would be:

As we intend to use direct coupling, the rotational speed has to be

synchronous. In this case, we would be obliged to choose a 333
t/min rotational speed (5.55 t/s = 34.87 rad/s).
The corresponding nQE would be:

Quite huge dimensions are not very realistic from an economical

point of view.
If we now consider a 4-nozzle Pelton, the maximum specific
speed would be

The main Pelton dimensions would be:

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Using the same calculation as for the one nozzle option, the
rotational speed would be 600 rpm and the corresponding nQE
would be 0.042.
The main Pelton dimensions would be
D1 = 0.962 m, B2 = 0.274 m and De = 0.108 m

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If we now select a Francis turbine, the maximum value of nQE

would be 0.33 . The corresponding speed would be n = 76.43 t/s
or 4'765.8 rpm, which is far from a realistic synchronous rotational
speed. For this reason, we will choose the maximum usual value,
which is 1,500 rpm.
The corresponding nQE would be:

which are quite reasonable.

The main Francis runner dimensions would be:

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As nQE < 0.164, we can consider than D2 = D1 = 0.595 m.

If we have selected a Francis running at 1000 rpm we would

have had:

The cavitation coefficient would be:

nQE = 0.069, D3 = 0.576 m, D1 = 1.02 m, = 0.0305 and
Hs = 3.21 m which does not need excavation.
The final choice will be economical. If the flow strongly varies,

The setting would be:

a 4-nozzle Pelton could be a good choice.

If it is not the case,a 1000-rpm Francis that does not need any
excavation could be the best alternative.

A setting that requires important excavation.

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