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Facts and Theories of
the Universe
Pilot
©2009

Randall S. Merager
818-489-9230
rmerager@socal.rr.com
 2.

Facts and Theories of the Universe

Randall Severin Merager

The Facts and Theories stage is wrapped in a massive fiber-

optic star-blanket cyclorama emitting virtually thousands of
stars of recognizable and varying formations surrounding a
multitude of fantastic futuristic scientific gadgetry. We can
see scientists circulating about work stations some of which
are amid on-going experiments, others are working on viewer
submitted experiments. In one corner area of our stage sits a
massive green-screen area for our virtual world, a drop-down
hot-topic support portal hangs in the foreground and towering
at center stage is an oversize backwards running clock
representing Einstein's universe. Off to one side there is a
massive telescope slowly rotating on its bezel, we then sweep
past a fantastic holograph capsule, all these elements
provide background for our down stage center home base desk
area.

OUR SHOW TITLES OPEN WITH... ACT I

INT. (Stage at logo)

We open Facts and Theories with a powerful original musical

score play-on while blending select visual images of our
universe abound with rich color and powerfully detailed, all
continuously cross-fading in and out, while our sweeping
camera revealing, one piece at a time, the various scientific
gadgetry, roving lab technicians and circulating science
specialists amid their work on various projects, continuing
our sweep across the stage, cue in the opening title card
images, slowly settle followed by a gentle push to our seated
host at home-base as graphics fade and musical score hits a
hard out...
 3.

HOST
Hello everyone, I am TBD and this
is Facts and Theories of the
Universe. Our science-based
information waggon plans to take
you to many levels of understanding
as we trek across the universe in
an attempt to solve many of the
unanswered questions regarding the
mysteries we refer to as our
cosmos.

“There are many Facts and Theories

to understanding our universe. So,
for this we begin by asking
ourselves, could our analysis of
the known universe be merely a
ration of claim or an expression of
belief, because the more we will
know ourselves, the more we will
understand how we fit into the
grand scheme of the cosmos...”

Throughout our travels we should

never forget the pioneers such as
the Italian philosopher Giordano
Bruno, who paid the ultimate
sacrifice with his own life for
standing up to the church doctrine,
and for Copernicas by advocating
the earth is not the center of the
universe, but part of a much
grander system, and for giving us a
mind of our own enabling us to seek
knowledge and practice faith based
upon on our own convictions.
(MORE)
 4.

HOST (CONT'D)

We should never be held hostage and

be bound by what we have been told
by the ancients, but have the
ability to draft our own
conjecture, draw our own
conclusions, but on the other hand,
with some, in the spirit to
maintain peaceful harmony may find
themselves comfortable with their
beliefs and perhaps feel there need
no additional investigative
measures. And for the remainder,
the ones whom thirst for more
knowledge and understanding. These
individuals elect to open new
doors, door’s in which we have been
told never to venture. The doorway
I speak of... is the doorway to
science.

We plan to leave no stone unturned

as we explore the intricacies of
this science. Traveling from
bizarre ancient beliefs to mind-
boggling theories on modern
astrophysics, our team will apply a
sort-of astro-forensics methodology
to aid in solving these mysteries.

We plan to provide and demonstrate

in relatively simple explanations
and stunning visuals from “How this
may have begun… to how it all may
ultimately end.”
 5.

MUSIC PLAY-ON, ROLL GRAPHICS, SWEEP THE STAGE FLYING AROUND

THE OBSTACLES. SETTLING IN FOR SHOW OPENING DIALOG...
In this, our first episode, we
would like to establish and secure
a firm universal foundation. A
foundation from which we will mount
our search for an answer to one of
the first questions, one I'm sure
is on everyone's mind, “How did all
of this come about”? How can you
possibly make something from
perceivably nothing? Well I have to
say, that after extensive analysis
and detailed research, together
with scientific applications, I’ve
come to the conclusion... “That it
must be magic.”

WALK-OFF AND PICK UP OUR HOST AT THE GREEN SCREEN AREA. CUE
VIDEO CROSS-FADES AND (jib) SWEEP DOWN, PUSH IN, PILE-ON CGI
GRAPHICS OVERLAY IN BG. SET FOR OPENER... FADE-IN CGI OPENER.

I believe in order to make this

whole thing work we need to start
with the smallest-known substance
to science, the very single
building block of absolutely
everything and reveal its symbiosis
to hopefully give answers to
perspective analysis, ultimately
provide all the hard facts in its
active roll within the universal
confines.

(MORE)
 6.

HOST (CONT'D)
For the sceptics, not to worry, I
plan on backing up these facts with
evidence and a few equations that
should validate as well as answer
questions to the formation of
matter and of course, ultimately
us.

For those that crave more proof, we

plan to check our answers with a
visit with the most famous
scientist ever, Albert Einstein.
You will be amazed to how we plan
to do this. Together with his
famous equation E=mc2 and his study
on relativity, will give you
answers to things you never even
knew had questions. With this we
now feel confident to venture deep
into the mysteries of quantum
science...

And finally, a sort of Who done it

with a valuable analysis of the
driving force in all of us. Not a
battle nor challenge, but a forum
entitled Evolution vs
Creationism...

Let’s kick this off by introducing

Katelin; one of our future’s
leaders in science.
(MORE)
 7.

HOST (CONT'D)
She’s a leader in academic
placements at her School and will
share with us her knowledge on the
most foundational component in
existence.

WE OPEN ON KATELIN STANDING IN FRONT OF THE SHOWS HANGING

LOGO CONSTRUCTED WITH CHASING LIGHTS AND PANIC MOVEMENT AS
THE LIGHTS REPRESENTING ELECTRONS RACE AROUND THE IMAGE OF
THE ATOM.

KATELIN
Hi, I’m going to hazard a guess,
because I feel confident when I say
that everyone has probably at some
point in their life wondered to
themselves, how did we and all this
come to about?

Personally I have always wondered

how everything started, ranging
from its conceptual beginning,
throughout time up to right this
moment here and now. I also can
never shake that morbid curiosity
to could there be an ultimate
demise to this universe?

Throughout the ages scientists have

come a long way with their quest to
fully understand the universe's
beginning. From the mystical event-
beginning to nature’s hard-line
facts controlling its existence.
It’s just recently that we’ve
really been able to answer some
hypotheses.
(MORE)
 8.

KATELIN (CONT'D)
However, it always seems that we
are left with more questions than
before, questions that yearn for
answers, thus paving the way for
more complex investigations.

I can tell you one of the most

persistent questions presented to
the study of the cosmos is “how
exactly was the universe created.”

To some it has always existed

complete with an infinite beginning
traveling onward through time with
an infinite lifespan. But now, with
the widely publicized concept of an
event-beginning, this curiously
displays evidence that a finite
universe may be in affect and
believe it or not, there is a
mathematical formula for this state
of existence. If this is true then
our cosmos could be forced to take
on properties of a Finite
Phenomena; possessing a history
with a beginning and a future.

The finite universe concept is

largely the a result of Edwin
Hubble’s work. His research on
galactic behaviors reveals the
evidence of an expanding universe.

(MORE)
 9.

KATELIN (CONT'D)
That study reveals with the uniform
outward expansive movement, Noting
that in this expansion a galaxy’s
velocity is proportional to its
distance, meaning galaxies that are
twice as far are moving twice as
fast and that it should take a
galaxy the same amount of time to
move to their current position, by
the square of the distance.
Imagine if you will all the
universe sitting on the surface of
an inflating balloon

With this, by reversing time its

trajectory we are able to track
back to earlier known positions.
With that in-hand logic stands to
reason, there most likely could
have been a single-point Event-
Beginning. What that exact event
was, is still under heavy scrutiny.

Some scientists hypothesise a

single point ground-zero location
with all matter existing in a space
a billion times smaller that a
proton rapidly expanding in all
directions with incredible heat and
pressure. It does make sense
because matter is manufactured as a
result of these pressures and its
intense heat.

(MORE)
 10.

KATELIN (CONT'D)
From a science standpoint We do in
fact know exactly how matter
formation takes place and is still
in affect today. With this we are
now able to list and predict
various evolutionary processes that
other particles will undergo. We
can also apply portions of that
data to accurately predict the
behaviors of various other
particles as well.

Science has give us the ability to

create many wonders, from the
ability to speed time up and to
slow it down, to create new
particles and the ability to
destroy them.

But before we get ahead of

ourselves, let’s start with the
basics... I am referring to the
foundation of all matter; the
single unique particle that makes
up our absolute very-everything,
standing out in the crowd as the
most unique arrangement ever, a
veritable giant in Planck’s world,
I present to you... The Atom.

CGI

KATELIN WALKS TO THE GREEN SCREEN PROJECTING IMAGES OF

VARIOUS CELESTIAL FORMATIONS. AS SHE SETTLES IN, THE IMAGES
DISSOLVES AND IN ITS PLACE AN ATOM ASSEMBLES ITSELF.
 11.

HIGH DEFINITION CGI HAS THE ATOM WITH THE ELECTRONS RACING
AROUND THE NUCLEUS GIVING THE VISUAL CONCEPT OF ITS
DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE. (fig.1)

KATELIN (CONT’D)
The atom, definitively speaking, is
referred to as the smallest known
unit of matter.

Examining the various components of

this particle reveals a centralized
nucleus, existing in an area about
one ten-thousandth the diameter of
the entire atom itself and cannot
be broken down chemically into
anything simpler.

The nucleus of an atom contains

protons and neutrons and is
surrounded by negatively charged
electron orbitals that occupy
various orbital positions or shells
based upon the electromagnetic
charge. Taking note that it’s these
electrons that give the atom its
muscle.

These protons and neutrons are

composed of other smaller particles
called quarks, leptons and gluons.

CGI REPRESENTATION OF THESE PARTICLES ARE DISPLAYED AND MORPH

TO AN ASSEMBLING OF THE PROTON AS EACH PARTICLE IS ADDED.
THUS REVEALING THE COMPLETE NUCLEUS.
 12.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
Quarks were first discovered in the
early 60’s with experiments
conducted at the Stanford Linear
Accelerator Center.

A quark is regarded as any of a

group of subatomic particles
thought to be among the fundamental
constituents of protons and
neutrons. The concept of the quark
existence was first proposed by
Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig.

Quarks, include all particles that

interact by means of the strong
force. They have mass and spin, and
they obey the Pauli exclusion
principle whereas no two identical
fermions may occupy the same
quantum state simultaneously.

Quarks have never been resolved

into smaller components, and they
never occur alone and their
behavior is explained by the theory
of quantum chromodynamics, which
provides a means of calculating
their basic properties.

There are six types of quarks,

called up, down, strange, charm,
bottom, and top. Only the up and
down quarks are needed to make
protons and neutrons;
(MORE)
 13.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
the others occur in heavier,
unstable particles.

Leptons are a family of elementary

particles, known as force carriers.
To best understand the assembly
process we have to understand the
forces inside matter and the
electromagnetic (EM) force. This
force attracts like-charged
particles and repels like-
particles. It is one of the 4
forces in nature that control the
small-scale structure of matter.
This radiation is the result of
electrically charged particles in
motion, such as electrons. The
moving charge gives rise to a
magnetic field and if the movement
is constant, the magnetic field
will vary and in turn produce an
electric field. By these fields
interacting the two fields sustain
one another and move through space,
transferring energy in waveform
perpendicular to each other.

The others are the strong force,

composed of fundamental and
residual parts; and the weak force
or interaction. Together with a
forth force, gravity, are the
fundamental forces of nature.
(MORE)
 14.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
The EM, weak, and strong forces are
mediated by force carrier
particles, which belong to a group
of particles called Bosons. The EM
force, as well as binding atoms in
solids and liquids, also holds
electrons within the atoms.

The strong force holds the protons

and neutrons and the nucleus in-
place. The weak force brings about
radioactive decay and other nuclear
interactions. For instance within a
neutron the filler components would
consist of one red down-quark one
green up-quark and a blue down-
quark all bound together by the
gluons governed by the fundamental
strong force.

When the protons and neutrons bind

together in the nucleus the bonding
component or pion force are
generated when nucleons try to move
apart. This a result of the
residual strong force.

Within the atom it’s

electromagnetic force holds the
electrons within the shells
surrounding the nucleus. This force
attracts the negatively charged
electrons towards the positively
charged nucleus and keeps the
electrons apart.

(MORE)
 15.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
The force carrier for the EM force
is the photon. With the weak force
this force governs radioactive
decay, among the other
interactions.

Leptons like quarks, are fermions

consisting of 1/2-spin particles
subjected to electromagnetic
(EM)forces. Their gravitational
force is weak, but unlike quarks,
leptons do not participate in the
strong interaction. These particles
and their duties are a bit
confusing so I will clarify this by
further classify the particles.
Physicists distinguish composite
particles, which have internal
structure, from fundamental
particles which do not. They also
divide particles into fermions and
bosons. Fermions (leptons, quarks
and baryons) are the building
blocks of matter. Bosons (gauge
bosons and mesons) are primary
force-carrier particles.

Regarding the fundamental particles

While there are 6 different leptons
the 2 that occur in ordinary matter
are electrons and neutrinos. The
electron carries a -1 charge while
the neutrino carries a 0 charge.

(MORE)
 16.

KATELIN (CONT’D)

Gauge Bosons are force carrier

particles These are the photon,
gluon, graviton, the W-intermediate
vector boson, the X-boson and the
Higgs boson. Composite Particles
also known as hadrons are composed
of quarks, antiquarks or both,
bound together by gluons, these
particles are:

Baryons, a relatively large-mass

particle containing 3 quarks.

Protons, consisting of 1 down and 2

up quarks with a +1 charge.

Neutrons, consisting of 1 up and 2

down quarks with a 0 charge.

Mesons, are particles containing a

quark and an anti-quark. Positive
Pion antiparticles have an
antimatter equivalent, same mass
but the charge and other properties
are opposite. Others have been
hypothesized; they include magnetic
monopoles and W.I.M.P. (weak
interacting massive particles).

CGI

THE ATOM CGI REDUCES ITSELF AND MORPHS TO TAKE THE FORM OF
SINGLE HYDROGEN ATOM CONSISTING OF ONE PROTON AND ONE
ELECTRON ORBITAL.
 17.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
For a better understanding on the
working operations of an atom, we
need to look more closely at the
atom’s makeup. By breaking the atom
into categories, we start by giving
the atom an atomic number, then an
atomic weight and atomic mass.

The atomic number is determined by

the number of protons bound within
its nucleus. This numbering system
will determine its chemical
element. Next we give the atom an
atomic mass which is the total
number of protons and the neutrons
bound within its nucleus and for
its atomic weight, it’s the ratio
of the average mass per atom of the
element to 1/12 the mass of a
carbon-12 atom.

Starting with the simplest atom and

certainly the most abundant
chemical element, constituting
roughly 75% of the Universe's
elemental mass, consists of one
single positively-charged proton
and one negatively-charged electron
orbital, all bound together by an
electrostatic force know as the
Coulomb force or Pinon force.

The hydrogen atom has an atomic

number of 1 because it contains
only one proton within its nucleus.
 18.

THE CGI WILL HIGHLIGHT THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS AS THEY ARE

DISCUSSED. THE CGI WILL NEXT GENERATE AN IMAGE OF THE HELIUM
ATOM AND WILL CONTINUE TO UPGRADE THE IMAGE WHEN DISCUSSING
ISOTOPES.

The next simplest and the next most

abundant is the Helium Atom. This
atom contains two positively
charged protons along with two
neutrons bound within its nucleus
and two negatively charged electron
orbitals, giving this atom an
atomic number of 2 and an atomic
mass of 4. 2 protons and 2
electrons added together, totalling
4.

The forces in nature has determined

that in order for an atom to remain
electrically stable, it needs to
have the same number of negatively
charged electron orbitals as there
are positively charged protons.

Let's look at an isotope of

hydrogen. Isotopes develope when
the nucleus of an atom has a
dissimilar neutron count. "Simple"
hydrogen as we know has only the 1
proton; giving it's atomic number
as 1 and its mass numbering 1 (the
1 proton, zero neutrons).

(MORE)
 19.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
But with an isotope such as in
Heavy Hydrogen, the proton count
remains 1, but there is an added
component of 1 neutron to its
nucleus. It's atomic number is
still 1, but its atomic mass number
is now numbering 2 (the 1 proton
plus 1 neutron). We now have a
hydrogen isotope.

In the case of Heavy-Heavy Hydrogen

its contents reveal 1 proton and an
additional neutron bringing its
neutron count numbering 2. It's
atomic number is still numbering 1,
but its atomic mass now numbers 3
(the 1 proton plus 2 neutrons). so
remember, it’s the number of
protons that determines the
chemical element, and the varying
number of neutrons determining its
isotope. Interestingly, almost all
naturally occurring elements are
mixtures of isotopes.

As elements are created, proton

atomic numbers increase and as that
nucleus becomes more pact with
protons the more unstable that
element becomes. That resulting
energy has to go somewhere. This
fizzling process is referred to as
fission.
(MORE)
 20.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
An example of fission reaction is
the dynamic that takes place within
the earths substructure as
radioactive particles decay, it’s
that fizzling process that keeps
our planet’s core in a molten state
by virtue of its radioactive
reactionary heat.

CGI IMAGE IS INSERTED DISPLAYING THE UNSTABLE QUALITIES AS

THE NUCLEUS CONTINUES TO PACK AND THE ENERGY PEEL-OFF WHEN
FISSION IS ENCOUNTERED.

THE IMAGE MORPHS TO REPRESENT VARYING TYPES OF ATOMS MOVING

ABOUT. WE CAPTURE A PROTON AND START ASSEMBLING AN ATOM BY
APPLYING VARYING CONCENTRATIONS OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ADD
THE ELECTRONS AND DISPLAY THAT ELEMENT.

The atoms of the various elements

will differ in atomic number,
relative mass and behavior. We know
that there are roughly 109
different types of atoms,
corresponding with the 109 know
elements, 94 of these occur
naturally.

The number of protons and neutrons

that make up its nuclei vary from
element to element, example: we
know that hydrogen (H) contains one
positively charged proton and one
negatively charged electron
orbital, compared to let’s say the
uranium (U) atom; an element with
an atomic number of 92, with an
atomic mass of 238.

(MORE)
 21.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
As I said earlier its the electrons
that give the atom its muscle.
These electrons race around the
atom’s nucleus like our planets
orbit the sun. Understanding,
electron orbitals don’t follow a
same-plane disk-like formation as
our planetary system does, but
travel many different coordinate
pathways giving our visual
interpretation of an atom’s
structure as spherical in form.

THE GRAPHICS ARRANGE TO DISPLAY THE SPHERICAL INTERPRETATION

OF THE ATOM AND HIGHLIGHTING THE ENERGY LEVELS WHEN
DISCUSSING THE ENERGY VARIATIONS.
Each electron orbital shell has a
specific energy. The shell closest
to the nucleus are the lowest in
energy and as the distance from its
nucleus increases so does its
energy.

A hydrogen atom has energy levels

simply numbered as 1, 2 and 3...
and are also further divided into
energy sublevels. Electron energy
sublevels are listed as: s, p, d,
and f.

CGI

THIS PIECE DISPLAYS THE ELECTRON ORBITALS AND ITS COORDINATE

ORBITAL PATHWAYS. OVERLAY THE PERIODIC CHART. (fig.2) KATELIN
CONTINUES TO SPEAK.
 22.

KATELIN (CONT’D)

The Arrangement of an atom is its

arrangement of electrons around the
nucleus positioned at varying
distinct energy levels. These
energy levels are usually numbered
beginning with the shell closest to
the nucleus. These orbitals
regarded as a series of concentric
spheres, contain a certain maximum
number of electrons.

Special note pertaining to the

outermost orbitals. That particular
orbit contains the valence
electrons. These valence electrons
are the hands that grab and bind
other atom’s electrons together
forming other compounds and
elements. Atoms naturally repel one
and other, so without these valence
electrons atoms could not bind
together, but would simply bounce
off each other, never gather and
coalesce into more complex
particles.

CGI

THE GRAPHICS RE ARRANGE TO DISPLAY THE COMPONENTS OF THE

ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND THE VALENCE ELECTRONS AND DEMONSTRATE
THE PROBLEMS IF NO VALENCE ELECTRONS EXISTED. (fig.3)
 23.

Katelin
When an element or compound is
formed, that formation is due to
the Valency of that atom, The
valency is a measure of the number
of chemical bonds formed by the
atoms of a given element. The
measure of an elements gives the
atom its ability to combine with
other elements, which can be
expressed as the number of atoms
uniting with (or replacing) other
atoms. It is the number of
electrons occupying the outer
orbital that dictates the combining
abilities of an element and the
chemical properties of the atom.
These elements, described as
univalent, divalent, trivalent, and
tetravalent unite with 1, 2, 3 and
4 univalent atoms respectfully.

THE CGI IMAGE DEMONSTRATES THE VALENCY PROCESS AND GIVES THE
VISUAL ON THE ATTACHMENT DYNAMIC. THE IMAGES OF THE VARIOUS
VALENCIES CORRESPOND TO THE DISCUSSION. THE IMAGES OF AN ION
IS DISPLAYED.

Some elements have a variable

valency. For example, nitrogen and
phosphorous can possess valencies
of either three or five. The
valence of oxygen is two; hence the
formula for water is H2O, hydrogen
being univalent. Oxygen’s valency
also allows it to bond with carbon
and form CO2 or CO.
 24.

THE IMAGE AND PROCESS OF ENERGY VARIATIONS THAT MAKE ELECTRON

JUMP TO VARIOUS ORBITS. AS ENERGY INCREASES THE ELECTRONS
LEAP TO A MORE DISTANT ORBIT.

We now know that electrons are

distributed in orbitals of varying
energy levels with the lowest
energy orbitals are filled first
each orbit having a specific
energy, but as the electrons gain
energy they leap to a more distant
orbit proportionate to the energy
level acquired. Once an orbital
shell has obtained its maximum
number of electrons it can hold,
that shell is considered “filled”
and the remaining electrons will
then transition into the next
higher energy orbit, and so on...

CGI VISUAL WILL DEMONSTRATE THE FILLING OF THE ORBITAL

SHELLS. WE START WITH HYDROGEN AND FINISH WITH URANIUM.
VISUALS REPRESENTING THE “FILLING” OF THE ORBITALS.

The most electrons possible in the

first shell is 2. After the first
shell is filled, the second shell
starts filling according to the
number of positive charges within
the nucleus. The most electrons
allowed in the second shell is 8.
Then after the second orbit is
filled the third shell starts to
fill until it too has 8.
(MORE)
 25.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
Then the fourth shell starts adding
electrons until it has 8, oddly,
the third shell then begins to take
on more electrons until it reaches
18, then fourth shell too starts
again to fill until it reaches 16
electrons, then the fifth shell
fills to an electron count of 50,
then the fourth shell commences
again to add to the electron count
to a total of 32.

The number of electrons in each

shell is the basis of chemical
combinations; depending on the
number of electrons in the outer
orbit or shell. Electrons have
potential energy, depending on
their shell or orbit.

However in the case of noble gas,

chemical elements that share
similar properties are odorless,
colorless, monatomic, meaning that
those molecules have contain only a
single atom, and have very low
chemical reactivity. The
interesting thing on noble gas is
the valence orbit contains 8
electrons rendering that atom as
filled which makes it difficult
bind with other atoms.
(MORE)
 26.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
The noble gases are a group of
chemical elements with very similar
properties: under standard
conditions, they are all odorless,
colorless, monatomic gases, with a
very low chemical reactivity. The
noble gases are listed on the far
right on the periodic chart.

The 6 noble gases that occur

naturally are Helium (He), Neon
(Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr),
Xenon (Xe), and the radioactive
Radon (Rn) and are members of the
group 18 of the periodic table.

As we've discussed before the

valence electrons are the outermost
electron orbitals of an atom and
are normally the only electrons
that participate in chemical
bonding.

In 1916, Gilbert N. Lewis

discovered and formulated the octet
rule, which concluded an octet or 8-
count of electrons in the outer
shell was the most stable
arrangement for any atom. All noble
gases, except helium, the outermost
shell or valency orbital always
contains 8 electrons.

(MORE)
 27.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
Atoms with full valence electron
shells are generally quite stable
and therefore do not tend to form
chemical bonds and have little
tendency to gain or lose electrons.
However, heavier noble gases such
as radon are held less firmly
together by electromagnetic force
than lighter noble gases such as
helium, making it easier to remove
outer electrons from heavy noble
gases.

Like other groups, the members of

this family show patterns in its
electron configuration, especially
the outermost shells resulting in
trends in chemical behavior:

Z Element Electrons/shell

2 helium 2
10 neon 2, 8
18 argon 2, 8, 8
36 krypton 2, 8, 18, 8
54 xenon 2, 8, 18, 18, 8
86 radon 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8
118 ununoctium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32,
18, 8

Given the fact that the outer

valence orbital shell is full
renders this atom little ability to
interact with other atoms to form
chemical reactions needed to form
different compounds.
(MORE)
 28.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
The noble gases have weak
interatomic force, and consequently
have very low melting and boiling
points, differing by about 10 °C
determines that they are liquid
over a small temperature range.

The overall amount of the noble

gases contained within the universe
decrease as their atomic numbers
increase. Helium being the most
common element in the universe
after hydrogen has a mass fraction
of about 24%. Most of the helium in
the universe was formed during
Event Beginning, noting that the
amount of helium is always
increasing due to the on-going
fusion of hydrogen in stellar
nucleosynthesis, just as the
reactions happening within the body
of our own sun.

Noble gas atoms, like atoms in

other groups, increase at a steady
rate in atomic radius from one
period to the next due to the
increasing number of electrons. The
size of the atom is related to
several properties. Noble gases
have the largest ionization
potential among the elements of
each period, which demonstrates the
stability of their electron
configurations and is related to
their lack of chemical reactivity.
(MORE)
 29.

KATELIN (CONT’D)

Regular applications of noble

gasses are used as a filler gas
within standard light bulbs. This
is preferred due to the lack of
chemical reactivity slows down the
evaporative reaction of the
filament.

Noble gases glow in distinctive

colors; when used inside gas-
discharge lamps, such as neon
lights, will produce an orange-red
color. Xenon is commonly used in
xenon arc system, due to their
nearly continuous spectrum that
resembles daylight, 5600K.

KATELIN WALKS TO THE HOT TOPIC DROP-DOWN PORTAL AND

WITH THE PORTAL AND RAISES THE QUESTION ON THE ATOMIC
NUMBERING AND WHAT FORMS MATTER.

KATELIN (CONT’D)

The Atomic Number or proton number

is number of protons in a nucleus
of an element indicates the number
of electrons in a neutral atom.
From this, I ask is possible to
derive its electronic structure?
And could you expand on the atomic
numbering that drives the formation
of matter?
 30.

THE PORTAL IS A DROP-DOWN PANEL ANSWER BOARD. THE PORTAL

EITHER REVEALS THE OVERLAY OF IMAGES OF THE SCIENCE AUTHORS
BE THEY EINSTEIN, NEWTON, FARADAY OR COPERNICAS. THE DUTIES
OF THE PORTAL IS TO PROVIDE AN ANSWER BOARD FOR SCIENCE
HURDLES THAT NEED ADDITIONAL INFORMATION. THE VISUALS WITHIN
THE PORTAL WILL VARY, BASED ON THE DEMAND OF THE MATERIAL
BEING COVERED.

PORTAL
For example, the sodium atom has an
atomic number 11 (Z= 11) and its
electronic arrangement is 2
electrons within the first energy
level, 8 electrons in the second
energy level and 1 electron in the
third energy level generally
written 2.8.1. This electronic
structure dictates whether two
elements are able to combine by
ionic or covalent bonding or not at
all.

CGI OF THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS. THE IMAGE TRACKS AS

THE DISCUSSION REVEALS MORE INFORMATION.

The Periodic Table of Elements was

first proposed in 1871 by a Russian
chemist Dmitri Mendeleev.

Atoms are ordered by their atomic

number in the Periodic Table. The
Table is set up so as to indicate
the number of electron shells in
each atom and the number of valence
electrons in that atom. As you
descend through the rows in the
Table, the number of electron
shells in the atom increases.
(MORE)
 31.

PORTAL (CONT'D)
For example, hydrogen (H) in the
1st row has 1 shell, lithium (Li)
in the 2nd row has 2 shells, sodium
(Na) 3 shells, etc. As you read
the Table from left to right in any
one row, the number of valence
electrons increases.

Let's look at lithium again. From

the atomic number we know that
Lithium has 3 electrons. From its
position on the Periodic Table and
we know that it has 1 valence
electron: 2 electrons fill it's 1st
shell and 1 orbits in the second
shell. (Insert periodic chart
information here)

CGI OF THE PERIODIC CHART FADES UP.

KATELIN
The Periodic Table of Elements is
one of the most valuable charts we
have derived and although a little
complicated in appearance is rather
simple to interpret. Quantum
scientists have assembled this
chart to categorizes each element
be virtue of its atomic structure.

A determination factor of an
element's chemical properties is
its electron configuration,
particularly the valence shell
electrons.
(MORE)
 32.

KATELIN (CONT'D)
For example, any atoms with 4
valence electrons occupying p
orbitals will exhibit some
similarities. The type of orbital
in which the atom's outermost
electrons reside determines the
"block" to which it belongs. The
number of valence shell electrons
determines the family, or group, to
which the element belongs. The
total number of electron shells an
atom determines the period to which
it belongs.

Each shell is further divided into

different sub shells, which as
atomic number increases are filled
in roughly this order. The Basic
periodic chart is defined by
simplest to the more complex. The
chart is categorized with 18 groups
and 7 periods also a color code is
incorporated to further categorize.
The extended Periodic chart with
blocks consisting of periods 1 thru
8 and sub shells S, G, F, D, and P.

Modern quantum mechanical theories

of atomic structure explain group
trends by proposing that elements
within the same group have the same
electron configurations in their
valence shell. Elements in the same
group also show patterns in their
atomic radius, ionization energy,
and electronegativity.
(MORE)
 33.

KATELIN (CONT'D)

Lanthanoid (previously lanthanide)

series comprises the fifteen
elements with atomic numbers 57
through 71, from lanthanum to
lutetium. All lanthanides are f-
block elements, corresponding to
the filling of the 4-f electron
shell, except for lutetium, which
is a d-block lanthanoid. The
lanthanoid series (Ln) is named
after lanthanum.

The actinoid (IUPAC nomenclature)

or actinide (traditional
nomenclature still in-use) series
encompasses the 15 chemical
elements that lie between actinium
and lawrencium included on the
periodic table with atomic numbers
89 - 103. The actinoid series
derives its name from the first
element in the series, actinium,
and reflecting the elements'
radioactivity.

Blocks are referred to the outer

most shell, or valence orbitals.
Because of the importance of the
outermost shell, the different
regions of the periodic table are
sometimes referred to as periodic
table blocks, named according to
the sub shell in which the "last"
electron resides.

(MORE)
 34.

KATELIN (CONT'D)
Trends of periods moving left to
right across a period, atomic
radius usually decreases. This
occurs when each successive element
has an added proton and electron.
This causes the electron to be
drawn closer to the nucleus. This
decrease in atomic radius also
causes the ionization energy to
increase when moving from left to
right across a period. The more
tightly bound an element is, the
more energy is required to remove
an electron.

Trends of Groups theories of atomic

structure explain group trends by
proposing that elements within the
same group have the same electron
configurations in their valence
shell, From the top, each
successive element has a lower
ionization energy because it is
easier to remove an electron since
the atoms are less tightly bound.
Similarly, a group will also see an
overall decrease in
electronegativity because of the
increasing distance between valence
electrons and its nucleus.

Elements are arranged in these

groups according to whose
proprieties are similar.
(MORE)
 35.

KATELIN (CONT'D)
All elements in Group 1 for
instance are alkali metals because
they only have one electron in the
outer shell (valence electron) and
as a result are highly reactive.

Elements in Group 17 are the

halogens. They all have seven
electrons in the outer orbital (two
in level s and five in level p).
They are also very reactive because
they have seven electrons in the
outer shell and will readily accept
an electron in order to reach the
ion configuration with the ideal
number of eight electrons in the
outer shell.

Elements Group 18 has a complete

outer shell with eight electrons.
These noble gases are highly stable
and do not react to form compounds
under normal conditions.

What are periods?

While the number of electrons

present in the outer shell
characterizes groups, periods are
characterized by the number of
energy levels (shells) of electrons
surrounding the nucleus.

Groups or family is a vertical

column in the periodic table.
(MORE)
 36.

KATELIN (CONT'D)
Groups are considered the most
important method of classifying the
elements. In some groups, the
elements have very similar
properties and exhibit a clear
trend in properties down the group.
These groups tend to be given
trivial (unsystematic) names, e.g.,
the alkali metals, alkaline earth
metals, halogens, pnictogens,
chalcogens, and noble gases. Some
other groups in the periodic table
display fewer similarities and/or
vertical trends.

Direct interpretation of each

element is shown here. Noting the
center lettering in bold print is
the identifier of each element. The
number at the top left is the
atomic number and the number at the
lower portion is the atomic weight.
The atomic weight minus the atomic
number will give an approximation
to the number of neutrons that make
up that particular element.

By definition, atoms have no

overall electrical charge. That
means that there must be a balance
between the positively charged
protons and the negatively charged
electrons. Atoms must have equal
numbers of protons and electrons.
(MORE)
 37.

KATELIN (CONT'D)
In our example, an atom of krypton
must contain 36 electrons since it
contains 36 protons.

An atom can gain or lose electrons,

becoming what is known as
ionization. An ion is nothing more
than an electrically charged atom.
Adding or removing electrons from
an atom does not change its
element, just its net charge.

For example, removing an electron

from an atom of krypton forms a
krypton ion, which is usually
written as Kr+. The plus sign means
that this is a positively charged
ion. It is positively charged
because a negatively charged
electron was removed from the atom.
The 36 positively charged protons,
resulting in a charge of +1,
outnumbered the 35 remaining
electrons.

What is an electron configuration

table?

An electron configuration table is

a type of code that describes how
many electrons are in each energy
level of an atom and how the
electrons are arranged within each
energy level. The first number is
the energy level.
(MORE)
 38.

KATELIN (CONT'D)
We can tell right away that an atom
of gold contains 6 energy levels.

The lowercase letter is the sub-

shell. The sub-shells are named s,
p, d and f. The number of available
sub-shells increases as the energy
level increases. For example, the
first energy level only contains an
s sub-shell while the second energy
level contains both an s sub-shell
and a p sub-shell.

The number in superscript is the

number of electrons in a sub-shell.
Each sub-shell can hold only a
certain number of electrons. The s
sub-shell can hold no more than 2
electrons, the p sub-shell can hold
6, the d sub-shell can hold 10 and
the f sub-shell can hold as many as
14.

How many energy levels does an atom

have?

Since the electron configuration

table lists each energy level by
row, you can tell how many energy
levels there are by seeing how many
rows there are.

(MORE)
 39.

KATELIN (CONT'D)
How many electrons are in each
energy level?

The total number of electrons in an

energy level is the sum of the
electrons in each sub-shell of that
energy level. Just add the numbers
in superscript together to find the
number of electrons in an energy
level.

How many electrons are in an atom's

outer energy level?

This is just a combination of the

previous two examples. Use the
electron configuration to find that
atom's highest energy level and
then add up the numbers in
superscript to find the number of
electrons that are in it.

CGI

CGI THE ATOM’S ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE WITH VARIATIONS THAT

APPLY TO IONIC AND COVALENT BONDING STYLES(fig.4)

PORTAL

As for the beginnings of Matter, it

started its formations within the
initial billionth of a billionth of
a second following the moment the
beginning-event started its
expansive process.
(MORE)
 40.

PORTAL (CONT'D)
At that particular moment, the
universe being about 3 feet in
diameter was heated to trillions of
degrees and the process of
collisions and fusing between
particles were continuous and
massive with particles forming at
an inconceivable rate.

These continuous collisions with

adjacent particles either traveling
at high speeds, or contained in an
areas of tremendous heat and
pressure, causes atomic particles
to fuse, giving birth to newly
formed elements. When conditions
were favorable these elements begin
to coalesce and formed matter.

Matter makes up all substances;

molecules, atoms and sub-atomic
particles are all matter. They take
up space, and attract other forms
of matter with gravity. As Newton
once stated, the force between two
bodies depends upon their masses.
If we double the mass of each , we
intensify the gravity by a factor
of 4. We now enter into the world
of Planck referred to as The Planck
Scale.

(MORE)
 41.

PORTAL (CONT'D)
The Planck scale is the defining
scale of quantum gravity, a
physical constant used to describe
the sizes of quanta in quantum
mechanics. It can either be very
short in length referred to as
Planck length or very high in
energy referred to as Planck
energy. Some of which are
rationalized as the Planck's
Constant.

The Planck Constant is the

proportionality constant between
the energy of a photon and the
frequency of its associated
electromagnetic wave, otherwise
known as the Planck Relation.

As for the size of an atom, well

one things for sure, it’s pretty
small, way too small to be seen
with conventional microscopy, but
we do know that in the case with
the largest caesium atom, it has a
diameter of 0.0000005 mm and that
it is always in constant motion.
Specifically, as electrons jump
from orbit to orbit its rate of
vibration, in doing so, is so
constant that we use it as a basic
standard to the measurement of
time.

(MORE)
 42.

PORTAL (CONT'D)
The Arrangement of matter exists in
various states and it is this
arrangement of these particles that
determines the state of matter.

There are four recognized states of

matter: solid, liquid, gas and
plasma. Matter can change between
states when the temperatures or
pressures change.

State of matter take on physical

aspects rather than chemical
changes. In a solid state the
volume is fixed and has shape with
the atoms in fixed positions
relative to one and other.

If the atoms are arranged in a

regular sequence, this is referred
to as Entropy. Entropy is the
number of ways molecules in a
substance can be arranged for a
given amount of energy.

Metals and salts being crystalline,

tend to follow this more linear
arrangement. But if the atoms are
arranged haphazardly the solid is
said to be amorphous. Glass is a
good example of amorphous
arrangement.

Atoms of metals, in this solid

state tend to have very loose outer
electrons.
(MORE)
 43.

PORTAL (CONT'D)
These electrons moving between
atoms gives the metal the ability
to conduct electricity.

In a liquid state volume is still

fixed, but the compound tends to
take on the shape of its confines;
such as a vase or on a larger
scale, geographic land contours.
Liquidity however, can only exist
within a limited temperate range.
If the pressure is low enough, the
liquid phase will not happen.

In a gaseous state, gases have no

fixed volume or shape, they expand
to fill all available space.

There are four laws regarding the

state of gas.

First, If the volume of a gas is

held constant, its pressure is
proportionate to the temperature.
As the temperature increases, the
atoms move faster and strike its
surroundings with more force. This
results an increase in pressure
against its surroundings.

Second, If the pressure of a gas is

held constant, its volume remains
proportional to the temperature.
(MORE)
 44.

PORTAL (CONT'D)
As the temperature increases, this
results an increase in pressure
against it surrounding confines and
hence the volume increases.

Third, If the temperature of a gas

is held constant, its pressure is
inversely proportional to the
volume. So when the volume of a gas
is decreased, but not the
temperature, then the same number
of atoms moving at the same speed
will strike the walls of the
confines more often. This results
an increase in pressure. Atoms in a
gas are free to move independently
from each other. Because the atoms
in a gas move at random. The
gaseous state is the simplest form
to describe in mathematical terms.

The forth state of gas is plasma.

Plasma is a gas that is heated to
temperatures so high that the atoms
loses electrons and so become
ionized. The gas, at that point, is
electrically charged and can be
affected by magnetic and electrical
fields. The plasma’s sensitivity to
magnetic fields enables technicians
the ability to control the heated
gas, thus allowing a controlled
implementation of its reaction.
(MORE)
 45.

PORTAL (CONT'D)
One example of the necessity to
control plasma is in the
application of fusion technology.

CGI

ANIMATED CGI ATOMS ARE SET IN MOTION AND DOING SO REASSEMBLE

TO FORM MORE COMPLEX FORMATIONS (fig.5)

KATELIN
How many atoms make up our body?

At the last count our bodies

contains literally trillions of
atoms. Atoms of many differing
elements. There are atoms of
hydrogen and oxygen, carbon and
nitrogen, but our body also
contains atoms of calcium, nickel,
potassium, iron... even gold. All
matter; both living and non-living
are composed of many certain basic
substances.

It really is quite remarkable that

there are only 92 naturally
occurring elements and 16 of these
elements are used in the formation
of chemical compounds from which
living organisms are formed.

These 16 elements and a few others,

which occur in a particular
organism are referred to as bio-
elements.
(MORE)
 46.

KATELIN (CONT'D)
In human body only six bio-elements
which account for 99% of the our
total mass. These elements include
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, along
with oxygen, phosphorus and
calcium.

Science has shown that as the

universe was forming, the only
elements in existence were hydrogen
and helium, which raises the
question on here did all the other
types of atoms come from? How were
they formed?

PORTAL
The answer is quite startling...
many of the atoms in the multitude
of forms around us including the
ones that make up our own body,
were all, believe it or not
manufactured within the center of a
cosmic oven, a star, a star that
existed long ago. Some very short
lived and others not, but when
these stellar formations went nova
all the materials created within
its interior, due to pressure and
heat, were released into the
universe.

Trillions of varying atoms are sent

hither and yawn, Its purpose, to
populate the cosmos.
(MORE)
 47.

PORTAL (CONT'D)
This process is analogous to
casting seeds to the wind, all that
material will eventually coalesce
into other forms.

We now fast-forward billions of

years and this material, probably a
commingle of atoms. Perhaps some
may have formed within a multitude
of different stellar bodies, now
reforms and becomes integrated and
ultimately part of your own coded
matrix and hence a another star is
born; that star of course is us.

CGI

OVERLAY IMAGES OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR AND THE FORMATIONS

OF NEWER ELEMENTS WITHIN THE STAR. (fig.6)

ON-LOCATION AT THE LARGE HADRON PARTICLE ACCELERATOR NEAR

GENEVA FOR AN ON-SITE EXAMINATION OF AN INSTRUMENT THAT
ANSWERS QUESTIONS ON THE FORMATION OF MATTER. SEE THE
ATTACHED LOCATION PROPOSAL SHEET. (REFER TO HADRON ON-
LOCATION SCRIPT)

KATELIN

Let’s go back to the beginning. The

grand event-beginning. It is now
one hundred trillionth of a second
after the event beginning
commenced. This super-heated
primordial material begins to cool
and all through the continuing
expansion process atoms are
forming.

(MORE)
 48.

KATELIN (CONT'D)
With these atoms racing in all
directions eventually smashing into
one and other and with that new
particles are constantly forming
everywhere.

At this evolutionary point things

now begin to get more complicated
and are now facing the formations
of more complex particles, the
brick and mortar of the material
world. Giving this the universe now
has “The Molecule.”

Molecules exist in either form of

elements or compounds. Molecular
Elements consists of one or more
like atoms. Molecular Compounds
consists of two or more different
atoms bonded together.

A Molecule by definition, is the

smallest element or compound that
can exist in many formations and
still retain the original
characteristics. They vary in size
and complexity from the simplest
hydrogen based molecule to the
large macro-molecules, such as the
ones found in some polymers all
held together by a Covalent Bond.
(MORE)
 49.

KATELIN (CONT'D)
This bonding is produced when two
atoms share one or more pairs of
electrons, usually each atom
contributes an electron and is
often represented by a single line
drawn between the two atoms. This
type of bonding always produces a
molecule, or by a Coordinate Bond,
where an electron pair is donated
by one atom, to be shared between
the two atoms.

Covalently bonded substances

include hydrogen (H), water (H2O)
and most organic substances.

Covalent compounds have the

following general properties: they
have a low melting and boiling
point; never conduct electricity
and are usually insoluble in water
and soluble in organic solvents.

Double Bonds, seen, for example, in

the alkenes, are formed when two
pairs of atoms share two pairs of
electrons (the atoms contribute a
pair each); triple bonds are formed
when atoms share three pairs of
electrons and so on.

CGI

OF THE ATOMIC HYDROGEN BONDS (fig.8)

CGI
 50.

THE VALENCY ORBITALS AND SEE THE UNION OF ATOMS ATTACHING

THEMSELVES TO FORM ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS.

The ionic or electrovalent bond is

produced when atoms of one element
donate electrons to atoms of
another element forming positively
and negatively charged ions
respectfully.

CGI

THE BONDING LINK THAT MAKES UP THE COVALENCY DETAILED IN CGI

(fig.7)

Thus defining the ion as an atom or

group of atoms that is either a
positively charged Cation or a
negatively charged Anion, resulting
by the gain or loss of electrons
during a chemical reaction or the
exposure to certain types of
radiation ionic compounds.

All salts, most bases and some

acids are examples of ionic
compounds. They possess the
following general properties: they
are crystalline solids with a high
melting point, are soluble in water
and insoluble in organic solvents
and always conduct electricity when
molten or in aqueous solution.
A typical ionic compound is table
salt, sodium chloride.

CGI
 51.

CGI OF THE ATOMIC HYDROGEN BONDS (fig.8)

KATELIN
The Molecular Formula is the
formula indicating the actual
number of atoms of each element
present within a single molecule of
a compound. The presence of more
than one atom is denoted by a
subscript figure -. For example,
water is a chemical substance with
chemical formula H2O: one molecule
of water has two hydrogen atoms
covalently bonded to a single
oxygen atom.

Complex molecules are generally

carbon based and are structured in
a patterns arrays and are made up
of proteins and sugar-phosphates,
coded and arrange in a specific
formations.

In ancient and medieval times,

early chemists some of whom
subscribed to an unscientific
system known as alchemy believed
that one element could in fact be
transformed into another. Thus many
an alchemist had devoted an entire
career to the vain pursuit of
turning lead into gold.

(MORE)
 52.

KATELIN (CONT'D)
The alchemists were at least
partially right, however, though
one element can only be transformed
into another within nuclear fusion.
However, it is possible to change
the nature of a compound by
altering the relations of the
elements within it, which brings me
to an interesting development.

KATELIN WALKS TO THE HOLOGRAM CAPSULE AND AFTER ENTERING

INFORMATION ON A CONTROL CONSOLE KEYBOARD, BRINGS THE
HOLOGRAM CAPSULE ON-LINE.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
Nobody can explain its intrinsic
formation. No logic can be
expressed to quantify the most
complex molecule in existence, one
that transcends all universal and
evolutionary processes, and give
credence to possibility of divine
intervention, I now present...

AT THIS POINT THE HOLOGRAM CAPSULE ROARS INTO LIFE AND IN THE
MIST WITHIN THE CAPSULE A 3-D IMAGE OF THE DNA DOUBLE HELIX
FORMS AND SPIRALS SUSPENDED IN THE CAPSULE SLOWLY ROTATING.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
... the foundation for all life as
we know it... our famous double
helix; The DNA Molecule.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),

Molecule has been one of the
greatest scientific discoveries of
all time.
(MORE)
 53.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
First discovered in 1931 by James
Watson and Francis Crick, and it
wasn’t until the late 1940's and
early 1950's that most biologists
finally accepted the evidence
showing that DNA must be the
chromosomal component that carries
the hereditary information from one
generation to the next.

DNA consists of two long polymers

of simple units called nucleotides;
molecules which comprise the
structural units of RNA and DNA.
These two identical strands run in
opposite directions to each other
and are therefore anti-parallel.
Kind of like cutting a ladder in
half up through the middle of the
treads, then flipping one half
upside down and reassembling it.

For a long time the connection

between nucleic acid and genes was
not known. But in 1944 the American
scientist Oswald Avery managed to
transfer the ability to cause
disease from one strain of bacteria
to another. But not only that, the
previously harmless bacteria could
also pass the trait along to the
next generation. What Avery had
moved was nucleic acid. This proved
that genes were made up of nucleic
acid.

(MORE)
 54.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
All this was put into motion by an
amazing discovery back in 1868,
almost a century before the Nobel
Prize was awarded to Watson, Crick
and Maurice Wilkins, whereas a
young Swiss physician named
Friedrich Miescher, isolated
something no one had ever seen
before from the nuclei of cells. He
called the compound "nuclein." This
is today called nucleic acid, the
"NA" in DNA (Deoxyribo-nucleic-
acid) and RNA (Ribo-nucleic-acid).

To differentiate the duty

assignments between the two, DNA in
short contains the blueprint for
life and the RNA would be the
worker bee that makes it all work.

THE HOLOGRAM DISASSEMBLES A PORTION OF THE HELIX REVEALING

THE BASE CHEMICALS IN AN EXPLODED VIEW. (fig.9)

KATELIN (CONT’D)
"Human Genome Project" and Dr.
Celera Genomics jointly presented
the true nature and complexity of
the digital code inherent in DNA.
We now understand that the DNA
molecule is comprised of chemical
bases arranged in approximately 3
billion precise sequences.
(MORE)
 55.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
Every cell in your body contains
DNA wrapped very tightly making up
the body formation of the 23 pairs
of chromosomes.

Its structure consists of two

helical chains each coiled round
the same axis, both chains follow
right handed helices. The two
chains run in opposite directions
with the bases on the inside of the
helix and the phosphates positioned
on the outside." When all wrapped
up it makes up the visible
chromosomes.

Within the DNA makeup, the number

of purine bases equals the number
of pyrimidine bases. The number of
adenine bases equals the number of
thymine bases. And the number of
guanine bases equals the number of
cytosine bases. The basic structure
of the DNA molecule is helical in
shape, with the bases being stacked
on top of each other like a
compressed spiral staircase.

Now things get more complicated...

These stairs act as the "letters"
in the genetic alphabet, combining
into complex sequences that form
the “words.”

The DNA code is like recording

information in binary code.
(MORE)
 56.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
It’s quite simple in its basic
paired structure. However, it's the
sequencing and functioning of that
code that's enormously complex.

Although DNA coding is remarkably

complex, it's the information
translation connected to that code
that really baffles science.

CGI THE STRUCTURE OF THE DNA MOLECULE DISPLAYING THE

ATTACHMENTS AND UNZIPPED DNA (fig.10)

KATELIN (CONT’D)
The two strands of the double helix
are coiled in an anti-parallel
configuration with the sugar-
phosphate backbone making up the
outside of the helix with the bases
are positioned on the inside. The
backbone can be thought of as the
sides of a ladder, with the bases
in the middle forming the rungs.

Each rung is composed of two base

pairs, either an adenine-thymine
pair that forms a two-hydrogen bond
together, or a cytosine-guanine
pair that forms a three-hydrogen
bond.

CGI

(MORE)
 57.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
When the DNA is being copied, the
DNA-helix is first "unzipped" in
two long stretches of sugar-
phosphate backbone with a line of
free bases sticking up from it,
like the teeth of a comb. Each half
will then be the template for a
new, complementary strand.
Biological machines inside the cell
put the corresponding free bases
onto the split molecule and also
proof-reads the result to find and
correct any mistakes.

The doubling gives rise to another

exact copy of the original DNA
molecule. The coding regions in the
DNA strand, the genes make up only
a fraction of the total amount of
DNA, stretches that flank the
coding regions are called introns,
and consist of non-coding DNA.

DNA usually occurs as linear

chromosomes in eukaryotes, and
circular chromosomes in
prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes
in a cell makes up its genome; the
human genome has approximately 3
billion base pairs of DNA all
arranged into 46 chromosomes.
The information carried by DNA is
held in the sequence of pieces
called genes.
(MORE)
 58.

KATELIN (CONT’D)
Transmission of genetic information
in the genes is achieved via the
complementary base pairing. Thanks
to the DNA containing the genetic
information this allows all modern
living things to function, grow and
reproduce, we are really just now
starting to realize how unique we
really are.

After taking all this in I find

myself standing here as a free and
independent entity one in which is
able to contemplating my own
existence, wonder how this all is
possible. Is it true... could each
atom that make up the very me have
really braved billions of years of
harsh elements commencing with the
intense heat within a star, then
thrown out into the bitter cold of
open space. Then during its journey
having it literally crashing into
the earth, absorbed in subduction,
spewed from lava flows, all at the
end of the day to reassemble and
ultimately become... me. In closing
this segment I can’t help but
wonder if my atoms have ever
existed in other lives or other
formations before me and will they
continue their travels through the
cosmos long after I’m gone. I
guess only time will tell...

END OF ACT I
 59.

ACT II

WE SHIFT GEARS HERE AND FADE UP POSITIONED NEAR THE LARGE

CLOCK AND PREPARE FOR THE TOPIC ON THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY
AND THE FAMOUS EQUATION E=mc2

HOST
Though it’s concept has been around
for over a hundred years, This
understanding is being revered as
the ultimate answer to the
formation of everything and the
connected relationship with
everything, with each other, we now
need to understand it see first
hand how it all ties together on
our visit into the world of Quantum
Physics.

Albert Einstein is still to many

revered as one of the most famous
scientists ever. He earned this
right by bringing to science
methods of calculation, application
of universal constants and a frame
of reference we call relativity.
His labors gave birth to some of
his greatest published works, and
coupled with his famous equation,
E=mc2, has changed the world
forever.

(MORE)
 60.

HOST (CONT'D)
When forced to summarize the
General Theory of Relativity in one
sentence, Einstein responds, “Time,
space and gravitation have no
separate existence from matter, due
to the fact that physical objects
are not in space, but merely
spatially extended to the concept
which the term empty space seems
lose its meaning”.

DISPLAY THE EQUATION E=mc2 AND T.O.E. (fig.10) AND A CLOCK

RUNNING BACKWARDS.

HOST (CONT’D)
It’s been over a hundred years
since those landmark theories were
introduced to the world and since
then thousands of scientists,
physicists and mathematicians have
been applying those equations quite
successfully and hence are now
accepted worldwide as fact.

To some degree it’s safe to say

that most us are familiar with the
Theory of Relativity and the mc2
equation and it seems some are
under the impression that they are
one in the same. Not so true.
Humorously, while one applies to
the other and the other does apply
to that one, they are quite
different. The problem with
relativity is that it violates all
of the common-sense ideas.
(MORE)
 61.

HOST (CONT’D)
Because of this, many people have
problems with believing relativity
rather than understanding it.

Regarding the theory of relativity,

no one can study general relativity
without being impressed by its
unquestionable mathematical beauty.
The study of Einstein’s work has
been a favorite for many young
physicists and has paved the way
for many of our leading physicists
that still draw from that pool of
data.

I would like to introduce a young

man he is a leading student at
Bradshaw’s High School, Kenneth
Galloway...

KENNETH
Hey, before we examine the theory
we need to have to have a strong
understanding of some factors known
as constants.

We have many constants in science

and we refer to them as physical.
These physical constants are a
quantity both universal in nature
and constant in time.
(MORE)
 62.

KENNETH (CONT'D)
It is and can be held in contrast
to a mathematical constants, which
applies fixed numerical values,
which doesn’t directly involve any
physical measurements. One
constant, the Speed of Light,
denoted by the symbol cO or c has
been adopted as the universal
constant.

The speed of light signifies sort

of a maximum speed limit in our
universe and is dimensionally
expressed mathematically as length
divided by time. While the fine-
structure constant; characterizes
the strength of electromagnetic
interaction, makes it seemingly
dimensionless.

INSERT THE GRAPHICS GIVING THE VISUALS OF THE PLANCK’S

CONSTANT AT-WORK IN WAVE FORM. INCLUDE GRAPHS WITH SYMBOLS.
SPECIAL NOTE THAT WITH PLANCK IT IS THE MEASURE OF QUANTUM.
(fig.11)

KENNETH (CONT’D)
The speed of light, a fundamental
constant in science is calculated,
in a vacuum, to be exactly (Speed
of light in a vacuum = 2.997925 ±
0.000002 x 1010 cm/sec)
299,792,458 meters per second or
most applications apply 300,000
kilometers (or 186,000 miles) per
second.
(MORE)
 63.

KENNETH (CONT’D)
For an example everyone can
understand, our moon is positioned
approximately one light second from
the earth.

Another constant we utilize is the

Elementary Charge constant usually
denoted by the symbol “e” which is
the electric charge carried by a
single proton, or equivalently, the
negative of the electric charge
carried by a single electron. This
is another fundamental physical
constant. Still another, is the
Gravitational Constant. In this
application this empirical constant
is involved in the calculation of
gravitational attraction between
objects with mass, a process that
has been in effect from the very
beginning.

Finally the application of a

Mathematical Constant, which is
represented by a real number. It's
a numerical application that arises
naturally in mathematics, unlike
physical constants, mathematical
constants are defined independently
of physical measurement.
(MORE)
 64.

KENNETH (CONT’D)
Remember a constant is just as it
reads, constant, it's value does
not change over any period of time,
a firm fixed value, but in
mathematical parlance a
mathematical variable such as a
symbol representing an unknown
quantity such as in “a”, “b”, or
“x” and a symbol used in connection
with quantifiers is considered a
constant as well.

WE MOVE TO THE GREEN SCREEN TO OVERLAY THE IMAGE WE WILL WORK

FROM TO DEFINE RELATIVITY.

KENNETH (CONT’D)
To provide a distinct division
between the theory of relativity
and the equation E=mc2 first we
touch on the theory and discuss
Time and Space and the application
of acceleration.

In most cases we can all see that

time and space are constant and
although the physical universe
being in constant motion, relative
to any observer it seems rather
constant.

But in our examination of space and

time we employ a variable known as
acceleration and strange things
happen when we go fast.
(MORE)
 65.

KENNETH (CONT’D)
The first thing is a two-fold
scenario demonstrating what science
has proven, that as an object
accelerates, time and space is
altered both for the object in
motion and for the observer of said
object defined from a specific
point independent from that object
in motion.

In the case of an object in motion,

proposed acceleration to near light
speeds would make time slow to a
point where a seemingly near stand-
still would exist, a sort of time
lock-out. An observer, from a
vantage point independent of the
object in motion, one should
observe a misshapen object buzz by
as time and space is being altered
within the surrounding environment.
In both applications the perception
of time opposes the other, as the
observer within the confines of the
object in motion notes no apparent
changes within the objects
confines, but not so within the
surrounding environment.

CGI

WE SHIFT ARENAS AND ARE ON-LOCATION WITH A SPECIALLY

CONSTRUCTED 50 FOOT ENCASED TEST PLATFORM, ANALOGOUS TO
EINSTEIN'S TRAIN. THE TEST AREA IS LOCATED INSIDE A 14 X 50
BOXCAR SIZE CONFINES TO WHICH MANY TESTS WILL BE CONDUCTED.

THE CAR RIDES ATOP A TRACKING SYSTEM AND IS CONTROLLED BY

ELECTRIC MOTORS,CABLES AND HYDRAULICS. THE CONTROL TEAM HAS
THE ABILITY TO PUT THE CAR INTO MOTION AND SET TO VARIOUS
SPEEDS AS WELL AS STOPPING CONTROL.
 66.

THE TEST CAR INTERIOR IS OUTFITTED TO BE CAMERA READY FOR

ACCURATE INTERIOR PERSPECTIVES. THE EXTERIOR OBSERVATION AREA
IS OUTFITTED WITH CAMERAS AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS GIVING AN
ACCURATE OUTSIDE OBSERVATIONAL PERSPECTIVE. A COMPUTERIZED
ACQUISITION DATA GATHERING SYSTEM WILL GIVE COVERAGE WITH
VARIOUS CAMERA ANGLES AND TELESTRATOR ABILITIES.

THE CAR CAN BE SET TO A MULTITUDE OF VELOCITIES AND

ACCELERATION FACTORS. ALL VIDEO COVERAGE AS WELL AS TEST AREA
SPEED SETTINGS ARE CONTROLLED FROM A REMOTE ON-SITE CONTROL
FACILITY. (fig.12)

KENNETH (CONT’D)
We are here at our test location
site because we want to test and
validate some of the the proposed
scenarios. We also have a challenge
from a viewer that wrote in asking
us for some answers to a scenario
regarding inertia and bodies at
rest. We plan to address that
challenge right here, so stay with
us for this interesting and rather
unusual test process.

Einstein made many examples of time

and space correlations and he loved
using trains for many of his test
platforms for examples of
observer's positions dependent and
independent of the test area.

The first test is demonstrating the

relativity of a object accelerated
in a test area and the
observational results. In a test of
relative observation my colleague
and I as you see, have positioned
ourselves inside our test train.
(MORE)
 67.

KENNETH (CONT’D)
Now there is no movement of this
car, We position ourselves standing
facing each other.

The test will start when we launch

matching objects towards each
other, with the intent for the
objects to collide at the center of
this test area. Because we need our
test to work with a modicum of
efficiency we are using specialized
pitching machines set to perform to
our specifications.

A QUICK DEMONSTRATION OF THE TEST SHOWING THE VIEWERS WHAT TO

EXPECT.

The velocity of each object was

transferred from the machine
directly to the object giving each
object energy in the form of
inertia. We launch the objects at
the same time. Our observation
shows the objects traveling on a
convergent course until they
collide at the center of the test
area. At that moment of collision,
the objects inertial energy is
canceled and the objects should
drop straight downward, regardless
of the intended matched set-
velocity of the objects, the end
result is always the same.

CGI
 68.

SLOW-MOTION CAPTURE OF THE BALLS TRAVEL SHOWS THE EFFECT

GENERATED BY THE TEST. CGI REPRESENTATION OF THE BALLS TEST
IN OPERATION SHOWING THE EFFECTS AT VARIOUS INPUT. ROLL ON
ALL PERSPECTIVES. (fig.13)

To establish relative perspectives

our observers will be occupying
positions relative to the test
area. The first observer is now
positioned within the interior
confines of the test area and the
second observer is positioned
outside the test area confines,
entirely independent of the active
test area.

Now we change observational

perspectives and accelerate the
platform housing the test area to a
predetermined velocity. This should
change the outside observer's
perspective of the test area.
However from the observer's
position inside the test area
should remain unchanged throughout
the test due to the fact that these
test are conducted inside the test
area.

On-location

SETTING THE CAR IN MOTION ESTABLISHES THE SECOND OBSERVER’S

PERSPECTIVE. DISPLAYING THE RESULTS OF THE VARYING SPEEDS OF
THE BALL RELATIVE TO THE FIRST OBSERVER. CGI WILL SHOW
VARIOUS EFFECTS THE TEST CAN PROVIDE AND WHAT TO EXPECT.
(fig.14)

(MORE)
 69.

KENNETH (CONT’D)
As the test car is in-motion we now
re-enable the same test and the
objects are again launched on their
convergent courses, crashing into
each other at the center of the
test area.

Now, from the first observer within

the test area confines reports s no
apparent change in their
perspective. However, the outside
observer sees the objects traveling
at differing velocities relative to
that persons perspective. The
accelerated movement of the test
area has indeed shown the objects
moving with dissimilar velocities
relative to outside observer.

The outside observers reports

seeing the advancing object moving
faster relative to the outside due
to the velocity of the test-car in
motion and the other object with a
seemingly slower speed, but the
balls still in fact do collide at
the same central point and time.

In an attempt to vary the

conditions of the test, my
colleague and I have now positioned
ourselves at the center of the test
area, back to back, facing the
opposing walls and launch the
objects from the center to the
opposite ends of the car.
(MORE)
 70.

KENNETH (CONT’D)
Again to the observer within the
test area observe the objects
striking the opposing walls at the
same time regardless of the speed
of the test area in motion.

CGI

SET PERSPECTIVE OF THE TEST FOR THE OUTSIDE OBSERVER’S

POSITION FOR ALL TESTS. (fig.15)

KENNETH (CONT’D)
From the observer’s position
outside the test area, the object
struck the walls at the same time
even thought their speeds given to
each object appear to be different.
Noting that the object thrown
towards the front of the car is
moving at a apparent greater
relative speed then the retreating
object with an apparent lesser
speed, due to the set velocity of
the test car, but regardless of the
velocity of the test car, the
objects do in fact strike the walls
at the same time. As for the
outside observer reports the same
results as before, though the
objects appear to be traveling at
differing speeds, the balls hit the
destination walls at the same time.

CGI

INSERTS A TEST AREA TO ACCOMMODATE SPEED OF LIGHT SCENARIO.

(fig.16
 71.

KENNETH
For another example of relativity,
by applying near light speed
variables, imagine a vehicle
carrying two individuals is
accelerated to near light speeds.
To an outside observer witnessing
the vehicle passing by should
notice the vehicle to be seeming
shorter than normal and greater
mass than normal.

CGI

ANIMATED REPRESENTATIONS OF A VEHICLE AT LIGHT SPEED AND

REPRESENTATION OF SURROUNDING PHENOMENA. (fig.17)

KENNETH (CONT’D)
However, for our traveling
individuals house within the
confines of the vehicle, there
seems to be no apparent change, but
the traveling observer, reports the
outside individual and its
surroundings, would all seem much
smaller. But, when the vehicle
slows and returns to rest at 0
velocity all factors return to
normal with regards to mass except
for time. Once time is altered it
remains so.

So, as each individual in our

scenario observing the changes
happening around them, the
individuals themselves see and feel
no changes from their perspectives.

(MORE)
 72.

KENNETH (CONT’D)
Now at a different level, the
individuals that were traveling at
near the light speeds underwent a
change that both the travelers and
observer can't help but notice that
the travelers aged at a much slower
rate than the outside observer.
This is possible due to a
phenomenon known as Time Dilation.

CGI

ANIMATED VERSION OF TIME DILATION. (fig.18)

KENNETH (CONT’D)
Time Dilation or Time Expansion has
been proven in the lab by utilizing
measurements of rate-of-decay of
certain radioactive particles.
Certain particles decay with
clockwork precision. However, when
those particles are accelerated to
near light speeds in a laboratory
accelerator they decayed at a
measurably slower rate.

To put it another way, if a

traveler was to venture to our
nearest star in a vehicle
accelerated to near light speeds
that traveler would age at a slower
rate than the support team at the
traveler's point of departure.
(MORE)
 73.

KENNETH (CONT’D)
So by applying this theory, and our
rate of decay time dilation factor,
our ten-year round trip traveler
returning to their point of
departure would step out of the
vehicle showing they have not aged
at all.

Interestingly, a paradox exists

here. In our proposed scenario, as
our traveler is en-route, due to
time dilation factor any en route
communications between travelers
and base teams would be seemingly
impossible.

Respectfully, in theory if
communications were at all
possible, the time dilation factor
would have the traveler in effect
receive the support team's
transmission long before it was
ever sent and conversely, the
support team would receive a
transmitted response from the
traveler years before the support
team ever posed the initial
transmission, sort of a
communicable time machine.

WE WALK AND TALK MOVING TOWARDS THE BACKWARDS RUNNING CLOCK.

 74.

KENNETH (CONT’D)
Scientists have long hoped to meld
these theories into one "Theory of
Everything" or T.O.E. to describe
all aspects of nature. These
unifying theories such as Quantum
Gravity, bubble and String Theory
may involve extra dimensions of
time and space thus violating
Einstein's special relativity, as
the speed of light being the
maximum attainable velocity for all
objects.

In Special Relativity, an object

that has rest-mass cannot be
accelerated to travel at the speed
of light. One key factor is the
source needed to give enough
inertia to that object. Noting that
as object approaches the speed of
light, the object's energy and
momentum demand and mass increase
without bounds. For example, if an
electron in a cyclotron is moving
in circles with a relativistic
velocity, the weight of the
electron’s mass increases by the
relativistic mass of the electron,
not by its rest mass. If the
electron is stopped and weighed,
its relativistic mass and rest
masses are the same.

(MORE)
 75.

KENNETH (CONT’D)
With regards to the source of
locomotion needed to give any
object the necessary propulsive
energy to physically accelerate any
object to light speeds, one would
have to apply either an infinite
amount of momentum over a finite
amount of time, or a finite amount
of momentum over a infinite amount
of time.

This application is referred to as

infinite momentum and is an
impossibility due to the fact that
the power source needed to
accelerate that said object to
light speed would need to have
capabilities to travel faster than
light speed in order to provide the
necessary power to accelerate that
object to light speed.

Remember, a paradox exists here due

to the fact that as an object is
accelerated to near light speeds
that object will increase in
relative mass proportional to its
given speed, thus demanding even
more power to continue its
acceleration.

CGI

CGI REPRESENTATION OF GALACTIC FORMATIONS AND THE GAMMA

COLLISIONS WITH CONVERSIONS TO MASS. (fig.19)
 76.

KENNETH (CONT’D)
Einstein analyzed gamma rays from
two relatively nearby galaxies
about half a billion light-years
away with super massive black holes
at their centers. Some of these
galaxies' gamma rays collide with
infrared photons in the universe
resulting in the destruction of the
gamma-ray and photons as their
energy is converted into mass in
the form of electrons and
positively charged antimatter-
electrons (called positrons). This
all falls in-place according to
Einstein's famous E=mc2 formula.

It was stated by Einstein that

space and time were actually two
aspects of a single entity called
Space-Time, a four-dimensional
concept. This is the foundation to
his theories of special and general
relativity. For example, general
relativity posits that like a
bowling ball on a mattress the
distortion of the mattress is a
representation of the force of
gravity result in mass distorting
time and space.

To clarify, imagine a ball floating

in a lake. The position of the ball
and its displacement or warp of the
surrounding water behaves the same
as in space-time.
(MORE)
 77.

KENNETH (CONT’D)
As the ball moves about it sets up
subtle disturbances,forcing its
surroundings to warp around the
ball.

With the ball’s movement within

that medium it causes wavelike
ripples to form and moving outward
from the disturbance on a
mathematical scale with each
wavelength corresponding to a
predicted momentum value.
Eventually that one object will
affect every part of its medium.

Special relativity is a theory of

the structure of space time.
Another way of imagining the
curvature of space-time was
elegantly described by Hans Baeyer.
He conceives of space-time as the
laws of physics being held the same
for all observers in uniform motion
relative to one another.

Think of it as an invisible stream

flowing ever onward, bending in
response to objects in it’s path,
carrying with it everything in the
universe along its infinite twists
and turns.

(MORE)
 78.

KENNETH (CONT’D)
There is a basic postulate within
the Theory of General Relativity,
stating that a uniform
gravitational field (like that near
the Earth) is equivalent to a
uniform acceleration. What this
means, in effect, is that a person
cannot tell the difference between
(a) standing on the Earth, feeling
the effects of gravity with its
downward pull or (b) suspended in
space housed in an enclosure that
is continuously accelerating in a
single direction at a steady rate
of 32 feet per second squared,
simulating steady state gravity.
Thank you.

THIS CONCLUDES THE SEGMENT ON THEORY OF RELATIVITY AND TOSS

TO THE HOST. THE HOST IS STANDING WITH ONE OF THE SCIENTISTS
WORKING IN THE BACKGROUND AND THE HOST ASKS IF THERE IS ANY
DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THAT INDIVIDUALS WORK PROGRESS.

HOST
Hi, how’s it going? I can see that
you are working on a project. Can
you share the issue you are
encountering?

SCIENTIST #1
Well yes I suppose I can. I have a
letter from a student attending
Eagle Rock High school with a
question on inertia and invariant
mass. It reads...

SCIENTIST #1 READS FROM A LETTER SUBMITTED BY A STUDENT WITH

A QUESTION ON INERTIA.
 79.

SCIENTIST #1 (CONT’D)
Dear Facts and Theories Science
Busters, I as well as a lot of my
classmates have been trying to
solve this issue on inertia. This
student’s proposed scenario, is
called The Fly and The Car. The
scenario... A man walks to his car
with the intent to drive. As he
opens the door, a fly quietly flies
into the car and comes to rest on
the top of the back seat, thus
becoming part of the relativistic
mass of the test area. Meanwhile,
the man starts the car and starts
his drive down the road. The car is
traveling at a speed of 60 miles
per hour when the fly decides to
remove itself from its position on
the back seat and flies toward the
front seat. However, half way to
the fly's intended destination the
The driver slams on the brakes,
thus bringing the car to an abrupt
stop.

The question here is, over and

above the obvious affects of
inertia, but what happenes to the
fly?

THE SCIENTIST RESPONDS WITH INITIAL CONJECTURE...

(MORE)
 80.

SCIENTIST #1 (CONT’D)
Relativistic mass and rest mass are
both traditional concepts in
physics, but the relativistic mass
is just another name for the total
energy. The relativistic mass is
the mass of the system, as it would
be measured on a scale and again
the relativistic and rest masses
are the same.

The invariant mass is proportional

to the value of the total energy in
one reference frame, the frame
where the object as a whole is at
rest. This is why the invariant
mass is also called the rest mass.
This special frame is also called
the center of momentum frame, and
is defined as the inertial frame in
which the center of mass of the
object is at rest, another way of
stating this is that it is the
frame in which the linear momentum
of the system's parts add to zero.
For compound objects, made of many
smaller objects, some of which may
be moving only the center of mass
of the system is required to be at
rest, for the object's relativistic
mass to be equal to its rest mass.

WE CUT TO AN ON-LOCATION WITH THE TEST AREA USED TO ESTABLISH

RELATIVITY AND WE CONDUCT A SCIENCE BUSTER AND SEE WHAT
HAPPENS TO THE FLY. THE FLY WILL BE SUBSTITUTED WITH A SMALL
RADIO CONTROLLED ROTORCRAFT.
 81.

SCIENTIST #1 (CONT’D)
If a box contains many particles,
it weighs more the faster the
particles are moving. Any energy in
the box adds to the mass, so that
the relative motion of the
particles contributes to the mass
in the box. But if the box itself
is moving, there remains the
question of whether the kinetic
energy of the overall motion should
be included in the mass of the
system. The invariant mass is
calculated excluding the kinetic
energy of the system as a whole,
while the relativistic mass is
calculated including it.

In my humble opinion, When the fly

enters the car the fly is contained
within the medium at-rest, then the
fly changes the equation by
attaching itself to the seat of the
car which has the potential to
apply inertia directly to the fly.
When the car is accelerated the fly
now has an inertia factor. The fly
changes the equation again by
flying aloft and is contained
within the medium at-rest, thus,
theoretically, removing itself from
the inertia factor.
(MORE)
 82.

SCIENTIST #1 (CONT’D)
So, technically, the fly should be
unaffected by the change in the
cars inertia and to that I will
make the determination that the fly
will remain unharmed.

WE DUPLICATE THE SCENARIO WRITTEN IN THE LETTER AND WE

CONTROL THE HELICOPTER (FLY) WITH INPUT FROM THE RADIO
CONTROLLER. THE TEST IS DEMONSTRATED BY FLYING THE HELICOPTER
INTO THE TEST AREA AND COME TO REST ON A MAKESHIFT SEAT. WE
NOW ACCELERATE THE TEST AREA TO A PREDETERMINED SPEED AND FLY
THE HELICOPTER INTO AN AREA OF TRANSITION AND THEN BRING THE
TEST AREA CAR TO AN ABRUPT STOP AND DOCUMENT THE RESULTS.

SCIENTIST #1 (CONT’D)

(results of the test...)

END OF ACT II
 83.

ACT III

THE HOST IS SEATED AT THE HOME-BASE DESK AND SPEAKS OF THE

EQUATION E=mc2.

HOST

The very word energy is

surprisingly new and traces back to
around the mid 1800s. People really
didn't differentiate that the
various types of static discharge,
wind against a sail or even the
movement of ocean tides would be
defined as energy, let alone
unified energy. They pretty much
thought they were simply differing
types of natural events nothing
different, and to some degree they
are right, but from an energy
standpoint, a large degree wrong.
However, thanks to Sir Humphrey
Davy, Faraday and Albert Einstein
energy has been given broad wings
in form and as in any energy source
one can merely say... once an
object is set in motion...

CGI

INSERT PICTURES OF DAVY, FARADAY AND HUMPHREY. (fig.20)

HOST (CONT’D)
This new discovery of science on
understanding energy has now moved
to the front burner in its
progressive development.
(MORE)
 84.

HOST (CONT’D)
The year was 1905 and a bright
young man completed a series of
papers that will ultimately changed
our perspective of the universe
forever. Many have challenged him;
scientists and laymen alike, “How
could a moderately average student
achieve such findings”? Surely he
must be wrong, his conjecture is
purely ludicrous. But in many texts
Einstein wrote, “The results of an
electrodynamics investigation
recently published by me in this
journal lead to a very interesting
conclusion, E=mc2 has arrived in
the world.”

Here is an amazing young man

certainly destined for many great
things Carmen Bell.

CGI

GRAPHIC OF E=mc2. (fig.21)

CARMEN
Imagine if you will, you are seated
at the very beginning... and a
voice towers over you saying... “I
have put just an X amount of energy
into this universe and from this
all that is everything will be
created; all the stars in the
heavens all habitats and systems
abundant and with this earth shall
teams with life.” Hi I’m Carmen.

(MORE)
 85.

CARMEN (CONT'D)
It may seem crazy, but energy seems
to be put in motion all around us;
from stars giving birth, lightning
filling the skies, erupting
volcanoes and winds driving across
plains even bombs that explode
during war: “Despite all these
variations the total amount of
energy created in the beginning
shall never change. Ever.”

Everything is connected, everything

neatly balanced. But Faraday's
vision of an unchanging total
energy was often felt to be a
satisfactory alternative: a proof
that the hand of God really had
touched the universe and is
seemingly still active amid us
today.

A good equation is not simply a

formula for computation, it’s a
balanced scale where two items you
suspect as nearly equal, are in
fact the same.
(MORE)
 86.

CARMEN (CONT'D)
As the Victorians thought they
found all the sources of energy,
there is chemical energy, heat
energy, magnetic and many others,
but Einstein said there is another
place for an infinite source of
energy and it’s been around us,
virtually everywhere, a source that
exists where no one would ever
think of looking. It was hidden
away in solid matter itself.

Einstein, in spite of the teachings

having divided mass and energy into
different topics and the fact that
one had nothing to do with the
other, has proved his professors
wrong and focused on mass and
energy as one in the same.
But in taking his round about path
he seemed to have abandon the
mass/energy topics and focus on
what appeared as an unrelated
topic. He began to examine the
speed of light. “c” sits
differently from what we have
discussed. “E” is the vast domain
of energies and “m”, the material
stuff of the universe with “c” as
its conversion factor. All this
gives birth to that famous
equation.
 87.

It's odd that what seems as an

arbitrary number can actually
control the link between all the
mass and all the energy of the
universe. The c2 is crucial in the
link's operations. If our universe
were created differently. If c2
were a low value then only a small
amount of mass would only be
transformed into an equally small
amount of energy. But as an
observer, our universe has
determined c2 to be a very huge
number. In units “c” is valued at
670 million so c2 is
448,900,000,000,000,000. That is
how much mass is magnified when
fused.

CGI

CGI OF THE CALCULATION IN MOTION WITH VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS

OF THE MAGNIFICATION OF ENERGY. (fig.22)

"It followed from the special

theory of relativity that mass and
energy are both different
manifestations of the same thing; a
somewhat unfamiliar conception for
the average individual.

(MORE)
 88.

(CONT'D)
Furthermore, the equation E=mc2, in
which energy is put equal to mass,
multiplied by the velocity of light
squared, has shown that very small
amounts of mass can be converted
into a very large amount of energy
and vice versa. The mass and energy
are in fact equivalent, according
to the formula.

This process unites the space and

time with mass and energy.
Utilizing a single hydrogen atom
basically composed of a single
proton with a mass of 0.000 000 000
000 000 000 000 000 001 627 kg and
we are most likely in agreement
that this is a very small amount of
mass. So with this mass one would
think if they were to combine two
hydrogen atoms to the point of
fusion then the new particle
(helium) would weigh twice the
weight of the single hydrogen atom.
Not so when the two atoms fuse to
create one helium atom the weight
is slightly less approximately 7%.
It is that 7% offset amount of
weight that makes up the energy
released at the point of fusion.
The equation E-mc2 will provide the
means to determine how much energy
is created when given amounts are
accounted for within the formula.
 89.

WE DRIFT TO THE HOT TOPIC FOR ANSWERS TO THE EQUATION.

PORTAL
For example: Contained within one
liter of pure water all the
hydrogen atoms weigh in at
approximately 0.111kg and if all
those hydrogen atoms were to fuse
the amount of energy is
predictable. In this example we
activate the equation and take the
material the will fuel the fusion
(hydrogen) and multiply that amount
by the constant (speed of light)
300,000 k/s squared will produce a
number representing the released
energy in units of Joules. So,
= 0.111 x 300,000,000 x 300,000,000
= 10,000,000,000,000,000 Joules

This is am amazing amount of energy

even though a joule itself is not a
lot of energy, about the same
energy released when you drop a
book or slam your foot to the
floor. But adding all the
multipliers you have one big yield.

CGI
 90.

CARMEN
The same holds true with
mass/energy reversal to aid in the
evaluation to the amount of mass
within the universe by applying the
energy existing to the
gravitational constant with
velocity and distances validates
the true value of c2.

Remember, it is those collisions of

these sub atomic particles that
give birth to matter, without them
all complex atoms would never have
formed giving way to molecules and
finally the complex molecules.
Matter would have never
materialized and this universe
would have failed to be... Thank
you.

END OF ACT III

 91.

ACT IV

We open with a (Jib) high and wide beauty shot. Cue a drop
down and sweeping from right to left to a low position at the
desk and open on the host with an introduction.

HOST
Many will admit to the belief that
God did it and others believe it
was a natural process. It’s this
dichotomy of beliefs that keep the
religious and scientific community
at odds with one and other. It is
widely known that the religious
community conceive all creation a
direct result of God working
through natural processes. I guess
it would be more appropriate to
take the position and perhaps say,
“What happened?” Opposed to “Who
done it?”

CGI

HOST (CONT’D)
Throughout the millennia society
has relied heavily on the countless
specialists gathering information
supporting their conjecture.

(MORE)
 92.

HOST (CONT’D)
These specialists have ranged
everywhere from Moses and Christ,
authors of scriptures, and some
passages contained within the
Bible, to contemporary scientists
and physicists and countless
Cosmologists.

All these experts have contributed

a vast array of data from which we
still reference. Some elect to draw
exclusively from science-based
scriptures, others the Holy
Scriptures, and for those sitting
on the fence, perhaps they
entertain both.

All groups are well respected and

the occupants of these philosophies
feel that the laws outlining the
readings are indeed valid and
applicable.

Christihanna is a highly gifted

young woman known for her intellect
and hard hitting and relentless
research on evolutionary
perspectives. I am sure you will be
interested with her findings.
 93.

TOSS TO CHRISTIHANNA AT THE GREEN-SCREEN WITH A BACKGROUND

SETTING APPROPRIATE WITH BIBLICAL ELEMENTS... FADE UP.

CHRISTIHANNA
From the Bible it reads... “ In the
beginning, God created the Heavens
and the Earth”... From this blanket
statement, logic dictates that it
directly applies the assignment of
a supernatural Individual that
performed a specific function in
which everything we are and aware
of was created from plan. But what
of this plan? Is it for us, maybe
someone else or perhaps, for the
Creator itself.

As for me, I personally would just

like to know how all of what we are
and are aware was put into effect
and more so, kept in form? One
certainly can't rule out quantum
law and order, because,
interestingly enough, that
governing body was put into
commission long before any event
beginning had ever taken place. So,
to answer the question “How all was
created” is possibly contained
within the laws governing quantum
physics itself.

(MORE)
 94.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT'D)
We know this because all matter was
created in the same manner, and the
atoms created during that event
have always performed to the letter
of that law. Thus giving validity
to its statement,

“Then He created the world, water,

plants and animals”, all before man
and woman appeared. All this seems
to adhere to Genesis quite well.
So, with that in mind, perhaps God
could be a Scientist.

As we are aware, the cosmos has

provided us all of the necessary
components to assist us in making
our living planet work. For
instance with regards to our planet
Earth, revealing evidence such as
the size and its position of our
closest neighbor, the Moon, noting
it's position and movement as it
orbits our planet with its mass and
orbital pathway prevents our planet
from rotating past the 23° degree
axial tilt, and the molten core
spinning at the center of our
planet generating an
electromagnetic field providing our
planet with a protective energy-
shield that is very effectively
deflecting most hostile particles
and elements that constantly
bombard our planet.
 95.

CGI

ANIMATED REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH AND ITS MOTIONS AND

STABILIZERS. (fig.23)

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
Finally, we give thanks to the
strategically placed neighboring
planetary gas-giants at the
outskirts of the solar system. It
seems these giants have been
protecting our inner planets with
their colossal gravity by sopping
up rogue comets, asteroids and
various hostile planetary bodies
that otherwise would invade the
inner planets creating a
catastrophic event if any of those
ojects impacted our planet.

CGI

CGI OF THE PLANETS AND THE CLEAN-UP OF CELESTIAL OBJECTS

INVADING THE INNER PLANETS.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
One thing is for sure, neither man
nor machine could predict and put
into commission such a series of
colossal supporting events on such
a massive scale, all designed to
support the frail life on a single
planet is beyond all comprehension.
(MORE)
 96.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
Some feel that if all these events
were left to play out naturally the
supposed 12 billion year estimated
lifespan of our cosmos wouldn’t
nearly have been enough time for a
series of events of this magnitude
to have formed.

WE MOVE TO THE HOME BASE DESK AREA.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
I guess it's time to get down to
gentle name-calling, so with that,
most Evolutionists fall under the
blanket-term classification
referred to as Darwinists. This is
referenced to the founder of modern
evolutionary theory, Charles
Darwin. His book, “The Origin of
Species”, published in 1858, had a
profound impact on science and even
bigger impact on religion.

But contrary to belief, at one

point in Darwin's career he
vehemently stated, “I never have
considered myself an atheist in the
sense of denying God's existence.”

The problem surrounding both arenas

is understanding the events at hand
and an ability to test ones theory.
(MORE)
 97.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
From a position on religion, which
is defined as a set of ideas
concerning a nonmaterial reality.
Giving science’s concern for
material explanations gives science
and creationism very little in
common.

Science operates by testing

explanations that are not
disproved, that are corroborated
and provisionally accepted, though
later can be rejected or modified
with new information.

An important element of testing is

being able to hold constant some of
the conditions of the test, so that
a causative effect can be correctly
assigned.

Creationism states that the present

universe came about us as a result
the action or actions of a Divine
Creator, putting it outside the
abilities of science to test.

If there is an omnipotent force in

the universe, it would, by
definition, be impossible to hold
constant its effects. In the lab we
have the ability to control effects
such as temperature, light,
humidity or predation, but it would
be impossible to control the
actions of a Devine being.
(MORE)
 98.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
Just understand the 3 elements of
biological evolution; descent with
modification, pattern of evolution
and the process or mechanisms of
evolution, can all be tested
through the methods of science. The
heart of creationism, that
omnipotent being created, is not
testable by science, but fact
claims about the natural world made
by creationists can be.

From an evolutionary standpoint the

evolution of life from natural
selection and especially in
recognition our own species, is as
inextricably linked to the rest of
the living world just as any plant,
tree, bacterium and even single
cell organisms.

One would think that if all life

forms were a result of chance
happening then all life should
emulate the very same footprint,
and although close, it really
doesn't. However, after closer
examinations, everything, and I
mean everything, are remarkably
similar.

(MORE)
 99.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
It seems funny, our DNA is related
to another, because when DNA is
broken down into its constituent
components, we've discovered that
surprisingly not only are we
sharing 98% of the DNA with lower
order of primates, but also share
about 97% of the DNA with broccoli.

We take all this data into view and

because of all the diverse life
forms all of which share the same
genetic makeup, we have hence
established a guideline that still
holds firm and has for many years,
and with this diversity, this guide
we established breaks all life into
the Taxonomic Rankins, the kingdom,
Phylum, class, order, genus, and
species.

CGI OF THE TREE OF POSSIBILITIES AND TAXONOMIC GUIDE.

(fig.24)

CHRISTIHANNA

We, as Humans fall under the

Taxonomic Ranking:

Kingdom - Animal

Phylum - Vertebrate

Class - Mammal

Order - Primate
(MORE)
 100.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT'D)

Family - Hominid

Genus - Homo

Species - Sapiens

This is precisely what biologist

and paleontologists find as they
probe the patterns of similarities
of various organisms. Dogs, Cats
and birds share many similarities
when compared to other animals.
Interestingly enough, fungi
together with other microscopic
life forms share common
organization of cells.

Even the simplest bacterium has the

blueprint molecule RNA and an
earlier form of DNA. DNA, a feature
shared by all life forms however,
does not prove evolution, but the
science community feels that if the
study reveals consistency in
patterns-of-similarity together
with centuries of documented
research, scientists then feel that
life has in-fact, evolved and
therein lays the proof.
 101.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
Many creationists’ beliefs show
mankind emerging from the Garden of
Eden and populating the earth from
a single pair of individuals. As
for its location the Bible has
given us a detailed description of
that compound as a place abound
with lush flora, teaming with fauna
of countless varieties living in
complete harmony, a veritable
paradise.

CGI

Animation of the Garden of Eden (fig.26)

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
That descriptive also references
the four rivers that was part of a
main river that flowed from Eden.
These rivers are the “Pishon” that
flowed from Havailah, the Gihon
that flows around Cush, The Tigress
and Euphrates in Mesopotamia. These
landmarks place the garden in
modern-day Iraq. These landmarks
are critical in the validation of
specific regional activity.

An anti-evolution theme from as far

back as 1935 posed the notion that
if evolution is to be taught in any
curriculum then as a balance of
fairness, creationism should be
taught to some degree as well.

(MORE)
 102.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
Fairness reflects human nature;
mostly existing in our culture and
the values we set in place and the
rules of fair play. Within science
and religion, the sub areas of
evolution and creationism are
clearly central to the dispute,
ultimately, leaving us with the
fact that the
Evolutionary/Creationary
controversy has been of long
duration in our society and shows
no signs of disappearing.

To mount an expert's position, in

order to claim understanding on one
position, one must be knowledgeable
in both.

Get used to it folks, we all are

quite the materialist, always have
been. This is due to the fact we
live in a very material world
surrounded by matter and energy and
evolutionists feel that application
is evidence to validate their
claims.

In the course of gathering specific

evidence Creationist tend to follow
written scripture and elect to not
incorporate findings or
determinations not contained within
that reference text.

(MORE)
 103.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
Both statements will fall into
Theory and to that each side may
test its findings and set into
discussion all supporting data to
validate any claims, noting that in
some fields, not only is it
impossible to directly control some
of the variables, but the phenomena
themselves may not be directly
observable, as with the great
flood, The Exodus or even the
comprehension of sub-atomic
particles predicting the behavior
in fusion.

Religion, as in science, one rarely

claims they proved a theory, but
with the positive results in
support of their theory, allows
those authors to lay claim that
they are more likely to be on the
right track.

Facts Hypotheses, Laws and Theories

But how can anyone prove a point?

How can anyone get an audience that
will remain neutral and give both
arenas a fighting chance and in
doing so may surprise you with its
organization? We start with
gathering evidence to support
claims and trust me there is plenty
to draw from.

(MORE)
 104.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
Most people when asked to arrange
these processes in the order of
importance most arranged with most
important at the top:

1- Facts
2- Laws
3- Theories
4- Hypotheses

And surprisingly scientists have

arranged their order of importance
a little differently:

1- Theories
2- Laws
3- Hypotheses
4- Facts

It's quite clear scientists

certainly think differently when
looking for the answers. So we now
look closely at the components that
make up these guidelines, and with
that we examine…

Facts and certainly agree that

facts are useful and important, but
they are far from being the most
absolute elements of scientific
investigation. Fact continually
modifies as new data provides
additional categorical information.

(MORE)
 105.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
Case in point, as in the confirmed
observation circa 1950s science,
confirmed and ultimately published
in the Journal of American Medical
Association, fact, the human being
to have 22 pairs of chromosomes,
when after further study we
discovered they actuality they have
23 pairs, so notes are amended and
the latter applies. Facts are
important, but not immutable; they
can change an observation, but not
tell you much on how it works, so
it is put at the least important in
our list of processes.

Hypotheses are statements of the

relationship among many things,
often taking the form of an “ if…
or then…” statements. Hypotheses
are very important in the
development of scientific
explanations. Example: Determining
that brightly colored insects
inhabiting dark surroundings are
more likely to be of focus in a
high predation environment than a
dark colored insect living within
the same environment. Another
example, elephant herds are led by
the familial Matriarch.
Both of these hypotheses mentioned
herein are indeed directly testable
and can be either confirmed or
disconfirm.

(MORE)
 106.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
There are many Laws in science,
such as such as Thermo Dynamics,
Mendel's Laws of Heredity and
Newton's Inverse Square Law, are
extremely useful and empirical
generalizations: They state under
certain conditions, of what will
happen.

As in cellular division, we expect

the cell to behave as a particle
and the genes to separate
independently of one and other,
thus conforming to law.

Laws must be relatively stable,

unyielding and unchanging in every
manner; always understanding the
laws can't change and therefore
apply to everything. Not true, laws
are able to change as environments
change, all the while keeping with
the spirit within the original law.
Though we may be in agreement that
all laws are important, but as a
descriptive generalization, they
rarely explain natural phenomena.
That is the role of the final stage
in the hierarchy of explanation:

Theory is probably one of the most

misunderstood concepts in science.
(MORE)
 107.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
It seems that there is a “stigma”
attached to theory is its synonym
“a guess” or “a hunch.” However
according to The National Academy
of Sciences a theory is defined as
“a well substantiated explanation
of some aspect of the natural world
that can incorporate facts, laws,
inferences, tested hypotheses, and
other theories”. A theory is a
unified principal that explains the
facts regarding its foundations.
Theory is best used to explain
phenomena.

Patterns and Process

Patterns in evolution are

fundamentally an aspect of history,
and so it's then fair to say that
some things happened and that
others didn't. We have to re-
assemble the events as best as we
can to properly ascertain what
actually happened. This is the
pattern of evolution. And as
scientists studying evolution they
want to know not only the pattern
of evolution but also the process
behind it.

(MORE)
 108.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
Pattern and process are both of
interest in evolutionary biology
and hold water with the science
community because arguments about
pattern and process are erroneously
used to support the claim that
descent with modification did not
occur.

Such factors as genetic drift that

brings about change. What are the
rates of evolutionary changes? Are
they presented slowly as life is
today, or are there rapid points
where changes were near immediate
as in populations?

Testing Evolution

What of the theory of evolution? Is

it scientific? Some claim that
since no one was there to see
evolution first-hand, then studying
it cannot be scientific, so
evolution should be untestable.

But we've seen that a theory can be

scientific even though its
phenomena may not be directly
observable.

Evolutionary theory is built the

same way that theory is built in
particle phisicsor just so like any
other field that uses indirect
testing.
(MORE)
 109.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
First if evolution had occurred, if
various living things have indeed
descended from a common ancestor
then we would expect to see those
things to look differently than the
one living today. To which we find
this is so. As we know there are
horses existing today and research
reveals that a close relative
existed in the past and were in
fact physically different,
therefore that testing process is
workable.

Another statement reads, “If

evolution occurred, then we would
expect to find only the simplest
organisms in the oldest
fossiliferous (fossil-containing)
strata and more complex organisms
occupying more recent strata”.
According to fossil record this
fact is true. Still another
statement says, “If evolution
occurred then there should be some
connecting forms between the major
groups such as Phylum, class and
order”.

As we examine fossil records we

find this to be consistent and
applied as accepted theory.
(MORE)
 110.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
The three elements of biological
evolution are Descent with
Modification, The Pattern of
Evolution and the Process of
Evolution can all be tested through
the methods of science.

Testing Creationism

Creationism constitutes religion;

therefore creationism is a purely
religious concept. Religion can be
defined as a set of ideas not bound
by a material reality; thus it
would appear that giving science's
concern for material explanations,
science and religion would have
little in common. By dealing in
this testing process we need to
hold constant some conditions of
the test, so that its cause and
effect can be correctly assigned.

An ultimate statement of
creationism is that the present
universe came to be by the in-put
from a divine Creator, we refer to
as God, placing a reference outside
the abilities to test. How then can
this case presented?

We could issue a statement that the

Creator is an omnipotent force in
the universe to which all things
were created with a wave of His
hand;
(MORE)
 111.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
this constitutes a theological
position known as Special
Creationism.

We should remind ourselves that all

laws, constants and quantum physics
that govern our universe were
already firmly set in-place long
before any single beginning ever
took place, long before there ever
was a beginning.

Logically speaking how would anyone

know what to do if the laws had not
been in-place before the release of
any material intended to start any
process. Therefore, the creator
must have released the material in
accordance to the laws firmly set
in place and then let nature takes
its course. This is a theological
position known as Theistic
Evolution.

An interesting application of
Theistic Evolution is our own DNA,
although DNA coding is remarkably
complex, it's the information
translation system connected to
that code that really baffled
science.

Like any language, letters and

words mean nothing outside the
language convention that gives
those letters and words meaning.
(MORE)
 112.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
This is modern information theory
at its core. Some current theories
argue that self-organizing
properties within the base
chemicals themselves created the
information in the first DNA
molecule. Others argue that
external self-organizing forces
created the first DNA molecule.

So, in your own opinion, would you

agree if an intelligible
communication via radio signal or
some similar method of transmission
from some distant galaxy would be
widely hailed as evidence of an
intelligent source. Then why
wouldn’t the message sequence
contained within the DNA molecule
also constitute prima facie
evidence for an intelligent source?
After all, DNA information is not
just analogous to a message
sequence such as Morse code, it IS
such a message sequence.

CGI

CGI OF THE DNA MOLECULE (fig.25)

However, all of these theories must

hold to the illogical conclusion
that the material used to transmit
the information also produced the
information itself.
(MORE)
 113.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
Contrary to the current theories of
evolutionary scientists, the
information contained within the
genetic code must be entirely
independent of the chemical makeup
of the DNA molecule.

We’ve learned that the DNA molecule

is an intricate message system and
to claim that DNA arose by random
material forces is to say that
information can arise by the same
random forces.

Many scientists argue that natural

evolutionary processes can explain
the chemical building blocks of the
DNA molecule. However, they must
realize that the material base of a
message is completely independent
of the information transmitted.
Thus, the chemical building blocks
have nothing to do with the origin
of the complex message.

As a simple illustration, the

information content of the clause
"nature was designed" has nothing
to do with the writing material
used, whether ink, paint, chalk or
crayon. In fact, the clause can be
written in binary code, Morse code
or smoke signals, but the message
remains the same, independent of
the medium.

(MORE)
 114.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
There is obviously no relationship
between the information and the
material base used to transmit it.

The heart of Creationism believes

that an omnipotent being created is
not testable by science, but fact
claims about the natural world made
by creationists, can be.

Science seems to be at an impasse

and powerless to test the ultimate
claim of creationism and must be
agnostic about weather God did or
did not create the material world.

However some statements go beyond

the basic statement “God Created”
to make claims of fact regarding
the natural world.

With regards to complexities, as in

the varying aspects of a biological
organism, William Paley once raved
that on the fact that someone would
be at ease with the fact that a
mammal’s eye could just naturally
assemble itself by chance as a
machine would randomly assemble
itself and operate for a specific
duty.

(MORE)
 115.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
A modern creationist estimated the
possibility of life forming “by
chance” is equivalent to a 747
aircraft assembling itself by a
whirlwind passing through a
junkyard.

Regarding the various statements of

evolutionary courses, Young Earth,
Old Earth Creationism, Gap
Creationism, Day-Age, Progressive,
and Evolutionary Creationism, we
agree and settle with Devine
Intelligence. Intelligent Design
Creationism is the newest addition
to the array of Creationary
evolution.

And with this we test the

Creationist statement with prove of
God’s existence by virtue of His
works. For example: if you were
walking along all alone and found a
watch. First off you would not
immediately take the position that
this object had naturally arranged
and assembled itself in that form
by chance.

The logical conclusion is some

intelligent life form intervened
and thus a watch was created. The
factors: the need for such a
mechanism, an implied design to its
operation and finally commissioned
into service with purpose in mind.
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 116.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)

By analogy, the finding of order,

purpose and design in the cosmos
could be proof of an omniscient
designer therefore the test is
considered valid.

Complex Specified Information known

as the Design Inference takes a
probability approach to theory to
distinguish between those of
phenomena in nature and that, which
is designed by intelligence. We
establish an explanatory filter or
a decision tree first created by
Dembski (fig) contending there are
three ways to explain phenomena,
based upon their frequency of
occurrence.

Things that occur commonly or with

high predictability can be
attributed to unfolding of natural
law. That the moon goes through
phases every month can be explained
by the passage of the moon around
the earth and the position of the
earths shadow that falls upon the
moons surface; it is not necessary
to attribute design to this
phenomena.

(MORE)
 117.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
Intermediate probability phenomena
may be attributed to chance, even
very low probability events will
occur some of the time, just by
chance alone. But some low-
probability phenomena, which are
not due to law or chance, compose
the phenomena that must be
attributed to intelligent design.

Utilizing our filter tree allows us

the assignment of the causes of
some phenomena to natural law,
chance or design, using the
combination of probability and
specification. Noting high-
probability events are halted by
the “natural law” filter; medium or
low, unspecified-probability events
are attributed to chance and only
low specified-probability events
are attributed to intelligent
design. Therefore our filter is an
elimination algorithm: something is
explained by design when law or
chance does not explain it.

Consider the explanation for

finding an arrow stuck in a bulls-
eye. If we see an arrow in a bulls-
eye you would probably think the
archer got a lucky shot, however if
you saw ten arrows suck in the
bulls-eye we would attribute the
archer with a high level of skill.
(MORE)
 118.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
However if we discovered that the
archer shot the arrow first then
drew the target around the arrow
positioning the arrow in the bulls-
eye would not attribute the perfect
shot to skill. Knowing the targets
were there before the arrows is a
specification or additional
information that allows us to
attribute the arrows in the bulls-
eye.

The Evolutionism /Creationism

controversy concerning issues of
religion, cultures, politics and
science is an institution with a
prominent level of authority within
American society. They both seek to
define science and its applications
factoring in all factions of
testable hypotheses and moving on
the fact that all that has been, is
now and most likely, ever will be
“Good.”

If one asserts that the universe

had no origin in time, then one
must explain how it is that the
universe has not completely decayed
into uniform equilibrium in the
infinite time that it has already
existed. How is order maintained?
How is progress possible?

(MORE)
 119.

CHRISTIHANNA (CONT’D)
Pope Pius XII wrote: “Through the
law of entropy, it is recognized
that the spontaneous processes of
nature have always been accompanied
by a diminution of free and
utilizable energy. In a closed
material system, this conclusion
must lead eventually to the
cessation of processes at a
macroscopic scale. This unavoidable
fate, which ... stands out clearly
from positive scientific
experience, postulates eloquently
the existence of a necessary
Being.”

We are very fortunate that

creationists will never have their
beliefs reduced nor minimized in
the eyes of the government, as it
was the government that gave us the
first amendment that sets forth
freedoms of religion, speech and
assembly and the congressional
religion clause reads:

“Congress shall make no laws

respecting the establishment of
religion, nor inhibiting the free
exercise thereof.”

END OF ACT IV
 120.

TAG

HOST

I wish to acknowledge all the

people in their continuing pursuit
for truth and the laws that govern
the entire universe, sort of a Law
of Life sense of proportion and the
laws of harmony, a law that which
brings about balance, a law hidden
behind all aspects of life, holding
the universe intact as it works out
its destiny and fulfilling its
purpose.

Be sure to watch us as we begin our

series with The Beginning... I am
TBD, your host, Thank you for
watching...

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CARD.

END OF EVENT

Facts and Theories of

the Universe