Water Pumps and

Pumping Systems
By
Dr. Mohammed Haggag

Lecture 2
Applications of the Darcy-Weisbach Equ.
Type I: To Determine Head Loss
Given (d, v or Q, material)
Direct application

Type II: To Determine Velocity or Flow Rate

Given (d, hf, material)
Since V or (Q) is not known, Re and f can not be
determined directly.
Iterative application

Type III: To Determine Diameter

Given (Q, limit of hf)
Since V or (Q) is not known, Re and f can not be
determined directly.
Iterative application
Head Loss: Minor Losses

In addition to the continuous head loss along the
pipe length due to friction, local head losses
occur at changes in pipe section, bends, valves
and fittings.

Head loss due to

outlet, inlet, bends, elbows, valves, pipe size
changes
 Can be disregarded in long pipes
 But significant for short lengths (< 50 m)

Most minor losses can not be obtained

analytically, so they must be measured
Head Loss: Minor Losses

Equivalent Length Technique
A fictions length of pipe is estimated that will cause the
same pressure drop as any fitting or change in pipe
cross section. This length is added to the actual pipe
length

Proportional to Kinetic energy technique

The loss is considered proportional to kinetic energy
head given by the following formula
Head Loss: Minor Losses
Head Loss: Minor Losses

Flow expansions have high losses

Kinetic energy decreases across expansion
Kinetic energy ________ thermal
potential and _________
energy
Examples –
________________________________
Hydraulic jump
____________________________________
Vena contracta

Losses can be minimized by gradual
transitions
Head Loss due to Sudden Expansion:
Conservation of Momentum

A2
A1
x 1 2

M1+M 2 = W + F p + F p + F ss Apply in direction of flow

1 2

M 1x + M 2x = Fp 1x
+ Fp 2x
Neglect surface shear
M 1x = − ρ V 1 2 A1 M 2x = ρ V 22 A 2 Pressure is applied over all of
section 1.
Momentum is transferred over
− ρ V 1 2 A1 + ρ V 22 A 2 = p 1 A 2 − p 2 A 2 area corresponding to
A1 upstream pipe diameter.
V 22 − V 1 2 V1 is velocity upstream.
p1 − p 2 A2
= Divide by (A2 γ)
γ g
Head Loss due to Sudden Expansion:
Conservation of Energy

1 2

2 2
p1 V1 p2 V 2
+ z1 + = + z2 + + hl
γ1 2g p γ2 2g t

p1 − p 2 V 22 − V 1 2
= + hl z1 = z2
γ 2g

p1 − p 2 V 1 2 − V 22
hl = + What is p1 - p2?
γ 2g
Head Loss due to
Sudden Expansion
p1 − p 2 V 1 2 − V 22 A1 V2
Energy hl = + Mass A = V
γ 2g 2 1

A1
V 22 − V 1 2
Momentum p 1 − p 2 A2
=
γ g
2 2 V2
V − V1
2
V1 2
V1 − V 2
V 22 − 2 V 1V 2 + V 1 2
hl = + 2 hl =
g 2g 2g
2 2
(V 1 − V 2 ) 2
V1  A1 
2
 A1 
hl = hl = 1 −  K = 1 − 
2g 2g  A2   A2 
Contraction
EGL
V22
HGL hc = Kc
2g

Expansion!!!

V1 V2

vena contracta

losses are reduced with a gradual contraction
Entrance Losses

Losses can be reentrant

reduced by K e ≈ 1.0

accelerating the
V2
flow gradually and K e ≈ 0.5 he = Ke
2g
eliminating the
vena contracta
K e ≈ 0.04
Head Loss in Valves

Function of valve type 2

and valve position V
hv =Kv

The complex flow path 2g
through valves often
results in high head loss

What is the maximum
value that Kv can have?
∞
_____
How can K be greater than 1?
Minor/Local Losses
 Questions

EGL
HGL

What is the head

loss when a pipe
V
enters a
reservoir? V 2
2 g

Draw the EGL  A1 

2

K = 1 − 
and HGL  A2 
Questions

Can the Darcy-Weisbach equation and

Moody Diagram be used for fluids other
than water? _____
Yes

ä Does a perfectly smooth pipe have head loss?

Yes
_____

ä Is it possible to decrease the head loss in a

pipe by installing a smooth liner? ______
Yes
 p1 V12 p2 V 22
+ z1 + = + z2 + + hl
γ1 2g γ2 2g
cs1

100 m
valve

D=40 cm
cs2
D=20 cm
L=1000 m L=500 m
Find the discharge, Q.
What additional information do you need? V 22
Apply energy equation 100m = + hl
2g
How could you get a quick estimate? _________________
Or spreadsheet solution: find head loss as function of Q.
Quiz

In the rough pipe law region if the flow rate is

doubled (be as specific as possible)
What happens to the major head loss?
What happens to the minor head loss?

Why do contractions have energy loss?

Can you draw TEL and HGL?

hi
Hs
V2/2g hf
he

Hs=hi+hf+he
Thus…

Exit head
Hs=hi+hf+he
loss

Static
Inlet head Friction head
head
loss loss

Hs = ΣLosses
Can you get the required d to pass
a given flow in the system?
Hs=hi+hf+he
2 2 2
v f .L v v
Hs = Ki + + Ke
2g d 2g 2g

n 2
f .L v
Hs = (∑ K + )
i =1 d 2g
71
Can you get the required d to
pass a given flow in the system?
n
f .L v 2
Hs = (∑ K + )
i =1 d 2g
n
f .l Q2
H s = (∑ k min or + ) 2 2
)
i =1 d 2 g (π .d / 4)
d A V=Q/A Rn f Q(eq. 2)

Q Required d

d 72
 What if…
d > available pipe
diameters
in the market
73
 In this case,
One could think of using
a pump

74
Can you draw TEL and HGL?

Hs Hp

Hp=Hs+hi+hfs+hfd+he
75
Can you get now Hp?

Hp=Hs+hi+hfs+hfd+he

n 2
f s .Ls f d .Ld v
H p = H s + (∑ K + + )
i =1 ds dd 2g

76
Can you draw TEL and HGL?

Hp
Hs

77
 TEL Concept
Note that: Note also that:
For the shown Transmission 2-Line
TEL
1- the TEL slope isProfile,
constantDraw the
as long
Slope becomes asTEL
D, f
steeper
andQHGL
and as: same;
are the
Q gets Bigger;
What if we used a D gets Smaller;
more powerful Pipe gets Rougher.
pump?
Answer the Following

Identify the flow direction for the given pipe:

PA =48 psi

PA =62 psi

ZB = 112 m

ZA = 100 m
 Answer the Following

Can you help me to For the given TEL of the

identify the leakage
location (if any)? shown transmission line:
Note that d,f are const.

Q
Determination of Pumping Head

Calculation of Hp,
A numerical Example

81
Calculation of Hreq & Electric Power(20.50)
Example
• Q=100 l/s
• d= 300 mm
• L = 4.8 km
• G.Steel pipe

60o, r/d=2

a) Calculate the required pumping head

b) Electric motor power (ηt =0.78)
(11.40)
c) Monthly and annual cost of working
electrical power if:
- Daily working hours = 12 hrs
82

- Cost of 1kw-hour=0.18 L.E.

 2
n f .L v
H p = H s + (∑ K + )
i =1 d 2g

Hs=20.5-11.4 =9.1 m
π .(0.3) 2
A= = 0.07065m 2
4
Q 0. 1
V= = = 1.415m / s
A A
2
V
= 0.10211197m
2g
Pipe material  Galvanized S.
83
ε = 0.15 mm  ε/d = 0.0005
 V .d1.415428 x0.3 5
Rn = = −6
= 4.2 x10
υ 1.011x10
From Moody Diagram get f

f≈ 0.0165

84
Determination of Local Losses

Type of local losses Ki

Inlet 1.0
Exit 1.0
Bend 0.21x3
Valves 0.25+3
Others

ΣKi 5.88

85
 2
n f .L v
H p = H s + (∑ K + )
i =1 d 2g

0.0165 * 4800
H p = 9.1 + (5.88 + ) * 0.1021119
0.3
H p = 9.1 + (27.448 + 0.6001) = 37.6m

86
 Efficiencies
Electric Mechanical Water
energy energy energy
Motor Pump
W .H .P
ηp =
M .H .P
M .H .P
ηm =
E .H .P
W .H .P
ηt =
E .H .P
87

ηt = η p xη m
Calculation of EHP Cost
γ=1000 kg/m3,
γ .Q.H p
WHP = Q = 0.1 m3/s,
75 Hp=37.6m
WHP = 49.48
EHP= 49.48/0.78 = 63.44 (ηt =0.78)
EMP = EHPx0.746=48 KWatt
Monthly cost of E.P.=E.M.PxTxCost
Monthly cost of E.P.=48x12(hrs)x30(day)x0.18
= 3100 L.E.
88
Annual Cost of E.P.= 3100x12(month)=37000 L.E.
Any Questions?

89
 How to get f?
Moody Diagram (Chart)
Friction Coefficient Roughness Ratio
0.025 (k/d)
0.02 0.06
0.018
0.016 0.04
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.02
ε
0.01

f /4 0.008 0.006
0.004
d
0.006 0.002
0.005 0.001
0.0006
0.004
0.0002
0.003 0.0001

0.0025 0.00004

0.002 0.00001

10
3
10
4
10
5 6
10
Reynolds Number
10
7
V .d 10
8

υ 90
 Pipe Material Roughness
Height ε(mm)
PVC 0.003
Glass fiber Reinforced 0.03
Plastic (GRP)
Galvanized Steel 0.15
Cast Iron 0.25
Reinforced Concrete 1.00

91
Inlet losses

Ki = 0.5 Ki = 1.0

92
Exit losses

Ke = 1.0

93
Bend/Elbow losses
θ r/d 1 1.5 2 3 4
θo, r/d 22.5 0.11 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.08
45 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.15
60 0.25 0.22 0.21 0.2 0.19
90 0.33 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.26
135 0.41 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.35
180 0.48 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.42
r Bend
θo

θ 22.5 30 45 60 75 90
Kelbow 0.17 0.2 0.4 0.7 1 1.5

Elbow 94
Valve Losses
Fully Open Partially Open
Gate Valve Kgate = 0.25

Check valve
(Non Return Valve) Kcheck = 3

95

Check valve Gate valve

Radial Flow Centrifugal Pump Delivery level
Settings
Delivery pipe, ld

Suction pipe, ls

hs

Suction level

96
Axial Flow Propeller Pump Delivery level
Settings
Delivery pipe, ld

Motor

97