www.ietdl.

org
Published in IET Communications
Received on 15th August 2013
Revised on 4th September 2014
Accepted on 29th September 2014
doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0170

ISSN 1751-8628

Energy detection of unknown signals in

Gamma-shadowed Rician fading environments
with diversity reception
Kostas P. Peppas1, George Efthymoglou2, Valentine A. Aalo3, Mohammed Alwakeel4,
Sami Alwakeel4,5
National Centre for Scientic Research Demokritos, Patriarhou Grigoriou and Neapoleos, Institute of Informatics and
Telecommunications, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
2
Department of Digital Systems, University of Piraeus, 80 Karaoli and Dimitriou Street, Piraeus 18534, Greece
3
Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Florida, Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
33431, USA
4
Sensor Networks and Cellular Systems, (SNCS) Research Center, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh,
11543, Saudi Arabia
E-mail: kpeppas@iit.demokritos.gr
1

Abstract: This study presents a comprehensive performance analysis of an energy detector over Gamma-shadowed Rician fading
channels, namely Rician fading channels with the uctuating line-of-sight components following the Gamma distribution. This
composite multi-path/shadowing model has been shown to provide a remarkably accurate fading characterisation while leading to
closed-form expressions for important channel statistics. Rapidly convergent innite series representations are rstly derived for
the average probability of detection and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the no-diversity reception
case. These results are then extended to the case of maximal ratio, equal gain and selection diversity. To this end, novel analytical
expressions for the statistics of the end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio of equal gain and selection diversity receivers, operating over
Gamma-shadowed Rician fading channels are derived. Analytical results are substantiated by Monte Carlo simulation, as well as
by extensive numerically evaluated results.

Introduction

Energy detection is a popular method of spectrum sensing in

cognitive radio systems, because of its implementation
simplicity, fast sensing, low computational cost and the
capability to detect any shape of signal. The energy detector
is a non-coherent device which samples the received signal
energy over an observation time window and compares with
a predened threshold, in order to determine the presence
or absence of an unknown signal. In the seminal work of
Urkowitz [1], where the problem of energy detection of
unknown deterministic signals over at bandlimited
Gaussian noise channel was rst addressed, analytical
expressions for the probability of detection, Pd and the
probability of false alarm, Pf were derived. These
performance metrics are based on the assumption that the
decision problem is a binary hypothesis test in a non-fading
environment where the decision statistics follows the central
chi-square and the non-central chi-square distribution,
respectively.
The performance assessment of energy detectors with
single and multi-channel reception in the presence of fading
has been extensively studied in the wireless literature.
IET Commun., pp. 115
doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0170

Representative past examples can be found in [213] and

references therein. For example, in [2], energy detection
over Nakagami-m fading with square-law combining and
square-law selection was addressed. Using a contour
integral representation for the Marcum Q-function, in [3], a
moment generating function-based approach was utilised to
derive analytical expressions for the average probability of
detection over Nakagami-m and Rician fading channels
with maximal ratio combining (MRC), square law
combining, selection combining (SC) and equal gain
combining (EGC). In [7], the area under the receiver
operating characteristic (ROC) curve, denoted (AUC), was
utilised to address the performance of energy detectors with
diversity reception over Nakagami-m fading channels. In
[11], the performance of energy detectors over and
extreme channels were discussed. Finally, cooperative
spectrum sensing was addressed in [1214].
On the other hand, apart from the multi-path fading,
shadowing is also present in practical wireless systems and
can signicantly degrade the performance of the energy
detector. Thus, analytical results concerning the impact of
both multi-path fading and shadowing on energy detection
are important to the system design engineer for performance
1

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014

www.ietdl.org
evaluation purposes. Moreover, in many practical cases
multi-path fading and shadowing occur simultaneously. The
statistics of this composite propagation environment may
well be described by the so-called log-normal-based fading
models, such as the Loos model, which assumes that the
signal is affected with log-normal shadowing on the direct
component only [15], the Suzuki model, in which the signal
amplitude variations are Rayleigh distributed [16], the
Rician/log-normal model, in which shadowing on both the
direct and diffuse component is introduced, and the
Nakagami-m/log-normal model [17]. However, these fading
models are not widely used in the context of performance
analysis for energy detection because of their rather
complicated mathematical expressions. To deal with this
problem, accurate approximations, such as power sum
correlated log-normal and shifted log-normal are presented
in [18, 19], respectively. The performance of spectrum
sensing in composite Rician/log-normal channels is
discussed in [20]. By approximating log-normal shadowing
with a Gamma distribution, in [21, 22], the performance of
energy detectors in K and generalised-K fading channels
was analysed in detail. In [23], using the inverse-Gaussian
distribution to approximate log-normal shadowing, a
thorough performance analysis of energy detection with
diversity reception was presented. In [24], a mixture
Gamma distribution was proposed to model composite
fading and the performance of energy detection with a
single antenna reception in a composite propagation
environment was addressed.
Recently, in order to model channels with composite
multi-path fading and shadowing, an analytically tractable,
yet accurate shadowed Rician model was proposed in [25].
This model is obtained by approximating the statistics of
the direct component of the Loos model with a Gamma
distribution and can accurately model composite fading in
land mobile satellite (LMS) systems [15]. Such systems
play a key role in the third and fourth generation wireless
communications systems because of their ability to provide
services over a wide area with low cost, which are not
feasible via conventional land mobile terrestrial systems.
Representative applications of such systems include
navigation, communications and broadcasting.
An important advantage of this approximate model in
comparison with the exact Loos model is that it leads to
closed-form expressions for the fundamental rst- and
second-order statistics of the wireless communication
channel. Therefore this model is very convenient for the
performance analysis of complicated LMS systems, with or
without diversity. In [25], the exibility of this model in
characterising a variety of channel conditions and
propagation mechanisms was demonstrated by comparing
its rst- and the second-order statistics with different sets of
published channel data. In the same work, it was also
demonstrated that this model provides a similar t to the
experimental data as the Loos model, with signicantly
less computational complexity.
The performance of MRC diversity receivers over
shadowed Rician channels has been addressed in [26, 27],
where analytical expressions for important metrics such as
the outage probability and the average channel capacity
have been derived. However, to the best of our knowledge,
the performance of an energy detector in such channels
with diversity reception is still not available in the literature
and thus is the topic of our contribution.
Motivated by these considerations, in this work a
comprehensive performance analysis of the energy detector
2

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014

over Gamma-shadowed Rician fading channels with

antenna diversity reception is presented. The main
contributions of this paper are summarised as follows:
For the MRC diversity case, expressions for the average
probability of detection are derived by using either the
probability density function (PDF) method or the moments
generating function (MGF) method when independent and
identically distributed (i.i.d.) branches. The former method
is valid for arbitrary-valued fading parameters of the
Gamma component, and is given in terms of rapidly
convergent innite series representation. The latter method
is valid for integer-valued fading parameters of the Gamma
component and is based on a contour integral representation
for the Marcum Q-function [28]. High SNR (signal-to-noise
ratio) approximations and the detection diversity gain are
also derived. When independent but not necessarily
identically distributed (i.n.i.d) branches are assumed, an
innite series representation for the average probability of
detection is also derived.
For the EGC diversity case, a simple, yet highly accurate
closed form approximation to the PDF of the sum of i.i.d.
shadowed Rician envelopes is presented. Based on this
formula, innite series representations for the average
probability of detection are deduced. The average
probability of detection when i.n.i.d. branches are
considered is studied by means of the Pad approximants
technique.
For the SC case, assuming integer-valued fading
parameters of the Gamma component and i.i.d. branches,
similar results are also derived.
Finally, for all considered diversity schemes we
comprehensively analyse the AUC of the energy detector
under consideration.
Extensive numerically evaluated results accompanied with
Monte Carlo simulations are presented to validate the
proposed analysis. The remainder of this paper is structured
as follows: in Section 2, the system and channel models are
described in detail. In Section 3, the detector performance
with MRC, EGC and SC diversity reception is addressed.
Numerically evaluated and computer simulation results are
presented in Section 4, whereas Section 5 concludes the
paper.
Mathematical notations: Throughout this paper, E{} denotes
the expectation operator and Pr[] denotes probability. The PDF
of a random variable X is denoted as fX(), its cumulative
distribution function (CDF) as FX() and its MGF as MX ().
In terms of mathematical functions used in this paper, Ia() is
the modied Bessel function of the rst kind and order a [29,
eq. (8.431)], () is the Gamma function [29, eq. (8.310/1)],
G(, ) is the lower incomplete Gamma function [29, eq.
(8.350/1)] and (,) is the upper incomplete Gamma function
[29, eq. (8.350/2)]. In addition, pFq() denotes the generalised
hypergeometric function [29, eq. (9.14/1)], p Fq () denotes
the regularised hypergeometric function [30, eq.
(07.32.02.0001.01)], Ln(x) is nth order Laguerre polynomial
[29, eq. (8.970)],
U(n) is the
 discrete unit step function and
1
Qm (a, b) = a1m b xm exp (x2 + a2 )/2 Im1 (ax), m 1 is
the generalised Marcum Q-function [31]. Moreover,
(x)k W
G(x

 + k)/G(x) designates the Pochhammer symbol,
= 1 and Res( f:z0;k) denotes the residue of the pole at z
= z0 of order k 1 for complex valued function f(z). Finally,
the notation f(x) = o[g(x)] as x x0 stands for
limxx0 (f (x)/g(x)) = 0.
IET Commun., pp. 115
doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0170

www.ietdl.org
2
2.1

System and channel model

Energy detector

Assuming narrow band signal detection, the received signal

r(t), which contains either an unknown deterministic signal
and noise or noise only, can be expressed as [1]

r(t) =

n(t)
hs(t) + n(t)

:H0
:H1

:H0
:H1
(2)

where u = TW is the time-bandwidth product and is the SNR

dened by g = |h|2 Es2 /N0 with Es being the signal energy and
N0 is the noise-power spectral density. The probability of
detection, Pd(l) and the probability of false alarm, Pf(l),
can be expressed as [2]
 


Pd (l) = Pr Y . l|H1 = Qu ( 2g, l)

(sg + K + 1)m1 (1 + K)

m
Mg (s) =  
sg 1 + Km + 1 + K

(1)

where s(t) is an unknown deterministic signal, h denotes the

complex channel gain and n(t) is an additive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN) process. Moreover, the hypotheses
H0 and H1 refer to signal absence and signal presence,
respectively. The energy detector lters, squares and
integrates r(t) over the time interval T. The output of the
integrator, Y acts as decision statistic that determines
whether the received energy corresponds only to the energy
of n(t) or to the energy of both s(t) and n(t). Finally, the
energy detector compares the decision statistic Y with a
pre-dened threshold, l, and determines that the signal is
present if Y > l, or absent otherwise.
The decision statistic follows a central chi-square
distribution under H0, and a non-central chi-square
distribution under H1, namely
1
 y
u1

2u G(u) y exp 2

fY (y|g) =


1 y (u1/2)
2g + y

Iu1 ( 2gy)
exp
2 2g
2

The parameters K and g can also be expressed as K = /2b0

and g = V + 2b0 where is the average power of the LOS
component and 2b0 is the average power of the scattered
component.
The corresponding MGF of , dened as
Mg (s) = E{exp (sg)} can be obtained using [25, eq. (7)] as

Energy detection with diversity reception

Diversity reception is a well-known technique to mitigate the

deleterious effects of multi-path fading in wireless mobile
channels at relatively low cost. In the following analysis we
derive analytical expressions for the average probability of
detection and the average AUC under MRC, EGC and SC
diversity receptions. The proposed schemes incorporate H
independent
diversity
branches,
operating
over
Gamma-shadowed Rician channels.
3.1

Maximal ratio combining

As it was pointed out in [3, 7], the use of MRC with energy
detection is not desirable because of the fact that MRC
requires accurate channel estimation for optimal
performance. Nevertheless, the performance of this setup is
still of interest since it serves as a benchmark (tight upper
bound) on the achievable performance of energy detection
schemes employing diversity reception. The instantaneous
SNR atthe output of the combiner is given by
gMRC = H=1 g , where is the instantaneous SNR of the
th branch.

3.1.1 Average probability of detection: PDF-based

approach: For communication scenarios over fading
channels, the average probability of detection is obtained as


 d (l) = 1 FY l|H1 = 1
P

(3)

l



fY y|H1 , l dy

(7)

y u1/2
2g
0


2g + y
Iu1 ( 2gy)fg (g) dg
exp
2

(8)

and


Pf (l) = Pr Y . l|H0

 
G u, l2
=
G(u)

where
(4)
fY (y|H1 , l) =

respectively.
2.2

(6)

Channel model

The PDF of the instantaneous SNR in a Gamma-shadowed

Rician fading channel, , is obtained using [25, eqn. (6)] as

m
1+K
(1 + K)g
fg (g) =
exp
g
g
m+K
1

K(1 + K)g
, g.0
1 F1 m; 1;
g(m + K)

1

and the decision threshold l is obtained from (4), for a given

value of the false alarm probability Pf. The following cases of
interest are considered:
i.i.d. branches: Assuming i.i.d. branches, the PDF of MRC
can be expressed as [26, eq. (7)]

(5)

where m > 0 is the shadowing severity index [It is noted that

the range of m is different from that of the parameter of
conventional Gamma distribution for which m 0.5.], K is
the ratio of the average power of the LOS component to
that of the scattered component and g is the average SNR.
IET Commun., pp. 115
doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0170

1
2

mH

m
1 + K H gH1
fgMRC (g) =

g
(H 1)!
m+K



(1 + K)g
K(1 + K)g
exp
F
mH,
H,
1 1

(m + K)
g
g
(9)
3

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014

www.ietdl.org
Substituting (9) in (8), one obtains


fY y|H1 , l =

 yu1/2
 y
(1 + K)H mmH
exp

2
2 gH (m + K)mH (H 1)! 2



1
1+K
g(1u/2)+H1 exp g 1 +

g
0


K(K + 1)g
Iu1 2yg dg
1 F1 mH; H;
(m + K)g
(10)

As it can be observed, in order to evaluate fY(y|H1, l), an

integral involving exponentials, hypergeometric functions
and modied Bessel functions needs to be solved. We are
unaware of a closed-form solution for this integral;
nevertheless, using an innite series representation of the
modied Bessel function [29, eq. 8.445], as well as [29, eq.
7.621/4], fY (y|H1, l) can be obtained as
 y


(1 + K) m
fY y|H1 , l =
exp

2
2 (m + K)mH (H 1)!
H

mH

1

(2y)u1+i G(i + H)
gi
i!G(u + i)
(g + 1 + K)i+H
i=0

K(K + 1)
2 F1 Hm, H + i; H;
(m + K)(g + 1 + K)
(11)

Finally, using (7) and the denition of the lower incomplete

Gamma function, the following innite series representation
 d (l) is deduced
for P
(1 + K)H mmH
 d (l) = 1
P
(m + K)mH (H 1)!


1

G u + i, l2 G(i + H)
gi

G(u + i)i!
(g + 1 + K)i+H
i=0

K(K + 1)
2 F1 Hm, H + i; H;
(m + K)(g + 1 + K)
(12)
 d (l) can be implemented easily in common
Although P
mathematical software such as Mathematica, series
truncation is required to achieve a given numerical
accuracy. As far as the corresponding truncation error is
concerned, the following result holds.
Proposition 1: The error result in truncating the innite series
in (12) by M terms is given by (see (13))
where k0 > 1 is a parameter that depends on channel

parameters, m and K, as well as on l and can be selected in

a suitable manner to guarantee the tightness of the bound.

Proof: See Appendix 1.

In the following and assuming high values of g, approximate

 d (l) will be derived that provide useful
expressions for P
insight regarding the factors affecting system performance.
It can be observed that for high values of g the Gauss
hypergeometric function in (12) tends to unity. Also, by
observing that (g + 1 + K)H gH , (12) can be
approximated as
(1 + K)H mmH

 d (l ) 1
P

mH

gH (m + K) (H 1)!


1

G u + i, l G(i + H)
2

G(u + i)i!

i=0

(14)

from where it is deduced that the detection diversity gain,

dened in [7], is equal to the number of the receive
antennas, H, and is independent of the fading parameters. It
should be noted that this is not the case when other
commonly used fading models, such as the Nakagami-m are
considered. Using the identity [32, eq. (4.4)]
a
1 F1 (a, b, x) = x

1

G(b)
(a + b 1)i
G(i + a, x)
i!xi
G(b a)G(a) i=0

(15)
Equation (14) is deduced in closed form as
(1 + K)H mmH

 d (l) 1
P

mH

gH (m + K) (H 1)!G(H)G(1 + u)

u

l
l
F H + u, 1 + u,

2 1 1
2

(16)

Interestingly, (16) can also be obtained by using a

methodology similar to the one developed in [33]. This
 d (l) for
methodology enables the evaluation of P
sufciently large SNR values by employing a Taylor series
approximation for the PDF of the SNR around zero.
Specically, fgMRC (g) can be approximated as
fgMRC (g) =

(1 + K)H mmH

gH (m + K)

mH

(H 1)!

gH1 + o(gH )

(17)

Using [29, eq. (6.643.2)] and [29, eq. (9.220.2)], fY(y|H1, l)

can be obtained as



G(H)
y
fY y|H1 , l = 2u yu1
1 F1 u H, u,
G(u)
2

(18)

(1 + K)H mmH gM +1 (l/2)u+M +1 G(M + H + 1)

K(K + 1)
|E|
2 F1 Hm, H + M + k0 ; H;
(m + K)(g + 1 + K)
(m + K)mH (H 1)!(g + 1 + K)M +H+1 G(M + u + 2)G(M + 2)

lg
1 F1 (u + M + 1, u + M + 2, l/2) 2 F2 1, M + H + 1; M + 2, u + M + 2;
2(g + 1 + K)
(13)
4

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014

IET Commun., pp. 115

doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0170

www.ietdl.org
By substituting (18) into (7) and
eq. (1.14.1.7)], (16) is readily deduced.

employing [34,

i.n.i.d distributed branches: Assuming independent but

non identically distributed branches, an innite series
representation for the PDF of MRC is given by [27,
eq. (17)] and [35, eq. (19)]

fgMRC (g) = B

1

i=0

ci

gH+i1 exp ( g/b)

bH+i (H + i 1)!

where


J N , p, M , x, y) = G(N, p, M , x, y)
+

(2bi )mi 1
B=b
(2bi + Vi /mi )mi
i=1

(26a)

(19)

(20)

i1
1
d c , i.0
i =0 i

2N 1 (N 1)!x2
y2 p2
exp

p2N (p2 +x2 )

2(p2 +x2 )

k
N
2

p2
y2 x2

k
p2 +x2
2(p2 +x2 )
k=0

H


mk 1

i=1

b
2bi + Vi /mi

H

i=1

b j
(mi 1) 1
2bi
(22)

The average probability of detection is obtained as

 d (l ) =
P

1
0

 
fgMRC (g)Qu ( 2g, l) dg

p2
y2 x2

L
x2 N 1 2(p2 +x2 )
(26b)

x2 y2
F i (N , p, M , x, y) = 1 F1 N , i,
(26c)
2(p2 + x2 )
2

G(N )y2i 2N i
y
Di (N , p, M , x, y) =
(26d)
exp
N
2
2
2
2i!(p + x )
+

1

i=0

1

ci
H+i
b (H + i 1)!
 
gH+i1 exp ( g/b)Qu ( 2g, l)dg

u1

1+

(23)

3.1.2 Average probability of detection: MGF-based

approach: Using a contour integral representation of the
Marcum Q-function, in [3] an MGF-based approach was
proposed to evaluate the average probability of detection.
 d (l) can be expressed in terms of a contour
Specically, P
integral as





exp (l/2)
1 exp (l/2)z

P d (l ) =
dz (27)
Mg 1
2p
zu (1 z)
z
D
where is a circular contour of radius r [0, 1). Assuming
integer values of u as well as integer-valued fading
parameters of the Gamma component, m, the integral in
(27) can be efciently evaluated by means of the residue
theorem. For i.i.d. diversity branches, the MGF of the
output SNR can be obtained as

Since the series in (19) is uniformly convergent for

appropriate selection of , integration and summation can
 d (l) is obtained as
be interchanged. Therefore P
 d (l) = B
P

p2
2
p +x2

(21)

with

dj =

G(N , p, M , x, y) =

is an arbitrary positive real parameter whose value is

selected to ensure the uniform convergence of (19) and the
coefcients of the series, ci, are recursively calculated as
[35, eq. (16)]
c0 = 1 and ci =

Di (N , p, M , x, y)F i+1 (N, p, M , x, y)

i=1

where
H

H

M
1


(s
g + K + 1)H(m1) (1 + K)H
MgMRC (s) =  

mH
s
g 1 + (K/m) + 1 + K

(28)

Consequently, the probability of detection can be expressed

as


l (1 + K)H mmH

Pd (l) = exp
g (z) dz
2
2p
D

(24)

(29)

where
Assuming integer values of u and employing [31, eq. (29)],
 d (l) is deduced as
P
 d (l ) = B
P

1

i=0




ci
J
H
+
i,
1/
,
u,
1,
b
l
bH+i (H + i 1)!
(25)

IET Commun., pp. 115

doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0170



H(m1)

exp (l/2)z (
g + K + 1)z g
g (z) =


mH
m + g
K + m + Km z g
(m + K)
zuH (1 z) g
(30)
 d (l) by using the MGF-based approach,
In order to evaluate P
two cases are considered.
5

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014

www.ietdl.org
has a mHth order pole at
u > H: As it can be observed, g(z)
z = g(m + K)/g(m + K) + m(1 + K) and a pole at z = 0 of
order u H. When H(m 1) and Hm are integers,
application of the residue theorem yields the following
d(l):
expression for P

l

Pd (l) = exp (1 + K)H mmH
2


g(m + K)
; mH
(31)
Res g :
g(m + K) + m(1 + K)

u H)
+ Res(g:0;

u H: In this case, no pole at the origin exists, and

therefore only the pole at z = g(m + K)/g(m + K) + m(1+
K) needs to be considered. Assuming integer values of mH
and applying the residue theorem, the following expression
d(l) is obtained
for P

l

Pd (l) = exp (1 + K)H mmH
2



g(m + K)

; mH
(32)
Res g:
g(m + K) + m(1 + K)

3.1.3 Average AUC: The area under the ROC curve is a

single gure of merit that provides better insights as to what
factors affect the performance of the energy detector. This
is because of the fact that AUC varies from 0.5 to 1 as the
energy threshold, l, varies from 0 to [7, 36]. In [37], it
was pointed out that AUC represents the probability that
choosing the correct decision at the detector is more likely
than choosing the incorrect decision. The average AUC of
the system under consideration can be evaluated as [7]
=
A

1
0

 d (l) Pf (l) dl
P
l

Proposition 2: The error result in truncating the innite series

in (35) by M terms can be bounded as

gM +1 (1 + K)H mHm
1
|E|
2 F1 1, 2u + M + 1; u + M + 2;
2
(m + K)mH (H 1)!

K(K + 1)
2 F1 Hm, H + M + k0 ; 1;
(m + K)(g + 1 + K)
22uM 1 G(2u + M + 1)G(H + M + 1)
(1 + K + g)H+M +1 G(M + 2)G(u)G(u + M + 2)

3 F1 1, 2u + M + 1, H + M + 1; M + 2,

u + M + 2;

g
2(g + 1 + K)

(36)

where k0 > 1 is a parameter that depends on channel

parameters, m and K, as well as on l and can be selected in
a suitable manner to guarantee the tightness of the bound.

Proof: See Appendix 2.

i.n.i.d distributed branches: When i.n.i.d diversity

branches are considered the average AUC can be obtained as
1
=
A
A(g)fgMRC (g) dg
(37)
0

where A() is the unfaded AUC given by [7, eq. (9)]

A(g) = 1
+

(33)

u1

1 k (g/2)
ge
k k!
2
k=0

u1

G(u + k) g 
g
e
F
u
+
k;
1;
1
1
2
2u+k G(u)
k=1u

(38)

and fgMRC is given by (19). By employing [7, eq. (30)], an

 can be deduced as
analytical expression for A

where
Pf (l)
lu1 el/2
= u
2 G(u)
l

As far as the corresponding truncation error is concerned,

the following result holds.

(34)

 =1B
A

u1
1

1 
ci G(H + k + i) 1 1 Hki
+
2k k! i=0 bH+i (H + i 1)! b 2
k=0

u1
1
A 
G(u + k) 
ci
H
+i
u+k
G(u) k=1u 2
(H + i 1)!
i=0 b

1
1
K H + i, + 1, u + k, 1 + k,
b
2

i.i.d. distributed branches: By substituting (12) and (34) to

(33) and using [29, eq. (6.455/2)], the following innite series
representation for the average AUC is deduced
 =1
A

where

1

(1 + K)H mHm
22ui
(m + K)mH (H 1)! i=0

G(2u + i)G(i + H)
gi
i!G(u)G(u + i + 1) (g + 1 + K)i+H

1
2 F1 1, 2u + i; u + i + 1;
2

K(K + 1)
2 F1 Hm, H + i; 1;
(m + K)(g + 1 + K)

K(a, p, b, d, c) = p G(a) 2 F 1 a, b; d,
p
a

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014

(39)

3.2
(35)

(40)

Selection combining

In this scheme, the combiner selects the branch with the

strongest
SNR
among
all
diversity
branches.
Mathematically speaking, the instantaneous SNR at the
IET Commun., pp. 115
doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0170

www.ietdl.org
combiner output can be expressed as SC = max{1, , H}.
In order to derive analytical expressions for the average
probability of detection and the average AUC, the PDF of
SC is required. To the best of our knowledge, an analytical
expression for the PDF of SC is not available in the
technical literature. In Appendix 3, assuming that m is
restricted to integer values and i.i.d. diversity branches, an
analytical expression for SC is derived as in (66).
3.2.1 Average probability of detection: To evaluate the
average probability of detection, a similar procedure as in the
derivation of (12) is adopted. To this end, using an innite
series representation of the modied Bessel function and
the denition of the Gamma function, an innite series
representation for the average probability of detection can
be obtained as
 d (l ) = 1
P

1
1 
1 
H 



...

i=0 p=0 =0 1 =0 2 =0

(m1)


m2

(1)

m1 =0

1
m2
m

m+K
m1
2

1

m1




G u + i, l2
(1 + K)m p k=1 k i1
1+

i!G(u + i)
g(1 + K)


m1

G
k + i + 1 p

k=1

cp (; 1 , . . . , m1 )b0 1 b11


m1

U
k + i + 1 p

m1
, . . . , bm1

(41)

k=1

3.2.2 Average AUC: The average AUC under SC, can be

 d (l) is given by (41). Following
evaluated using (33) where P
a similar procedure as in the derivation of the average AUC in
 can be obtained as
single antenna and MRC diversity cases, A
 =1
A

1
1 
1 
H 


i=0 p=0 =0 1 =0 2 =0

(1)

m1 =0

m
m+K

(m1)

k=1
1 1 2
b1
,

cp (; 1 , . . . , m1 )b0

G(2u + i)G(i + H)
i!G(u)G(u + i + 1)

1
2 F1 1, 2u + i; u + i + 1;
2

Equal gain combining

EGC provides a performance comparable to that of MRC, but

with a simplied receiver structure. Hence, analysis of energy
detectors employing EGC is of considerable interest. The
instantaneous SNR at the output of the EGC combiner
employing H diversity branches is dened as

gEGC


2
H
Es 
=
|h |
N0 H k=0 k

(43)

where hk is the signal envelope of the kth branch. In order to

evaluate the average detection probability and the average
AUC, the PDF of EGC is required. It is well known,
however, that the analytical determination of the statistical
properties of the sums of fading signals envelopes in terms
of tabulated functions is a rather difcult task [17]. This
intricacy of the exact sum statistics can be circumvented by
using accurate closed-form approximations to the PDF of
EGC or the Pad approximants method [14, 38].
i.i.d. distributed branches: When i.i.d. distributed branches
are considered, the so-called small argument approximation
(SAA) [39, pp. 453457] is employed to provide an
accurate closed-form approximation to the PDF of EGC.
SAA is based on the observation that at small values of
SNRs, the statistics of EGC can be accurately approximated
by the statistics of MRC with appropriately scaled
arguments. The validity of this approximation, even for
large SNR values, has been demonstrated in several recent
works, including [4042]. In the following analysis, SAA is
applied to yield a highly accurate closed-form
approximation to the PDF of EGC.

propose
to approximate the PDF
Let Z = H
k=0 |hk |. We


2
of Z with the PDF of 
Z W W with W = H
k=1 |hk | . As it
is evident, W describes the power of the signal component
at the combiner output of an MRC diversity receiver. The
PDF of W can be expressed as
fW (w) =

mH

1 + K
wH1
m

(H 1)!
+ K
m
V

(1 + K)w

H,
exp
1 F1 mH,

m1 2ui
. . . , bm1
2

(42)

Finally, it is noted that the series in (41) and (42) mainly

involve elementary and common Gamma functions. Hence,

+ K)w

K(1
m

+ K)
V(
(44)

and its corresponding MGF as

MW (s) =

IET Commun., pp. 115

doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0170

3.3

m2
1
...
2
m1



m1


m1
(1 + K)m p k=1 k i1 
G
k + i + 1 p
1+
g(1 + K)
k=1


m1

U
k + i + 1 p

...


m2

they are both easy to be numerically evaluated and their

accuracy is corroborated by the simulation results in Section 4.

+ K + 1)H(m1)
H
(sV
(1 + K)
 

mH

1 + K + 1 + K
sV

(45)

m
and K can be estimated
The unknown parameters V,
matching the rst, second and third moments of Z 2 and W,
namely
E{Z 2 } = E{W },
E{Z 6 } = E{W 3 }

E{Z 4 } = E{W 2 },

(46)

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014

www.ietdl.org
The rst three moments of W can be straightforwardly
evaluated by the application of the moment theorem, namely

average AUC can be approximated as

Hm
mH
(1 + K)

+ K)mH
(m
(H 1)!


1
 G u + i, (l/2) G(i + H)
vi

i+H
G(u + i)i!
(v + 1 + K)
i=0

K + 1)
K(
H + i; H;
2 F1 H m,

v + 1 + K)
+ K)(
(m
(51)

 d (l) 1
P


dMW (s)

= HV
E{W } =
ds s=0

(47a)


2
d 2 MW (s)
HV
E{W } =
=

2m
ds2 

(1 + K)
s=0


2
2
K + K
+m
+ 2H m
K + H m
K + 2m
Hm
2

and

(47b)

d 3 MW (s)
E{W } =

ds3 
3

 1
A

3
HV
3
2 + 2K
=
3H m
3 2

(1 + K) m
s=0

2 K + H 2 m
2 K + 3H 2 m
2 K + 6H m
2 K
+ 3H 2 m

3
2
2
K + 9H m
2 K + 3H m
K + 6m
K
+ 3H m
2

G(2u + i)G(i + H)
vi
i+H
i!G(u)G(u + i + 1) (v + 1 + K)

1
2 F1 1, 2u + i; u + i + 1;
2

K + 1)
K(
H + i; 1;
2 F1 H m,
v + 1 + K)

+ K)(
(m

2 K + 2m
2
2 + H 2m
+ 6m
2

1

Hm
H m
(1 + K)
22ui

mH
+ K)
(m
(H 1)! i=0

(47c)

respectively, where

The nth moment of |hk| can be expressed in closed form by

performing a transformation of random variables in (9) and
applying [29, eq. 7.621/4] as

n/2 

m

m
g
n
G 1+
1+K
K +m
2

n
K
2 F1 m, 1 + ; 1;
2
K +m

m|hk | (n) =

(48)

Finally, the required moments E{Z 2 }, E{Z 4 } and E{Z 6 } are

determined using (48) and the multinomial identity as

E{Z n } =

j1
n 

j1 =0 j2 =0

jH2


n
j1
jH1 =0

j2

j1

jH2

v=

MgEGC (s) R[A/B] (s) =

jH1

where n is a positive integer. The resulting system of equation

m
and K can be easily solved using any of
that determines V,
the most popular mathematical software packages, for
example, Matlab, Maple or Mathematica. As it will become
evident, the proposed approximation yields highly accurate
results for both the average probability of detection and the
average AUC which are practically indistinguishable from
the exact solutions obtained using Monte Carlo simulations.
By performing a random variable transformation, an
accurate closed-form approximation to the PDF of EGC can
be obtained as

fgEGC (g) H

Es
N0

fW

Hg
Es /N0

(50)

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014

1+

i=0

B

c i si

i=0

bi si

(54)

B


n
A+B m

rj
gEGC (n)s
=

s + pj n=0
n!
j=0

where mgEGC (n) is the nth moment of EGC, bi, ci are real
numbers and pj, rj are the poles and the residues of the
Pad approximant, respectively. In order to obtain an
accurate approximation of the MGF, sub-diagonal Pad
approximants (B = A + 1) are used [38]. Given the nth
moment of EGC, the coefcients bi, ci can be readily
evaluated using any of the most popular software
mathematical packages, such as Maple, Matlab or
Mathematica. The nth moment of EGC can be obtained by
employing the multinomial identity as
2n 
1
H2

1 

n
H j =0 j =0
j
=0
j

Consequently, the average probability of detection and the

8

(53)

i.n.i.d distributed branches: When non-identically

distributed branches are considered, it is convenient to
employ the Pad approximants method to accurately
approximate the MGF of EGC, MgEGC (s) and eventually
 d (l). A Pad approximant to the MGF is a rational
obtain P
function of a specied order B for the denominator and A
for the nominator, whose power series expansion agrees
with the (A + B)-order power expansion of the MGF

m|hk | (n j1 )m|hk | (j1 j2 ), . . . , m|hk | (jH1 ) (49)

E
1
V
s
H N0

A

(52)

mgEGC (n) =

H1

n
j1

j1
j2

jH2
jH1

m|h1 | (n j1 )m|h2 | (j1 j2 ), . . . , m|hH | (jH1 )

(55)
IET Commun., pp. 115
doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0170

www.ietdl.org
 d (l) can be readily evaluated by employing (29)
Finally, P
and applying the residue theorem.

4 Numerical and computer simulation

results
In this section, various performance evaluation results
obtained using the detection probability and AUC
expressions presented in Section 3 will be presented. In
particular, the following performance evaluation results
have been obtained: (i) complementary ROC curves for
diversity reception (obtained using (12), (31), (32), (25),
(26a), (26), (41) and (51) with (48) and (49) see Figs. 1
and 2); (ii) probability of a missed detection as a function
of SNR (obtained using (12) and (16), see Fig. 3) (iii)
complementary AUC curves for diversity reception
(obtained using (35), (42) and (52) with (48) and (49) see
Figs. 4 and 5); and (iv) truncation error bounds of the series
in (12) and (35), respectively, as a function of the number
of terms (obtained using (13) and (36), respectively, see
Figs. 6 and 7).
To validate the accuracy of the previously mentioned
expressions, comparisons with complementary Monte Carlo
simulated performance results are also included in these
gures by generating 105 random samples from the
Gamma-shadowed Rice distribution. This specic sample
size guarantees statistical convergence for values of average
detection probability of the order of 104. In order to
generate random samples from a Gamma-shadowed Rice
distribution, random samples from the non-central
chi-square distribution with two degrees of freedom and
non-centrality parameter modulated by a Gamma
distribution with parameters m and /m are generated. For
the MRC and EGC cases, it is assumed that perfect channel
estimates are available for diversity reception in a similar
fashion as in [2].
In order to numerically quantify the impact of shadowing
on the probability of detection and AUC when i.i.d.
branches are considered, the corresponding distribution

Fig. 1 Complementary ROC curves of dual branch diversity

receivers over i.i.d. Gamma-shadowed Rician fading channels
IET Commun., pp. 115
doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0170

Fig. 2 Complementary ROC curves of triple branch diversity

receivers over i.i.d. Gamma-shadowed Rician fading channels

parameters (b0, m, ) are selected in accordance with the

entries of [25, Table 3], to account for four different
shadowing scenarios: (i) frequent heavy shadowing (b0,
m, ) = (0.063, 0.739, 8.97 104); (ii) overall results
(b0, m, ) = (0.251, 5.21, 0.278); (iii) infrequent light
shadowing (b0, m, ) = (0.158, 19.4, 1.29); and (iv)
average shadowing (b0, m, ) = (0.126, 10.1, 0.835).
For all the above considered scenarios, the parameters (b0,
m, ) have been obtained by employing a moment matching
technique that associates the parameters of the exact Loos
model with those of (5). It is noted that the parameters of
the Loos model for the considered scenarios, have been
used in several studies such as [4347], for system

Fig. 3 Probability of missed detection of dual branch diversity

receivers over i.i.d. Gamma-shadowed Rician fading channels with
Pf = 100.5
9

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014

www.ietdl.org

Fig. 4 Complementary AUC against Es/N0 curves of dual branch

diversity receivers over i.i.d. Gamma-shadowed Rician fading
channels

Fig. 6 Truncation error for the series in (12), assuming dual

branch MRC diversity receivers k0 = 2 and various shadowing
scenarios

simulation, analysis and performance prediction purposes.

Moreover, as it was shown in [25], for all considered
scenarios, the corresponding rst and second order statistics
of the exact Loos model and the considered
Gamma-shadowed
Rician
model
are
almost
indistinguishable, and both are close enough to
experimental data obtained through a measurement campaign.
In the i.n.i.d. case, a triple-branch diversity receiver is
considered with {b }3=1 = {0.1, 0.2, 0.3}, {m }3=1 =
{5.21, 3.2, 1.5} and {V }3=1 = {2, 3, 4}. Finally, in all test
cases u = TW = 4 is assumed.
In Figs. 1 and 2, complementary ROC curves for dual- and
triple-branch diversity are portrayed, assuming MRC, SC and

EGC receivers. To avoid curve entanglement, only two

shadowing scenarios are considered, namely overall results
and average shadowing. Two different values of SNR,
namely Es/N0 = 0 dB and Es/N0 = 10 dB are assumed. For
comparison purposes, the single antenna case (single-input
single-output) is also illustrated. For Es/N0 = 10 dB, it can
be observed that there exists an obvious diversity gain
when MRC, EGC or SC is employed compared to the
single antenna case. However, for low values of Es/N0,
namely when Es/N0 = 0 dB diversity reception alone cannot
guarantee a satisfactory operation of the energy detector. As
it was pointed out in [7], a possible solution in such
conditions is to employ both diversity reception and

Fig. 5 Complementary AUC against Es/N0 curves of triple branch

diversity receivers over i.i.d. Gamma-shadowed Rician fading
channels

Fig. 7 Truncation error for the series in (35), assuming dual

branch MRC diversity receivers and various shadowing scenarios

10

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014

IET Commun., pp. 115

doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0170

www.ietdl.org
cooperative sensing. Another interesting observation is that
the performance difference between EGC and MRC is very
small, especially under less severe shadowing conditions,
that is, when average shadowing is considered. This is due
to the fact that the concept behind EGC diversity reception
is to provide performance close to the optimal MRC
schemes while minimising hardware complexity. It is also
noted that this nding is in agreement with similar ones
reported in [7]. Therefore since MRC requires high-quality
channel estimates for reasonable performance and such
estimations are unlikely to be present for energy
detection-type applications, EGC is a very attractive choice
for practical energy detectors, because of its considerably
lower implementation complexity. Moreover, it can be
observed that the performance degrades as the amount of
shadowing increases (b0, m or ), whereas the impact of
shadowing increases with the increase of the average SNR.
This is because an increase in b0 results in diminishing the
impact of shadowing. Moreover, as m increases, a higher
detection probability with a lower false alarm probability is
observed because the channel fading conditions improve,
that is, the uctuations of the signal strength reduce.
Furthermore, as shown from (16), channel parameters b0, m
or do not affect the detection diversity gain. Therefore
the impact of the aforementioned parameters on system
performance will show up at high SNR values only.
In Fig. 3, the probability of a missed detection when dual
branch MRC diversity receivers are considered, is depicted
as a function of SNR assuming Pf = 100.5. The propagation
scenarios under consideration are frequent heave
shadowing, infrequent shadowing and overall results. In the
same plot, approximate results obtained using (16) are also
included. As it is evident, the asymptotic expressions for
the probability of detection correctly predict the detection
diversity gain for all scenarios under consideration. It can
also be observed that the detection diversity gain is indeed
not affected by the channel parameters b0, m and .
As far as the validation of the proposed analysis is
concerned, it is noted that for the MRC case, both PDFand MGF-based approaches are used to evaluate the
probability of missed detection. In order to use the
MGF-based approach for the evaluation of the probability
of detection when MRC diversity is employed, the
corresponding values of the m parameter are rounded to the
nearest integer ones. A similar approach is applied to the
evaluation of the probability of detection and AUC in the
case of SC diversity reception. Interestingly enough, the
MGF-based approach yields almost identical results with
the PDF-based one, for all shadowing scenarios, despite the
fact that the value of m parameter is rounded to the nearest
integer. This observation, also implies that performance
metrics such as the probability of detection and AUC, are
relatively insensitive to small variations of m. This is
because of the fact that small changes in m do not
seemingly cause signicant changes in the moments of
MRC, obtained by the differentiation of (6) as shown in
Section 3.3. Moreover, as the detection diversity gain does
not depend on the channel parameters but only on the
number of diversity branches, it is expected that the
detection probability is not signicantly affected by small
changes in m. Therefore, the MGF-based method obtained
using (31) and (32), provides a simple and efcient means
to quantify the performance of energy detection over
Gamma-shadowed Rician fading channels. The only
restriction is the limitation of u to integer values. For the
SC case, analytical results have been obtained by rounding
IET Commun., pp. 115
doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0170

m to the nearest integer. Nevertheless, one can observe that

the corresponding analytical results match very well with
the exact ones, obtained using Monte Carlo simulations,
thus verifying that (41) can be efciently used to predict
the energy detection capabilities of practical systems
employing SC diversity. As far as the EGC case is
concerned, a comparison of the approximate results
obtained using (51) with (48) and (49) with the exact ones,
obtained using Monte Carlo simulation, indicates that the
proposed approximation is highly accurate for all
considered shadowing conditions, yielding results which are
practically indistinguishable to the exact solution.
In Figs. 4 and 5, complementary AUC curves against
Es/N0, for dual- and triple-branch diversity are provided,
assuming MRC, SC and EGC receivers and i.i.d. diversity
branches. The shadowing scenarios under consideration are
frequent heavy shadowing, overall results and average
shadowing. As it is evident, diversity reception can be
efciently used to improve the detectors capabilities.
Regarding the accuracy of (42) in the case of SC diversity
reception, as well as of (52), in the case of EGC reception,
similar ndings to the ones reported from the observation of
Figs. 1 and 2 can be veried. Also, it can be observed that
although the performance gap between MRC and EGC is
small, it slightly increases at high SNR values.
It is noted that the numerical evaluation of the analytical
expressions containing innite series, namely (12) and (35),
has been carried out by truncating the appropriate series
expressions. Figs. 6 and 7 depict the truncation error of (12)
and (35), respectively, as a function of the number of terms,
assuming dual branch MRC diversity receivers. The
shadowing scenarios under consideration are frequent heavy
shadowing and infrequent light shadowing. In both cases, the
exact truncation errors were obtained by evaluating the
innite series in (12) and (35) using 103 terms and the
corresponding bounds by employing (13) and (36),
respectively. In Fig. 6, the arbitrary parameter k0 is set to be
equal to 2 whereas in Fig. 7, k0 is selected in an appropriate
manner to provide a tight truncation error bound. By the
observation of both gures, it is evident that the truncation
errors of both series under consideration decrease to zero
monotonically and very quickly as the number of terms
increases. Moreover, it can be observed that by selecting k0 in
a suitable manner, the closed forms error bounds are very
tight and, in some cases, almost indistinguishable to the exact
truncation error. The optimal selection of k0 is, however, an
open issue and left to a future research work. Tables 1 and 2
depict the number of terms, M, required to achieve a relative
error er < 106 when MRC diversity reception is considered
for different shadowing scenarios. For the considered cases,
our results have shown that all innite series rapidly
converged with the speed of convergence depending on the
fading/shadowing parameters, the probability of false alarm
Pf, the number of samples u and the SNR. As shown,
although M increases as shadowing conditions improve or u
increases, a relatively small M (with a maximum of M = 36
for the evaluation of (12) and M = 28 for the evaluation of
(35) for all cases considered in this paper) is required.
Finally, in order to demonstrate the validity of (25) and the
Pad approximants framework when non-identically
distributed diversity branches are considered, in Fig. 8
complementary ROC curves are depicted when triple branch
MRC or EGC diversity reception is employed, assuming
SNR = 0 dB, 10 dB and 15 dB. For the MRC case, in order
to apply (25), the value of the arbitrary parameter should
be selected in an appropriate manner to ensure the uniform
11

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014

www.ietdl.org
Table 1 Number of required terms, Nq, for convergence of the P d (l) given by (12) to achieve a relative error er < 106 for various
values of Pf, u and for different shadowing scenarios
u=4

Pf
Frequent heavy
shadowing
103
102
101
100.1

22
19
15
8

u = 10

Overall
results

Average
shadowing

Frequent heavy
shadowing

Overall
results

Average
shadowing

27
22
17
8

29
22
16
5

27
23
19
11

35
30
23
12

36
30
23
10

 given by (35) to achieve a relative error er < 106 for various values of
Table 2 Number of required terms, Nq, for convergence of the A
SNR, u and for different shadowing scenarios
SNR, dB

u=4
Frequent heavy
shadowing

0
5
10

6
10
15

u = 10

Overall
results

Average
shadowing

Frequent heavy
shadowing

Overall
results

Average
shadowing

13
18
20

14
20
21

7
11
18

14
22
27

16
24
28

convergence of the corresponding innite series. In our

conducted numerical experiments, the series in (25) were
truncated to 20 terms by selecting = 0.39 for SNR = 0 dB,
= 3.8 for SNR = 10 dB and = 11.2 for SNR = 20 dB. For
the EGC case, the Pad approximants of order (3, 4) for
SNR = 0 dB and (4, 5) for SNR = 10 dB and SNR = 20 dB
along with the residue theorem were employed. In all cases
of interest, numerically evaluated results are compared to
equivalent Monte Carlo simulation ones. These comparisons
clearly show that the ROC curves coincide with square
pattern signs obtained via simulations, verifying the
correctness of the proposed analysis.

Conclusion

In this work, the performance of an energy detector under

both multi-path fading and shadowing effects in a

Gamma-shadowed Rician fading environment was studied

in detail. Novel analytical expressions were derived for the
average probability of detection, as well the area under the
ROC curves, for single antenna and diversity reception
cases. It is shown that the detection diversity gain does not
depend on the channel parameters but on the number of
receive antennas only. This nding provides useful insight
as to the factors that affect the performance of the energy
detector. Closed-form bounds for the truncation error of
such series have been derived that enable the estimation of
the terms required to achieve a given numerical accuracy. It
is also found that the Pad approximants theory is useful
for the numerical approximation of the average probability
of detection when EGC diversity reception is employed.
Our conducted numerical experiments have also
demonstrated the impact of composite fading and
shadowing on the detectors performance. It is shown that
the probability of detection increases with the fading
parameter m and shadowing parameter b. Furthermore,
when diversity reception is employed to enhance the
performance of the energy detector, the ROC reveals that
diversity gains are obvious for medium and high SNR
values. Moreover, MRC provides better performance
enhancements than SC but comparable to EGC. A
comparison of the analytical results with extensive Monte
Carlo simulations validated the correctness of the proposed
analysis. Our newly derived results are useful to system
design engineers in quantifying the impact of fading and
shadowing in energy detection spectrum sensing, a fact that
can lead to the design of more efcient cognitive radio
communication systems.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Sensor Networks and

Cellular Systems Research Center of the University of Tabuk.

7
Fig. 8 Complementary ROC curves of triple branch diversity
receivers over i.n.i.d. Gamma-shadowed Rician fading channels
12

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014

References

1 Urkowitz, H.: Energy detection of unknown deterministic signals.

Proc. IEEE, April 1967, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 523531
IET Commun., pp. 115
doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0170

www.ietdl.org
2 Digham, F.F., Alouini, M.S., Simon, M.K.: On the energy detection of
unknown signals over fading channels, IEEE Trans. Commun., 2007,
55, (1), pp. 2124
3 Herath, S.P., Rajatheva, N., Tellambura, C.: Energy detection of
unknown signals in fading and diversity reception, IEEE Trans.
Commun., 2011, 59, (9), pp. 24432453
4 Hemachandra, K.T., Beaulieu, N.C.: Novel analysis for performance
evaluation of energy detection of unknown deterministic signals using
dual diversity. Proc. IEEE Vehicular Tech. Conf. (VTC-fall 11),
September 2011, pp. 15
5 Herath, S.P., Rajatheva, N.: Analysis of equal gain combining in energy
detection for cognitive radio over Nakagami channels. Proc. IEEE
Global Commun. Conf. (GLOBECOM), 2008
6 Atapattu, S., Tellambura, C., Jiang, H.: Spectrum sensing via energy
detector in low SNR. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. (ICC 11), June
2011, pp. 15
7 Atapattu, S., Tellambura, C., Jiang, H.: Analysis of area under the ROC
curve of energy detection, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., 2010, 9, (3),
pp. 12161225
8 Atapattu, S., Tellambura, C., Jiang, H.: Energy detection of primary
signals over -- fading channels. Proc. Fourth Ind. Inf. Systems
(ICIIS 09), December 2009, pp. 15
9 Ruttik, K.K.K., Jantti, R.: Detection of unknown signals in a fading
environment, IEEE Commun. Lett., 2009, 13, (7), pp. 498500
10 Banjade, V.R.S., Rajatheva, N., Tellambura, C.: Performance analysis
of energy detection with multiple correlated antenna cognitive radio in
Nakagami-m fading, IEEE Commun. Lett., 2010, 16, (4), pp. 502505
11 Sofotasios, P., Rebeiz, E., Zhang, L., Tsiftsis, T., Cabric, D., Freear, S.:
Energy detection based spectrum sensing over - and - extreme
fading channels, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., 2013, 62, (3),
pp. 10311040
12 Atapattu, S., Tellambura, C., Jiang, H.: Relay based cooperative
spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. Proc. IEEE Global
Commun. Conf. (GLOBECOM), 2009, pp. 15
13 Rao, A., Alouini, M.-S.: Performance of cooperative spectrum sensing
over non-identical fading environments, IEEE Trans. Commun., 2011,
59, (12), pp. 32493253
14 Atapattu, S., Tellambura, C., Jiang, H.: Energy detection based
cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks, IEEE
Trans. Wirel. Commun., 2011, 10, (4), pp. 12321241
15 Loo, C.: A statistical model for a land mobile satellite link, IEEE
Trans. Veh. Technol., 1985, 34, pp. 122125
16 Suzuki, H.: A statistical model for urban radio propagation, IEEE
Trans. Commun., 1977, COM-25, (7), pp. 673680
17 Simon, M.K., Alouini, M.S.: Digital communication over fading
channels (Wiley, New York, 2005, 2nd edn.)
18 Renzo, M.D., Graziosi, F., Santucci, F.: Cooperative spectrum sensing
in cognitive radio networks over correlated log-normal shadowing.
IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf., 2009
19 Ghasemi, A., Sousa, E.S.: Interference aggregation in spectrum-sensing
cognitive wireless networks, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process., 2008, 2,
(1), pp. 4156
20 Rasheed, H., Haroon, F., Rajatheva, N.: Performance analysis of
Rice-lognormal channel model for spectrum sensing. IEEE Int. Conf.
on Electrical Engineering/Electronics Computer Telecommunications
and Information Technology, May 2010, pp. 420424
21 Atapattu, S., Tellambura, C., Jiang, H.: Performance of an energy
detector over channels with both multipath fading and shadowing,
IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., 2010, 9, (12), pp. 36623670
22 Rasheed, H., Haroon, F., Adachi, F.: On the energy detection over
generalized-K (KG) fading. IEEE 14th International Multitopic
Conference (INMIC), December 2011, no. 4, pp. 367371
23 Olabiyi, O., Alam, S., Odejide, O., Annamalai, A.: Further results on
the energy detection of unknown deterministic signals over
generalized fading channels. IEEE Int. Workshop on Recent
Advances in Cognitive Communications and Networking, 2011
24 Atapattu, S., Tellambura, C., Jiang, H.: A mixture gamma distribution
to model the SNR of wireless channels, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun.,
2011, 10, (12), pp. 41934203
25 Abdi, A., Alouini, W.C.L.M.-S., Kaveh, M.: A new simple model for
land mobile satellite channels: First and second order statistics, IEEE
Trans. Wirel. Commun., 2003, 2, (3), pp. 519528
26 Alfano, G., Maio, A.D.: Sum of squared shadowed-Rice random
variables and its application to communication systems performance
prediction, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., 2007, 6, (10), pp. 35403545
27 Ropokis, G.A., Rontogiannis, A.A., Mathiopoulos, P.T., Berberidis, K.:
An exact performance analysis of MRC/OSTBC over generalized
fading channels, IEEE Trans. Commun., 2010, 9, (58), pp. 24862492
28 Tellambura, C., Annamalai, A., Bhargava, V.: Closed form and innite
series solutions for the MGF of a dual-diversity selection combiner
IET Commun., pp. 115
doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0170

29
30
31
32
33
34
35

36

37
38
39
40
41

42
43
44
45
46
47
48

output in bivariate Nakagami fading, IEEE Trans. Commun., 2003,

51, (4), pp. 539542
Gradshteyn, I., Ryzhik, I.M.: Tables of integrals, series, and products
(Academic Press, New York, 2000, 6th edn.)
Wolfram, T.: function site, available at http://www.functions.wolfram.
com
Nuttall, A.H.: Some integrals involving the QM-function. Technical
Report, Naval Underwater Systems Center (NUSC), 1974
Muller, K.: Computing the conuent hypergeometric function, M(a,
b, x), Numer. Math., 2001, 90, (1), pp. 179196
Wang, Z., Giannakis, G.B.: A simple and general parameterization
quantifying performance in fading channels, IEEE Trans. Commun.,
2003, 51, (8), pp. 13891398
Prudnikov, A.P., Brychkov, Y.A., Marichev, O.I.: Integrals and Series
Volume 3: More Special Functions (Gordon and Breach Science
Publishers, 1986, 1st edn.)
Ropokis, G.A., Rontogiannis, A.A., Berberidis, K., Mathiopoulos, P.T.:
Performance analysis of maximal ratio combining over shadowed-rice
fading channels. Int. Workshop on Satellite and Space
Communications (IWSSC), 2009
Alam, S., Annamalai, A.: Energy detectors performance analysis over
the wireless channels with composite multipath fading and shadowing
effects using the AUC approach. IEEE Nineth Annual Consumer
Communications and Networking Conf. Wireless Consumer
Communication and Networking, 2012
Hanley, J.A., McNeil, B.J.: The meaning and use of the area under a
receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, Radiology, 1982, 143,
(1), pp. 2936
Karagiannidis, G.K.: Moments-based approach to the performance
analysis of equal-gain diversity in Nakagami-m fading, IEEE Trans.
Commun., 2004, 52, (5), pp. 685690
Schwartz, M., Bennett, W.R., Stein, S.: Communication systems and
techniques (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1966)
Hu, J., Beaulieu, N.C.: Accurate closed-form approximations to Rician
sum distributions and densities, IEEE Commun. Lett., 2005, 9, (2),
pp. 133135
Zlatanov, N., Hadzi-Velkov, Z., Karagiannidis, G.K.: An efcient
approximation to the correlated Nakagami-m sums and its application
in equal gain diversity receivers, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., 2010,
9, (1), pp. 302310
Peppas, K.: Accurate closed-form approximations to generalised-K sum
distributions and applications in the performance analysis of equal-gain
combining receivers, IET Commun., 2011, 5, (7), pp. 982989
Jamali, S.H., Ngoc, T.L.: Coded-modulation techniques for fading
channels (Kluwer, Boston, 1994)
Loo, C.: Digital transmission through a land mobile satellite channel,
IEEE Trans. Commun., 1990, 38, pp. 693697
Loo, C., Secord, N.: Computer models for fading channels with
applications to digital transmission, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., 1991,
40, pp. 700707
Chau, Y.A., Sun, J.T.: Diversity with distributed decisions combining
for direct-sequence CDMA in a shadowed Rician-fading land-mobile
satellite channel, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., 1996, 45, pp. 243247
van Nee, R.D.J., Prasad, R.: Spread spectrum path diversity in a
shadowed Rician fading land-mobile satellite channel, IEEE Trans.
Veh. Technol., 1993, 42, pp. 131136
Abramovitz, M., Stegun, I.: Handbook of mathematical functions with
formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables (Dover, New York, 1964),
ISBN 0-486-61272-4

Appendix

8.1

Appendix 1: Proof of Proposition 1

The error result in truncating the innite series in (12) by M

terms is given by


1

G u + i, l2 G(i + H)
(1 + K)H mmH
|E| =
G(u + i)i!
(m + K)mH (H 1)! i=M +1

gi
(g + 1 + K)i+H

2 F1 Hm, H + i; H;

(56)

K(K + 1)
(m + K)(g + 1 + K)

13

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014

www.ietdl.org


By employing the identity G u + i, l2 = (u + i)1
(l/2)u+i 1 F1 (u + i, u + i + 1, l/2) [29, eq. (8.351.2)],
(56) can be written as
|E| =

1
(1 + K)H mmH 
(l/2)u+k+M +1
(m + K)mH (H 1)! k=0 G(u + k + M + 2)(k + M + 1)!

gk+M +1

(g + 1 + K)k+M +H+1

2 F1 Hm, H + k + M + 1; H;

8.2

Appendix 2: Proof of Proposition 2

The truncation error is given by

|E| =

G(2u + i)G(i + H)
gi
i!G(u)G(u + i + 1) (g + 1 + K)i+H

1
2 F1 1, 2u + i; u + i + 1;
2

K(K + 1)
2 F1 Hm, H + i; 1;
(m + K)(g + 1 + K)

K(K + 1)
(m + K)(g + 1 + K)

1 F1 (u + k + M + 1, u + k + M + 2, l/2)
G(k + M + H + 1)
(57)
The conuent hypergeometric function 1F1(u + k + M + 1,
u + k + M + 2, l/2) is a monotonically decreasing function
with respect to k. On the other hand, the Gauss
hypergeometric function
2 F1

Hm, H + k + M + 1; H; (K(K + 1)/(m + K)(g + 1 + K))

(1 + K)H mmH
2 F1
(m + K)mH (H 1)!

Hm, H + M + k0 ; H;

K(K + 1)
(m + K)(g + 1 + K)

|E|

22ui

G(2u + i)G(i + H)
gi
i!G(u)G(u + i + 1) (g + 1 + K)i+H

M +1

g
(1 + K)H mHm
(m + K)mH (H 1)!

1
2 F1 (1, 2u + M + 1; u + M + 2;
2

K(K + 1)
2 F1 Hm, H + M + k0 ; 1;
(m + K)(g + 1 + K)

22uM 1 G(2u + M + 1)G(H + M + 1)

(1 + K + g)H+M +1 G(M + 2)G(u)G(u + M + 2)

i
1

(1)i (2u + M + 1)i (H + M + 1)i
g

i!(M + 2)i (u + M + 2)i

2(g + 1 + K)
i=0

(l/2)u+k+M +1
G(u + k + M + 2)(k + M + 1)!
k=0

G(k + M + H + 1) g k+M +1
(g + 1 + K)k+M +H+1

(60)

(1 + K)H mmH gM +1 (l/2)u+M +1 G(M + H + 1)

(m + K)mH (H 1)!(g + 1 + K)M +H+1
K(K + 1)
(m + K)(g + 1 + K)

1 F1 (u + M + 1, u + M + 2, l/2)
k
1 

lg
(1)k (M + H + 1)k

2(g + 1 + K) k!(M + 2)k (M + u + 2)k

k=0
(58)
The innite series in (58) is recognised as the series
representation of the 2F2 generalised hypergeometric
function. Hence, a bound for |E| can be obtained in closed
form as in (13) and this concludes the proof.
14

1

i=M +1

1


G(M + u + 2)G(M + 2)

2 F1 Hm, H + M + k0 ; H;

(1 + K)H mHm
(m + K)mH (H 1)!

1
2 F1 1, 2u + M + 1; u + M + 2;
2

K(K + 1)
2 F1 Hm, H + M + k0 ; 1;
(m + K)(g + 1 + K)

1 F1 (u + M + 1, u + M + 2, l/2)

(59)

Following a similar line of arguments as in the proof of

Proposition 1, it can be observed that (35) can be bounded as

is monotonically increasing with respect to k. However, there

exist a suitable integer k0 such that for k > k0 the product of
both hypergeometric functions decreases monotonically,
that is the conuent hypergeometric function decreases in a
faster rate than the one that the Gauss hypergeometric
function increases. Therefore it can be observed that |E| can
be bounded as
|E|

1

(1 + K)H mHm
22ui
mH
(m + K) (H 1)! i=M +1

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014

The innite series in (60) is recognised as the series

representation of 3F2 generalised hypergeometric function.
Consequently, a closed-form bound for |E| can be deduced
as in (36) thus completing the proof.
8.3

Appendix 3: Derivation of fgSC ( g)

Assuming i.i.d. diversity branches, the CDF of SC, FgSC (g),

is mathematically expressed as FgSC (g) = [Fg (g)]H , where

g
Fg (g) = 0 fg (t)dt is the CDF of the individual SNR per
branch, , and f(t) is given by (9). Assuming integer values
of m, by applying the Kummer transformation for the
conuent hypergeometric function in (9) [48], that is
1 F1 (m; n; z) = exp(z)

mn

(m n)k ( z)k
, nm
k!(n)k
k=0

(61)

IET Commun., pp. 115

doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0170

www.ietdl.org
where

Equation (9) can be written as

f g (g ) =



m1
1+K
m(1 + K)g
exp
g k=0
(m + k)g


(1)k (1 m)k m(1 + K)g k

k!(1)k
(m + k)g
m
m+K

(62)

Using the denition of the lower incomplete Gamma function

as well as [29, eq. (8.353/6)], F() can be obtained as

m
F g (g ) = 1
m+K

m1 
m1 
k
k=0

bj =



m(1 + K)g
exp
(m + k)g
j=0

(1)k K k m jk (1 m)k
j!(1)k

(65)

Finally, fgSC (g) is obtained by taking the derivative of (64)

with respect to yielding

fgSC (g) =

1
1 
H 



...

p=0 =0 1 =0 2 =0



(1)k K k m jk (1 m)k (1 + K)g j

j!(1)k
(m + k)g

m1 


m1 
m1
m
m(1 + K)g
=1
exp
(m + k)g
m+K
j=0 k=j




m1

(1)k K k m jk (1 m)k (1 + K) j
j!(1)k
(m + k)g
k=j


m2

(1)

m1 =0

m2
m1

m
m+K

(m1)

1
2


m1
m(1 + K)g
g k=1 k p exp
(m + k)g
1 1 2
b1
,

b0


(1 + K)g j
(m + k)g

m1
. . . , bm1
cp (; 1 , . . . , m1 )

(66)
(63)

where

By applying the multinomial identity, [F()] and henceforth

FgSC (g) can be deduced as
FgSC (g) =

1
H 


=0 1 =0 2 =0


m2

( 1)

m1 =0

1
H

m2

m
m +K

(m1)

m1

1
2


m1
m(1 +K)g 1 1 2
m1
g k=1 k exp
b0 b1
, ..., bm1
(m+ k)g
(64)

IET Commun., pp. 115

doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2014.0170

c0 (; 1 , . . . , m1 ) =

m(1 + K)
(m + K)g

(67)

and

c1 (; 1 , . . . , m1 ) =

m1


(68)

k=1

15

& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014