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Home Page Health Alternative Medicine STANDARDISATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL DRUG
FORMULATIONS

STANDARDISATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL DRUG

FORMULATIONS

Posted: Oct 8th, 2009 | Comments: 0 | Views: 1,162 |

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<h1>STANDARDISATION AND E
Lecturer at BN Girls college of P

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STANDARDISATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL DRUG FORMULATIONS

1Sunita Panchawat, 1Kamal Singh Rathore, 2Dr.S.S.Sisodia, 3Dr. R.K.Nema

1BN PG Girls College of Pharmacy, Udaipur-Raj.INDIA 313002

2BN PG College of Pharmacy, Udaipur

3Rishiraj College of Pharmacy, Udaipur

Email:kamalsrathore@yahoo.com

Mobile: +919887111211(Sunita P.); +919828325713(Kamal)

Herbal Drug Standardization and Evaluation:- In recent years, there has been great demand
for plant derived products in developed countries. These products are increasingly being sought
out as medicinal products, nutraceuticals and cosmetics. (1) There are around 6000 herbal
manufacturers in India. More than 4000 units are producing Ayurveda medicines. Due to lack of
infrastructures, skilled manpower reliable methods and stringent regulatory laws most of these
manufacturers produce their product on very tentative basis. (2)

In order to have a good coordination between the quality of raw materials, in process materials
and the final products, it has become essential to develop reliable, specific and sensitive quality
control methods using a combination of classical and modern instrumental method of analysis.
Standardization is an essential measurement for ensuring the quality control of the herbal drugs.
(3) “Standardization” expression is used to describe all measures, which are taken during the
manufacturing process and quality control leading to a reproducible quality. It also encompasses
the entire field of study from birth of a plant to its clinical application. It also means adjusting the
herbal drug preparation to a defined content of a constituent or a group of substances with known
therapeutic activity respectively by adding excipients or by mixing herbal drugs or herbal drug
preparations.(4) “Evaluation” of a drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its
quality and purity and detection of its nature of adulteration.(5)
 Standardization of herbal drugs is not an easy task as numerous factors influence the bio
efficacy and reproducible therapeutic effect. In order to obtain quality oriented herbal products,
care should be taken right from the proper identification of plants, season and area of collection
and their extraction and purification process and rationalizing the combination in case of
polyherbal drugs.(3)

The Standardization of crude drug materials includes the following steps:-

1. Authentication: - Each and every step has to be authenticated.

a) Stage of collection.

b) Parts of the plant collected.

c) Regional status.

d) Botanical identity like phytomorphology, microscopical and histological analysis

(characteristic of cell walls, cell contents, starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals, trichomes, fibers,
vessels etc).(6) Various histological parameter studies are:-

1. Leaf constant: - Palisade ratio, Vein islet number, Vein termination, Stomatal number, and
Stomatal index.
2. Trichomes.
3. Stomata.

4. Quantitative microscopy.

5. Taxonomical identity.

6. Foreign matter.
7. Organoleptic evaluation.
8. Ash values and extractive values.

9. Moisture content determination.

10. Chrometographic and spectroscopic evaluation.
11. Heavy metal determination.

12. Pesticide residue.

13. Microbial contamination.

14. Radioactive contamination.

The herbal formulation in general can be standardize schematically as to formulate the

medicament using raw materials collected from different localities and a comparative chemical
efficacy of different batches of formulation are to be observed. The preparations with better clinical
efficacy are to be selected. After all the routine physical, chemical and pharmacological parameters
are to be checked for all the batches to select the final finished product and to validate the whole
manufacturing process. (6)

The stability parameters for the herbal formulations which include physical, chemical and
microbiological parameters are as follow:
Physical parameters include color, odor, appearance, clarity, viscosity, moisture content, pH,
disintegration time, friability, hardness, flow ability, flocculation, sedimentation, settling rate and
ash values.

Chemical parameters include limit tests, chemical tests, chemical assays etc.

Chromatographic analysis of herbals can be done using TLC, HPLC, HPTLC, GC, UV, GC-MS,
fluorimetry etc.

Microbiological parameters include total viable content, total mold count, total enterobacterial
and their count. Limiters can be utilized as a quantitative or semi quantitative tool to ascertain and
control the amount of impurities like the reagents used during abstraction of various herbs,
impurities coming directly from the manufacturing vessels and from the solvents etc.

GUIDELINES FOR HERBAL DRUG STANDARDISATION

WHO Guidelines:-

The subject of herbal drug standardization is massively wide and deep. The guidelines set by WHO
can be summarized as follows:-

• Reference to the identity of the drug. Botanical evaluation- sensory characters, foreign
organic matter, microscopical, histological, histochemical evaluation, quantitative
measurements etc.
• Reference to the physicochemical character of the drug. Physical and chemical identity,
chromatographic fingerprints, ash values, extractive values, moisture content, volatile oil
and alkaloidal assays, quantitative estimation protocols etc.
• Reference to the pharmacological parameters, biological activity profiles, bitterness values,
hemolytic index, astringency, swelling factor, foaming index etc.
• Toxicity details- pesticide residues, heavy metals, microbial contamination like total viable
count, pathogens like E.coli, Salmonalla, P.aeroginosa, S. aureus, Enterobacteria etc.

• Microbial contamination.

• Radioactive contamination.

Modern herbal ayurvedic monographs

In the modern herbal ayurvedic monographs the standardization parameters are discussed in a
comprehensive way. According to the modern ayurvedic monograph the quality control protocols
include the following:

The synonyms, publication related to the plant, constituents present, analytical methods.

Descriptive evaluation: Description of the drug, phytomorphological, microscopical, organoleptic

evaluation, foreign matter etc.
WHO GUIDELINES MONOGRAPH TITLE (7)

Botanical: - Sensory evaluation, Foreign matter, Microscopy measurement.

Physicochemical TLC: - Ash, Extractable matter, Water content and volatile matter, Volatile oils.

Pharmacological: - Bitterness value, Haemolytic activity, Astringency, Sterling index, Foaming

index.

Toxicological: - Pesticide residue, Arsenic, Metals.

Microbial contamination: - Total viable count, Pathogens, Aflatoxins, Radioactive contamination.

STANDARDIZATION OF HERBAL DRUG/PRODUCTS

Commercial production of herbal medicines and their trade are fast growing sector of industry
today, due t6o increasing demand of medicinal plants; the supply line is adversely affected leading
to the adulteration and substitution for genuine drugs.

1. Fluorescence quenching:- When a plant extract is spotted on a fluorescent silica gel layer
and exposed to UV light, it appears as spot on a fluorescent background, thus causing quenching
and is directly proportional to concentration of the extract. Silica gel GF plate was used as an
adsorbent for fluorescence quenching. Solvents taken- hexane toluene, ether, ethyl acetate,
butanol, methanol and water.(8)

2. Use of fingerprinting and marker compounds for identification and standardization

of botanical drugs:- Chemical and chromatographic techniques may be used to aid in
identification of an herbal material or extract. Chromatographic technique such as HPLC, TLC, GC
and capillary electrophoresis and spectroscopic methods such as IR, NMR, and UV-may also be
used for fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting has been widely used in many species, e.g. DNA
fingerprinting of Panax species and their adulterants.(9) Marker compounds may be used to help
identify herbal materials, set specifications for raw materials, standardize botanical preparations
during all aspects of manufacturing processes and obtain stability profiles.(10)

3. Densitometric thin layer chromatographic determination of aescin in an herbal

medicinal product containing Asculum and Vitis dry extract:- A TLC method is developed to
analyze the total saponin content, also referred to as the aescin content, in an herbal medicinal
product containing two dry extract in capsules. After a purification step using C(18) solid phase
extraction, the samples are analyzed on a silica gel HPTLC plate with the upper layer of a mixture
of acetic acid/water/butanol(10/40/50v/v/v) as the mobile phase. Spots are visualized by spraying
with anisaldehyde reagent and heating the plate for 5-10 min.(100-105oc) and measured at a
wavelength of 535 nm.(11)

4. Determination of stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol and stigmastanol in oral dosage

forms using HPLC with evaporative light scattering detection: - A validated and repeatable
HPLC method with online evaporative light scattering was developed for the analysis of two
sterols, stegmasterol, beta-sitosterol and a stanol found to be common in many herbal
formulations and health care supplements. This method was used to assay commercially available
products formulated as oral dosage forms purported to contain African potato and associated
sterols and stanol. (12)

5. Elemental analysis of herbal preparations for traditional medicines by neutron

activation analysis with the kO standardization method: - Medicinal herb preparations
prescribed for specific treatment purposes were purchased from markets and were analysed by
instrumental neutron activation analysis with kO standardization. 500-700 mg of each sample was
palletized under a pressure of six tones and irradiated together with monitors for alpha and
neutron flux ratio determination for about 6h in a thermal flux of 2.29 x 10(12) n/cm2/s.(13)

6. Liquid chromatography UV-determination and liquid chromatography-atmospheric

pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric characterization of sitosterol and
stigmasterol in soyabean oil:- A narrow bore HPLC-UV method was developed for the analysis
of two of the more abundant naturally occurring phytosterols in vegetable oils: sitosterol and
stigmasterol. The method enabled detection of the compounds at a concentration of 0.42 µ/ml and
quantization at concentration of 0.52 and 0.54 µ/ml for sitosterol and stigmasterol, respectively.
(14)

7. Simultaneous determination of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and paeonol in traditional

Chinese medicinal preparations by capillary GC-FID: - A capillary GC method was established
for simultaneous determination of cinnamaldehyde(CNMD), eugenol(EL) and paeonol(PL) in two
traditional Chinese herbal medicinal preparations, Weitongding tablet (WTDT) and Guifu Dihuang
pill (GDHP). The assays were based on a programmed temperature GC in a 30 m x 0.53 mm
capillary column with nitrogen as carrier and FID detector. Good linearity were obtained over
ranges of 0.45-0.452 mg/l CNMD, 0.31-0.625 mg/l EL, and 0.30-610 mg/l PL, respectively. (15)

8. HPTLC fingerprinting of marketed formulation containing Shankhpushpi: - These are

the important Ayurveda formulations used for perinatal care of mother and child health.
Standardization of churnas was carried out by organoleptic study, phytochemical analysis;
qualitative organic and inorganic analysis, thin layer chromatography, UV- visible
spectrophotometer and HPLC fingerprint studies. Qualitative organic analysis of both the churnas
revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, phenols, tannins, glycosides, resins, saponins and
flavonoids.(16)

EVALUATION OF HERBAL DRUG/PRODUCTS

1. Biological parameter (bioassay):- It is well established that the biological potency of the
herbal constituents is due to not one but a mixture of bioactive plant constituents and the relative
properties of a single bioactive compound can vary from batch to batch while the biological activity
remains within the desirable limits. (1) Some of the examples are:_

a. Evaluation of adaptogenic activity profile of herbal preparation: - Adaptogens help

the body to come up with stress and enhance general health and performance. AVM is an herbal
formulation. Composition- Emblica officinalis, Withania somnifera, Asparagus racemosus, Ocimum
sanctum, Tribulus terrestris and Piper longum. AVM shows significant antistress,
immunomodulatory and anabolic activities in different animal models there by proving a promising
adaptogen. (17)
b. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of herbal products: - A new test method for
measuring the antioxidant power of herbal products, based on solid phase spectrophptometry
using tetrabenzo-b, f, j, n, l, 5, 9, 13- tetraazacy- clohexadecin- Cu (II) complex immobilized on
silica gel is proposed. The method represents an alternative to the mostly used scavenging
capacity assays. The method was approved in the analysis of the most popular herbal beverages
and drugs Echinacea determined spectrophotometrically.(18)

c. Evaluation of microbial contamination reduction on plants through technological

process of decoction and spray dry: - The technological process of raw material has many
stages, generally, adverse to microbial growth, but its complete elimination depends on the initial
and work condition utilized. The aim of this work was to verify the microbial contamination, such
as extractive solution (SE) and spray dried extract (PSA) with the purpose of evaluating the
decrease of contamination after the decoction and the spray dry. The microbiological analysis of
the products was performed by total plate count and MPN coliform. (19)

d. Evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging activity of selected medicinal plants used in

inflammatory diseases: - Four traditional medicinal plants, namely Ventilago madraspatana
Gaertn., Rubia cordifolia Linn., Lanatana camara Linn. And Morinda citrifolia Linn. Were selected
for a study on the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO), a key mediator in the phenomenon of
inflammation, signifying the presence of effective anti-inflammatory constituents therein. Plant
samples were extracted with different solvents for evaluation of their inhibitory activity on NO
produced in vitro from sodium nitroprusside, and in LPS- activated murine peritoneal
macrophages, ex-vivo.(20)

e. The lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity:- The reaction mixture contained mice liver
homogenate (0.2 ml, 10% w/v) in 0.15 KCl, KCl (0.1 ml, 150 µm), Tris buffer (0.4 ml, Ph 7.5) and
various concentration of test extracts. In vitro lipid peroxidation was initiated by addition of
Feso4.7H2O (0.1 ml, 10 µm). The reaction mixture was incubated at 37o for 1 h. After the
incubation period, reaction was terminated by addition of thiobarbituric acid (TBA-2 ml, 0.8%) and
by heating the contents for 15 min. for development of colored complex. The tubes were then
centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min. and cooled. The % inhibition of lipid peroxidation was
determined by comparing the results of test compound with those of control not treated with
extracts by monitoring the color intensity at 532 nm. Gallic acid was used as a positive control.
(21)

2. Evaluation of marketed polyherbal antidiabetic formulatios using biomarker

charantin: - Charantin is one of the phytoconstituents present in Momordica charantia. It is well
known to possess antihyperglycaemia, anticholesterol, immunosuppressive, antiulcerogenic,
antispermatogenic and androgenic activities. HPTLC method is fast, precise, sensitive and
reproducible with good recoveries for standardization of polyherbal formulations. The recovery
values of charantin were found to be about 98.89%. (2)

3. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of hair growth potential of Shoe flower: - The leaves
and flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis are used as promoters of hair growth and as an aid in healing
of ulcers. Petroleum ether extract of leaves and flowers of the plant was evaluated for the potential
growth in vivo and in vitro methods. In vivo, 1% extract of leaves and flowers in liquid was applied
topically over the shaved skin of albino rats and monitored and assessed for 30 days. The length of
hair and different cyclic phases of hair follicles, like anagen and telogen phases were determined at
different time periods. In vitro, the hair follicles from albino rat neonates were isolated and
cultured in DMEM supplemented with 0.01 mg/ml petroleum ether extract of leaves and flowers. It
is concluded that the leaf extract, when compared to flower extract, exhibits more potency on hair
growth. (22)

4. Clinical evaluation to assess the safety and efficacy of coded herbal medicine
“Dysmo-off” versus allopathic medicine “Diclofenac sodium” for the treatment of
primary dysmenorrhoea: - The clinical study on primary dysmenorrhoea to comparatively
examine the coded herbal drug formulation “Dysmo-off” with authentic allopathic medicine
“Diclofenac sodium”. A random controlled clinical trial was conducted. These evaluations were
based on verbal rating scale so as to ascertain the rate of analgesic effects on dysmenorrhoeic
pain. The patients were randomly allocated with the ratio of 1:2 for controlled treatment with
(NSAIDS) (n=40) received Diclofenac sodium tablets twice daily for 4 days (50 mg one day prior
to and three days after the menstruation), and test treatment with Dysmo-off (n=80) received
powdered Dysmo-off twice daily for 4 days (5 g one day prior to and three days after the
menstruation). Treatment lasted for 4 consecutive menstrual cycles. Haemoglobin, ESR and
ultrasound were measured at baseline during study. All subjects were clinically studied.(23)

5. Thermographic evaluation: - In the present study, the authors used thermography to

evaluate the effects of herbal formulations based on “Sho” scientifically. In the cases that were
suitable for Keishibukuryogan, the so called Keishibukuryogan Sho, a significant skin temperature
rise was observed in the upper half of the body after the intake of Keishibukuryogan. In a case
that was suitable for Hochuekkito, a marked elevation of skin temperature spread through the
upper trunk. It suggested that thermography is useful for an objective evaluation of Sho in Kampo
medicines, and for identification of the action site of the herbal formulation.(24)

6. Biochemical evaluation: - Most of the herbal drugs are a mixture of a number of

ingredients. Their cumulative effect increases the efficacy of the drug in curing the diseases. Muthu
Marunthu is an herbal formulation comprising of eight various plant ingredients, and has been
claimed to possess anticancer effect. It was observed that the growth rate in rats was normal and
there was no change in blood parameters such as glucose, urea, proteins, cholesterol and also in
the activities of pathophysiological enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gluconate
oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), alkaline and acid
phosphatase after Muthu Marunthu administration. The tumor weight was found to be reduced in
methylcholanthrene induced fibrosarcoma rats after Muthu Marunthu treatment. (25)

7. Evaluation of Kutaj-Ghanavati for alkaloidal principles:- Kutaj-Ghanavati is a reputed

Ayurvedic preparation used in dysentery and diarrhea. It contains water extract of Kurchi bark and
fine powder of aconite roots. It was evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively employing TLC and
titrimetric method. In TLC study no interference of Kurchi and Aconite alkaloids with one another
in their respective solvent systems. The formulation was found to contain all alkaloids of Kurchi
and Aconite. (26)

8. Organoleptic evaluation: - Organoleptic evaluation of food products plays an important

role in judging the censoring acceptability or rejection of food items in the market. Effect of
various treatments (blanching, pricking, and lye treatment), sugar concentration (50%, 60%,
70%) and storage on the color scores; flavor scores; texture scores of intermediate moisture
apricots. The overall acceptability of the products was significantly higher in 70% sugar syrup but
these scores decreased as the storage period advanced. (27)
CONCLUSION: - The subject of herbal drug standardization is massively wide and deep. There is
so much to know and so much seemingly contradictory theories on the subject of herbal medicines
and its relationship with human physiology and mental function.

For the purpose of research work on standardization of herbal formulations, a profound

knowledge of the important herbs found in India and widely used in Ayurvedic formulation is of
utmost importance.(6)

Even when the chemical composition of a plant extract is known, the pharmacologically active
moiety may not be. Environment, climate, and growth conditions influence composition, as does
the specific part of the plant and its maturity. Monographs detailing standardization of active
ingredients would improve the marketplace. Even if an herbal product is standardized to, for
example, 4% of a constituent, the remaining 96% of ingredients is not standardized and may
affect the product’s solubility, bioavailability, stability, efficacy and toxicity. Just as controlled trials
are necessary to establish safety and efficacy, manufacturing standards are required to ensure
product quality.(28)

Now a days newer and advanced methods are available for the standardization of herbal drugs
like fluorescence quenching, combination of chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods,
biological assays, use of biomarkers in fingerprinting etc. Bioassay can play an important role in
the standardization of herbal drugs and can also become an important quality control method as
well as for proper stability testing of the product.(4)

India can emerge as the major country and play the lead role in the production of standardized,
therapeutically effective ayurvedic formulation. India needs to explore the medicinally important
plants. This can be achieved only if the herbal products are evaluated and analyzed using
sophisticated modern techniques of standardization such as UV- visible, TLC, HPLC, HPTLC, GC-
MS, spectrofluorimetric and other methods.(6)

References

1. Sagar Bhanu P.S., Zafar R., Panwar R., “Herbal drug standardization”, The Indian
Pharmacist, vol. 4(35), May 2005, 2005, pp.19-22.
2. Patel P.M., Patel N.M., Goyal R.K., “Evaluation of marketed polyherbal antidiabetic
formulations uses biomarker charantin”, The Pharma Review, vol.4 (22), June 2006,
pp.113.
3. Patel P.M., Patel N.M., Goyal R.K., “Quality control of herbal products”, The Indian
Pharmacist, vol.5(45), March 2006, pp.26-30.
4. Bhutani K.K., “Herbal medicines an enigma and challenge to science and directions for new
initiatives”, Indian Journal of Natural Products, vol.19 (1), March 2003, pp.3-8.
5. Kokate C.K., Purohit A.P., Gokhale S.B., “Analytical pharmacognosy”, Pharmacognosy,
30th edition, Feb. 2005, pp.1,99.
6. Shrikumar S., Maheshwari U., Sughanti A., Ravi T.K., “WHO guidelines for herbal drug
standardization”, 2006.
7. Ansari S.H., “Standardization of crude drugs”, Essentials of Pharmacognosy, Ist edition,
2005-06, pp.14, 581.
8. Gokhale S.B., Surana S.J., “Fluorescence quenching as a tool for identification and quality
control of crude drugs”, Planta indica, vol 2 (3), July 2006, pp.47.
9. Shaw P.C., Pui-Hat Butt P., “Authentication of Panax species and their adulterants by
random primed polymerase chain reaction”, Planta Medica, vol. 61, 1995, pp.466-469.
10. Lazarowych N.J., Pekos P., “Use of fingerprinting and marker compounds for identification
and standardization of botanical drugs: Strategies for applying pharmaceutical HPLC
analysis to herbal products”, Drug Information Journal, Vol.32, 1998, pp.497-512.
11. Apers S., Naessens T., Pieters L., Vlietinck A., “Densitometric thin-layer chromatographic
determination of aescin in an herbal medicinal product containing Aesculus and Vitis dry
extract”, Jr. of Chromatographic Analysis, vol.1112(1-2), April 2006, pp.165-170.
12. Nair V.D., Kanfer I., Hoogmartens J., “Determination of stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol and
stigmastanol in oral dosage forms using HPLC with evaporative light scattering detection”,
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, vol. 41(3), June 2006, pp. 731-737.
13. Sarmani S.B., Abugassa I., Hamzah A., Yahya M.D., “Elemental analysis of herbal
preparations for traditional medicines by neutron activation analysis with the kO
standardization method”, Biological trace element research, 1999, pp. 365-376.
14. Careri M., Elviri L., Mangia A., “Liquid chromatography-UV determination and liquid
chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric
characterization of sitosterol and stigmasterol in soyabean oil”, Jr. of Chromatographic
Analysis, vol. 935(1-2), Nov.2001, pp.249-257.
15. Yu B.S., Lai S.G., Tan QL, “Simultaneous determination of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and
paeonol in traditional Chinese medicinal preparations by capillary GC-FID”, Chemical and
pharmaceutical bulletin, vol. 54(1), Jan 2006, pp. 114-116.
16. Santosh M.K., Shaila D., Sanjeeva Rao I., “Standardization study of dadimastaka and
pushyannga churnas”, Asian Jr. of Chemistry, vol. 16(34), 2004, pp. 1735-1741.
17. Azamathulla Shaik, Hule Amolkumar, “Evaluation of adaptogenic activity profile of herbal
preparation”, Indian Jr. of Experimental Biology, vol. 44, July 2006, pp.574-579.
18. Zaporozhets O.A., Lipkovska N.A., “A new test method for the evaluation of total
antioxidant activity of herbal products”, Jr. of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 52(1),
2004, pp.21-25.
19. De Souza T.P., Zulian Lionzo M.I., “Evaluation of microbial contamination reduction on
plants through technological process of decoction and spray dry”, Brazilian Jr. of
Pharmacognosy, vol. 16(1), 2006, pp.94-98.
20. Basu S., Hazra B., “Evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging activity of selected medicinal
plants used in inflammatory diseases”, Phytotherapy research, vol. 20(10), 2006, pp. 896-
900.
21. Shinde A.D., Bhise S.B., “Evaluation of wound healing activity of herbal drug combination
of Tridax Procumbens, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa and Apis mellifera”, Indian
Drugs, vol. 41(6), June 2004, pp.376-378.
22. Adhiraj N., Ravikumar T., Shanmugasundaram N., “In vivo and in vitro evaluation of hair
growth potential of Shoe flower”, Jr. of ethanopharmacology, vol. 88(2-3), 2003, pp. 235-
239.
23. Nazar H., Usmanghani K., “Clinical evaluation toi assess the safety and efficacy of coded
herbal medicine “Dysmo-off” versus allopathic medicine “Diclofenac sodium” for the
 treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea”, Jr. Herb Pharmacotherapy, vol. 6(1), 2006, pp.21-
39.
24. Inokawa M., Iguchi K., Kohda H., “Thermographic evaluation of the efficacy of Kampo
medicine”, Hiroshima Jr. Med Sci., vol. 55(1), March 2006, pp.1-8.
25. Palani V., Senthilkumaran R.K., “Biochemical evaluation in antitumour effect of Muthu
Marunthu on experimental fibrosarcoma in rats”, Jr. of Ethanopharmacology, vol. 65(3),
1999, pp.257-265.
26. Bhavasar G.C., Pundarikakshudu K., “Evaluation of Kutaj-Ghanvati for alkaloidal
principles”, Indian Jr. Natural Products, vol. 20(1), 2003, pp.33.
27. Sharma H.R., Verma P., “Organoleptic and chemical evaluation of osmotically processed
Apricot wholes and halves”, Natural Product Radiance, vol.5 (3), Sep-Oct 2006, pp.350-
356.
28. Boullata I.J., Nace M.A., “Safety issue with herbal medicine”, Pharmacotherapy, vol. 20(3),
2000, pp.257-269.

M.Pharm.(Pharmacognosy) Lecturer at BN Girls college of Pharmacy, Udaipur-INDIA

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Conventional & Alternative Veterinary Medical Care for Your Animals at

Kilshannagh Veterinary Clinic
By: Henry Funk | 13/01/2010
Founded in 2005 by Drs. Mark and Tina Aiken, Kilshannagh Veterinary Clinic provides
comprehensive conventional and alternative treatments for horses and small animals, and
considers it a priority to have a close relationship with our clients. The practice also offers onsite
equine boarding and rehabilitation services.

Chelation agents: EDTA serves it all

By: ricky | 13/01/2010
EDTA is said to be one of the finest chelation agents. Its applicability has found a profound use in
the world of food and its storage. It helps in stabilizing the stuff. The reactions that tend to lead
the spoilage of the food towards progress are retarded by this stabilizer.

Chelation therapy: detoxifying the body

By: ricky | 13/01/2010
In case you are suffering from metal poisoning, then the chelation therapy can help you throw out
these from the body. It captures the toxic metals from the body and chelates them in such a
manner that these are passed out of the excretion system of the body.

Chelation treatment, a term that heart patients must have heard about
By: ricky | 13/01/2010
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which the arteries undergo the process of hardening. The
cholesterols form a layer on the inner walls and faced of the arteries. These all walls are made up
of calcium which needs to be removed from there for the treatment.

Chelation: the process of forming complexes

By: ricky | 13/01/2010
Chelation is a process of formation of a bond between central element atoms with an organic
ligand. Then there is formed what we may call as a complex. The complex in all has a property
that it makes the central atom inert for almost all the normal elements.

Oral chelation intake: an easier way

By: ricky | 13/01/2010
Before telling what oral chelation intake is, we will first describe what chelation is. Chelation is
mixing up of a ligand around a central atom of an element to form a complex which in all is
attracted to metals.

Oral Chelation: the life saver

By: ricky | 13/01/2010
Annual rate of people suffering from the disease of atherosclerosis is increasing every year. This
makes the number of people admitted in the hospital higher every year. This process is easily
reversible. Not even this, the disease named as cardiovascular disease also lies on the same
ground.

When Should You Opt For Laser Hair Removal?

By: Gen Wright | 13/01/2010
Today, laser is the latest "in thing" in hair removal. Electrolysis is passe and painful, while the
other methods are non-permanent, therefore annoyingly repetitive.

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