CE3165 Structural Concrete Design

Ultimate limit states

- Bending with or without Axial

Load Professor Tan Kiang
g Hwee
Dept of Civil & Environmental Engineering

Structural Components

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Basic Structural Components &

Predominant Action Effects

Structural Component

Slabs cantilever, one-way action, two-way

action, flat slab, etc.

() ()

Beams cantilever, simply-supported,

continuous.

()

Columns braced,, unbraced,, short,, slender.

Walls essentially a vertical slab.

Base (footings) essentially an inverted

(
(cantilever)
til
) slab.
l b

(()) (())

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1. Behaviour in bending (Flexure)

w
L
w/unit length

SLS

steel
yielding
i ldi

cracking

ULS
3 -Inelastic,
cracked

BMD

1 - Elastic,
uncracked

2 - Elastic,
cracked

M = wL2 /8
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2 Design for bending

2.
Basic assumptions:
Plane sections remain plane
Linear strain distribution across a section

Perfect bond between concrete & reinft.

Same strain change in concrete and reinforcement at
the same location

Tensile strength of concrete is neglected

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Singly reinforced rect. section at ULS

b

0 85fck/1.5
0.85f
/1 5
0.0035
x

d
As
Section

0 85fck/1.5
0.85f
/1 5

0.416x
neutral
axis (n.a.) z

s
Strains

0.459
fckbx
b

0.453
fckkbx

0.4x 0.8x
z

Asf s
Forces
(parabola
(parabola
rectangular
stressblock)

Asf s
Forces
(rectangular
stressblock)

s > fyd /Es under-reinforced section

s = fyd /Es balanced section
s < fyd /Es over
over-reinforced
reinforced section
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Limiting values of x (neutral axis

depth) to ensure steel yielding at ULS:
b

n.a.

d
As

Section

s
0.0035

For steel with fyk = 500 MPa,

y = (0.87fyyk) / Es
= (0.87 x500)/(200,000)
= 0.00217

0.0035

To ensure yielding of tensile

steel,, s y
x d/(1+0.00217/0.0035)
= 0.617d

Strains

(d x )
d
x
s
x
1
0.0035

EC2: x 0.45d

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Design formulae
b

0.85fck/1.5
=0.567fck

0.0035
0.8x

x
d

z
As

Strains

Introduce

K
2

M
bd 2 f ck

C 0.453 f ck bx
b
M 0.453 f ck bx z

z d 0.4 x
M
zz

1.1341
2
bd f ck
d d

Forces

K
z z
0

d d 1.134
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C =
0.453
fckbx
T =
Asfs

Section

M Cz Tz

Solving,

z
0 .5
d
As

0.25 K / 1.134

M
M

f yd z 0.87 f yk z

Example 1
Determine the area of tension
reinforcement required in the
section to resist a ultimate design
moment of 185 kNm.
Characteristic material strengths:
fyk = 500 MPa, fck = 25 MPa
b =260

Solution:
K

M
185 106

bd 2 f ck 260 440 2 25

0.147

0.25 K / 1.134
4400.5 0.25 0.147 / 1.134

z d 0.5

d =440

373mm

M
185 106

As
0.87 f yk z 0.87 500 373
As

1140mm 2

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Maximum moment capacity of

singly-reinforced section
To ensure a ductile section,
section x is
limited to 0.45d
C = 0.453fckbx
= 0.453fckb(0.45d)
= 0.204f
0 204fckbd
z = d 0.4x
= d 0.4(0.45d)
= 0.82d

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Max moment capacity

Max.
M = C z = 0.204fckbd (0.82d)
= 0.167f
0 167fck bd2
Define

K'

M'
0.167
bd 2 f ck

If M > M (or K > K), then

compression
i
reinforcement
i f
iis
required.
10

Doubly
y reinforced rect. section at ULS
d'
x=
0.45d

As
d

As
d d

As

As-As

M-M

( K K ' ) f ck bd 2
As '
f s ' d d '

M Kf ck bd 2
M ' ( M M ' )
K ' f ck bd 2 K K ' f ck bd 2

As

fs : stress in
compression
steel

K ' f ck bd 2
As
As '
0.87 f yk (0.82d )

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11

The compression steel would have yielded if

s ' 0.0035

( x d ' ) f yk / s

x
Es

or

f /
d'
1 ykk s
x
0.0035Es

With x = 0.45d,
0 45d fyk = 500 MPa,
MP s = 1.15,
1 15 Es = 200 GPa
GP :
d'
0.00217
1
0.38
0.45d
0.0035

that is:
d'
0.171 f s ' 0.87 f yk
d
d'
0.171 f ' E ' 0.0035E ( x d ' )
s
s s
s
d
x
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s
s
12

Example 2
Determine the areas of
reinforcement required in the
section to resist a ultimate design
moment of 285 kNm.
Characteristic material strengths:
fyk = 500 MPa, fck = 25 MPa

Solution:
M
285 106
K 2

bd f ck 260 440 2 25
0.226 0.167
comp. steel is reqd.

d ' / d 50 / 440 0.11 0.171

comp. steel will yield
( K K ' ) f ck bd 2
As '
0.87 f yk d d '
(0.226 0.167)25 260 440 2
438mm 2

0.87 500440 50
K ' f ck bd 2
As
As '
0.87 f yk (0.82d )

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0.167 25 260 4402

438 1777mm 2
0.87 5000.82 440
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Flanged Sections
(i) Neutral axis in flange (hf 0.8x)
0 8x)
0.567fck
0 4x
0.4x
0.8x

C
z
T
Stressblock

Same as for rectangular section

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(ii) Neutral axis in web (hf < 0.8x)

0 8x)
0.567fck

0.8x

Cf
Cw

hf

z2

z1

Design using first principles; or

Design
D i
ffor conservative
ti condition
diti
off x = 0.45d
0 45d

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Example 3
Calculate the area
of reinforcement
required for the TT
section to resist an
g
ultimate design
moment of 180
kNm. Given: fyk =
500 MPa,
MP fck = 25
MPa

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16

0.0035

0.8x

hf

0.567fck
Cf
Cw

z2 z1

st

T
Strain

(a) Using first principles

Moment of resistance of flange,
Mf = 0.567fckbfhf(d hf/2)
= 170 kNm < MD = 180 kNm
n.a. in web.
Moment equilibrium:
MD = Cf z1 + Cw z2
180 = 170 + 0.567fckbw(0.8xhf)
[d (hf +0.8x)/2]
+0 8x)/2]

Solving,
x = 144 mm = 0.41d
Force equilibrium:
0.87fykAs = 0.567fck[bfhf+bw(0.8xhf)]
As = 1402 mm2

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(b) Alternate solution considering x = 0.45d

0 8x
0.8x

hf

0.567fck
C1 0.567 f ck bw (0.8 x )
C2
0.567 f ck bw (0.8 0.45d )
C1
0.2 f ck bwd
z1 z2
T

Moment about C2 :

As

C2 0.567 f ck h f b f bw

M T d h f / 2 C1 0.8 x h f / 2

0.87 f yk As d h f / 2 0.2 f ck bwd 0.8 0.45d h f / 2

M 0.1 f ck bw d 0.36d h f
0.87 f ykk d h f / 2

180 106 0.1 25 200 3500.36 350 100

1414mm 2

0.87 500350 100 / 2

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3 Moment Redistribution
3.
Note: Elastic moment at support
= 2x elastic moment at midspan
(for fixed-end beam under u.d.l.)

MP

MP

MA or MB
2 3 4
MP
MP/2

B
MP

1
2

Mc

MP/2
MP/4

The BMD at collapse can

be obtained from the
elastic BMD by linear
transformation.

MP

Me

C Me/2

3
2
1

= Mp / Me

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To ensure sufficient rotational capacity for

moment redistribution to occur (SS NA, UK NA)

xu
0.4
d

redistributed _ moment
elastic _ bending _ moment

xu
d
0.7(Class _ B & C _ reinft.)
0.8(Class _ A _ reinft.)

0. 4

Valid for fck 50 MPa

and fyk 500 MPa
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Redistribu
-tion (%)

Limiting
xu/d

15

0.85

0.45

20

0.8

0.40

25

0.75

0.35

30

0.7

0.30

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Doubly-reinforced rectangular sections:

K = M / (fckkbd2)
K = 0.167 (for redistribution 15%)
K =0.453(
=0 453( 0.4)
0 4) 0.182(
0 182( 0.4)
0 4)2 (for redist.
redist > 15%)
where = moment after re-distribution/moment
before re
re-distribution
distribution
When K > K :
z = d {0.5 + (0.25 K/1.134)} 0.95d
As = (K K)fckkbd2/[fs(d
(d d)]
As = Kfckbd2/(0.87fykz) + As

fs : stress in
compression
steel

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Design
g Chart - development
b
As

0.567fck

d'

0.0035
x

0.4x
0
4x0.8x

Asffs
0.453fckbx

z
As
Section

s
Strains

Asfs
Forces

As f s 0.453 f ck bx As ' f s '

M 0.453 f ck bx( x 0.4 x) As ' f s ' ( x d ' ) As f s (d x)

As f s
x A' f '
0.453 s s
bd f ck
d bd f ck

fs & fs are fyd & are

functions of x/d

A ' f ' x d' A f

M
x
x
0.453 (0.6) s s ( ) s s (1 )

2
bd f ck
bd f ck d d
bd f ck
d
d
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Design
g Chart

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4. Bending with Axial Load

b

As/2
c.g.c.

h/2

As/2
Section

0.567fck

d'=h d
n.a.

0.0035
x

s 0.4x 0.8x

(As/2) fs
0 453fckbx
0.453f
b

s
Strains

(As/2) fs
Forces

A
A
N 0.453 f ck bx
b s f s ' s f s
2
2
h
h
A
h
A
M 0.453 f ck bx 0.4 x s f s ' d ' s f s d
2
2
2
2
2
N
x 1 As
fs & fs are fyd & are
f s ' f s
0.453

bhf ck
h 2 bhf ck
functions of x/h

M
x1
x 1 As
f s ' f s d 1
0.453 0.4
2
bh f ck
h2
h 2 bhf ck
h 2

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Pure compression

Balanced failure

Pure
bending
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25

Design Chart

N//bhfck

Asfyk /bhfck

d/h =
0.15

M/bh2fck
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Example 4
Design the longitudinal reinforcement for a 300 mm
(b) by 500 mm (h) column section if N = 2700 kN, M
y-y).
y) Use fck = 30 MPa and fyk =
= 270 kNm ((about y
500 MPa, d/h = 0.15.
300

500

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Solution
Ref

Calculations

Output

N/bhfck = 2700x103/(300x500x30) = 0.6

M/bh2fck = 270x106/(300x5002x30) = 0.12
From design chart (d/h=0.15),
As = 0.45bhf
0 4 bhfck/fyk
= 0.45x300x500x30/(500)
= 4050 mm2.
Provide 4H32 + 2H25 bars (4199

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300
2H32
+1H25

mm2)

500
2H32
+1H25

28

Test Your Understanding

ULS in bending with/without
ith/ itho t axial
a ial force
1
1.

What are the four stages in the flexural response of a beam?

Ans:

2
2.

What are the three relations used in flexural analysis?

Ans:

3
3.

Ductility of a beam decreases with: (a) smaller x/d ratio; (b) larger
tensile steel strain s; (c) larger tensile steel ratio; or (d) lower
concrete grade.
Ans:

4.

A column can fail only under a particular combination of N and M?

True or False?
Ans:

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Further Reading
OBrien,

et al., Reinforced

and Prestressed Concrete

Design to EC2, Part III, Ch. 8 (Sect. 8.1, 8.2, 8.4-8.6) &
Ch 10 (Sect
Ch.
(Sect. 10
10.1,
1 10
10.3,
3 10
10.4).
4)
Mosley, B
Mosley
B., et al
al., Reinforced
Reinforced Concrete Design to
Eurocode 2, Chapters 4.

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