Fundamentals of
Thermodynamics
SOLUTION MANUAL
CHAPTER 15
8e
PROB NO.
a-j
1-13
14-23
24-31
32-39
40-60
61-70
71-81
82-84
44, 73
85-103
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
For a solid and liquid phase the density varies only slightly with
temperature and constant s is also nearly constant T. We thus expect the
derivative to be very high that is we need very large changes in P to give
small changes in density.
A gas is highly compressible so the formula reduces to Eq.15.28 which
gives modest values for the speed of sound.
Speed of sound:
15.c
Does speed of sound in an ideal gas depend on pressure? What about a real gas?
No. For an ideal gas the speed of sound is given by Eq.15.28
c = kRT
and is only a function of temperature T.
For a real gas we do not recover the simple expression above and there is a
dependency on P particularly in the dense gas region above the critical
point.
15.d
Can a convergent adiabatic nozzle produce a supersonic flow?
No. From Eq.15.33 and a nozzle so dP < 0 it is required to have dA > 0 to
reach M > 1. A convergent nozzle will have M = 1 at the exit, which is the
smallest area. For lower back pressures there may be a shock standing
outside the exit plane.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Low P
cb
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
V = M c = M kRT =
A
EA
Since we do not know the area versus length, we plot it versus mach number M.
T, P and relative to the stagnation state is listed in Table A.12 and given in
eqs.15.34-36. A small spread sheet (M step 0.1) did the calculations.
Only the first part 0 < M < 1 is the answer to this question.
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
T / To
/ o
P / Po
0.5
0.4
0.3
V/
0.2
0.1
2Cp To
0
0
Mach number
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
V = M c = M kRT =
Since we do not know the area versus length, we plot it versus mach number M.
T, P and relative to the stagnation state is listed in Table A.12 and given in
eqs.15.34-36.
Only the last part 1 < M < 2 is the answer to this question.
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
T / To
/ o
P / Po
0.5
0.4
0.3
V/
0.2
0.1
2Cp To
0
0
Mach number
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
and
k-1
To new = To rp k
( )
k+1
rp 2k
Po new / To new = ( )
[Po / To] > [Po / To]
So the mass flow rate increases
d. Expand. Lowers Po and To opposite effects. Assume
isentropic, then mass flow rate decreases.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Stagnation Properties
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
1 = 0 V21/2Cp
2002
(m/s)2
1 = 80oC 2000 1.004 J/kg-K = 60oC
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
T01 = 316.5oC,
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
T = 2767 K
The value for h1 from ideal gas table A.7 was estimated since the lowest T in the
table is 200 K.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Tstagn. = T1 +
Cp
EA
= 101.85 kPa
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
AE E
EA
1
2
cb
To the left a Pitot tube, blue inner tube measures stagnation pressure and yellow
outer tube with holes in it measures static pressure. To the right is a stagnation
point on a wall relative to the free stream flow at state 1.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
= 4 D2 = 0.001257 m2
D = 0.04 m
.
m 10 0.001002
Vavg =
= 0.001257 = 7.971 m/s
A
A
Now we can do the x and y direction momentum equations for steady flow
and the same magnitude of the velocity, but different directions
X-dir:
.
.
0 = m Vavg 1 + Fx m 0 + (P1 Po) A
Y-dir:
.
.
0 = m 0 + Fy m (Vavg 2) + (P2 Po) A
.
Fx = m Vavg 1 (P1 Po) A
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
.
m = AV;
= P/RT
75
.
m = (P/RT)AV = (
) 0.6 150 = 0.9395 0.6 150
0.287 278.15
E
ideal gas
= 84.555 kg/s
.
Fnet = m (Vex- Vin) = 84.555 (450 - 150) = 25 367 N
E
Inlet
High P
Low P exit
cb
Fnet
The shaft must have axial load bearings to transmit thrust to aircraft.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Eq.15.21: vP = 0.5 V2
P = 0.5 V2/v = 0.5 202 / 0.001
= 200 000 Pa = 200 kPa
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
1 = 4 D2 = 0.7854 m2;
E
2 = 4 D2 = 0.1257 m2
RT 0.287 293.15
v1 = P =
= 0.8409 m3/kg; v2 = 3.444 m3/kg
100
E
0.7854 25
.
m = AV/v = 1V1/v1 =
= 48.0 kg/s
0.8409
E
.
mv2 48.0 3.444
V2 = A = 0.1257 = 1315 m/s
2
A
Now we can do the x direction momentum equation for steady flow and the same
mass flow rate in and out
.
.
0 = m V1 + Fx + (P1 Po) A1 m V2 (P2 Po) A2
E
X-dir:
.
.
Fx = m V1 (P1 Po) A1 + m V2 + (P2 Po) A2
E
.
= m (V2 V1) 0 + 0 = 48 (1315 25) = 61 920 N
E
Inlet
High P
Low P exit
cb
Fnet
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
AE
EA
EA
2
Vex
/2 = vP = 1.373 kJ/kg
A
AE
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Pex = Pin +
2
Vex
/2v
A
AE
AE
.
F = mVex = 1 100 = 100 N
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
= 753 kPa
v
1000 0.001002
Bernoulli:
V24/2 = v(P3 P4)
Bernoulli:
AE E
AE
AE E
V4 =
2v(P3 - P4) =
A
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
A
E
V2e/2 = gZi
A
AE
EA
EA
.
m = AVe = AVe/v = m/t
E
t =
t = mv/AVe = V/AVe
A
1
= 571.6 sec = 9.53 min
1.77 10-4 9.9
EA
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
EA
c30 =
A
EA
c0 =
A
EA
c30 =
A
EA
EA
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Ve Vi =
A
2v (Pi - Pe)
Vi + Ve
A
.
Rx = m (Ve Vi) + (Pe Po)Ae (Pi Po)Ai
E
Rx =
A
2
[P A V PeAeVe + 12(Pe Po)AeVe 12(Pi Po)AiVi
Vi + Ve i i i
=
A
A
E
2
[ 1(P Po)Ai(Vi Ve) + 12(Pe Po)Ae(Vi Ve)]
Vi + Ve 2 i
=
A
A
E
Vi Ve
[ (Pi Po)Ai + (Pe Po)Ae]
Vi + Ve
=
A
A
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Eq.15.25:
P
P
)
=
(
)
s
s
A
s = 6.5407 kJ/kg K
7000 - 5000
c2 = 23.777 - 18.2909 = 364.56 1000
c = 603.8 m/s
1338.56 - 1235.3
= 2.0652 kJ/kg K
50
A
EA
EA
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
c2 =
CATT3:
6.2 - 5.8
c2 = -(0.04739)2 0.0462 - 0.04866
=>
c = 604 m/s
E
(
A
) MJ
kg = 0.36517 10
A
m2/s2
E
1338.56 - 1235.3
= 2.0652 kJ/kg K
50
A
EA
EA
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
EA
EA
For every 3
seconds after the
lightning the
sound travels
about 1 km.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
P
(P
)
= v ( )s
s
c2 =
CATT3:
2.6 - 2.4
c2 = (0.02291)2 0.02221 - 0.02365
=>
c = 270 m/s
E
) MJ
kg = 7.8983 10
m2/s2
E
R = 0.1889 kJ/kg K
EA
EA
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
R = 0.287 kJ/kg K
EA
EA
V = 1000 km/h = 1000 (km/h) 1000 (m/km) /3600 (s/h)= 278 m/s
M = V / c = 278/306 = 0.908
h0 = h1 + V12/2
A
AE
T0 = T1 + V12 / 2Cp = 40 +
A
AE
2782
= -1.5oC
2 1004
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Bernoulli Eq.:
AE
P = V12/2v =
A
AE
1502
= 11.25 106 Pa = 11.25 MPa
2 0.001
E
AE
1502
= 27.7oC
2 4180
E
Remark: Notice the very high pressure. To get a higher velocity you need a higher
pressure to accelerate the fluid, that is not feasible for any large flow rate.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
V2i / 2 + hi = V2e / 2 + he ;
Energy Eq.:
AE
AE E
AE E
AE E
EA
0.2464
Te = Ti (Pe/Pi)
A
= 573.15 (1600/1800)
A
= 556.76 K
AE
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
P*
2 k
k-1
=
(
Po k+1) = 0.528
A
AE
Find Po:
h0 = h1 + V21/2 = 1046.22 + 1002/2000 = 1051.22 kJ/kg
E
AE E
T* = 0.8333 To = 836.97 K
E
P*
93.83
3
* = 0.287 836.97 = 0.3906 kg/m
RT
* =
EA
V=c=
EA
AE
kRT* =
A
AE A
.
m = AV = 0.3906 0.1 579.9 = 22.65 kg/s
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
M = 0.348 ;
E
2 -2.5
PE/Po = [1 + 0.3333*0.348 ]
E
= 0.9058
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
AE
4.058
= 1800.765 kPa
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
h1 = 261.48 kJ/kg,
ho1 = 261.48 + 277.82/2000 = 300.07 kJ/kg
E
To1 = 299.7 K,
Po1 = P1 (To1/T1)k/(k-1) = 40 (299.7/261.15)3.5 = 64.766 kPa
E
T2 = 294.7 K,
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
2.4/0.8
EA
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
2.4/0.8
EA
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Mi = 0.3:
AE/A* = 2
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
AE E
Ve = 252.3 m/s;
0.01 252.3
.
m = AVe / ve = 0.7413 = 3.4 kg/s
E
AE E
=>
.
m = AVe / vi = 0.01 235 / 0.55487 = 4.23 kg/s
E
.
m incompressible 4.23
= 3.4 = 1.25
.
mcompressible
A
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Mi = 0.3:
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
ME = 0.268
EA
.
m = AEVE/vE = 0.003 m2 130.6 (m/s)/0.0893 m3/kg = 4.387 kg/s
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
so the initial flow is choked with the maximum possible flow rate.
ME = 1 ; PE = 0.5283 1000 = 528.3 kPa
TE = T* = 0.8333 560 K = 466.7 K
E
VE = c =
A
EA
EA
.
m1 = AVE/vE = 2105 m2 433 (m/s)/0.2535 m3/kg = 0.0342 kg/s
E
The pressure ratio is still less than critical and the flow thus choked.
PB/Po2 = 100/378.9 = 0.264 < (P*/Po)crit
E
VE = c =
A
EA
210-5(377)(200.2)
.
m2 = AVEPE/RTE =
= 0.0149 kg/s
0.287(353.7)
E
We could also have found the two mass flow rates from Eq. 15.42 without
finding the exit plane conditions.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
EA
k
1.400
1.409
1.289
a)
b)
c)
T*
416.7
415.1
436.9
E
P*
264.1
263.4
273.9
E
c
448.2
1704.5
348.9
*
2.209
0.154
3.318
.
m
1.944
0.515
2.273
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
2 k
P* = Po k+1k-1
Velocity
Area
Density
2.0 MPa
0.2 MPa
EA
EA
.
A* = mv*/c* = 5 0.1359/448.2 = 0.00152 m2
E
EA
We used the column in Table A.12 with mach no. based on throat speed of sound.
V2 = 1.701 448.2 = 762.4 m/s
T2 = To (T2/To) = 600 0.5176 = 310.56 K
v2 = RT2/P2 = 0.287 kJ/kg-K 310.56 K/200 kPa = 0.4456 m3/kg
E
.
A2 = mv2/V2 = 5 kg/s 0.4456 (m3/kg) / 762.4 m/s = 0.00292 m2
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
2.4/0.8
EA
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
AE
2.5
= 502.41 kPa
2.5
P* = Po k + 1
= 502.41 1.667 + 1 = 244.7 kPa
2
2
T* = To
= 500.963
= 375.7 K
k+1
1.667 + 1
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
PE = PB = 100 kPa ; ME = 1
TE = 0.8333 348 = 290 K ; VE =
210-5(341.4)(100)
.
m3 = AVEPE/RTE =
= 0.0082 kg/s
0.287(290)
E
AIR
P
e
cb
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.58
A given convergent nozzle operates so it is choked with stagnation inlet flow
properties of 400 kPa, 400 K. To increase the flow, a reversible adiabatic
compressor is added before the nozzle to increase the stagnation flow pressure to
500 kPa. What happens to the flow rate?
Since the nozzle is choked the mass flow rate is given by Eq.15.42. The
compressor changes the stagnation pressure and temperature.
k-1
Isentropic: Po new = Po rp
and
To new = To (rp) k
A
AE
k+1
( p)
400
AE
AE
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
so the initial flow is choked with the maximum possible flow rate given in
Eq.15.42
k + 1 (k+1)/2(k1)
.
m = A* Po k/RTo [ 2 ]
E
2.4/0.8
EA
The flow is choked and the mass flow rate is similar to the previously stated
one but with half the stagnation pressure (same stagnation temperature):
.
m2 = A* Po
E
k/RTo [
k + 1 (k+1)/2(k1) .
]
= m1 / 2 = 0.017 kg/s
2
E
AIR
P
e
cb
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
VE = c =
A
EA
210-5(433)(100)
.
m3 = AVEPE/RTE = 0.287(466.7) = 0.00646 kg/s
E
Flow is critical so we could have used Eq.15.42 with Po = 189.3 kPa, To = 560 K
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Normal Shocks
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
EA
.
A2 = mv2 / V2 = 25 3.3453/556 = 0.1504 m2
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
EA
.
A2 = mv2 / V2 = 25 3.157/529 = 0.149 m2
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
AE/A* = (DE/D*) = 4
E
For case c:
PE = 492.5 kPa
Actual case:
Assume Mx = 2.4
For case d:
My = 0.5231 ;
Ax/A*x = 2.4031 ;
A
EA
PE = 14.9 kPa
Poy/Pox = 0.54015
Ax/Ay* = 1.298
A
EA
EA
EA
ME = 0.2807 ;
EA
EA
PE/Poy = 0.94675
PE = 233.8 kPa
Mx = 2.41
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
My = 0.5529 ;
Py/Px = 5.275
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.65
A normal shock in air has upstream total pressure of 500 kPa, stagnation
temperature of 500 K and Mx = 1.4. Find the downstream stagnation pressure.
From the normal shock relations in Section 15.8 found in Table A.13 we get
Mx = 1.4:
Po y/Po x = 0.95819
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
2.4/0.8
EA
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Mx = 1.2 has
EA
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Px o = Po, Tx o = To,
As we do not have a Table 12 made for helium ( k = 5/3 = 1.667) we need to use
the formulas. The area to M relation is given in Eq.15.43 so
2
2 2
2 2
A /A* = 1.75 = (1/Mx) [k + 1(1 + (1/3)Mx)] = [3 + Mx ] /16 Mx
E
There are two solutions and we need the one with Mx > 1, see fig 15.10 we should
expect a solution around Mx = 2. With trial and error on
2
3 + Mx =
Mx = 2.2033 My =
A
The temperature ratio from Eq. 15.49 and the Tx from Eq. 15.34:
2
Ty = Tx
Tx o
1 + 0.5(k-1) Mx
E
2=
+ 0.5(k-1) My
A
2
+ 0.5(k-1) My
375
= 337.1
1 + 0.3330.3375
A
K
Vy = My cy = My
kRTy = 0.3375
A
EA
Mx My
A*
AE
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
ME = Mx = 2.042,
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
EA
.
ms = AVe,s/ve,s = 0.005 448.55/0.5932 = 3.781 kg/s
E
.
.
ma = CDms = 0.94 3.781 = 3.554 kg/s
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
AE
To1 - T1
k - 1 Po2 - P2
= k
P2
To2 - T2
k-1 Po1 - P1
= k
P1
T1
T2
AE
ex
ex
Ts - T1
279.3 - 267.15
D = T - T = 287.1 - 267.15 = 0.608
o1
1
A
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
h1 = 261.48 kJ/kg,
ho1 = 261.48 + 277.82/2000 = 300.07 kJ/kg
E
To1 = 299.7 K,
h
01
02
3
3.5
= 40 (291.9/261.15)
A
2
1
= 59.06 kPa
T2 = 294.7 K,
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
.
.
mi = me
E
Ve s =
A
AE
.
m = CD AV/v = 0.62 (/4) (0.025)2 133.1 / 0.6364 = 0.06365 kg/s
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
EA
EA
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
h2 + V22/2 = h1 T2 = T1 - V22/2Cp
A
AE E
AE E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
EA
.
A2 = mv2/V2 = 10 kg/s 1.1062 m3/kg /(862 m/s) = 0.01283 m2
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
EA
he = ho1 -
V2e/2
A
AE
.
Ae = mve/Ve = 0.3507 1.395/800 = 6.115 10-4 m2
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
P0 = 101 kPa
Assume inlet Vi = 0
Pe k-1
96.097
Te = T0 (P ) k = 293.15 ( 101 )0.2857 = 289.01
E
AE E
AE
AE
Ve 2ac/2
A
Te ac = Ti -
AE
Cp
A
Pe
e ac = RT =
p
Ve ac = 88.85 m/s
3.9468
= 293.15 - 1.0035 = 289.2 K
A
96.097
= 1.158 kg/m3
0.287 289.2
A
.
m = AV = 1.158 kg/m3 4 0.022 m2 88.85 m/s = 0.0323 kg/s
E
AE E
AE
AE
Ve ac = 88.09 m/s
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Vi = VeAevi/Aive = 0.1536 Ve
(V2e - V2i )/2 = V2e(1 - 0.15362)/2 = hi - he = CpT
E
AE
Ve =
AE
AE
EA
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
EA
.
ms = AVe,s/vi = 2000 10-6 65.41/0.8557 = 0.153 kg/s
E
.
.
ma = CDms = 0.1454 kg/s
E
Compressible flow:
Te,s = Ti (Pe/Pi)(k-1)/k = 298.15(97.5/100)0.2857 = 296 K
E
EA
.
ms = AVe,s/ve,s = 2000 10-6 65.69/0.8713 = 0.1508 kg/s
E
.
.
ma = CDms = 0.1433 kg/s
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Review Problems
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
.
.
mso1 = mso,ex Pr,o,ex = Pr,o1
E
.
.
Wc = m(ho,ex - ho1) = 1(465.38 - 209.45) = 255.9 kW
E
2
Pex = Po,ex(Tex/To,ex)k/(k-1)
Tex = To,ex - Vex
/2Cp
.
m = 1 kg/s = (AV)ex = PexAVex/RTex
E
AE
.
Now select 1 unknown amongst Pex, Tex, Vex and write the continuity eq. m
A
2Cp(To,ex - Tex)
.
m = 1 kg/s = Po,ex(Tex/To,ex)k/k-1A 2Cp(To,ex - Tex)/RTex
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Since a shock is present we must have choked flow with M* = 1, then the mass
flow rate is maximum and follows Eq.15.42
k + 1 (k+1)/2(k1)
.
m/A* = Po k/RTo [
]
2
E
2.4/0.8
EA
.
m = A* 3929.72 kg/sm2 = 5 kg/s
E
Assume Mx = 2 then
Table A.13:
From A.12,
Mx = 2:
AE E
AE
My = 0.57735:
AE E
AE E
AE E
AE E
AE E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
EA
AE/Ay* = (AE/Ax*)(Ax/Ay*)/(Ax/A*x) =
A
EA
EA
EA
EA
1.6062(1.1694)
= 1.3053
1.439
A
EA
AE/Ay* = (AE/Ax*)(Ax/Ay*)/(Ax/A*x) =
A
EA
EA
EA
EA
1.6062(1.1446)
= 1.3744
1.3376
A
EA
EA
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
h
01
02
3
2
Pr2 = 1.0462
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Borgnakke Sonntag
Fundamentals of
Thermodynamics
SOLUTION MANUAL
CHAPTER 15
English Units
8e
CHAPTER 15
CONTENT CHAPTER 15
SUBSECTION
PROB NO.
Stagnation properties
Momentum Equation and Forces
Velocity of Sound
Reversible Flow Through a Nozzle
Normal Shocks
Nozzles, Diffusers and Orifices
85-87
88-89
90
91-99
100
101-103
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Stagnation properties
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.85E
Steam leaves a nozzle with a velocity of 800 ft/s. The stagnation pressure is 100
lbf/in2, and the stagnation temperature is 500 F. What is the static pressure and
temperature?
8002
Btu
h1 = ho1 - V21/2 = 1279.1 = 1266.3 lbm
2 32.174 778
Recall conversion 1 Btu/lbm = 25 037 ft2/s2 (= 32.174 778.1693)
Assume isentropic flow
s1 = s0 = 1.7085 Btu/lbm R
(h, s) Computer table P1 = 88 lbf/in.2, T = 466 F
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.86E
Air leaves the compressor of a jet engine at a temperature of 300 F, a pressure of
45 lbf/in2, and a velocity of 400 ft/s. Determine the isentropic stagnation
temperature and pressure.
ho1 - h1 = V21/2 = 4002/(2 32.174 778) = 3.2 Btu/lbm
Recall conversion 1 Btu/lbm = 25 037 ft2/s2 (= 32.174 778.1693)
To1 - T - 1 = (ho1 - h1)/Cp = 3.2/0.24 = 13.3
To1 = T + T = 300 + 13.3 = 313.3 F = 773 R
k
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.87E
A meteorite melts and burn up at temperatures of 5400 R. If it hits air at 0.75
lbf/in.2, 90 R how high a velocity should it have to reach such temperature?
Assume we have a stagnation T = 5400 R
h1 + V21/2 = hstagn.
Extrapolating from table F.5,
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.88E
A jet engine receives a flow of 500 ft/s air at 10 lbf/in.2, 40 F inlet area of 7 ft2
with an exit at 1500 ft/s, 10 lbf/in.2, 1400 R. Find the mass flow rate and thrust.
.
m = AV;
ideal gas
.
m = (P/RT)A V =
= P/RT
= 189.1 lbm/s
189.1 lbm/s (1500 - 500) ft/s
.
Fnet = m (Vex - Vin) =
= 5877 lbf
32.174 lbm-ft/s2-lbf
Inlet
High P
Low P exit
cb
Fnet
The shaft must have axial load bearings to transmit thrust to aircraft.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.89E
A water turbine using nozzles is located at the bottom of Hoover Dam 575 ft
below the surface of Lake Mead. The water enters the nozzles at a stagnation
pressure corresponding to the column of water above it minus 20% due to friction.
The temperature is 60 F and the water leaves at standard atmospheric pressure. If
the flow through the nozzle is reversible and adiabatic, determine the velocity and
kinetic energy per kilogram of water leaving the nozzle.
32.174 575
= 249 lbf/in.2
0.016035 144 32.174
Pac = 0.8P = 199.2 lbf/in.2 and Bernoulli
vP = Vex2/2
P = gZ = g(Z/v) =
Vex =
2v P =
2g Z =
2
/2 = vP = gZ = 575/778 = 0.739 Btu/lbm
Vex
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Velocity of Sound
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.90E
Find the speed of sound for air at 15 lbf/in.2, at the two temperatures of 32 F and
90 F. Repeat the answer for carbon dioxide and argon gases.
We assume all gases can be treated as ideal gas behavior
From eq. 15.28 we have
c32 = kRT =
= 1087 ft/s
c90 =
c90 =
c90 =
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.91E
A jet flies at an altitude of 40 000 ft where the air is at -40 F, 6.5 psia with a
velocity of 625 mi/h. Find the Mach number and the stagnation temperature on the
nose.
From Table F.4: k = Cp/Cv = 1.4;
R = 53.34 ft-lbf/lbm-R
= 1004 ft/s
V = 625 mi/h = 625 (mi/h) 1.46667 (ft/s) / (mi/h) = 917 ft/s
M = V / c = 917/1004 = 0.913
h0 = h1 + V21/2
9172
= 29.97 F
2 0.24 25037
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.92E
Steam flowing at 50 ft/s 200 psia, 600 F expands to 150 psia in a converging
nozzle. Find the exit velocity and area ratio Ae / Ai.
Solve the problem with the steam tables.
Inlet state: vi = 3.058 ft3/lbm, hi = 1322.05 Btu/lbm, si = 1.6767 Btu/lbm-R
Exit state: (Pe,se = si) ve = 3.8185 ft3/lbm, he = 1290.69 Btu/lbm
Energy Eq.:
Ve =
V2i / 2 + hi = V2e / 2 + he ;
Te = Ti (Pe/Pi)
0.2464
= 1059.7 (150/200)
= 987.2 R
1/k
50
2000.7536
1274.9
Ae/Ai = (ve/vi)(Vi/Ve) = (Pi/Pe) (Vi/Ve) = 150
= 0.0487
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.93E
A convergent nozzle has a minimum area of 1 ft2 and receives air at 25 lbf/in.2,
1800 R flowing with 330 ft/s. What is the back pressure that will produce the
maximum flow rate and find that flow rate?
P*
2 k
k-1
=
(
Po k+1) = 0.528
h0 = h1 + V21/2
A
AE
3302/2
T0 = 1800 +
= 1807.97 => T* = 0.8333 To = 1506.6 R
25 037 0.273
Recall conversion 1 Btu/lbm = 25 037 ft2/s2 (= 32.174 778.1693)
A
EA
P*
13.406 144
3
=
* = 53.34 1506.6 = 0.024 lbm/ft
RT
*
EA
V=c=
EA
AE
kRT* =
A
AE
.
m = AV = 0.024 1 1902.6 = 45.66 lbm/s
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.94E
A jet plane travels through the air with a speed of 600 mi/h at an altitude of
20000 ft, where the pressure is 5.75 lbf/in.2 and the temperature is 25 F. Consider
the diffuser of the engine where air leaves at with a velocity of 300 ft/s. Determine
the pressure and temperature leaving the diffuser, and the ratio of inlet to exit area
of the diffuser, assuming the flow to be reversible and adiabatic.
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.95E
An air flow at 90 psia, 1100 R, M = 0.3 flows into a convergent-divergent nozzle
with M = 1 at the throat. Assume a reversible flow with an exit area twice the
throat area and find the exit pressure and temperature for subsonic exit flow to
exist.
To find these properties we need the stagnation properties from the inlet state
From Table A.12:
Mi = 0.3:
AE/A* = 2
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.96E
Air is expanded in a nozzle from 300 lbf/in.2, 1100 R to 30 lbf/in.2. The mass
flow rate through the nozzle is 10 lbm/s. Assume the flow is reversible and
adiabatic and determine the throat and exit areas for the nozzle.
E
Mach #
2 k
P* = Po k+1k-1
Velocity
Area
Density
300 psia
30 psia
kRT* =
EA
.
A* = mv*/c* = 10 2.1421/1484 = 0.0144 ft2
P2/Po = 30/300 = 0.1 Table A.11 M2* = 1.701 = V2/c*
E
AE E
We used the column in Table A.12 with mach no. based on throat speed of sound.
V2 = 1.701 1484 = 2524 ft/s
T2 = 916.6 0.5176 = 474.4 R
v2 = RT2/P2 = 53.34 474.4/(30 144) = 5.8579 ft3/lbm
E
.
A2 = mv2/V2 = 10 5.8579 / 2524 = 0.0232 ft2
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.97E
A 50-ft3 uninsulated tank contains air at 150 lbf/in.2, 1000 R. The tank is now
discharged through a small convergent nozzle to the atmosphere at 14.7 lbf/in.2
while heat transfer from some source keeps the air temperature in the tank at 1000
R. The nozzle has an exit area of 2 104 ft2.
a. Find the initial mass flow rate out of the tank.
b. Find the mass flow rate when half the mass has been discharged.
c. Find the mass of air in the tank and the mass flow rate out of the tank
when the nozzle flow changes to become subsonic.
E
AIR
P
e
cb
VE = c =
A
kRT* =
EA
EA
.
Mass flow rate is : m1 = AVE/vE = 2 10-4 1415/3.895 = 0.0727 lbm/s
E
P2 = P1/2 = 75 lbf/in.2 ;
T2 = T1
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.98E
A flow of helium flows at 75 psia, 900 R with 330 ft/s into a convergent-divergent
nozzle. Find the throat pressure and temperature for reversible flow and M = 1 at
the throat.
We need to find the stagnation properties first ( k = 1.667 )
T0 = T1 + V21/2Cp = 900 + 3302/(2 25037 1.24) = 901.754 R
E
AE
2.5
P0 = P1 (T0/T1)k/(k-1) = 75 (901.754/900)
= 75.366 psia
2.5
P* = P0 k + 1
= 75.366 1.667 + 1 = 36.7 psia
2
2
T* = T0 k + 1 = 901.754 1.667 + 1 = 676.2 R
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.99E
The products of combustion enter a nozzle of a jet engine at a total pressure of 18
lbf/in.2, and a total temperature of 1200 F. The atmospheric pressure is 6.75
lbf/in.2. The nozzle is convergent, and the mass flow rate is 50 lbm/s. Assume the
flow is adiabatic. Determine the exit area of the nozzle.
E
V2 = c2 = kRT =
A
EA
.
A2 = m v2/ V2 = 50 53.9/1822 = 1.479 ft2
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.100E
A normal shock in air has upstream total pressure of 75 psia, stagnation
temperature of 900 R and Mx = 1.4. Find the downstream stagnation pressure.
From the normal shock relations in Section 15.8 found in Table A.13 we get
Mx = 1.4:
Po y/Po x = 0.95819
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.101E
Air enters a diffuser with a velocity of 600 ft/s, a static pressure of 10 lbf/in.2, and
a temperature of 20 F. The velocity leaving the diffuser is 200 ft/s and the static
pressure at the diffuser exit is 11.7 lbf/in.2. Determine the static temperature at the
diffuser exit and the diffuser efficiency. Compare the stagnation pressures at the
inlet and the exit.
V21
To1 = T1 + 2g C = 480 + 6002/(2 25 037 0.24) = 510 R
E
AE
c p
To2 = To1
To1 - T1
T1
To2 - T2
T2
AE
k-1 Po1 - P1
Po1 - P1 = 2.1875 Po1 = 12.2 lbf/in.2
P1
k
A
k-1 Po2 - P2
= k
P2
A
Tex,s - T1
505.3 - 480
D = T - T = 51 - 480 = 0.844
o1
1
A
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.102E
Repeat Problem 15.94 assuming a diffuser efficiency of 80%.
h
01
02
1
s
T2 = 542 R,
=>
v2 =
53.34 542
= 25.66 ft3/lbm
7.824 144
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
15.103E
A convergent nozzle with exit diameter of 1 in. has an air inlet flow of 68 F, 14.7
lbf/in.2 (stagnation conditions). The nozzle has an isentropic efficiency of 95%
and the pressure drop is measured to 20 in. water column. Find the mass flow rate
assuming compressible adiabatic flow. Repeat calculation for incompressible
flow.
E
Convert P to lbf/in2
E
T0 = 68 F = 527.7 R
P0 = 14.7 lbf/in2
Assume inlet Vi = 0
Pe k-1
13.977
Te = T0 (P ) k = 527.7 ( 14.7 )0.2857 = 520.15 R
E
AE
AE
Ve ac =
AE
EA
Ve 2ac/2
A
Te ac = Ti -
= 527.7 E
1.7214
= 520.53 R
0.24
Cp
A
Pe
e ac = RT
AE
13.977 144
= 0.07249 lbm/ft3
53.34 520.53
=
A
e ac
1
m = AV = 0.07249 ( )2 293.6 = 0.116 lbm/s
4 12
P0
14.7 144
Incompressible:
i = RT =
= 0.0752 lbm/ft3
53.34
527.7
0
E
AE
P 0.7226 144
=
= 1.7785 Btu/lbm
i 0.0752 778
A
AE
Ve ac =
A
AE
1
m = AV = 0.0752 4 (12)2 290.84 = 0.119 lbm/s
E
Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for
testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which this textbook has been
adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108
of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.