MASTER LABORATORY MANUAL

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
AND SIMULATION
B-Tech. II Year. I Semester

DEPARTEMENT
OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEPT: ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS & SIMULATION - LAB

INDEX

Name of the Experiment

S.No

Page
No

CYCLE-I
1

SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE

02-05

TWO PORT NETWORK PARAMETERS Z-Y - PARAMETERS

06-10

TWO PORT NETWORK PARAMETERS ABCD AND H - PARAMETERS

11-16

VERIFICATION OF SUPER POSITION THEOREM

17-20

VERIFICATION OF MILLIMANSS & RECIPROCITY THEOREM

21-28

VERIFICATION OF THEVENINS THEOREM, NORTONS THEOREM

&MAXIMUM POWER THEOREM

29-40

VERIFICATION OF COMPENSATION THEOREM

41-43

DETERMINATION OF SELF , MUTUAL INDUCTANCE, &

CO-EFFICIENT OF COUPLING

44-48

LOCUS DIAGRAM OF RL , RC SERIES CIRCUITS

49-51

CYCLE-I I
10

NODAL ANALYSIS USING P-SPICE

52-54

11

MESH ANALYSIS USING P-SPICE

55-57

12

SIMULATION OF SIMPLE DC CIRCUITS USING P-SPICE

58-62

13

TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF A SIMPLE DC CIRCUIT USING P-SPICE

63-81

14

THEVENIN;S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT USING P-SPICE USING P-

82-84

SPICE(ADDITIONAL)

1
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND SIMULATION

Ex.No.01

Cycle-I
SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE

AIM: To Obtain Frequency characteristics of the Series and Parallel Resonance circuits and
finding the Resonant Frequency, Bandwidth and Quality factor of RLC Net work.

Theory:The Resonant circuit is a combination of R,L and C elements, it should be Series, Parallel or
General Sires Parallel circuit.
The Resonance of a circuit is defined as the condition that occurs when a circuit inductive
and Capacitive Reactances are exactly equal.
Depending upon the frequency of the source voltage Vs , the circuit behaves either as
inductive or as capacitive . How ever at a particular frequency, when the inductive
reactance XL equals the Capacitive Reactance XC , then the circuit behaves as a purely
resistive circuit. This phenomenon is called Resonance.
These resonant circuits make it possible for a radio receiver to tune in, or receive a desired
frequency to select a particular radio station. The tuning of a knob means operating a variable
capacitance, hence various resonant frequencies can be tuned / obtained by varying the
capacitance in the RLC circuit.
Series Resonance:Inductive reactance XL =L or 2 fL
Capacitive Reactance XC = 1/C or 1/2 fC
The total impedance of the circuit = Z = R + J (XL - XC )
But the resultant reactance of the circuit is zero under resonance, XL - XC = 0
At the Resonant Frequency ,the net reactance is zero because XL = XC
The circuit impedance Z becomes minimum and is equal to the Resistance R , and the line
current will be maximum.
Parallel Resonance :It is said to be in resonance, when its reactive component must be zero. It is defined as the
frequency where the inductive and capacitive reactances of the two branches are equal and
the line current is a minimum, hence L/RC (dynamic impedance) is maximum and is
resistive.
Comparison of Series Resonance & Parallel Resonance
S,No Series Resonance
Parallel Resonance
1
It magnifies Voltage
It magnifies Current
2
It has unity Power Factor
It has unity Power Factor
3
Current at resonance is E/R
Current at resonance is E/(L/RC)
4
Effective Impedance is R
Effective Impedance is L/RC
5
Resonant frequency is 1/2LC
Resonant frequency is 1/21/LC-R2/L2
6
It has minimum Impedance & maximum
It has maximum Impedance & minimum
current at resonant frequency
current at resonant frequency
7
inductive reactance XL ,and the Capacitive The suspectance of inductance and
Reactance XC, cancelled mutually
capacitance is cancelled mutually
Resonant Frequency (fr) = 1/2LC. Hz.
The Quantitative performance of a resonant circuit is evaluated by means of Q-factor
Q-Factor = Real Power / Avg. Power = I2 XL / I2 R = XL / R= 0 L/R(Induct. React)
Q-Factor = I2 XC / I2 R = XC / R= 1/0 C/R or f0 / (f2-f1)(For capacitive reactance)
Q-Factor of series ckt is defined as voltage magnification of the ckt at Resonance
Volt. Magnification= Voltage across L or C / applied voltage=VL/VR
Band Width = (f2-f1) Hz
2
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND SIMULATION

APPARATUS:SI.No
1
2
3
4
5
6

Equipment
Function Generator
CRO
Inductors
Capacitors
Resistors
Connecting Wires

Range
Qty
1
0-30v
1
----2.15mh
1
0.15f
1
100
1
As Reqd

Circuit Diagram:-

PROCEDURE:for Series Resonance:1. Connect the circuit as shown in the above figure No.1.
2. By adjusting the Function Generator, Feed a sine wave of 5v (P-P) amplitude
3. Vary the input frequency of FG and observe the output in CRO and also note the output.
peak-to-peak amplitude. or in case of no CRO, simply note down the current flowing
Through the circuit which is connected by an Ammeter in the circuit in series.
4. Tabulate these values. and plot the graph between Frequency and current.
5. Draw the graph between input frequencies vs. output voltage.(in case of CRO)
6. From the graph observe the resonant freq. i.e. frequency at witch voltage is maximum.
7. By using graph calculate, cutoff frequency, f1, f2, Band Width and Q-factor.
8. Compare the Theoretical values of F0 and Q-Factor with Practical values.

3
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND SIMULATION

Parallel Resonance
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the above figure .No.2.
2. Repeat the procedure from steps 2 to 7 for parallel resonance.
3. From the graph observe the resonant frequency i.e. frequency at witch voltage is
maximum.
4. Note down the Voltmeter reading VR , calculate I as , I = VR/R..mA
5. Calculate the Z of the circuit using Z=Vs/I, where I is obtained in the above step
6. By using graph calculate cutoff frequency, f1, f2, Band Width and Q-factor.
7. Compare the Theoretical values of F0 and Q-Factor with Practical values.
OBSERVATIONS:
Series Resonance

S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

Frequency
(KHZ)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10.85
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Parallel Resonance
I
(Amp)

0.5
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.5
3.1
3.8
4.7
5.1
5.5
5.7
5.3
4.8
3.5
2.2
1.4
0.7
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05

S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

Frequency
(KHZ)

I
(Amp)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10.85
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

13.14

12.71
12.17
10.86
9.92
8.28
6.71
4.80
3.06
1.58
0.64
0.53
0.82
1.77
2.82
3.68
4.37
5.16
5.67
6.19
6.58

4
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND SIMULATION