Digital Communication

EcE 4034
B.Tech. Second Year for EcE
Date: 14.3.08
Dr. Kyawt Khin
Professor and Head
Department of Electronic Engineering
and Information Technology
Yangon Technological University

Chapter 12
Digital Communication Concepts
12.1 Digital Information
Bit
Coding
Coding Efficiency
One bit can define 2 objects
2 bit can define 2 of 2 = 2 . 2 = 22 = 4 object
3 bit can define 2 of 2 of 2 = 2 . 2 . 2 = 23 = 8 object
4 bit can define 2 of 2 of 2 of 2 = 2.2.2.2 = 24 = 16 object
2

2n = M
the number of required bits = n
different things or levels = M

n = log 2 M
Exact number of digits required
Coding Efficiency =
Actual number of digits used

6.46 bits
e.g Coding Eff : =
7 bits

= 0.923 = 92.3%

12.2 Information Transfer rate (fi)

Unit bit/ sec or bps
e.g Serial digital word 101001 (6 bits)
Time taken = 6 ms

6bits
fi =
= 1,000bit / sec(1kbps)
6ms

12.3 Signaling (BAUD) Rate (fb)

Signal level (V)

1
0

t (ms)

Tb = 1 ms

fb = 1/Tb = 1 k baud
Note In a purely binary system
the bit rate = the baud rate
Fig 12.1 Binary transmission
5

e.g.
Binary message

10

Quaternary transmission

2V

10

01 11

2V 1V 3V

fi= 1 kbps
fb = 1 k baud (bit/sec)

Volts
4

Fig 12.2 Four level transmission of a

binary message

3
2
1
0

t (ms)

1 2 3 4 5 6
fi (transfer rate) = 8 bits/4ms = 2 kbps
fb (band rate)

= 4 symbols/4ms =1 k baud

12.4 System Capacity (OR) Imformation Capacity (C)

C = information x ( 1/Tm)= (1/Tb) log 2 M

C = 2 f c (min log 2 M
where

Tm is the message time

1/Tb is the signaling rate
log2M is the number of bits

Hartly Law
Where

(OR)

CBX T

C = information capacity
B = bandwidth ,
T = transmission time

C = B log 2 ( S

+ 1)bps
7

12.5 Bandwidth Considerations

the minimum possible bandwidth required for a given
pulse rate
how pulses can be shaped to minimize the bandwidth and
distortion of the data pulses
fcmim cut off (1/2Tb) = fb
Eg. If 1000 bit/s are transmitted NRZ,
fcmim cut off = fb = x 1000 = 500 Hz
0

0
t

Tb

Fig 11.17 Squarewave

and fundamental
frequency
8

Continued
Tb = 1/ fb
f = 1/T = 1/ 2Tb = fb
BWmin = fb
fb = the transmission line bit-rate (baud rate)

 2A

v(t ) = +
sin cos 2

T
T

1
t +
T

1
2
sin 2 cos 2 t + .........
T
2
T

The pulse repetition rate is f = 1/T (symbols/sec)

Volts
Amplitude
(Volts)

2A

sin

2A

Time domain description

(volts )

sin ( n / T )
T ( n / T )
f (Hz)

0 1/T 2/T

f = 2/T
f = 1/T
Frequency domain description
10 pulse train
Figure 12-5 Time and frequency description of a rectangular

Figure 12-6 Return-to-zero (RZ) data stream

11

12.6 Power in Digital Signal

Compare the power of an NRZ square wave to NRZbipolar
1 0 1
v
NRZ
A 0
t
1 0 1
v/2
NRZ-B
B v
t
-v/2
Fig 12.2 Comparison of NRZ and NRZ-bipolar
12

Comparison of NRZ and NRZ- bipolar

power in an NRZ signal NRZ signal
PNRZ = v2m /2R
PNRZ-B = 2(V/2)2/ 2R = V2 / 4R
It is seen that the on/off NRZ signal has twice the power of the
NRZ-bipolar signal.
Also, the instantaneous (peak) power for
NRZ is V2/R and NRZ-B = V2/ 4R,
For a 4:1 difference in peak power dc power for rectangular RZ
and NRZ signal.
13

Digital Transmission Formats

1. NRZ : Non-return to zero
2. NRZ-B : NRZ-Bipolar
3. RZ : Return to zero (~ 50% duty cycle)
4. Biphase (Bi-

), also called Manchester code

5. AMI : Alternate mark inversion

14

A. NRZ : Nonreturn to zero

Digital sequence
1 0 1 0 0 11 1
t

B. NRZ-B : NRZ - Bipolar

C. RZ : Return to zero(~50% duty cycle)

D. Biphase (Bi- )

Also called Manchester code

E. AMI : Alternate mark inversion

Figure 12-10 A few digital transmission formats

15

Continued
TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) Level Signal Format
0~1.3 volts for a logic 0
3.6~5 volts for a logic 1
current level less than 16 mA

16

12.7 PCM System Analysis`

Sampling

f s > 2 fA(max)

fs = sampling frequency
fAmax = input max frequency
Quantization
Encoding
Quantization is the process of approximating sample levels
into their closed fixed value.
17

Digital clock

Analog
A(t)

input

Serial PCM

t
Ts
Sampling pulses

Encoder

Sampler

7
5
3
1
0

111
110
101
100
011
010
001
000

output
1

011

11 0 10 1 10 0

Digital signal

Pulse
generator

Figure 11.14 : A 3-bit PCM system showing analog to 3-bit digital

18

Dynamic Range and Resolution

Dynamic range is the ratio of largest to smallest analog
signal.
Resolution is the smallest analog input voltage change
that can be distinguished by A/D converter.
q = V Fs / 2n
where q = resolution
n = number of bits in the digital code word
VFs = full-scale voltage range for the analog signal
19

Dynamic Range( DR)

ADC parameters = V Fs / q
= 2n = M
DR = Vmax/ Vmin = 2n
DR (dB) = 20 log Vmax/ Vmin
20 log 2n = 20n log 2 = 6.02n
or
DR(dB) 6n
For linearly encoded PCM system
DR(dB) = 6 dB/ bit
20

Signal to Quantization Noise Ratio

(SQR)
For input signal minimum amplitude
SQR = minimum voltage / quantization noise
For input signal maximum amplitude
SQR = maximum voltage / quantization noise
Linear quantizng in PCM systems has two major drawbacks.(i)

Companding
Companding is the process of compressing, then expanding.
Or nonlinear encoding/decoding, called companding

21

Companding
Linear quantizng in PCM systems has two major drawbacks.
(i) The uniform step size means that weak analog signals will have
a much poorer S/Nq than the strong signals.
(ii) Systems of wide dynamic range require many ending bits and
consequently wide system bandwidth.

Companding
Companding is the process of compressing, then expanding.
Or nonlinear encoding/decoding, called companding

22

Linear analog-to-digital converter

110

transfer characteristic.

Digital output code

111

101
100

q
N

001

010
001

Full scale, or VFS

000
Sample voltage input(Volts)

Vmax

+q/2

(Volts)

-q/2

B. Quantum uncertainty or quantization noise, q/2

Fig 12.15Linear ADC characteristic and quantization

noise.
23

References
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Advanced Electronic Communication Systems by

WAYNE TOMASI, Mesa Community College,
Second Edition
Principles of Digital and Analog Communications
by Jerry D. Gibson, Texas A & M University
Electronic Communication Techniques by Paul
H..Young, P.E. , Arizona State University
Advanced Electronic Communication Systems by
WAYNE TOMASI, Fifth Edition
Introduction to Digital and Data Communication
24