CHAPTER 29: THE CULTURAL AND SOCIAL SCENE

EDUCATIONpatterned after American tradition of

education, basic concepts of democracy and emphasized
Americanism than Filipinism. Even today, educational system
is still American-based because of perpetuation of colonial
mentality.
Senate Pres. Arturo M. Tolentinocalled on educational
leaders to imbue the Filipino youth with real sense of
independence. He suggested discontinuing use of English as
medium of instruction.

FILIPINO LITERATURE IN ENGLISH

THE SOCIAL SCENEthe triangular structure of society
became wider while the apex remains the same after the
war.

Changes:

Introduction of vernaculars in the first two grades of

primary school
Introduction of a wider concept of vocational
education
Introduction of community schools

HIGHER EDUCATIONappetite for higher education

increased after World War II. The result has been increased
college and university enrollees which the UP, with its
limited funds, could not support which resulted to formation
of private schools.
The problem of education, according to Dr. Alfredo T.
Morales of UP, is bankrupt in finances and values.
COMMUNITY SCHOOLstarted as experiments in 1948. It is
geared to social, economic and health conditions of rural
areas.
Bataan Approachestablishment of village nurseries
where seedlings are distributed. Women are taught cooking,
sewing, weaving, etc. Farmers are taught scientific methods
(crop rotation, fertilizers, etc).
Laguna and Bulacantaught the method of grafting,
raising hogs, breeding, feeding, etc.
LANGUAGEFilipinos became polyglot. Average Filipino are
confused because as occupation changed from Spanish to
America, language in the country was also changed. Tagalog
became the national language.
FILIPINO LANGUAGEbitter controversy that arose from the
national language issue led the authorities of the DepEd to
propose a languageby using Pilipino instead of tagalog.
Sentences are liberally and indiscriminately sprinkled with
English words to make it Taglish.
TAGALOG LITERATURE

Growth of Middle Class

The upper class shifted from landowners to
businessman.
The masses have multiplied.
Problems:
1. Juvenile Delinquency
2. HUKBALAHAP and other agrarian
movement
3. Graft and Corruption
4. Poverty

BEGINNINGS OF A NEW ELITEthe new bourgeoisie

replaced the old agrarian aristocrat of the Spanish era.
They acquire both wealth and political power.
STUDENT POWERdemonstrations were led by
students. 1965-1972, students rallying have 3 demands:

Relating to national and international problems

the Philippines is involved.
Dealing to school administration.
Dealing with reforms in the Catholic Church

Growth of student power:

Increasing awareness that reforms social,

political and economic spheres
Inadequacy to drips to national development
Continuing crisis n national life
Failure of the older generation

CHAPTER 30: MARTIAL LAW

PROCLAMATION NO 1081placed the entire country
under martial law on September 21, 1972. (Article VII,
Section 10, paragraph 2 of the Constitution.)

Critical situation of the country

Widespread of discontent and pessimistic
forebodings
Violence of Demonstrations
Disturbances and rising power of Jose Maria
Sisons Communist Party with the New Peoples
Army.
INITIAL MEASURESfurther implementation of
President Marcos land reform program

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Presidential Decree No. 2the entire Philippines is a
reform area. Each tenant should be given three hectares of
irrigated rice or corn land, five if not irrigated.
Presidential Decree No. 4creation of National Grains
Authority.
Presidential Decree No. 6rules and regulations regarding
discipline in the government service.
THE NEW CONSTITUTIONConstitutional Convention met
since the first week of June, 1972 to frame a new constitution.

Do you approve of the Citizens Assembly as a way of

popular government to decide issues affecting
people?
Do you approve of the new Constitution?
Do you want a plebiscite to be called to ratify the new
Constitution?

The first two questions were overwhelmingly approved

while the third is disapproved.
PROCLAMATION NO 1102announced the ratification by the
Filipino people of the 1973 Constitution.
PROCLAMATION NO 1103declared the interim National
Assembly.
PROCLAMATION NO 1104declared the continuation of
Martial Law.
The new constitution resulted to:

Abolition of legislative body

Exercise of powers of a Prime Minister by Ferdinand
Marcos
Presidential to Parliament
Power of the President to call the interim Assembly

MNLF (MORO NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT)the greatest

threat to peace and order.

Marcos initiated a truce on February, 1975

Appealed to the members of ASEAN to help force a
cease fire
Offered amnesty
Poured millions and millions of money
Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP) volunteered to
cooperate

INFRASTRUCTURE

Intensify relationship with ASEAN

Pursue establishment of diplomatic relations with
socialist states
Seek closer identification with the Third World
Continue relationship with Japan
Find new basis for continuing healthy relationship
with United States
LABOR AND HUMAN WELFAREgive importance to
the role of labor in private and government affairs.
Construction of roads, bridges, airports, and
other forms of infrastructures led to increase
in employment.
THE ECONOMY: GAINS AND LOSSES
LAND TRASFER AND LEASEHOLDgross income of
farmers increased by almost one hundred percent.
CHAPTER 31: THE EDSA REVOLUTION
PEOPLE POWER REVOLT

Cory announced programs of economic

boycotts and non-violent actions
Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Vice
Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. Fidel V. Ramos
announced their break with Marcos.
People began massing outside the rebel
camps on EDSA
Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel were
sworn in as president and vice-president
Marcos stepped down and was taken to Clark
Air Base en route to Hawaii

AFTER EDSA: THE REVOLUTIONARY INTERLUDE

President Aquino established a Revolutionary

Government under the terms of a Free
Constitution.
Abolished Batasang Pambansa controlled
largely by Marcos loyalists
Appointed new Supreme Court justices
Replaced Marcos appointees with office-incharge
Take over all money, assets, properties and
valuables ill-gotten by the Marcos family and
cronies
THE CONSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVE; PROBLEMS
Marcos loyalties continued to oppose
government

THE SHIFT IN FOREIGN POLICY

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Attempted coup by Col. Gregorio Honasan,

followed by Juan Ponce Enrile
NPA and MNLF
Graft and Corruption
Incompetence and inefficiency
Problems of moral and economic recovery

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