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Table of Contents
1
PRINCIPLE
OF
HEAT
GENERATION
........................................................................................
3
1.1
REACTOR
POWER
.......................................................................................................................................
5
2
REFERENCES/ADDITIONAL
READING
...................................................................................
8
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This lecture will focus on the basic principles of heat generation in thermal reactors.
The components contributing to the total heat generated will also be discussed for
light water and heavy water reactors.
At the end of this lecture, the learners will be able to
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
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Fig 1. Contribution of different nuclear reactions towards recoverable heat energy: (a) energy in MeV; (b)
energy contribution in % of total recoverable energy
Now lets discuss the distribution of this energy among various components of the
reactor.
The fission fragments have very short range (< 0.25 mm). The -radiation too has
short range (< 1 mm). Hence their energy is released within the fuel element itself.
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Energy Source
Fuel
Moderator
-radiation (instantaneous)
-radiation (delayed)
Fuel
For a light-water reactor, 92 % of the total energy released stays in the fuel while
about 3 % is released in the moderator. The remaining (5 %) is released in the
structural elements.
In a CANDU-type reactor, about 94 % of the total energy is released in fuel, 5% is
released in moderator, while the rest is released in pressure tubes, calandria, coolant
and shielding.
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(5)
P=EfNff
(6)
P=EfNf(r,E)f
(7)
Neutron flux corresponding to energy of thermal neutron is the thermal neutron flux,
(r). Hence the specific power of fuel as a function of radial position in the fuel is
given by
P=EfNf(r)f
(8)
Power density (P) is defined as the thermal energy released per unit volume of the
fuel.
P=EfNf(r)ff
(9)
If the average neutron flux is -, then Eq. (8) and (9) can be written as
P=EfNf-f
(10)
P=EfNf-f f
(11)
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P=Pf
P= 273 MW/m3
2 References/Additional Reading
1. Nuclear Energy: An Introduction to the Concepts, Systems, and Applications of
Nuclear Processes, 5/e, R.L. Murray, Butterworth Heinemann, 2000.
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