Proc.

of the 2014 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC Europe 2014), Gothenburg, Sweden, September 1-4, 2014

Time-Frequency Modelling of Near-Zone EM

Coupling with Planar Circuit with NF/NF Transform
B. Ravelo
IRSEEM EA 4353, ESIGELEC,
Technopole du Madrillet, Av. Galile, BP 10024,
76801 Saint Etienne du Rouvray Cedex, France
e-mail: blaise.ravelo@esigelec.fr

especially for EM coupling between elementary TL structure

and typically uniform electrical (E) and magnetic (H) plane
waves [7]. Then, it was simplified and reduced to the
consideration of only E- [8][10] or H- [9] fields by calculating
the voltage or current, respectively, induced along the victim
lines. More recently, certain configurations of generalized
models were forwarded by considering a hybrid method [11] of
computational EM approach. These models are mainly
consisted of the combination of aggression EM NF
computation or measurement, the coupled voltage calculation
and also the integration of plane wave spectrum (PWS) NF/NF
transform [12]. But, those EMC modelling approaches are
mainly focused on the analysis limited in the frequency
domain. So, investigation extended into the time-domain
regarding fast transient disturbances as IEEE C62.41:1991 and
IEC 897:2004 ESD phenomena is becoming one of today EMC
research engineer breakthrough.
To meet this technical need, an extension of the EM
coupling modelling with time-frequency approach is developed
in this paper. To do this, Section II is the methodological
investigation. Section III describes application results. Section
IV draws the conclusion.

AbstractThe present paper is devoted on time-frequency

radiated coupling modelling between a planar microwave device
and grounded electric wire. The computational EM model is
based on the time-frequency method implemented with the
combination of BLT equation, near-field/near-field (NF/NF)
transform and FFT/IFFT operation. The analysis was performed
by assuming the radiating circuit as excited by electrical fast
transient signals. The developed computational model was
employed for evaluating the radiated EM coupling between 3cm
length metallic grounded wire placed at some mm distance above
a microstrip Wilkinson power divider. The broadband radiated
EM NF was scanned in the surface plane of interest positioned at
3mm above the radiating device from 0.7GHz to 1.3GHz. After
NF processing and probe calibration, the radiated NF data
representing the aggression field was extracted. Afterwards, by
using the proposed model, the voltage transfer coupling and the
transient coupled voltages across the extremities of the victim
wire were determined. The developed modelling method is
beneficial compared to 3D EM solver in term of computation
speed and its flexibility to operate with complex circuits under
burst transient perturbations. The method can be potentially
used for RF/microwave EMC engineering.
KeywordsBLT equation, near-field (NF) coupling, EMC
analysis, time-frequency method, plane wave spectrum (PWS)
theory.

I.

II.

Similar to all context of EMC systems, let consider an

illustrative configuration of the structure understudy consisted
of a radiating and victim elements. Fig 1 describes an example
of configuration treated in this paper.

INTRODUCTION

The current technological trends on multifunction

RF/microwave circuits integration can be unintentionally
constrained by radiating near-field (NF) EMC emission [1-2].
Therefore, EMC research engineers developed modelling and
test techniques allowing to integrate these unwanted effects in
the modern electronic circuits design guidelines. Moreover,
facing to typically burst transient perturbations [3], various
standards as IEC61000-4-4 [4] and EN55022 [5] were
established notably owing to radio disturbances. However, the
existing standards are usually limited to the radiated EM
interaction in far-field. So, the EMC analysis in NF remains an
open-question. For this reason, the present EM computational
investigation is instigated.
Nevertheless, so far, analytical and numerical modelling
methods [6-12] were thoroughly proposed, for example, to
assess the coupled voltages induced across transmission lines
(TLs). At the beginning, the proposed methods were aimed

978-1-4799-3226-9/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE

DESCRIPTION OF THE TIME-FREQUENCY NF COUPLING

METHODOLOGY

Fig. 1. Radiating circuit and the victim grounded wire system understudy.

108

Proc. of the 2014 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC Europe 2014), Gothenburg, Sweden, September 1-4, 2014

We assume that the radiating planar circuit presents a physical

size LxLy and placed at distance z1 under the victim grounded
wire. Furthermore, the victim electrical wire, supposed having
a physical length d, is fixed at the height (z2-z1) above the
metallic ground (GND) plane. In this configuration, to
generate the EM field data in the geometrical area of interest
necessary for computing the coupling voltages across the wire
extremities u(y=0) and u(y=d), we use the NF/NF transform as
introduced in [13].

Fig. 2. Circuit configuration of the victim line illuminated by essential

components of aggression EM field.

Z(y=d)

u0(y=0)

u0(y=d)

Ludy u (y)
0
Fig. 3. Victim wire equivalent circuit under EM aggression based on the TL
LC-model.

denote by the vector X ( x, y , z, t ) the representation of EM

wave in the reference system (Oxyz) and the frequency
dependent wave vector is defined by:

k ( f ) = k x ( f )u x + k y ( f )u y + k z ( f )u z .

Z(y=0)

y=d
u(y=d)

A. NF/NF Transform
This EM computational transform is established from the
plane wave spectrum (PWS) theory applied to the planar NF
scanning [14-15]. For the analytical exemplification, we

y+dy

y
Cudy

u(y=0)

y=0

The distributed coupling current i(y) and voltage u(y) along

the transmission line can be extracted via the differential
equation system [8]:
du0 ( y )
dy + j Lu i ( y ) = E z ( y , z = z1 )
,
(4)

di ( y )

+ j Cu u0 ( y ) = 0

dy

(1)

We recall that according to the wave propagation theory, the

PWS is mathematically defined by the following expression:
1
j(k ( f ) x + k y ( f ) y )
PX ( f ) =
Xe x
dxdy ,
(2)
2

where j is the complex number 1 . Similar to the FFT in

2D, the associated inverse PWS (IPWS) is written as:
1
j(k x ( f ) x + k y ( f ) y )
X( f ) =
PXe
dk x dk y . (3)
2

with = 2f is the radian frequency. By denoting:

As reported in [13] and [16], the PWS operation offers

possibilities to transpose the plane wave basic properties as

Z ( y) Zc
,
(5)
Z ( y) + Zc
the reflection coefficients at the extremities of the wire, we
obtain the coupling voltages are generated from the BLT
equation [10]:

translation
( X ( z ) = f ( X ( z0 )) )
and
orthogonality
(Xz=f(Xx,Xy)), respectively, to NF scanned data by taking into
account the evanescent waves both in the frequency- and timedomain. Under the circumstance as stressed in Fig. 1, as the
measurement of EM wave in the surface area delimited by the
victim line and the GND plane is quite complicated, this
operation can serve us for extracting E-field components
necessary for the Agrawal model application [8] in order to
compute u(y=0) and u(y=d). We intentionally choose this
model thanks to its simplicity for extracting the induced
voltage from only the E-NF.

0 1 e d u1 / 2
u( y = 0) 1 + 1
, (6)
=

u( y = d ) 0
1 + 2 e d 2 u2 / 2

where is the TL propagation constant and :
z1
d

u1 = e . y E y ( y , z1 )dy + ( E z (0, z ) e d E z (d , z ))dz

0
z2
,(7)

z1
d

(d y )
d
E y ( y , z1 )dy + ( E z (d , z ) e E z (0, z ))dz
u2 = e
0
z2

B. Computationnal Approach with Agrawal Model

As illustrated by the equivalent circuit drafted in Fig. 2, we
need only Ex and Ez located in the hatched surface area
delimited by the wire having physical length d and the ground
plane for extracting the voltages across the TL loads ZL(0) and
ZL(d). According to the TL theory, these perturbation coupling
voltages can be determined by integration of elementary
voltages u0(y) onto the elementary cells LuCu (by assuming TL
as lossless). The extraction of this coupling voltage can be
more explicitly calculated with the LC-model of the victim
wire in circuit representation suggested by Agrawal [8] as
depicted in Fig. 3.

C. Extraction of Time-Frequency Coupling Voltages

The previous expression enables to compute the coupled
voltages but generally implemented into the frequency-domain.
So, further time-frequency calculation with FFT/IFFT
operations is necessary to generate the electrical coupling
parameters in the time-domain. Based on expression (7), we
can determine the coupling voltage transfer function, denoted
here Tv ( j ) . Then, for any excitation signal ue (t ) , the
coupling voltage u(t , y = {0, d }) are calculated with IFFT of

( y ) y = 0, d =

U ( j , y = 0) = Tv ( j , y = 0) FFT (ue (t ))
.

U ( j , y = d ) = Tv ( j , y = 0) FFT (ue (t ))

109

(8)

Proc. of the 2014 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC Europe 2014), Gothenburg, Sweden, September 1-4, 2014

The methodology proposed to extract these coupling voltages

is summarized by the flow chart presented in Fig. 4. We can
see that this routine algorithm is consisted of different steps
including the NF/NF transform, Agrawal method and the
FFT/IFFT operations. Of course, with respect to the signal
processing theory and Shannon theorem, the EM input data
time and frequency parameters (bandwidth, sampling
frequency, time duration, sampling time) should be adequately
synchronized adequately to perform successful this
convolution. After numerical implementation of this routine
algorithm into Matlab, we obtain the application results
discussed in the following section.
Fig. 5. Photograph of (a) the power divider (radiating circuit), (b) the
IRSEEM NF scanner and (c) grounded wire.

A. NF/NF Transformed Results

As aforementioned, E-field scans are necessary for
generating the input data allowing the application of BLT
equation introduced in II.b. So, Ex(z0=3mm) and Ey(z0=3mm)
NF radiated by the circuit shown in Fig. 5 were scanned by
using metallic dipoles as NF probes. The scanning was swept
from fmin=0.7GHz to fmax=1.3GHz with nf=201 samples. The
surface scans are delimited in (xmin=0, xmax=44mm, nx=45
samples) and (ymin=0, ymax=62, ny=42 samples). Fig. 6 displays
the maps of the scanned Ex and Ey magnitudes and phases @
f=1GHz. From this initial scan data, Ez(z0=3mm) was extracted
based on the NF/NF transform whose amplitude and phase are
viewed in Fig. 7.
|Ex(z0=3mm)|

|Ey(z0=3mm)|
60

y (mm)

60

Fig. 4. Work flow illustrating the time-frequency modelling methodology.

20

COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS RESULTS

20
x (mm)

40

4
2
0

20
40
x (mm)
[Ey(z0=3mm)]

60

40

20

-5

-10
0

20
x (mm)

40

Fig. 6. Maps of scanned Ex,y @ {f=1GHz,z0=3mm}.

[Ez(z0=3mm)]

|Ez(z0=3mm)|

y (mm)

60

60

15

40

10

20

40

20
-5

20
x (mm)

40

Fig. 7. Map of Ez from Ex,y @ {f=1GHz,z0=3mm}.

110

20
x (mm)

40

(rad)

As EM input data, we use the NF scanned data radiated by

a microstrip planar Wilkinson power divider having
8cm10cm size and operating at 1GHz. This DUT was printed
on FR-4 substrate with r=4 relative permittivity and 1.6mm
thickness. Fig. 5 displays the photograph of the Wilkinson
power divider (in left), IRSEEM NF scanner considered during
the test and the victim grounded wire (in right). As we can see,
the supposed as victim structure is a metallic wire loaded by
ZL(0)=ZL(d=3cm)=50. It is consisted of Copper cylindrical
wire with length d=3cm and 1mm diameter placed at 0.7mm
above its GND plane. Those two circuits are configured in
parallel direction as illustrated earlier in Fig. 1 during the test.

(V/m)
y (mm)

III.

40

8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4

20

20
40
x (mm)
[Ex(z0=3mm)]

(V/m)

20

10
8

40

(rad)

40

(V/m)
y (mm)

10
8
6
4
2

(rad)
y (mm)

y (mm)

60

Proc. of the 2014 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC Europe 2014), Gothenburg, Sweden, September 1-4, 2014

between the victim wire and the radiating structure (power

divider) was made following the routine algorithm suggested
in Fig. 4 run with Matlab. As expected in wave propagation
theory, the level of the EM radiated coupling occurred at the
extremities of the victim wire is decreased with z. One denotes
a decrease of the voltage coupling factor of about factor 100
when the distance between the aggressor and the victim is
increased of about 11mm.

Then, via PWS/IPWS translation operations, the essential

fields Ey and Ez in the surface area between the 8cm metallic
wire and its ground plane were computed. As illustrative
results, the Ey(z=6mm,11mm) and Ez(z=6mm,11mm) maps
were presented in Figs. 8 and 9. Those illuminating E-NFs
will be exploited for determining the total field including the
ground plane reflection by image theory.
[Ey(z=6mm)]

|Ey (z=6mm)|
60

60

40
20
0

40
20
0

20
40
x (mm)

8
6
4
2
0
-2
0

40
20

(V/m)
y (mm)

y (mm)

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

40

20

-5

2.5

20
0

20
x (mm)

40

1.2

1.3

(b)

10 Tv(z=3mm)

(rad)

|Tv(y=0)|

10 Tv(z=6mm)
5

10 Tv(z=11mm)

0.8

0.9
1
1.1
Frequency (GHz)

1.2

1.3

Fig. 10. Coupling voltage transfer function magnitudes shifts for z={3mm,
6mm, 11mm}.

5
40
0
20
0

20
x (mm)

(a)

2
1
Tv(z=3mm)

Tv(z=6mm)

-1
-2
0.7

-5

0.5
0

0.9
1
1.1
Frequency (GHz)

0.5

60
(V/m)
y (mm)

y (mm)

1.5

0.8

20
40
x (mm)
[Ez (z=11mm)]

2
40

10 Tv(z=11mm)

3
0

20
40
x (mm)
|Ez (z=11mm)|

60

0
0.7
5

10 Tv(z=6mm)

1.5

Ex,y @

60

(a)

[Ey (z=11mm)]

|Ey (z=11mm)|
60

from

0
0.7

20
40
x (mm)

Fig. 8. Maps of Ey and Ez @ {f=1GHz,z=6mm}

{f=1GHz,z0=3mm} by NF/NF transform.

-10

20
40
x (mm)
[Ez(z=6mm)]

60
5
4
3
2
1

(V/m)
y (mm)

y (mm)

|Tv(y=d|)

20
40
x (mm)
|Ez (z=6mm)|

60

-5

[Tv(y=0)] (rad)

20

10 Tv(z=3mm)

(rad)

(rad)

20

40

(rad)

(V/m)
y (mm)

y (mm)

3
40

Tv(z=11mm)
0.8

40

0.9
1
1.1
Frequency (GHz)

1.2

1.3

Fig. 9. Maps of Ey,z @ {f=1GHz,z=11mm} from Ex,y @ {f=1GHz,z0=3mm}

by NF/NF transform.

[Tv(y=d)] (rad)

(b)

B. Frequency Responses of the Coupling Transfer Function

The coupling transfer function quantifies the interaction of
the EM NF aggression on the victim wire was determined with
expression (5) by introducing 1V normalized input data as the
excitation signal in the operating frequency band fmin=0.7GHz
to fmax=1.3GHz. The calculation of the transfer function
magnitudes Tv ( f ) plotted in Fig. 10 and phases (Tv ( f ))

0
-5

Tv(z=3mm)

-10

Tv(z=6mm)
Tv(z=11mm)

-15
0.7

0.8

0.9
1
1.1
Frequency (GHz)

1.2

1.3

Fig. 11. Coupling voltage transfer function phase shifts for z={3mm, 6mm,
11mm}.

versus the arbitrary chosen distance z={3mm, 6mm, 11mm}

111

Proc. of the 2014 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC Europe 2014), Gothenburg, Sweden, September 1-4, 2014

Moreover, the voltage coupling factor is of about -46dB around

1GHz when the victim line is placed at 3mm distance of the
power divider. The coupling transfer functions achieve its
maximum peak around 1.2GHz.

As argued previously, the convolution of Ue and Tv generates

the coupled voltages across the victim wire to be determinated
at the beginning of this study. The obtained results for the
victim wire placed at the distance z = {3mm, 6mm, 11mm}
above the power divider are plotted in Fig. 13 (u(y=0) in solid
line and u(y=d) in dashed line). An asymmetrical effect is
found due to the non-symmetry of the radiating structure.
Consequently, it worth noticed that the EM coupling voltages
presented amplitude increased from about 2mV to 25V when
the victim wire is placed in the near zone between 3mm and
11mm from this power divider.
Similar coupling voltages were extracted with perturbation
signal ue(t) with 2ns duration and 5V amplitude shown in Fig.
14(a). Due to the coupling transfer function resonance
behaviour around 1.1GHz and 1.2GHz, the ringing effects
were occurred on the computed coupled voltages u(y=0) and
u(y=d) presented in Figs. 14(b), (c) and (d). Once again, we
can see that the coupling level is decreased with the distance
between the victim and aggressor.

As proposed in equation (8), one can predict the EMC

effect onto the grounded wire by assessing the electrical
voltages via frequency domain convolution for any
perturbation excitation signal. Then, the time-domain
equivalent voltage coupling for the transient signal under
consideration can be extracted via IFFT.

ue'(t) (V)

C. Computed Coupling Voltages across the Victim Wire Due

to the Power Divider EM Radiation
During the numerical computation, the signal ue plotted in
Fig. 12(a) was assigned as the transient perturbation exciting
the power divider. Analytically, it acts as a transient surge
voltage having modulating a sine wave carrier having 9V
amplitude and 20ns time-duration. The time-domain
computation was run in time interval with tmin=0, tmax=166ns
and t0.4ns. The corresponding frequency spectrum
displayed in Fig. 12(b) was computed via FFT(ue) from fmin to
fmax.

-10
0

10
Time (ns)

(b)

0.8
1
1.2
Frequency (GHz)

u(y=0)
u(y=d)

u(y=0,z=6mm) (mV)

-2

(a)
0

10
15
Time (ns)

20

25

0.5
u(y=0)
u(y=d)

10
15
Time (ns)

20

25

50
u(y=0)
u(y=d)
0
(c)
-50

10
15
Time (ns)

20

-0.5
-1

(b)
0

10
15
Time (ns)

20

25

u'(y=0)
u'(y=d)

0.1
0.05
0
-0.05

(c)

-0.1
5

10
15
Time (ns)

20

25

u'(y=0)
u'(y=d)

10
0
-10

(d)
0

25

0
(b)

u'(y=0)
u'(y=d)

0.5

-0.5

4
Time (ns)

u(y=0,z=11mm) (V)

u(y=0,z=6mm) (mV)

u(y=0,z=3mm) (mV)

Fig. 12. Time-domain (a) and frequency spectrum (b) plots of the considered
excitation signal.

u(y=0,z=11mm) (V)

0.1

20

(a)

2
-2

u(y=0,z=3mm) (mV)

(a)
0

fft[ue(t)] (V)

ue(t) (V)

0.2
10

10
15
Time (ns)

20

25

Fig. 14. Transient coupling voltages from structure under 2ns excitation.

Fig. 13. Extracted transient coupling voltages.

112

Proc. of the 2014 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC Europe 2014), Gothenburg, Sweden, September 1-4, 2014

D. Discussion
It is interesting to point out that the extraction of these
perturbation couplings can be improved for any excitation
signals by proceeding with extrapolation or resampling of the
frequency transfer function. One emphasizes that the CPU
time of the whole method implemented into Matlab run with
PC equipped by windows 7 having Intel Core i5-2467M
CPU @1.6GHz 4Go RAM was of about five seconds.
Compared to the most of existing EM computational
methods, the investigated modelling method is advantageous
in term of:
Flexibility to the EMC analysis for various families of
RF, digital and mixed PCBs placed in typically harsh
EM environment.
Possibility to integrate the EM aggression from nonuniform NF including the evanescent waves.
Possibility to be implemented both in frequency and
time domains. It makes the method promising for the
EMC susceptibility analysis when considering short
duration excitation as fast electrical transient
disturbances.
Computation speed very less compared to the 3D EM
commercial tools as HFSS from ANSYSTM, CST
MWSTM, EMCosTM
However, the proposed method presents drawbacks in
particular on the following points:
Dependence on several computational methods which
are susceptible to generate significant inaccuracies
according to the multiple physical parameters of
numerical resolutions x, y, z, f and t.
Limited to the EM quasi-static applications related to
the use of the quasi-TEM and TL theory.
IV.

And to conduct fast and easy quantitative knowledge on

the behavior and EM environment effects for the radiating
emission and immunity.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Acknowledgement is made to European Union and Upper

Normandy region in France for the support of this research
through the ERDF and European Programme INTERREG IVA
France (Channel) - England by co-funding project No 5700
entitled HD indOor coMmunication tErminal with flexible
Substrate (HOMES).
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CONCLUSION

A time-frequency EMC modelling method of EM NF

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investigated.
The modelling method is based on the combination of
NF/NF transform with PWS theory applied to EM NF
radiation, TL coupling BLT equation and FFT/IFFT with an
external signal. The routine algorithm was applied to analyze
the EM coupling between a Wilkinson power divider and
metallic wire. The input EM NF in the area of interest was
realized from the planar measurement scanning from 0.7GHzto-1.3GHz. Then, the coupling transfer functions were
determined in broadband frequency. Thanks to the convolution
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across the victim wire were determined and discussed.
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To improve the design guideline for RF/microwave PCBs
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